Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology

p-ISSN: 2350-0085; e-ISSN: 2350-0263; Volume 5, Issue 3; July-September, 2018 pp. 118-121
© Krishi Sanskriti Publications
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Morphological and Biochemical Characterization

of Wild Mushrooms from Sub Mountainous
Region of Punjab State
Amanpreet Kaur1 and Dr. H.S. Sodhi2
1
Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Microbiology Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
2
Sr. Mycologist, Department of Microbiology Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—The diversity of wild mushrooms have been explored from belonging to 128-130 genera have been documented and
sub mountainous region of Punjab. Five different among these, 300-315 species belonging to 75-80 genera are
basidiomycetesnamely: Pleurotusflorida, Pleurotussajor-caju and considered edible(Kauret al 2015). Punjab harbors in North-
Macrolepiotaprocera from order Agaricale, Sparassiscrispa and east India represents five different agro-climatic zones namely
Trameteselegans from order Polyporales were described
sub-mountain undulating zone, undulating plain zone, central
morphologically and biochemically. These wild mushrooms were
explored during rainy season from two Districtsviz Pathankot with plain zone, western plain zone and western zone which
GPS coordination 32o26’43” N 75o64’21” E and Hoshiarpur with provides a wide range of opportunity to collect diverse
GPS coordination 31o51’43.178” N, 75o91’14.83”E. These mushroom flora. Its humid climatic conditions, plant
mushrooms were investigated for their capacity to produce distributions and field features are very suitable for the growth
lignocellulosic enzymes. It was observed that endo-β-1,4-glucanase of edible fungi.
was significantly higher in Trameteselegans(160.14 U/ mg) but
xylanase and laccase were found to be lowest in case of Furthermore, wild mushrooms provide a scope to degrade
Trameteselegans. Total cellulases and cellobiase were found to be cellulosic material as it grows on wide range of substrates
higher in Pleurotussajor-caju with values 1.96 U/mg and 1.84 U/mg because of its capacity to produce lingo cellulosic enzymes i.e.
respectively. cellulases, xyalanases and laccases. These wild mushrooms
may serve as alternative path for the use of agrowaste.
Keywords: Wild Mushroom, Agaricale, Polyporale, Lignocellulosic So,present study was aimed to collect new wild mushrooms
Enzymes.
and calculate their enzyme producing capacity.
1. INTRODUCTION 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Mushrooms are indispensible part of the ecosystem. Some
2.1 Survey and collection of Mushrooms
mushrooms are cultivated but some are directly collected from
the wild and consumed. Among 650-700 edible mushroom The field survey for collection of various fleshy fungi from
species, approximately 130 have been domesticated(Agahar- sub mountain undulating zone was undertaken during July
Murugkarand Subbulakshmi 2005). Wild mushrooms are 2015 to September 2015 and July 2016 to September 2016.
gaining importance due to their high protein and low Required materials and equipments such as isolation kit, typed
fat/energy contents. To combat with world’s food shortage performa, digital camera for photography, digging equipment,
problem, mushrooms can occupy a place above vegetables and GPS device were carried along during survey. Photographs of
legumes (Baltacioglu et al 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to wild mushroom were taken in their natural habitat. The map of
exploit wild mycoflora for their uses in bioremediation, collection locality was sketched with GPS coordinate and wild
biodegradation, bio-pesticidal and pharmacological qualities. mushrooms were carefully handled, packed in brown paper
On the top of everything, it is important to conserve bags and carried to Mushroom Research Complex, Punjab
biodiversity of macro-fungi to secure it from the danger of Agricultural University to record macroscopic features used
extinction. for identification. Standard methods of collection,
India represents diversified agro-climatic zones that cherish a preservation, macroscopic and microscopic observations were
stock of fungal diversity. Though mushroom diversity is very followed. Characteristics of mushrooms were recorded in
rich in India, 50 % of that is yet to describe (Dwivedi et al structured Performa. Mushroom samples were dried in hot air
2012). So far, about 1,105 to 1,208 species of mushrooms dryer at 60o C. Some collected edible fleshy fungi were also
Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Wild Mushrooms from Sub Mountainous Region of Punjab State 119

cultured on Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and was estimated by the method of Mandelset al (1976).The
maintained for further study. xylanase activity was determined at 50 °C for 10 minutes
using beechwoodxylan (1%, w/v, Sigma, USA) as the
2.2 Morphological Studies of Collected Edible Mushrooms
substrate. The reducing sugar released by the enzymatic
All the collected edible mushrooms were observed on the reaction was estimated using the DNS method with glucose or
basis of morphological and other phenotypic parameters xylose as the standard.Assay of laccase was done by the
recorded in fresh samples. The diameter of fruit body of method of Turner (1974). For estimation of total protein,
collected mushrooms was measured in centimeters. Length of standard method of Lowry et al (1951) was followed. Specific
stalk was also recoded. Presence of different part of fruit enzyme activity is calculated for each enzyme, as the number
bodies like, cap, stalk, gills, volva, annulus, shape and scales of enzyme units per mldivided by the concentration of protein
were observed. Morphology of stalk, e.g. attachment with cap, in mg/ml. Specific activity values are therefore quoted as
shape and its base was also documented. Spore print was units/mg or nmol/min/mg.
prepared by placing the pileus downwards in an inverted jar
which was kept on a black paper. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

2.3 Raising biomass for production of enzymes 3.1 Morphology of wild mushroom
Wild mushroom cultures were grown on mushroom minimal 3.1.1 Pleurotusflorida and Pleurotus Sajor-caju: These
medium (MMM) (Raper et al 1972) in 250 ml Erlenmeyer mushrooms aresaprobic in nature and belongs to the class
flasks containing 50ml MMM medium for enzyme production. Basidiomycetes, order Agaricales and family
MMM broth was supplemented with wheat straw (@ 0.5 Tricholomataceae (Table 1). The fruiting bodies were
g/flask) as inducers for extracellular enzyme production. All observed on tree trunk (P.florida) and wooden log (P. sajor-
the cultures were grown in triplicate and incubated at 30o C for caju)grown as a group stacked one over another. The pileus
10 days. Cultures broth was filtered using whatman paper no. ranges from 6 to 12 cm in diameter. P. florida (Fig.1) and
1 and filtrates were collected for the estimation of enzyme P.sajor-caju (Fig.3) arefan shaped, white in colour. But, at
activity. younger stage P.sajor-cajuis spoon shaped and gives coral like
appearance. Stipe is very short and ranges from 1 to 2 cm in
2.4 Estimation of enzyme activity and total protein length. Gills are running down the stem and spore print is
Total cellulases were determined at 50 oC using whatman creamy white for P. florida and white for P. sajor-caju.
No.1 filter paper strips (1-6 cm) according to the method of According to Rajarathnam et al (1987) and Ali et al (2012)
Toyama and Ogawa 1977. Endoglucanase (CMCase) activity morphological characters of Pleurotus spp. was described.

Table 1: Morphological study of wild edible mushrooms

Mushroom Pleurotussajor-
Pleurotusflorida Macrolepiotaprocera Sparassiscrispa Trameteselegans
caju
Collection date 15-08-15 3-07-16 4-07-16 20-07-16 2-08-16
Location, Gidarpur, Dstt. Bhangala, Dstt.
Gho, Dstt. Pathankot Akhwana,Dstt. Dharkalan, Dstt. Pathankot
GPS data Pathankot Hoshiarpur
32o19’45.4”N Pathankot32o 16’54” N 32o24’18” N
32o11’38.1”N 32o1’14”N
75° 40’14.7” E 75 o43’54” E 75o47’21” E
75° 30’15.2” E 75° 36’37” E
Habitat,
Vegetation Tree trunk Humus Dead wooden log Roots of Malabar tree Wooden log
community
Smell, taste Typical mushroom Typical mushroom
Typical mushroom like Not distinctive Not distinctive
like like
Spore print Cream White White Off white to brown White
Pileus color Cream White White Off white to brown White
Pileus dimension 6-8 cm 6-12 cm 1-3 cm 10-34 cm 6-10 cm
Pileus shape, Hemispherical to
Fan shaped Spoon shaped Fan shaped, inrolled margin semicircular shape
Margin convex type
Pileus surface Smooth Rough Smooth Smooth tough surface
Scales No Present No No No
Stipe attachment Central Central Central Sessile Sessile
Stipe size, color Cream,1-2 cm Off-white, 10-12 cm White, 4-5 cm - -
Stipe shape, base Non-bulbous Bulbous Non-bulbous - -
Ring No Present No - -
Veil No No No - -

Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology

p-ISSN: 2350-0085; e-ISSN: 2350-0263; Volume 5, Issue 3; July-September, 2018
120 Amanpreet Kaur and Dr. H.S. Sodhi

Volva No No No - -
Basal association No No No - -
Gill attachment Shortly decurrent Free Shortly decurrent - -
Gill color Creamish yellow White White - -
Edibility Edible Edible Edible Edible -

3.1.2 Macrolepiotaprocera: Mushroom is tall; large in size Table 2: Specific activity (U/mg) of lingo-cellulosic enzymes in
with pileus dimensions ranges between 6-12 cm (Table 1& wild mushroom culture filtrates.
Fig. 2). Stipe is longer, 10-12 cm in size, off-white in colour
S. Mushroo Endo-β- Cellobi Total Xylanas Laccass
and centrally attached. Base of stipe is bulbous and ring is
No. m 1,4- ase Cellulas e (U/mg e (U/mg
present. Brown color scales are present on pileus surface. This Glucan (U/mg ) es ) )
mushroom is a member of order Agaricale and family ase (U/mg )
Agaricaceae. Gills are crowded, white in colour and attached (U/mg )
freely with the cap. Spore print is white in colour. The genus
Microlepiota was well described by Geet al (2010). 1 P. florida 14.65 0.089 0.154 0.724 2.14

3.1.3 Sparassiscrispa: This mushroom was found on roots of M.

2 42.91 0.91 0.87 12.53 1.38
procera
Malabar neem, saprobic in nature (Table 1& Fig. 4). Fruiting
P. sajor-
bodies are larger in size having diameter 10-34 cm. Pileus is 3
caju
7.39 1.84 1.96 3.03 0.87
wide composed of tightly packed branches, off-white to
yellow in colour. Spore print is white. Sparassiscrispa belongs 4 S. crispa 83.84 0.320 0.228 2.08 0.273
to order Polyporales, family Sparassidaceae. Dictionary of
fungi by Kirk et al (2010) was referred to describe the 5 T. elegans 160.14 0.058 0.144 0.07 0.08
collected wild mushrooms.
LSD = 0.05 % 1.74 0.257 0.113 0.148 0.304
3.1.4 Trameteselegans: This mushroom is tough, white in
colour and belongs to order Polyporale family Polyporaceae
(Table 1 &Fig. 5). This saprophytic mushroom is semicircular 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
have concentric zone of texture. Cap is 6-10 cm in diameter, The authors are thankful to the Punjab Agricultural University,
found on wooden log andstipe is absent. Pileus has round to Ludhiana for providing funds and facility for field and
angular pores on its surface. Fruit body is very hard and laboratory work.
woody, so it is non edible mushroom. Spore print is white in
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Figure 3: Pleurotussajor-caju

Figure 4: Sparassiscrispa

Figure 5: Tarmeteselegans

Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology

p-ISSN: 2350-0085; e-ISSN: 2350-0263; Volume 5, Issue 3; July-September, 2018