EE322M Quiz - I Model Solution

1. The system h[n] = 4x[n] + 2 is Nonlinear Time-Invariant.

Solution: Let y1 [n] = 4x1 [n]+2 and y2 [n] = 4x2 [n]+2, i.e., y1 [n] and y2 [n] are the outputs
corresponding to x1 [n] and x2 [n], respectively. Then output due to input x1 [n] + x2 [n] is

4(x1 [n] + x2 [n]) + 2 6= y1 [n] + y2 [n]

Hence, system is nonlinear.

The output corresponding to x[n − n0 ] is y[n] = 4x[n − n0 ] + 2. On the other hand,
from the system’s difference equation it is clear that h[n − n0 ] = 4x[n − n0 ] + 2 = y[n].
Therefore, the system is time-invariant.

2. The signal ejπn/8 is Periodic with period 16.

Solution: ejπn/8 = ej2πn/16 . Clearly, Period is 16.

3. Consider a system with input x(n) and output y(n) that satisfies the difference equation

y[n] = ny[n − 1] + x[n]

If x[n] = δ[n], then y[n] for all n then y[n] = n!u[n].

Solution: Simple iteration will give the result.

y[0] = x[0] = 1, y[1] = y[0] + x[1] = 1 + 0 = 1

y[2] = 2 × y[1] + x[2] = 2 × 1
y[3] = 3 × y[2] + x[3] = 3 × 2 × 1, and so on

4. Consider the interconnection of three linear shift-invariant systems as shown in the figure
If h1 [n] = u[n − 2], h2 [n] = nu[n], and h3 [n] = δ[n − 2], the unit sample response of the
entire system is u[n − 4] + 12 (n − 2)(n − 1)u[n − 2].
Solution: The equivalent unit sample response is: h[n] = h1 [n] ? (h2 [n] + h3 [n]). In the
z-domain, we get H(z) = H1 (z) (H2 (z) + H3 (z)).
   
−2 z d z z
H1 (z) = z , H2 (z) = −z = , H3 (z) = z −2
z−2 dz z − 1 (z − 1)2

Therefore, the overall transfer function is:

   
−2 z z −2 1 z
H(z) = z × 2
+z = 3
+ z −4
z−1 (z − 1) (z − 1) z−1

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 The inverse z-Transform of z −4 z−1 z


is u[n − 4]. From the options it is clear that the
solution is u[n − 4] + 12 (n − 2)(n − 1)u[n − 2]. However, to get the full solution we need
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to find inverse z-transform of (z−1) 3 . Note that

  ∞
−1 d d X
z z 2
(zX(z)) = (n − 1)(n − 2)x[n]z −n
dz dz n=−∞

Taking x[n] = 12 u[n − 2] in the above equation, you will find that the z-transform of
1 1
2
(n − 2)(n − 1)x[n] is (z−1)3.

5. Consider a continuous-time system with input x(t) and output y(t) related by

y(t) = x(sin(t))

The system is Linear and noncausal.

Solution: Let y1 (t) and y2 (t) be the output corresponding to input x1 (t) and x2 (t), re-
spectively. Now, output corresponding to input ax1 (t)+bx2 (t) is ax1 (sin(t))+bx2 (sin(t)) =
y1 (t) + y2 (t). Therefore, system is linear.
Note that y(−π) = x(0). Therefore, the output depends on a future input. System is
noncausal.

6. Let h[n] = an u[n] and x[n] = bn u[n].The convolution y[n] = x[n] ∗ h[n] assuming a 6= b is
bn+1 −an+1
b−a
u[n].
z z
Solution: H(z) = z−a and X(z) = z−b . Therefore,

z z Y (z) z a/(a − b) b/(a − b)

Y (z) = H(z)X(z) = ⇒ = = −
z −az −b z (z − a)(z − b) z−a z−b
 
a z b z
⇒ Y (z) = −
a−bz −a a−bz −b
a n b n bn+1 − an+1
⇒ y[n] = a u[n] − b u[n] = u[n].
a−b a−b b−a

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7. If h[n] = Aδ[n] + 13 u[n] is the unit sample response of a linear time-invariant system,
and s[n] is the step response. Then the value of A so that s[0] = − 21 is − 32 .
Solution: H(z) = A + z−z 1 . The input x[n] is step signal. Therefore, X(z) = z−1z
. Thus,
3

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 the z-transform of the output is S(z) = X(z)H(z) (Since output s[n] = h[n] ? x[n] for
LTI system). By initial value theorem,
z z
s[0] = lim (A +
1 )( )=A+1
z− 3 z−1z→∞

1 3
⇒− =A+1⇒A=− .
2 2
8. Following samples were collected for x[n] = A sin[Ωn + φ]: {0, 1.5, 0, −1.5}. Then A and
φ are A = 1.5, φ = 0.
Solution: The period here is N = 4. Therefore, Ω = 2π 4
. Now, use this x[0] = A sin[φ] =
2π
0 and x[1] = A sin[ 4 + φ].

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9. Which of the following signals do not admit a z-transform: x[n] = 38 (2)n u[n] + 23 12 u[−n − 1].
Solution: ROC of 38 (2)n u[n] is |z| > 2 (since this is a right sided sequence). ROC of
2 1 n


3 2
u[−n − 1] is |z| < 1/2 (since this is a left sided sequence). Both the ROC never
intersect, hence the signal does not admit a z-transform.

10. The signal x[n] which has the z-transform X(z) = log (1 + 2z −1 ), |z| > 2 is n1 (−1)n+1 2n u[n − 1].
−2z −2 2z −1
Solution: X(z) = log (1 + 2z −1 ) ⇒ d
dz
X(z) = (1+2z −1 )
d
⇒ −z dz X(z) = 1+2z −1
.
z −1
z
Since z-transform of (−2)n u[n] is z+2 , the z-tranform of (−2)n−1 u[n−1] is z −1 z+2
z
= 1+2z −1
.
n−1 2z −1
Therefore, let p[n] = 2 × (−2) u[n − 1] and hence P (z) = 1+2z−1 .
d Z
We know that nx[n] ←→ −z dz X(z). Therefore, we must have nx[n] = p[n] and x[n] =
1 n−1 1 n+1 n
n
2 × (−2) u[n − 1] = n (−1) 2 u[n − 1].

11. Given a discrete time signal x[n] = 0.4n u[n] with

 X(z) as the z-transform. Then the
0 for all n is odd.
2
signal y[n] with X(z ) as z-transform is y[n] = .
(0.4) n2 for all n is even.
P∞ −n
P∞ −2n
Solution: X(z) = n=−∞ x[n]z ⇒ X(z 2 ) = −∞ x[n]z . Let 2n =: m. Then
∞ m −m n n
2
P
X(z ) = m=−∞ x[ 2 ]z . Therefore, the signal is x[ 2 ] = (0.4) 2 for n being even and 0
when n is odd.

12. Consider a cascade of 2 systems H1 and H2 , such that H1 is having an input-output

relationship w[n] = 14 w[n − 1] + x[n] and H2 is having an input-output relationship
y[n] = ay[n − 1] + bw[n]. The overall difference equation for cascaded system is y[n] +
1
4
y[n − 2] − 54 y[n − 1] = x[n]. Then what are the values of a and b? None of the options.
Solution: From the difference equations: W (z)
X(z)
Y (z)
= 1− 11z−1 and W (z)
b
= 1−az −1 . Therefore,
4
Y (z) W (z) Y (z) b
X(z)
= X(z) W (z)
= 1−(a+ 41 )z −1 + a4 z −2
.
Y (z) 1
From the z-transform of the overall equation, we have X(z)
= 1− 54 z −1 + 41 z −2
. Therefore,
a = b = 1.

13. For a system with output y[n] = nx[n], the inverse system is: Does not exist.
Solution: The only possible inverse is n1 y[n]. But this won’t be valid at n = 0.

14. Which of the following signals is/are not periodic? s(t) = e−7t sin 10πt
Solution: This is straight forward.

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15. The z-transform of the time function ∞ z
P
k=0 δ[n − k] is z−1 .
Solution: The signal is u[n] written as sum of shifted impulses. Clearly, z-transform is
z
z−1
.

16. The region of convergence of the z- transform of a unit step function is |z| > 1.
Solution: Right-sided function.

17. A linear discrete - time system has the characteristic equation z 3 − 0.81z = 0.
Cannot comment on system’s stability.
Solution: Roots are z = 0, ±0.9. The poles are inside unit circle. However the question
does not say that the system is causal. Hence, we cannot comment unless ROC is given.
R∞
18. Let δ(t) denote the impulse function. The value of the integral −∞ δ(t) cos 3t2 dt is 1.


R∞ R∞
Solution: −∞ δ(t) cos 3t2 dt = cos(0) = 1. (Since −∞ δ(t − t0 )f (t) = f (t0 )).

19. The function x(t) is shown in the figure. Even and odd parts of a unit-step function u(t)
are respectively 21 , 12 x(t).

u(t)+u(−t) 1 u(t)−u(−t)
Solution: The even part is 2
= 2
and odd part is 2
= 12 x(t).

20. A system has the ROC shown in the Figure 1. Considering that the system admits
rational z-transform, the system is Noncausal and stable.
Solution: ROC includes unit circle, hence stable. For a causal system, the ROC is never
a disc. It is a region outside the circle with radius equal to the magnitude of the outermost
pole. Hence, the system is noncausal.

21. A continuous signal x(t) is given in Figure 2. Then x(t)u(1 − t) is given by Figure 3.

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 Figure 1: Question 20

Figure 2: Question 21 Figure 3: Solution to Q21

22. The system y[n] = x[n] − y 2 [n − 1] + y[n − 1] is Nonlinear Time-Invariant.

Solutin: Explained in doubt clearing session.

23. If h(t) is the impulse response of an LTI system and h(t) is periodic and nonzero, then
the system is unstable.
R∞
Solution: For a system to be stable −∞ |h(t)|dt = M , where M ∈ R.
If h(t) is periodic with period T , then
Z ∞ Z T /2
|h(t)|dt = lim N |h(t)|dt.
−∞ N →∞ −T /2

R T /2
Since h(t) is non-zero and −T /2 |h(t)|dt is a finite number for a periodic impulse response,
R T /2
limN →∞ N −T /2 |h(t)|dt = ∞. Hence, the system is unstable.

24. Consider an LTI system S ans a signal x(t) = 2e−3t u(t − 1). If the output from S due to
input x(t) is y(t) and the output due to input dtd x(t) is −3y(t) + e−2t u(t), then determine

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 the impulse response h(t) of S. 21 e1−2t u(t + 1)
Solution: Since x(t) = 2e−3t u(t − 1), we have

d
x(t) = −6e−3t u(t − 1) + 2e−3t δ(t − 1) = −3x(t) + 2e−3t δ(t − 1).
dt
d
Let h(t) be the impulse response of the system. Hence, output due to input dt
x(t) is
given by
d
x(t) ∗ h(t) = −3x(t) + 2e−3t δ(t − 1) ∗ h(t)


y1 (t) :=
dt
= −3(x(t) ∗ h(t)) + 2(e−3t δ(t − 1)) ∗ h(t). (1)

Using the fact that y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t) and y1 (t) = −3y(t) + e−2t u(t) in equation (1), we
have

−3y(t) + e−2t u(t) = −3y(t) + 2(e−3t δ(t − 1)) ∗ h(t) ⇒ e−2t u(t) = 2(e−3t δ(t − 1)) ∗ h(t).
(2)

Note that
Z ∞
−3t
(e δ(t − 1)) ∗ h(t) = e−3τ δ(τ − 1)h(t − τ )dτ = e−3 h(t − 1). (3)
−∞

Using equation (3) in equation (2), we have

1
e−2t u(t) = 2e−3 h(t − 1) ⇒ h(t − 1) = e3−2t u(t).
2
Therefore, the impulse response is
1 1
h(t) = e3−2(t+1) u(t + 1) = e1−2t u(t + 1).
2 2

25. Let x[n] be the input to a discrete time system with unit sample response h[n]. Both x[n]
and h[n] are of finite sequences with support N and M , respectively. Then the system’s
output y[n] will be a finite sequence of support: None of the above.
Solution: The information given in the question is not sufficient to comment. Support
is a set of consecutive integers. Hence, it cannot be a number. However, if N and M are
the size of supports, then we can infer that N + M − 1 is the size of the support of y[n].