Notes 301

185 Petar Kočić, Dokumentarna gra d̄a, 95, 105, 167, 174, 219, 264. B. Čubrilović,
Petar Kočić (Sarajevo, 1953), 111, for Kočić’s pain. Kulturtregeri was a play on
Austrian pretensions to be bearers of a cultural mission in Bosnia (cf. German
Kulturträger).
186 Petar Kočić, Dokumentarna gra d̄a, 46.
187 Čubrilović, Kočić, 135.
188 Ibid., 206. Čubrilović, a former Young Bosnian, saw Šola as the likely figure.
189 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 686/1908: Burián to Winzor, 8 May.

C H A P T E R 9 A P U B L I C R E C KO N I N G : C U LT U R A L P O L I C Y
IN THE BOSNIAN DIET
1 Református Zsinati Levéltár (RZsL), Burián Papers, IV/4: Burián’s diary, 30 August
1908.
2 Ibid., III/3: Burián’s diary, 17 February 1910.
3 Ibid., XXI/81: Burián’s diary, 31 December 1910.
4 Ibid., VIII/20: Benko to Burián, 24 July 1910.
5 Ibid., VIII/18: Pittner to Burián, 29 April 1910.
6 H. Kapidžić, ‘Dva priloga novijoj istoriji Bosne i Hercegovine krajem 1909 i
početkom 1910’, Glasnik ADA, 2 (1962): 293–328, with Shek’s memorandum,
310–28 (321, 317).
7 Ibid., with General Auffenberg’s memorandum, 294–309 (294).
8 RZsL, Burián Papers, VIII/20: Benko to Burián, 24 July 1910.
9 Ibid., III/3, Burián’s diary, 1 May 1910; XI/44: Emlékirat-tervezet a boszniai-
hercegoviniai kérdés megoldását illetöleg, June 1911.
10 See M. Tömöry, ‘Bosznia-Hercegovina annektálásának történetéböl’, Századok, 100
(1966): 878–923 (893).
11 Dž. Juzbašić, ‘Austrougarsko Zajedničko ministarstvo i upravljanje Bosnom i
Hercegovinom (Državnopravni aspekti)’, in ibid., Politika i privreda u Bosni i
Hercegovini pod austrougarskom upravom (Sarajevo, 2002), 247–64.
12 ABiH, ZMF, BH 12127/1906, PG to ZMF, 27 October.
13 RZsL, Burián Papers, X/43: Aehrenthal to Burián on Bienerth’s position, 6 V 1909.
14 Ibid., Burián to Aehrenthal, 24 February 1907.
15 M. Gross, ‘Hrvatska politika u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1878 do 1914’, Historijski
zbornik, 19–20 (1966–67): 8–61; ibid., ‘Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und die
kroatische Frage’, ÖOH, 8 (1966): 277–99.
16 RZsL, Burián Papers, III/3: Burián’s diary, 30 March 1908.
17 Tömöry, ‘Bosznia-Hercegovina’, 911.
18 Dž. Juzbašić, ‘Aneksija i stavovi austrougarskih vojnih krugova prema upravljanju
Bosnom i Hercegovinom’, in ibid., Politika i privreda, 265–318 (278–80, 302–3).
19 RZsL, Burián Papers, III/3: Burián’s diary, 16 February 1910.
20 Ibid., VIII/19, Director of the Cabinet of his Imp.Ryl. Apostolic Majesty to Burián,
19 July 1910.
21 For Diet politics, see particularly Dž. Juzbašić, Jezičko pitanje i austro-
ugarski parlamentarizam u Bosni i Hercegovini pred Prvi svjetski rat (Sarajevo,
1973).
302 Notes
22 ABiH, ZMF, BH 16046/1908 ; BH 2907/1909, with JMF comment to PG report
of 22 February.
23 ABiH, ZMF, BH 386 and 16475/1909.
24 For Ćorović’s speech, Stenografski izvještaji o sjednicama bosansko-hercegovačkog
Dieta godine 1910/1911, ii. 625–41 (quote, 629). On the hypocritical use of
health regulations Ćorović no doubt had in mind the pressures brought against
the Serb schools of his home town Mostar, which had applied for a government
loan to rebuild schools menaced with closure on this score: see ABiH, ZMF, BH
13302/1909.
25 Arguments of Karamehmedović, Mustajbeg Mutevelić and Hafiz Ahmed ef.
Mehmedbašić: Stenografski izvještaji, ii. 670–1; iii. 872–8. Volume 3 recorded
the debate on limited compulsory attendance held in February 1911.
26 Ibid., ii. 649–67: speeches of Dr Sunarić, Bosnian Provincial Mišić and Dr
Džamonija.
27 Ibid., iii. 871.
28 ABiH, JMF, Pr BH 1400/1910: PG on the Diet resolutions, 10 September.
29 Stenografski izvještaji, ii. 625; Pr BH 289, 476, 1032/1911 (German school).
30 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1268/1910; Burián to Franz Joseph, 2 September.
31 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1352/1910: Burián to Bienerth, 19 October.
32 Stenografski izvještaji, ii. 670 (Mutevelić: Muslim schools); 641 (Grd̄ić: Divide and
Rule).
33 ABiH, ZMF, 12494/1906, PG report, 28 October.,
34 Stenografski izvještaji, iii. 878 (Dr Karamehmedović).
35 ABiH, ZMF, BH 6479/1894: JMF to PG, 26 June; Pr BH 497/1906: Thallóczy
inspection report of 7 May.
36 ABiH, ZMF, BH 16046/1908; 7891/1910; 10855/1911; 5469/1912.
37 ABiH, ZMF, BH 16046/1908: PG to JMF, 11 December.
38 ABiH, ZMF, BH 5649/1912: JMF to PG, 12 April.
39 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1150/1912: Biliński to Franz Joseph, 15 July; BH 7278/1912:
Motivenbericht über die Rechtsverhältnisse der Volksschullehrkräfte in Bosnien
und der Hercegovina.
40 ABiH, ZMF, BH 7278/1912: Motivenbericht.
41 ABiH, ZMF, BH 9048/1914: Biliński to Franz Joseph, 2 July.
42 ABiH, ZMF, BH 14158/1913: Auszug aus dem Protokoll der 30. und 31. Sitzung
der Regierungs-Konferenz.
43 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1419/1906: PG to JMF, 26 December.
44 Stenografski izvještaji, iii. 871: 1 February 1911.
45 Karamehmedović campaigned on this issue in leading articles in the Muslim daily
Vakat in 1914, for example, nos 44 and 66.
46 B. Čerović, Bosanski omladinci i sarajevski atentat (Sarajevo, 1930), 57.
47 Treščec was sixty-five but it appears his retirement was speeded up some months by
the criticism: ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1694/1910: JMF to Franz Joseph, 15 October.
48 For example, Boško Petrović, ‘Osnovni problemi filozofije’ (Fundamental Principles
of Philosophy), the last of whose eleven parts was entitled ‘Psychophysical monist
directions’; Školski vjesnik, 11 (1904).
49 Lj. Dlustuš, Dr. Franjo Marković. Njegov život i rad (Osijek, 1915), 19–38.
 Notes 303
50 The dominance of the German Protestant J. F. Herbart (1776–1841) in Austrian
pedagogy was increasingly challenged from the 1890s: see H. Engelbrecht, Geschichte
des österreichischen Bildungswesens, 5 vols (Vienna, 1982–8), iv. 43–7.
51 Dlustuš, Marković, 16–19.
52 Ibid., 39–40, 100–101.
53 Országos Levéltár (OL), XI/455: Hörmann to Thallóczy, 11 December 1910.
54 Bericht über die Verwaltung Bosniens und der Hercegovina für die Jahre 1914 bis 1916
(Vienna, 1917), 100.
55 ABiH, ZMF, BH 2073/1907: PG report, 29 January.
56 ABiH, ZMF, BH 7278/1912: Motivenbericht.
57 ABiH, ZMF, BH 2073/1907: PG report, 29 January 1907.
58 Učiteljska zora, 4 (1908): 81.
59 Ibid., 113–14.
60 Ibid.
61 Učiteljska zora, 7 (1911): 226–7.
62 Zapisnici sjednica islamske prosvjetne ankete držanih krajem decembra 1910 i u januaru
1911 godine, ed. dr. Hamdija Karamehmedović, (Sarajevo, 1911), 8, 14–15.
63 Ibid., 163.
64 ABiH, ZMF, BH 932/1912: PG to JMF, 15 January.
65 See Srpska škola, 3 (1909–10), and Prosvjeta, 4 (1910), for these debates.
66 Ibid. and S. Kalud̄erčić, ‘O nacionalnom karakteru srpske škole’, in Pitanje o
ure d̄enju srpskih škola u Bosni i Hercegovini (Sarajevo, 1910), 87–90.
67 ‘Školsko i učiteljsko pitanje i naša javnost’, Srpska škola, 4 (1911): 65–6.
68 S. Stanojević, ‘Narodno prosvjećivanje’, Srpska škola, 5 (1912): 70–2.
69 Ibid. and S. Stanojević, ‘Naši udžbenici’, ibid.: 7–11; ‘Reorganizacija osnovnih
škola’, ibid.: 49–57 (Herbart).
70 Srpska škola, 5 (1912): 78–80, 94–6, 11–12; ibid., 4 (1911): 104.
71 I. F. Ivanišević, ‘Srpsko-pravoslavno školstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini’, Školski vjesnik,
16 (1909): 817.
72 Vjesnik. Organ Srpsko-pravoslavnih crkveno-školskih vlasti u Bosni i Hercegovini,
3 (1911): 116–46, 156–9. The report covered the years 1906–7 to 1909–10.
73 Ibid., 5 (1913): 273–4.
74 See footnote 21.
75 RZsL, Burián Papers, XXI/81: Burián’s diary. This comment, typed on the back of
another document, appears to date from 17 February 1912.
76 Ibid., Neue Freie Presse, 19 February 1912, affixed to the diary.
77 See Biliński’s memoirs, Wspomnienia, 2 vols (Warsaw, 1924), i. 227–96, which
reveal more about Viennese than Bosnian politics under his ministry.
78 P. Vrankić, Religion und Politik in Bosnien und der Herzegowina (1878–1918)
(Paderborn, 1998), 305; I. Diószegi, ‘A balplatzi palota utolsó gazdája’, Kortárs, 10
(1966): 270–82.
79 RZsL, Burián Papers XI/44: ‘Adalék a magyar nemzetiségi nemzeti kérdéshez’,
21 December 1914.
80 RZsL, Burián Papers, IX/42: Šola to Burián, n.d.
81 Stephen Graf Burián, Drei Jahre aus der Zeit meiner Amtsführung im Kriege (Berlin,
1923), 200–17.
304 Notes
82 Burián, Drei Jahre, 126, 215–16.
83 V. Dedijer, Sarajevo 1914 (Belgrade, 1966), 536.

C H A P T E R 1 0 A N U N O F F I C I A L R E C KO N I N G : T H E S T U D E N T
M OV E M E N T
1 PRO, FO 371/399: Freeman to Grey, 15 August 1908.
2 There was some parallel in similarly backward, authoritarian Tsarist Russia, where
controlled education was likewise intended to substitute for social processes:
P. L Alston, Education and the State in Tsarist Russia (Stanford, 1969), 244, 246.
3 ABiH, ZMF, BH 4234/1909: PG to JMF, 24 March.
4 I. Dujmušić, ‘Odgoj u roditeljskoj kući’, Napredak, 2 (1909): 98–110 (104).
5 Calculated from D̄. Pejanović, Srednje i stručne škole u Bosni i Hercegovini od početka
do 1941 (Sarajevo, 1953), 65.
6 Franjevačka klasična gimnazija u Visokom 1882–1982 (Visoko, 1983), 61.
7 Travnička Spomenica 1882–1932. Prigodom pedesetogodišnjice Nadbiskupskog sje-
meništa i Nadbiskupske Velike gimnazije u Travniku 1882–1932 (Sarajevo,
1932), 146.
8 ABiH, ZMF, BH 6007/1908.
9 A. Nametak, Musa Ćazim Ćatić. Studija (Tuzla, 1965).
10 N. Todić, ‘Iz burnih dana d̄ačke mladosti’, in Z. Petrović (ed.) Sedamdesetpetogo-
dišnjica Gimnazije u Tuzli 1899–1974 (Tuzla, 1974), 279–98 (280).
11 Gajret, 2 (1909): 82. The play was Svak na posao.
12 Travnička Spomenica 1882–1932, 158.
13 B. Čerović, Bosanski omladinci i sarajevski atentat (Sarajevo, 1930), 114: D̄ulaga
Vulović to Borivoje Jevtić, 23 January 1914.
14 Todić, ‘Iz burnih dana’, 281. ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1836/1914, PG to JMF, 14
November for the Milišić background not mentioned by Todić. Lazarević was
executed as a hostage in 1915.
15 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1508/1907: remonstration of Vaso Crnogorčević et al.,
7 December.
16 ABiH, ZMF, BH 7848/1908: PG to JMF, 16 June 1908.
17 ABiH, ZMF, BH 3599/1906. Bedjanić’s report, 11 February; PG to Gymnasium
authorities, 21 March; JFM to PG, 10 June. Bedjanić was one of the Croats praised
by Serb teachers for his wise approach.
18 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 705/1914: PG to JMF, 15 June.
19 See Kudlich’s reports to the PG of 12 and 20 December 1908 in ABiH, ZV
(Zemaljska vlada), 7716 Res/1908 and 1019 Res/1909 respectively.
20 See fn. 15.
21 ABiH, ZMF, BH 5272/1912: Ćorović to PG, n.d.
22 For these characteristic polemics, see Srpska riječ (10/23 March 1913): ‘Muštra od
gimnazije’; Narod (8/21 June 1913): ‘Anacionalnost školskog obrazovanja u Bosni
i Hercegovini’.
23 ABiH, ZV 1019 Res./1909: Kudlich to the PG, 20 December 1908.
24 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 323/1909: PG to JMF, 4 February.
25 ABiH, ZMF, BH 4121/1912: PG Tel. to JMF, 18 March. Significantly, Zečević
was not transferred. He was in fact a member of the Belgrade-based nationalist
 Notes 305
organization Narodna odbrana: V. Dedijer, Sarajevo 1914 (Belgrade, 1966),
626, 880.
26 Novi vakat, 25 December 1913: ‘Anarhija na bihaćkoj gymnaziji’; Hrvatski dnevnik,
7 January 1914: ‘Kako odgaje jedan profesor’, complaining about another Bihać
Serb teacher.
27 Čerović, Bosanski omladinci, 55–7.
28 Pejanović, Srednje i stručne škole, 74, names the stages.
29 I. Kranjčević, Uspomene (Sarajevo, 1965), 5–44.
30 ABiH, ZMF, BH 11065/1912: PG to JMF, 20 July 1912.
31 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 2215/1908 (Nedeljković); BH 12571/1912 (Ćuković).
32 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1133/1908: Ćuković to Grd̄ić, 25 June.
33 See above, p. 186.
34 OSzKK, 2549/7: Thallóczy’s diary, 19 September 1907.
35 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1246/1910: Pittner to Thallóczy, 29 July.
36 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 705/1914: Alaupović report. n.d., but probably June 1914.
Priv Reg 416/1914 gives an example of Dimović intervening on behalf of a Serb
teacher disciplined by the PG.
37 ABiH, ZV, 1491 Res/1912, PG to JMF, 28 February.
38 ABiH, ZMF, BH 3256/1912, containing Verordnung of 28 April 1910.
39 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 968/1914, with copy of the 13 September 1912 circular.
40 Srpska riječ, 8/21 February 1912: Unus pro multis, ‘Nekoliko zahtjeva sred-
njoškolskih nastavnika’.
41 ABiH, ZMF, BH 4532/1908: JFM Votum. The ministerial decision took six
months and was implemented in 1909.
42 ABiH, ZMF, BH 14590/1912: PG to JMF, 11 October; JMF to PG, 10 December.
43 S. Džaja, ‘Kvalifikacioni profil i porijeklo nastavnog kadra na srednjim školama u
Bosni i Hercegovini u austrougarskom razdoblju’, in N. Šehic, (gen.ed.), Migracije
i Bosna i Hercegovini (Sarajevo, 1990), 163–80 (169).
44 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 968/1914, with circular of 19 June 1911. Societies should be
non-denominational and confined to a single school.
45 ABiH, ZMF, Priv Reg 1272/1912: Government Commissioner Collas’s report of
21 June.
46 ABiH, ZMF, BH 14126/1912: PG to JMF, 22 September.
47 Ibid.
48 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 564/1914: PG to JMF, 28 April.
49 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 705/1914: Potiorek to JMF, 15 June.
50 Ibid.
51 Bosnische Post, 6 June 1914. Leading article: ‘Wohin?’
52 Hrvatski dnevnik, 12 June 1914. Leading article, ‘Školska politika u Bosni i
Hercegovini’.
53 Srpska riječ, 9/22 March 1912. Untitled leading article.
54 Dedijer, Sarajevo, 398–406.
55 H. Kapidžić, ‘Previranje u austrougarskoj politici u Bosni i Hercegovini 1912
godine’, Glasnik ADA, 1 (1961): 223–49 (238).
56 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1600/1914: state prosecutor Holländer’s report of June 1912.
57 Vakat, 16 January 1914: ‘Klub slobodne ljubavi’.
306 Notes
58 ABiH, ZMF, BH 917/1914: PG to JMF, 17 January.
59 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 705/1914: JMF to PG, 27 June (despite the date, internal
evidence suggests this despatch was finished after the assassination); 968/1914: PG
to JMF, 16 July; 1836/1914: PG to JMF, 16 November.
60 Potiorek to Biliński, 19 September 1914 (Pr BH 1600/1914), published in H.
Kapidžić, ‘Austrougarske centralne vlasti i omladinski pokret u Bosni i Herce-
govini neposredno poslije sarajevskog atentata’, Glasnik ADA, 4–5 (1964–5):
397–461(436–8).
61 Ibid. In 1909, Školski vjesnik was replaced by Školski glasnik, which was more a
journal of record of official school policy than a pedagogical periodical.
62 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1272/1914, with Government Commissioner Collas’s report
of 2 August 1912.
63 S. M. Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina in der österreichisch-ungarischen Epoche
(1878–1918) (Munich, 1992), 230, stresses Russian parallels.
64 L. D̄aković, ‘Napredni Omladinski Pokret antiaustrougarske orijentacije u
jugoslavenskim zemljama prije prvog svjetskog rata (1904–1914)’, unpublished
Mss (Sarajevo, 1984), 8–10.
65 M. Gross, ‘ ‘‘Die Welle’’: Die Ideen der nationalistischen Jugend in Kroatien vor
dem ersten Weltkrieg’, Österreichische Osthefte, 10 (1968): 65–86 (72).
66 D̄aković, ‘Omladinski Pokret’, 19–23, 32–4.
67 Spomenica Prve gimnazije u Sarajevu (Sarajevo, 1929), 51–2.
68 For instance, V. Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna. Pisma i prilozi (Sarajevo, 1954),
21–2: Bogdan Vidović to ‘Pokret’, autumn 1904.
69 Ibid., 23–6: Svetozar Lazarević to ‘Pokret’, 4 November 1904.
70 Ibid., 31: R. D̄urić to Veljko Vujasinović, 6 June 1906.
71 V. Ćorović, Istorija ‘Zore’ (Prilog istoriji omladinskog pokreta) (Ruma, 1905), 50.
72 Čerović, Bosanski omladinci, 180.
73 Dedijer, Sarajevo 1914, 406.
74 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 43: Žerajić to Gaćinović, 12 January 1910.
75 Dedijer, Sarajevo, 398–406.
76 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 55: Gaćinović to Mirko Damjanović, 2 July 1911.
77 Ibid., 57: same to same, 31 October 1913, on a ‘race’ of Serb youth, dispersed over
the world but ‘equally … unfocused, disorganized and incoherent’.
78 V. Gaćinović, ‘Smrt jednog heroja’, in Vladimir Gaćinović, Ogledi i pisma, ed.
T. Kruševac (Sarajevo, 1956), 117–32 (119–20). Under title ‘Bogdan Zerajić’.
79 Ibid., 127, 120, 127.
80 Ibid., 120. Dedijer, Sarajevo, 398.
81 D. Mitrinović, ‘Nacionalno tlo i Modernost’, in P. Palavestra (ed.), Književnost
Mlade Bosne, 2 vols (Sarajevo, 1965), ii. 41–9 (46, 45). The sentence order has
been inverted in the quotation.
82 Palavestra, Književnost Mlade Bosne, i. 132, 165–71.
83 Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina, 232–3, plausibly stresses the extent to which Mitri-
nović remained influenced by nationalist tropes.
84 Programme printed in Ljubibratić, Gavrilo Princip (Belgrade, 1959), 102–05.
85 M. Marjanović, Savremena Hrvatska (Belgrade, 1913).
86 D̄aković, ‘Omladinski Pokret’, 341.
 Notes 307
87 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 87–8: Mladen Stojanović to Todor Ilić, 26 June and
15 July 1911.
88 Ljubibratić, Princip, 147; cf. 148 for the switch to Yugoslavism of two of the
Vidovdan assassins, Cvetko Popović and Vasa Čubrilović.
89 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 108: Branko Čubrilović to Vukašin Babunović,
2 January 1914.
90 Palavestra, Književnost Mlade Bosne, i. 95–6, citing D. Mitrinović, ‘Za Jugoslaviju’,
in Vihor, 1 (1914): 81–3.
91 For Muslim secondary school groups, see M. Hadžijahić, Od tradicije do identiteta.
Geneza nacionalnog pitanja bosanskih Muslimana (Sarajevo, 1974), 183.
92 See Šćepan Grd̄ić’s comments: ‘But with these students only our administration
has gained … it has gained faithful servants. But our nation has not gained the
people it needs’, Stenografski izvještaji o sjednicama bosansko-hercegovačkog Dieta
godine 1910/1911, ii. 637.
93 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 105: Todor Ilić to Božidar Tomić, n.d., probably
1913.
94 Calculated from D̄aković, ‘Omladinski Pokret’, 230–4, 267, 269–71.
95 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 382.
96 Ibid., 111: Vasa Čubrilović to Rado Starović, 23 February 1914.
97 Gaćinović, Ogledi, 210, 212: Gaćinović to Rosa Merdep, 20 October 1914.
98 Čerović, Bosanski omladinci, 108: Pjanić to Borivoje Jevtić, n.d.
99 Dedijer, Sarajevo, 308.
100 Palavestra, Književnost Mlade Bosne, i. 200–03, for this and details of books sold in
Sarajevo.
101 D̄aković, ‘Omladinski pokret’, 228–9.
102 N. Trišić, Sarajevski atentat u svijetlu bibliografskih podataka (Sarajevo, 1964),
385–6. Trišić’s helpful work summarizes 1,644 books and articles published on
the Sarajevo assassination.
103 B. Jevtić, ‘Mlada Bosna’, reprinted from Bosanska vila, 1913, in Palavestra (ed.),
Književnost Mlade Bosne, ii. 50–4.
104 Palavestra, Književnost Mlade Bosne, i. 201.
105 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 28: Cvijetin Pejanović to Veljko Vujasinović,
22 February 1906.
106 Ibid., 408. For Guteša’s expulsion in 1914, see Trišić, Sarajevski atentat, 360.
107 ABiH, Arhiva civilnih i vojnih sudova (sudski procesi): Okružni sud Sarajevo:
IV-9-2, Zapisnik literarnog kluba: minutes of Guteša’s lectures of 17 February
and 4 December 1912. Lyell’s geological classic of 1830 has of course not been
demolished. Stojanović’s lecture from 1913 is not in the Minutes but is summarized
in ibid., IV-9-2/136.
108 Hence the Banjaluka trial of sixty-five Sarajevo and Trebinje secondary school
students in 1915 was officially conducted against ‘Viktor Rupčić and others’.
109 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 417–18, 429.
110 Dedijer, Sarajevo 1914, 338.
111 Trišić, Sarajevski atentat, 362.
112 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 388: note by Ilić, 28 June 1914.
113 Ibid., 392–4: note by Stojanović, 28 June 1914.
308 Notes
114 Dedijer, Sarajevo, 342.
115 Ibid., 470.
116 Ibid., 390. For the general theme, see 389–424.
117 M. Marković, ‘Mlada Bosna’, Oslobodenje, 28 June 1952, cited in Trišić, Sarajevski
atentat, 399–400.
118 Works in this tradition include V. Masleša, Mlada Bosna (Sarajevo, 1945);
B. Čubrilović, Petar Kočić (Sarajevo, 1953), and D. Ljubibratić’s biographies:
Gavrilo Princip (Belgrade, 1959) and Vladimir Gaćinović (Belgrade, 1961).
119 M. Filipović, Bosna i Hercegovina. Najvažnije geografske, demografske, historijske,
kulturne i političke činjenice (Sarajevo, 1997), 99.
120 Robert Donia, Islam under the Double Eagle (Boulder, 1981), 176.
121 V. Gaćinović, ‘Smrt jednog heroja’, in ibid., Ogledi, 119, 121.
122 V. Gaćinović, ‘Petar Kočić kao satiričar’, in ibid., 30–1.
123 Palavestra (ed.), Književnost Mlade Bosne, ii. 197.
124 Trišić, Sarajevski atentat, 373. Princip’s personality appears in the trial records
after the assassination. Declaring himself a ‘revolutionary Yugoslav’ who sought to
achieve a united state with the use of ‘terror’, he added that another main motive
was ‘revenge’ for all the ills the people suffered under Austria: Sarajevski atentat:
izvorne stenografske bilješke sa glavne rasprave protiv Gavrila Principa i drugova,
održane u Sarajevu 1914 godine, ed. V. Bogičević (Sarajevo, 1954), 62.
125 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 98: Vojislav Vasiljević to Božidar Tomić, 23 August
1913.
126 Čerović, Bosanski omladinci, 117: Miloš Pjanić to Borivoje Jevtić, n.d.
127 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 102: Veljko Jovičić to Mladen Stojanović, 19
September 1913. Stojanović had written that he was ashamed to belong to this
nation.
128 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1861/1912, Bijeljina Bezirksvorsteher to PG, 30 November.
129 Trišić, Sarajevski atentat, 310.
130 D̄aković, ‘Omladinski Pokret’, 344, 347.
131 Ibid., 275–6.
132 D. Ilić, ‘Naš nacionalizam’, in Palavestra (ed.), Književnost Mlade Bosna, ii. 24–7.
From 1914.
133 Ljubibratić, Princip, 286–7 (prison doctor); Trišić, Sarajevski atentat, 335.
134 Trišić, Sarajevski atentat, 285–6; Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 73: Čabrinović to
Borivoje Jevtić, 31 August 1913 (Serb souls).
135 For a restatement, F. Würthle, Die Spur führt nach Belgrad (Vienna and Munich
1978), e.g., the reference to ‘Mlada Bosna, guided from Belgrade’ (48).
136 Cvetko Popović’s reiterated view: Trišić, Sarajevski atentat, 239–41; 418–19.
137 Dedijer, Sarajevo, 662–4. Dedijer’s treatment of the Serbian theme (605–86) is
more convincing than Würthle’s, which allows distaste for Serb nationalism to
strain the factual argument.
138 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 93: Guteša to Todor Ilić. Bogičević places the letter
in 1912.
139 Ibid., 100: Tomić to Vojislav Vasiljević, 26 August 1913.
140 D̄aković, ‘Omladinski Pokret’, 341–2.
141 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 89–90: Babunović to Petar Božić, 26 March 1912.
 Notes 309
142 Ibid., 180: Gaćinović to Milan Karanović, 8 July, 1912.
143 Ibid., 348–60: draft lectures found on Todor Ilić and Vojislav Vasiljević.
144 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 112: Babunović to Petar Božić, 26 February 1914.
145 Čerović, Bosanski omladinci, 142: Bartulica to Borivoje Jevtić, 17 February 1913.

C H A P T E R 1 1 O N T H E EV E O F WA R : A B A L A N C E S H E E T
1 For this theme, R. J Donia, ‘Fin-de-Siècle Sarajevo; the Habsburg Transformation
of an Ottoman Town’, Austrian History Yearbook, 33 (2002): 43–75.
2 B. Spasojević, Arhitektura stambenih palata austrougarskog perioda u Sarajevu, 2nd
edn (Sarajevo, 1999), quote from p. 57.
3 V. Bogičević, Mlada Bosna. Pisma i prilozi (Sarajevo, 1954), 102: Veljko Jovičić to
Mladen Stojanović, 19 September 1913.
4 Bosna i Hercegovina u brojkama (Mostar, 1911), 20 (passengers); I. Hadžibegović,
Bosansko-hercegovački gradovi na razme d̄u 19. i 20 stoljeća (Sarajevo, 2004), 25
(telephones), 75 (bookshops).
5 S. M. Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina in der österreichisch-ungarischen Epoche (1878–
1918) (Munich, 1994), 184.
6 For this theme: J. Lešić, Istorija pozorišta Bosne i Herzegovine (Sarajevo, 1985).
7 B. Slijepčević, Kinematografija u Srbiji, Crnoj Gori, Bosni i Hercegovini 1896–1918
(Belgrade, 1982), 279–88.
8 Lj. Mladenović, Gra d̄ansko slikarstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini u XIX veku (Sarajevo,
1982), 72, 85–101, 117–30.
9 For the exhibitions: R. Besarović, ‘Odjek triju slikarskih izložbi u sarajevskoj štampi’,
in ibid., Iz kulturnog života u Sarajevu pod austrougarskom upravom (Sarajevo, 1974),
181–210. For Radulović: Milosavac Grandić, Špiro Bocarić, Pero Popović i Božo
Nikolić u srpskom gra d̄anskom slikarstvu Bosne i Hercegovine 1900–1944 (Banjaluka,
2003), 19–21.
10 For the Czech musicians: R. Besarović, ‘Kulturni razvitak Bosne i Hercegovine
1878–1918’, in Prilozi za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine, 2 vols (Sarajevo, 1987),
i. 367–402 (371, 382).
11 See H. Ćurić’ s articles on Serb, Croat and Muslim sokols in Prilozi za istoriju
fizičke kulture u Bosni i Hercegovini, 1 (1968): 3–10; and 2 (1969): 3–23, 37–42.
12 Š. Pašić, ‘Šezdeset i pet godina fudbala u Mostaru’, ibid., 1 (1968).
13 D̄. Mikić, Banjaluka. Kultura gra d̄anskog društva (Banjaluka, 2004), 89.
14 Novi vakat, 2 July 1913, untitled leading article. ‘Vakat’ means time in the sense of
‘time which has come’ in Turkish.
15 For Guteša, see p. 210.
16 I. Hadžibegović, Bosansko-hercegovački gradovi na razme d̄u 19. i 20 stoljeća (Sarajevo,
2004), 31, 34.
17 Ibid., 37, 75.
18 Ibid., 42.
19 For agriculture, F. Hauptmann, Die Österreichisch-Ungarische Herrschaft in Bosnien
und der Herzegowina 1878–1918 (Graz, 1983), 90–208, partic. 117, 177, 204.
20 Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina, 235.
21 Srpska riječ, 1/14 March 1912.
310 Notes
22 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1282/1904: Thallóczy’s report on Bosnian education, 2 Decem-
ber, put it at 53 per cent.
23 Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina, 235–40.
24 Hauptmann, Österreichisch-ungarische Herrschaft, 89.
25 Ibid., 235–40; Dž. Juzbašić, Jezičko pitanje i austrougarski parlamentarizam u Bosni
i Hercegovini pred Prvi svjetski rat (Sarajevo, 1973), 18.
26 Slijepčević, Kinematografija, 291.
27 Hadžibegović, Bosansko-hercegovacki gradovi, 65, 204.
28 Hauptmann, Österreichisch-ungarische Herrschaft, 28.
29 R. Radulović, Rasprave i članci, ed. P. Slijepčević (Belgrade, 1940); see especially
3–11, 84–6, 110–12. See also D. Gajević, ‘Risto Radulović—Ideolog i kritičar’,
in ibid., Bosanske teme (Sarajevo, 1989), 214–72.
30 J. Pospišil, ‘Die Vorbedingungen des Fremdenverkehrs in Bosnien und Herce-
govinien’, Bosnische Post, 3 December 1913.
31 Srpska riječ, 8/21 February 1912.
32 Slijepčević, Kinematografija, 64–5.
33 See N. Božinović, Žensko pitanje u Srbiji u XIX i XX veku (Belgrade, 1996);
L. Perović (ed.), Srbija u modernizacijskim procesima 19. i 20. veku, vol. 2. Položaj
žene kao merilo modernizacije (Belgrade, 1998), 240 (Belgrade university); and
I. Ograjšek-Gorenjak’s article on turn-of-the-century Croatian women’s education
in A. Feldman (ed.), Žene u Hrvatskoj (Zagreb, 2004), 157–79.
34 M. Ković, ‘Zapadnoevropske ideje u ‘‘Srpskom Književnom Glasniku’’ 1901–1914’
(MA, Belgrade University, 2003), 716–25.
35 For example, Bosnische Post, 10 November 1913 (illusion); 26 July 1913 (mother-
hood women’s best profession); Srpska riječ, 9/22 July 1913 (caricature); 30 June/13
July 1913 (sacrificial love).
36 Srpska riječ, 9/22 July 1912.
37 Bosnische Post, 1 July 1913: ‘Die Frage einer Universität in Sarajevo’, quoting
Hrvatski dnevnik : ‘Zagreb is our state-political, national and cultural capital and
will so remain’.
38 H. Kapidžić, ‘Austrougarski političari i pitanje osnivanja Univerziteta u Sarajevu
1912. godine’, Glasnik ADA, 1 (1961): 293–5.
39 R. Besarović (ed.), Kultura i umjetnost u Bosni i Hercegovini pod austrougarskom
upravom. (Sarajevo, 1968), 741–8.
40 H. Kapidžić, ‘Institut za istraživanje Balkana 1904–1918’, Radovi fil. fak u Sarajevu,
2 (1964): 310–71.
41 Radulović, Rasprave i članci, 99.
42 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 830/1907: Horowitz to Burián, 19 July; Pr BH 1282/1904:
Thallóczy’s report, 2 December, p. 16.
43 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1861/1912: Bijeljina District Commissioner to PG, 30
November.
44 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 831/1915: Potiorek to JMF, 15 July.
45 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1682/1914: Potiorek to JMF, 14 November.
46 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 831/1915: Potiorek to JMF, 17 July.
47 F. von Reinöhl, Grossserbische Umtriebe vor und nach dem Ausbruch des ersten
Weltkrieges. I. Der Fall Jeftanović-Šola (Vienna, 1944), xiii.
 Notes 311
48 ‘Reljevska bogoslovija’, Srpski sveštenik, 1 (1912): 37–9; ‘Naš bogoslovski pod-
mladak’, ibid.: 101–3.
49 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 21/1910: PG to JMF, 4 January; Regierungskonzipist Rajacsich
to PG, 25 December 1909.
50 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1157/1907: Benko Chiffre Tel. to JMF, 19 October.
51 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1383/1907: Burián to Franz Joseph, 14 November.
52 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 848/1910: Popović to Letica, 12/25 April 1910.
53 ABiH, ZMF, BH 3714/1914: Ministerial Amtsvortrag summarizing the history,
24 February.
54 H. Kapidžić, ‘Previranje u austrougarskoj politici u Bosni i Hercegovini 1912.
godine’, Glasnik ADA, 1 (1961): 223–49 (239–41).
55 V. Grujić, Gimnazijsko obrazovanje u Srbiji do prvog svetskog rata (Belgrade,
1997), 162.
56 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 89: Vukašin Babunović to Petar Božić, 13/26
March 1912 (Cyrillic); O. Milosavljević, U tradiciji nacionalizma ili stereotipi
srpskih intelektualaca XX veka s ‘nama’ i ‘drugima’ (Belgrade, 2002), 50 (religion);
P. Palavestra (ed.), Književnost Mlade Bosne, 2 vols (Sarajevo, 1965), ii. 270, 274–6,
for Dimitrije Mitrinović’s critique of Croatian writers.
57 For example, Radulović, Rasprave i članci, 104–5.
58 Srpska riječ, 22 February/6 March 1912, leading article, ‘Narodno jedinstvo’.
59 Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina, 183. Catholics had 300 and Muslims 143.
60 Radulović, Rasprave i članci, 3–12: ‘Nas politički moral’, 106 (suprema lex), 116
(Sorel).
61 Gajević, Bosanske teme, 244.
62 Radulović, Rasprave i članci, 69: ‘Srbi i Hrvati’. In his thought-provoking Bosanska
politička misao. Austrougarsko doba (Sarajevo, 2003), Esad Zgodić illustrates the
hegemonistic hubris of Bosnian Serb writers before 1914 and argues that they took
from western ideas what fitted their nationalism. It seems fair to comment, though,
that Bosnian Serb intellectuals did have wider horizons than their Bosnian Muslim
or Croat contemporaries.
63 Hrvatski dnevnik, 12 June 1914, leading article, ‘Školska politika u Bosni i
Hercegovini’.
64 Bogičević (ed.), Mlada Bosna, 169.
65 Radulović, Rasprave i članci, 103.
66 K. Božić, ‘Organizacija sveštenstva i njeni ciljevi’, Srpski sveštenik, 1 (1912): 2–5.
67 Srpski sveštenik, 1 (1912): 2, 85, 29, 1.
68 Ibid.: 42–3, 61–3, 196–7; 2 (1913): 289–93.
69 Ibid.: 1 (1912): 8-9, 29–30.
70 Ibid.: 103.
71 ABiH, ZMF, Priv. Reg. 232/1914: Biliński to Potiorek, 22 February.
72 J. Brezančić, ‘Moralno i religiozno stanje našeg naroda’, Srpski sveštenik, 2 (1913):
236–47 (238–9).
73 Hauptmann, Österreichisch-ungarische Herrschaft, 30.
74 Hadžibegović, Bosansko-hercegovački gradovi, 44.
75 ABiH, ZMF, BH 878/1914: Potiorek to JMF, 13 January; BH 1201/1914: ibid.
to ibid., 21 January. Note too Potiorek’s rotund complaint about pupils’ ‘complete
312 Notes
disorientation concerning the person of our august monarch and the all highest
dynasty’: Pr BH 831/1915: Potiorek to JMF, 17 July.
76 ABiH, ZMF, BH 3767/1914: JMF to PG, 15 March. The ministerial referent on
cultural matters was the Bosnian Serb Čerović, but he does not seem to have been
a Trojan horse.
77 ABiH, ZMF, BH 12571/1912: PG to JMF, 23 August.
78 Thus Tugomir Alaupović was condemned as anti-Serb by the Serb press when
headmaster of Tuzla Gymnasium, 1911–13: ABiH, Arhiva civilnih i vojnih
sudova (sudski procesi): Okružni sud Sarajevo: IV-9–1-66, enclosing seven articles
attacking Alaupović from Srpska riječ and Narod ; but he figured in subsequent Serb
accounts as a pioneer of brotherhood.
79 Reinöhl, Grossserbische Umtriebe, 7, 12–13, 20, 197.
80 Srpska riječ, 26 September/9 October 1912; 11/24 December 1912.
81 Radulović, Rasprave i članci, 132: ‘Vidovdan’, first printed in Narod, 28 June 1913.
82 Ibid., 125–6: ‘U čemu leži spas?’ (13–26 April 1913); Dedijer, Sarajevo, 551.
83 Spomenica Vasilja Gr d̄ića (Sarajevo, 1935), 147–9; N. Trišić, Sarajevski atentat u
svijetlu bibliografskih podataka (Sarajevo, 1964), 224.
84 L. D̄aković, ‘Napredni omladinski Pokret antiaustrijskougarske orijentacije u
jugoslavenskim zemljama prije prvog svjetskog rata’ (unpublished Mss, Saraje-
vo, 1984), 101–5; F. Würthle, Die Spur führt nach Belgrad (Vienna and Munich,
1978), 40 (disparagement).
85 D̄aković, ‘Omladinski Pokret’, 142.
86 For example, Srpska riječ, 23 December 1912; Narod, 24 June 1914 (reprinted in
Radulović, Rasprave i članci, 170), both dates New Style.
87 Radulović, Rasprave i članci, 129.
88 Reinöhl, Grossserbische Umtriebe, 36, printing Shek’s report of conversations with
Serb opposition leaders in late April and early May 1909 (1219 Pr BH).
89 Radulović, Rasprave i članci, 126–31, ‘Dva tipa i jedan režim’.
90 M. Ljubomir, ‘Vladimir Ćorović i njegovo delo’, in V. Ćorović, Istorija srpskog
naroda, 3 vols (Belgrade, 1997), iii. 491–503.
91 V. Ćorović, Istorija ‘Zore’ (Prilog istoriji omladinskog pokreta) (Ruma, 1905),
4–5, 25.
92 OSzKK, XI/455/20: Hörmann to Thallóczy, 25 April 1907. For Ćorović’s relation-
ship with the Museum, see H. Kapidžić (ed.), Naučne ustanove u Bosni i Hercegovini
za vrijeme austrougarske uprave (Sarajevo, 1973), 482–4, 528–35.
93 V. Ćorović, Crna knjiga. Patnje Srba Bosne i Hercegovine za vreme Svetskog Rata
1914–1918 (Sarajevo, 1920), 3.
94 Ćorović, Istorija srpskog naroda, iii 355, 385, 329, 233–4.
95 See Ćorović’s article in Gajret, 5 (1912–13), reproduced from Bosanska vila.
96 V. Ćorović, ‘Vera i rasa u srpskoj proslosti’, in ibid., Pokreti i dela (Belgrade, 1921),
7–49 (49).
97 For Catholic education, see M. Papić, Hrvatsko školstvo u Bosni do 1918. godine
(Sarajevo, 1982); P. Vrankić, Religion und Politik in Bosnien und der Herzegowina
(1878–1918) (Paderborn, 1997), 609–43.
98 T. Išek, Mjesto i uloga HKD Napredak u kulturnom životu Hrvata Bosne i Hercegovine
(1902–1918) (Sarajevo, 2002), 142.
 Notes 313
99 Ibid., 85; Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina, 183.
100 Išek, Mjesto i uloga, 157, 159, 165, 169.
101 Hrvatska zajednica, 1 (1913): 1, editorial, ‘Naša riječ’.
102 Ibid.: 4–7, 30–1 (Kako su ljudi napredovali); 167 (Za što nam narod propada); 368.
103 Ibid.: 123, 203, 316.
104 Ibid.: 190.
105 I. Lovrenović, Bosanski Hrvati. Esej o organizaciji jedne evropsko-orijentalne mikrokul-
ture (Sarajevo, 1998), 16.
106 Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina, 190–1.
107 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 160/1907, Stadler to PG, 20 January; Pr BH 95/1910,
Stadler’s draft and JMF comments sent to him, 7 February.
108 M. Karamatić, Franjevci Bosne Srebrne u vrijeme austrougarske uprave 1878–1914
(Sarajevo, 1992), 166–74; Vrankić, Religion und Politik, 687–708. Stadler’s
proposals entailed maintaining the bir, or traditional annual offering, in addi-
tion to the new surcharge; they were also unpopular in his secular priests’
urban parishes, where no bir had existed, so parishioners had been lightly
burdened.
109 See the chapters by I. Olujević and M. Niić in T. Knežević (ed.), Josip Stadler, Život
i djelo (Sarajevo, 1999). Two needy Young Bosnians, refused aid by a prominent
Serb nationalist, out of pique approached Letica and Stadler, both of whom, to
their great surprise, helped them out: Trišić, Sarajevski atentat, 88.
110 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 95/1910: PG to JMF, 23 February.
111 Z. Grijak, Politička djelatnost vrhbosanskog nadbiskupa Josipa Stadlera (Zagreb,
2001), 488.
112 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH/1911: 30 November 1911: PG to JMF. The appointment
eventually went to the Bosnian Provincial, fra Alojzije Mišić.
113 Grijak, Politička djelatnost, 495.
114 Vrankić, Religion und Politik, 686.
115 See M. Gross, ‘Hrvatska politika u Bosni od 1878–1914’, Historijski zbornik,
19–20 (1966–67): 9–68; Grijak, Politička djelatnost, 421–526.
116 For a sensitive discussion, see Lovrenović, Bosanski Hrvati, 162–218.
117 M. Gross, ‘Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und die kroatische Frage’, Österreichische
Osthefte, 8 (1966): 277–99; Z. Grijak, Politička djelatnost, 525.
118 Grijak, Politička djelatnost, 509.
119 Adil Zulfikarpašić, in his The Bosniak (London, 1997), claims that Alaupović’s
mother responded to her son’s self-identification as a Croat by urging him: ‘We’re
not Croats, we’re Catholics’ (p. 87).
120 AHiB, ZMF, Dosije Alaupovića: Director Nemanić, 12 April 1895; J. Milaković,
Tugomir Alaupović. Književna slika (Sarajevo, 1919), 61.
121 Milaković, Alaupović, 29. From Naše rane (Our Wounds), first published in 1898.
122 T. Alaupović, ‘Ivan Franjo Jukić u spomen pedesetogodišnjice smrti’, Napredak.
Kalendar za 1908 godine, 37.
123 T. Alaupović, Ivan Franjo Jukić (1818–57 (Sarajevo, 1907), 51; Milaković,
Alaupović, 22.
124 IAS, Bašagić Papers (hereafter BP), BS/76–77: Tugomir (Marko) Alaupović to
Safvet-beg Bašagić, 20 February 1893; 23 December 1892.
314 Notes
125 AHiB, ZMF, Dosije Alaupovića: reports of 12 April 1895 and 30 November 1898
(Nemanić); 24 April 1910 (Bedjanić).
126 ABiH, Arhiva civilnih i vojnih sudova (sudski procesi): Okružni sud Sarajevo:
IV-9–2/136.
127 Andrić’s Serbophile reading of Bosnian history is apparent in his doctoral thesis,
The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia under the Influence of Turkish Rule, ed.
and trans. Ž. Juričić and J. F. Loud (Durham, NC; London, 1990), partic. 66.
128 L. von Südland (pseud.), Die südslawische Frage und der Weltkrieg (Vienna, 1918).
129 Lovrenović, Bosanski Hrvati, 219–21.
130 Novi vakat, 2 July 1913.
131 For schooling and illiteracy: Gajret 4 (1911), no. 2, Novi vakat, 20 August 1913;
Vakat, 21 January 1914; intelligentsia: Gajret, 4 (1911): 54; and 7 (1914): 17–18;
youth: Gajret, 5 (1912): 124; Novi vakat, 5 September 1913; alcoholism: Novi
vakat, 12 July 1913; fixity of purpose: Gajret, 4 (1911): 65; and 6 (1913): 1–3.
132 M. Imamović, Historija Bošnjaka (Sarajevo, 1997), 431.
133 Ibid., 371–2. Imamović says some estimates reach 150,000, without giving details.
134 D. Dyker, ‘The Ethnic Muslims of Bosnia—Some Basic Socio-Economic Data’,
SEER, 50 (1972): 238–56 (242).
135 Gajret, 5 (1912): 124.
136 Abdullah, ‘Stagnacija u našem javnom životu, Behar, 7 (1906–7): 38: leading
article. Behar’s editor at this time was Džemaludin Čaušević.
137 Novi vakat, 1 (1913), nos. 2–4, 6–8: ‘Uzroci i posljedice našeg zastoja’.
138 Imamović, Historija Bošnjaka, 432; N. Šehić, Autonomni pokret Muslimana za
vrijeme austrougarske uprave u Bosni i Hercegovini (Sarajevo, 1980), 244.
139 Novi vakat, 2 July 1913: ‘Muslimanka centralna banka’.
140 Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina, 169.
141 M. Braun, Die Anfänge der Europäisierung in der Literatur der Moslimischen Slaven
in Bosnien und Herzegowina (Leipzig, 1934), 42.
142 Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina, 140–51.
143 Vakat, 12 March 1914: ‘Naši telefoni’.
144 M. Rizvić, Bosansko-muslimanska književnost u doba preporoda 1887–1918, 2nd
edn (Sarajevo, 1990), 212.
145 See the discussion in Musavat during the Muslim school enquête in early 1911
and the lyrical plea for syllabus reform by A. Hadžikadić, ‘O muslimanskoj školi
obzirom na vjersko-autonomni štatut’, Behar, 10 (1909): 39.
146 S. Asim, ‘Islam sa socijalnog gledišta’, Gajret, 4 (1911): 253–6.
147 Imamović, Historija Bošnjaka, 455.
148 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 332/1911, enclosing softas’ declaration, which also stressed
reform in the Islamic world. Musavat’s attack on them (6 (1911), no. 3) was a
response to the journal Muallim’s call for Muslim youth not to attend secondary
schools because of their deleterious effect on faith and morals.
149 Gajret, 6 (1913): 228–9.
150 ABiH, ZMF, BH 19162/1911: PG to JMF, 17 November; F. Spaho, ‘Uspomene
na Ferhuna Džemaluddina’, in E. Karić and M. Demirović (eds), Reis
Džemaludin Čaušević: Prosvjetitelj i reformator, 2 vols (Sarajevo, 2002), i. 149–57
(155).
 Notes 315
151 Musavat, 6 (1911), no. 16; ABiH, ZMF, BH 16663/1911: 21 October.
152 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1308/1912: Allerhöchster Vortrag to the Emperor, 24 August.
153 H. Muhamed Pandža, ‘Merhum Džemaludin Čaušević’, in Karić and Demirović
(eds), Čaušević, i. 158–81.
154 ABiH, ZMF, Pr BH 1692/1911: Shek to Sehr geehrter Freund, 13 January 1912;
BH 8812/1912: PG to JMF, 10 June.
155 Hrvatski dnevnik, 11 March 1914.
156 Karić and Demirović (eds), Čaušević, 235–62, originally published in Bošnjak in
1900.
157 Hrvatski dnevnik, 11 March 1914.
158 Rizvić, Bosansko-muslimanska književnost, 223.
159 Karić and Demirović (eds), Čaušević, 22–3; Novi vakat, 1 (1913), no. 8.
160 Gajret, 4 (1911): leading article of 1 March 1911; ibid., 6 (1913): 70 (‘Zemljorad-
ničke zadruge’).
161 Gajret, 4 (1911): 54.
162 Zgodić, Bosanska politička misao, particularly 183–200 on Smail-aga Ćemalović.
Thus the best-known of Serbophile pamphlets devoted much more attention to the
dire isolation which could befall Muslims if they did not ‘nationalize’ than to the
positive attractions of Serbdom: Šukrija Kurtović, O nacionaliziranju Muslimana
(Sarajevo, 1914).
163 IAS, BP, BS/77: Tugomir (Marko) Alaupović to Safvet-beg Bašagić, 23 December
1892.
164 Archives of Visoko Gymnasium, Alaupović Papers: Kreševljaković to Alaupović, 4
April 1938.
165 IAS, BP, BS/67: Čaušević’s typed tribute on Bašagić’s death, 12 April 1934.
166 Ibid., A. Mešić, ‘Sjećanja na Safvetbega’; B. Ercegovac, Ademaga Mešić (Znameniti
Hrvati islamske vjere, Kolo 1, knj. 5) (Zagreb, 1995).
167 Šehić, Autonomni pokret Muslimana, ch. 9.
168 Behar, 1 (1900): 271–3. Rizvić, Bosansko-muslimanska književnost, 171, implies
that the pseudonymous reviewer was Hadžić.
169 Behar, 7 (1906–7): 73, leading article: ‘Izjava muslimanske i pravoslavne omladine’.
170 Novi vakat, 1 (1913), 22 October 1913: leading article.
171 M. Hadžijahić, Od tradicije do identiteta. Geneza nacionalnog pitanja bosanskih
Muslimana (Sarajevo, 1974), 152.
172 Ibid., 175; Rizvić, Bosansko-muslimanska književnost, 254; Karčić, Bosniaks, 143.
173 Rizvić, Bosansko-muslimanska književnost, 198.
174 For examples, ibid., 164 (S. Avdo Karabegović); 159 (D̄ikić).
175 Hadžijahić, Od tradicije do identiteta, 180 (Vienna University).
176 Novi vakat, 23 July 1913: leading article, ‘Evropska kultura’.
177 For Muslim charges, which she rebuts, that even Ivo Andrić, often seen as the
chronicler of Bosnian symbiosis, was anti-Muslim: Celia Hawkesworth, ‘Ivo Andrić
as Red Flag and Political Football’, SEER, 70 (2002): 201–16.
178 For Bašagić’s career, see Kreševljaković’s obituary contribution in IAS, Bašagič
Papers, BS/67, and S. Šarić, ‘Književnik Safvet beg Bašagić u dokumentima
Državnog arhiva Bosne i Hercegovine’, Glasnik ADA, 33 (1994–95): 83–7.
179 IAS, BP, BS-82, Bašagić to Mujo (unknown), 7 February 1910.
316 Notes
180 Archives of Visoko Gymnasium, Alaupović Papers: Bašagić to Alaupović, 1 January
1893.
181 Rizvić, Bosansko-Muslimanska književnost, 133–4.
182 S. Ćerić, Muslimani srpsko-hrvatskog jezika (Sarajevo, 1968), 203. The leading
Serbophile Šukrija Kurtović, however, came from the Serb stronghold Gacko.
183 Bošnjaci i Hercegovci u islamskoj književnosti in S. Bašagić, Sabrana djela, vol.
3 (Sarajevo, 1996), first published in 1912, 15–16; S. Bašagić, Kratka uputa u
prošlost Bosne i Hercegovine (Od godine 1463–1850) (Sarajevo, 1900), 18, 166, 122,
137–43.
184 Printed in Behar, 1 (1900).
185 Šarić, ‘Književnik Safvet beg Bašagić’, 84, with Director Bedjanić’s assessment.
186 IAS, BP, BS-33: Prospectus for Ogledalo, 25 March 1907.
187 IAS, BP, BS-68: Zeman, 9 September 1911.
188 A. Babuna, ‘The Bosnian Muslims and Albanians: Islam and Nationalism’, Nation-
alities Papers, 32 (2004): 287–321 (303).
189 See Dž. Juzbašić, ‘Aneksija i stavovi austrougarskih vojnih krugova prema upravl-
janju Bosnom i Hercegovinom nakon aneksije (Državno-pravni aspekt)’, in ibid.,
Politika i privreda u Bosni i Hercegovini pod austrougarskom upravom (Sarajevo,
2002), 265–318.
190 R. Jeřábek, Potiorek. General im Schatten von Sarajevo (Graz, 1991), 79.
191 Archives of Visoko Gymnasium, Alaupović Papers: Ivo Andrić to Tugomir
Alaupović, 2 May 1919.
192 While both men thought historically, Burián more completely rejected a role for
coercion and manipulation in countering the rise of national consciousness. See his
memorandum cited on p. 303, n. 79.
193 Archives of Visoko Gymnasium, Alaupović papers: Alaupović to Kreševljaković in
1938, commenting on the ‘great and for us significant [Ottoman] past’ conjured
up by Kreševljaković’s history of Sarajevo.
194 M. Ekmečić, Radovi iz istorije Bosne i Hercegovine u XIX veku (Belgrade, 1997),
252: ‘In the history of Europe in these forty years [1878–1918] there is no
region where the insertion of national and religious division was so carefully and
energetically pursued and systematically introduced into the fundament of the state
idea.’ Ekmečić’s view of Bosnian history reflects a dose of revolutionary utopianism.
It is no mistake that he much prefers the rebellious Kočić to the positivist Radulović:
Istorija srpskog naroda, vol. 6, pt 1 (Belgrade, 1983), 634–5, 641.

R EV I EW A N D E PI LO G U E
1 See above, ch. 11, p. 228.
2 Novi vakat editorial, 1 (1913), 2 July; Napredak, 5 (1911): 197.
3 T. Išek, ‘Povijest Bosne i Hercegovine izmedu dogad̄aja ‘dugog’ i ‘kratkog’ trajan-
ja—prolaznosti i konstante’, in Naučni skup. Istorijska nauka o Bosni i Hercegovini
u razdoblju 1990-ih godina (Sarajevo, 2003), 13–19 (16).
4 Franjevački glasnik, 15 (1901): 220.
5 Noting Bosniak intellectuals’ relatively positive response to the West, Šaćir Filandra
says time has proved them right: Š. Filandra, Bošnjaci i Moderno. Humanistička
misao Bošnjaka od polovine XIX do polovine XX stoljeća (Sarajevo, 1996), 10–12.
 Notes 317
6 For this theme, if not this context, see G. Schöpflin, Nations Identity Power. The
New Politics of Europe (London, 2000).
7 M. Ekmečić, Radovi iz istorije Bosne i Hercegovine u XIX veku (Belgrade, 1997), 11.
8 C. Ingrao, ‘Understanding Ethnic Conflict in Central Europe: a Historical Perspec-
tive’, Nationalities Papers, 27 (1999): 291–318, partic. 296, 299.
9 G. Stokes, ‘The Unpalatable Paradox’, Nationalities Papers, 27 (1999): 327–9.
10 Archive of Visoko Franciscan Gymnasium: Alaupović papers: Branko Truhelka to
Alaupović, 8 and 17 January; 17 August 1919.
11 Ibid., Vojislav Bogičević to Alaupović, 20 November 1930; 6 February 1931.
Under communism Bogičević became the long-serving Director of the Bosnian
State Archives.
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 Index
Abduh, Mohamed 98, 168, 241 with Russia 22, 80, 123, 149
Abdul Aziz, pseud., see 271 n. 130 with Serbia 18, 62, 74–5, 90, 232
Abdul Hamid, Sultan 48, 92–3, 123, 133 with Turkey 18, 22, 152
Aehrenthal, Count Lexa 177, 179, 191, 295 n. Azabagić, Mehmed Teufik, Reis 96, 100, 101
20
agas 93, 261, n. 41 Babunović, Vukašin 215
agrarian question 109, 137, 152, 178, 246 Balkan crisis 1875–78 22–3
in Diet 181, 190, 220 Balkan wars 206, 225, 228, 231–2, 240
and Kállay 58–61 passim, 72 Banjaluka treason trial 229, 231, 307 n. 108
nature of 9, 31, 93–5, 220 Bartulica, Nikola 215, 216
Aksakov, Ivan 146 Barišić, Bishop Rafael 14
Alagić, Professor 85 Bašagić, Ibrahim-beg 104
Alaupović, Tugomir 234, 243, 245, 250, 257, Bašagić, Safvet-beg 6, 104, 160, 237, 242,
313 n. 119 243, 250, 258
characterization of, 237–8 assessment 245–6
in Bosnian Croat life 121, 163, 165 Bastien, Dom Pierre 234
as educationalist 196, 199, 209–10 Bedjanić, Director 304 n. 17
Albania 233 begs 23, 134, 139, 151, 261 n. 41
Albrecht, Archduke 44 land holdings of 94
Alexander Kara d̄or d̄ević, Crown Prince 224 Kállay’s view of 59, 60, 63, 73, 97
Algeria, in comparion 46, 48, 123 see also agrarian question
alhamijado literature 4, 7 Behar 168, 240
An d̄elić, German, Patriarch 78, 104, 267 n. 54 Bekić, D̄or d̄e St. 38
Andrássy, Count Gyula 1, 18, 22, 53, 56, 140 Belgrade, development of 222
Andrić, Ivo 207, 209, 236, 238, 249 Belović-Bernadžikowska, Jelena 69
Serbophilia 314 n. 127 Benko, Baron Isidor 89, 125–6, 177, 178, 192
and Muslims 315 n. 177 advocates relaxation 88, 180
annexation (1908) 152, 174, 177–80 passim, Berchtold, Count Leopold 191
239 Berlin, treaty of 22, 30, 53
anticipated 36, 43–4, 58, 126 Besarović, Risto D̄. 125, 140
reactions to 161, 228, 231 (Serbs); 204 Bienerth, Richard 179
(students); 239, 243, 247 (Muslims) Biliński, Leon 191, 202, 220, 222
Antimos, Metropolitan 35, 36, 37 Biser 168, 240
Appel, Baron Johannes 79, 109, 122, 274 n. Bismarck, Otto von 41, 189
21 Bocarić, Špiro 219
Arabic language 4, 68, 96, 104, 283 n. 16 bogomils 4, 72, 104, 242, 246
architecture 69–70, 217 Boroša, Alois 43, 44
arebica 169, 188, 189, 241 bosančica 7, 8, 70, 263 n. 78
Arnautović, Šerif 139, 197, 226, 240, 247 Bosanska vila 83–4, 87, 105, 150
Arndt, Ewald 71, 218 Bosanski vjestnik 24
artisans 124, 160, 162 Bosnia(-Herzegovina) 3
and craft schools 66, 97 governmental arrangements 29–31, 58,
Muslim 92, 95, 99, 106 176–9
Serb 10, 84, 127, 156 impressions of 2, 16–17
Asboth, J. de 72 Bosnian nation, concept of, see Kállay
associations 144, 163, 218–19, 249 ‘Bosnian scheme’ 56, 254
see also Gajret; Napredak; Prosvjeta; singing Bosnian-Herzegovinian Institute 135, 155,
societies; sokols; student societies 171, 182, 183
Auffenberg, General Moritz 177 Bošnjak 104, 140, 141, 144, 245, 286 n. 66
Austria-Hungary, relations 30 Božić, Josip Dobroslav 109, 113
340 Index
Božić, Kosta 226 student movement in 202, 203, 209,
Brkić, Lazar 137–8, 257 213
Brosch, Alexander 248 and Croatian School Law (1874) 33, 49,
Buconjić, fra Paškal, Bishop 235, 287 n. 10 51; (1888), 186
Bukovina, as precedent 39 see also Croato-Serb coalition; Party of
Burián, Count István 144, 176–80 passim, Right
191, 199, 258, 295 n. 20 Croato-Serb coalition 149, 179, 180, 202,
and autonomy movements 150–3 249
personality and ideas 145–8 Cromer, Lord 253, 273 n. 11
comparison with Kállay 151, 156, 192, 249, Čubrilović, Branko 207
316 n. 192 Čubrilović, Vasa (Vaso) 209, 212, 258
and education 154, 159 Čubrilović, Veljko 212, 213, 258
and press freedom 147, 170, 294 n. 17 Ćuković, Milan 189, 198, 227
assessment 149–50, 174–5, 255–6 cultural mission vii–viii, 1, 154, 217, 232
appraisal of 184–90 (schooling), 251–3
Čabrinović, Nedeljko 191, 210, 212, 213, Austro-Hungarian concept of 26–9, 57,
215 249
Calice, Baron 37, 128, 129, 151, 291 n. 46 Slav concept of 13, 34, 49, 149, 160–4
Catholic Church see Croats, Bosnian; Cuvaj, Slavko 206, 209
Franciscans; Stadler; Vatican Cvijić, Jovan 211, 212
Ćatić, Musa Ćazim 195, 244 Cyprus 54, 76
Čaušević, Džemaludin, Reis 152, 169, 210, Cyrillic 24, 34, 133, 140, 169, 225, 257
241–2, 258 and Muslims 276 n. 80
Čengić, Dervišbeg 72
censorship 28, 82, 83, 87, 126, 147, 295 n. 17 Dahmen, Baron 44, 114
Čerina, Vladimir 209, 213 D̄akovo 13, 24
Černy, Wenzel 127, 132 Dalmatia 13, 18, 216
Čerović, Božidar 198, 229, 312 n. 76 Damjanović, Risto H. 159
Chernishevsky, Nikolai 209 Dar-ul-mualimin 99, 100, 101, 188
civilizing mission vii–viii, 26–7 Darwin, Charles 220, 240
see also cultural mission Darwinism 165, 210
Collas, Karl 215, 306 n. 62 social Darwinism 160, 248
colonialism, application to Bosnia 170, 178, Dedijer, Jefto 231
192, 220 Delahmetović, Uzeifa 99, 118
communes (Serb) 10, 51–3, 75–7, 82, 87–90 demography 2, 8, 225, 232, 238
see also Mostar; Sarajevo desetina (tithe) 9, 22, 95, 147
congrua 39 (Orthodox); 110, 234 (Catholic) Diet, Bosnian 176, 192, 199, 202
Convention, Austro-Turkish (1879) 30, 48, powers 178
133 summary of issues debated 181
Convention, with Patriarchate (1880) 36, 37, assessment 190–1
38, 130, 138, 150, 151 D̄ikić, Osman 105, 197, 244
conversions 47, 171–2, 234 Dimitrijević, Dragutin, Col. (Apis) 215
and Kállay 118–21, 142–3 Dimitrijević, Lazar 137, 157
Ćorović, Svetozar 95–6, 124, 196, 258, 302 Dimović, Danilo 191, 229, 305 n. 36
n. 24 Dionysios, Metropolitan 84, 281 n. 84
in the Diet 182, 184, 285 n. 56 Dlustuš, Ljuboje 69, 102, 182, 276 n. 83
Ćorović, Vladimir 204, 250 assessment 186
assessment 231–2 D̄or d̄ević, Vladan 128
Croats, Bosnian 13–16, 109–22, 164–7, Dreikaiserbund, see Three Emperors’ League
232–8 Drljača, Pero 125
identity of 13, 110–11, 164, 233–4 Dualism 178, 192
and Muslims 32, 121–2, 237 Dučić, Nićifor 12
see also Franciscans; Napredak; Stadler Dujmušić, Ivo 165, 167, 234
Croatia 69, 75, 109, 184, 196 D̄ukic, Lazar 208
claim to Bosnia 3, 19, 31–2, 105, 110 Dušan, Tsar 11
difficult position of 18–19, 48, 236 Dvorniković, Ljudevit 137
 Index 341
Džabić, Ali Fehmi ef. 99, 100, 103, 131, 258 as Catholic monarch 41, 80, 115
leads Muslim opposition 106, 133, 139 conservatism of 180
and Serbs 130, 133–4 1878 proclamation of 27, 79
Džamonja, Duro 187 marginal comments of 37–8, 42
Džumrukčić, see Hulusi, Mehmed
Gaćinović, Vladimir 206, 208–12 passim,
Eastern question 17, 128 215, 218, 230
Ecumenical Patriarchate 9, 14, 34–40 passim, analyses situation of youth 205–6, 212
80–1, 128–30 passim, 150–1 Gaj, Ljudevit 19
education, female 12, 66–7, 154, 222, 261 n. Gajret 144, 160–3, 175, 218, 256
24 and Gajret 168
Muslim 51, 101, 156, 240 and MNO 169, 243–4
education, primary 32–4, 65–70, 154–5, Galician Poles 230
181–8 Garašanin, Ilija 11, 20
Catholic 15, 43, 112, 233 (Načertanije/‘Plan’), 225
Serb Orthodox 11–12, 189–90 Gavrila, Emil 127, 140, 228, 278 n. 21, 296
(development); 51–2, 76–7, 86–7, n. 67
158–60, 224, 227 (conflict with and Muslim-Serb ‘sloga’ 133–4
government) General Council 157, 158, 163, 189, 190
see also Muslims, education; teachers; German language 112, 221
textbooks and Germanization 171, 230
education, secondary 33, 65–7 passim, 124, Gjurgjević, Nikola 134
154–5, 193–201 Gluhić, Šefkija 188
Catholic 15, 45, 112–14, 183–4, 194 Glušac, Vaso 197
Serb 12, 79, 126, 135, 190 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 2
see also Muslims, education; teachers; Gorbachev, Mikhail 103
textbooks Gorchakov, Aleksandr 17
Egypt 70 Gradaščević, Husein 5, 246
Eiselt, Joseph 195, 196, 198 and Gradaščević family 94
emigration 96, 124–5, 239 Gr d̄ić, Šćepan 157, 307 n. 92
Enlightenment, the viii, 1, 24, 27, 149, 160 Gr d̄ić, Vasilj 163, 170, 198, 229
Eötvös, József 87, 88 Guteša, Petar 78
Europeanization 97, 99, 118, 240, 240–1, Guteša, Petar, student 210, 215, 220
244, 252
progress of 240, 240–1, 252 Hadži Lojo 22
see also modernization Hadžić, Osman Nuri 46, 104–5, 124, 243,
Evans, Arthur 17 258, 271 n. 130 (Abdul Aziz)
as reformer 101, 132, 168
Fadilpašić, Mustaj-beg 47 Hadžiomerović, Mustafa Hilmi, Reis 96, 106
and Fadilpašić family 94 Hammer, Joseph von 2
Falk, Max 64, 72 Haymerle, Baron Heinrich 31, 37, 46, 107
Filipović, Ivan 49 Helfert, Baron Josef Alexander 31
film 218, 221 Herbart, J. F. 186, 189, 303 n. 50
Filopovic, Jusuf-beg 140 Herzegovina 3, 5, 14, 52–3, 106
Firdus Alibeg 141, 151, 152 Hieronymite Order 111
Foglár, Kreis Commissioner 126 Hilferding, Aleksandr 11, 14
Folnegović, Franjo 123–4 Hirsch, Baron Moritz 17
football 219 HKU (Croatian National Union) 165
Franciscans 5, 13–16, 24, 109–14, 236 merged with HNZ 235
and Archbishop Stadler 45, 110–12, 167, HNZ (Croatian National Association) 147,
183, 234–5 165, 236
and HNZ 165, 236 Hofmann, Leopold von 30, 34, 37, 42, 54
see also education, primary, Catholic Hörmann, Kosta 70, 71, 102, 140, 186, 231,
Frank, Josip 179, 180 258
Franz Ferdinand 179, 180, 209, 236, 248 distrusted 101, 245
Franz Joseph, Emperor 90, 177, 178, 236, 241 Horowitz, Eduard 138, 153, 171, 192, 223
342 Index
Hulusi, Mehmed 7, 98, 103 historico-political ideas of 56–7, 64, 98,
Hungary 18, 56–7, 63 130
influential role of 30, 178–9, 236, 257 modus operandi 131–2, 143, 156,
and Serbia 20, 74, 82
Ignatiev, Count Nikolai 17 and Russia 18, 58
Ignatios, Metropolitan 38, 281 n. 84 see also conversions;
Ilić, Danilo 212, 214 Kosanović; Muslims, autonomy movement
Ilić, Todor 211 Kálnoky, Count Gustav 82, 90
immigrants 191, 234, 236, 300 n. 167 Kanitz, Felix 2
tensions with native Bosnians 164–5, 171, Kant, Immanuel 166
183, 220–1 Kapetanović-Ljubušak, Mehmed-beg 7,
imperialism 171; see also colonialism; cultural 103–4
mission Kapetanović, Riza-beg 103
India, in comparison 27, 103, 123, 176 Karabegović, Avdo Hasanbegov 105
industry 59 Karabegović, S. Avdo 105
intelligentsia 162, 173, 218 Kara d̄or d̄ević, King Petar 225
Bosnian Croat lay intelligentsia 121, 124, Karamehmedović, Hamdija 188, 189, 240,
167 244, 302 n. 45
Bosnian Muslim 239–41 passim, 246 Karlowitz Patriarchate 21, 124
Serbian 20, 74 (Serbia); 157, 177, 221, 228 model for Bosnia 29, 57, 87–8, 89
(Bosnia) subordination of Bosnian Church to 32–7
Irby, Adeline 2, 12, 66 passim
Karlowitz (Sremski Karlovci), treaty of 5
Kašiković, Nikola 87
Jeftanović, Dimitrije 11 Kaufmann, General von 101
Jeftanović, Gligorije (Gliša) 90, 125–7 passim, Khuen-Héderváry, Count Károly 55, 109,
151, 228, 239, 257, 258 116, 179
and Serbia 228 Klaić, Miho 26, 53
strategy of 150 Klaić, Vjekoslav 243
and youth 137, 156 kmets 8–9, 44, 172, 179, 180, 239
Jews, Sephardic 8 and Orthodox clergy 9, 79
Joachim III, Patriarch 35, 37–8, 138 see also agrarian question
Joachim IV, Patriarch 80–1 Knežević, fra Anton 15, 23, 109, 110
Joseph II, Emperor 131 Kočić, Petar 137, 145, 174, 177, 181, 257
Jovanović, General 32, 33, 37, 53 characterization of 172–3
Jovanović, Miško 212 and Young Bosnia 212, 215
Jovičić, Veljko 213 Komadina, Mujaga 106, 132
Jukić, Ivan Franjo 11, 14, 15, 24, 109, 236, Kosanović, Sava, Metropolitan 12, 27, 34–41
237 passim, 53, 104, 269 n. 94, 280 n. 50
quoted, 9–10 and Kállay 37, 77–82
Jukić, Luka 209 Kosovo legend 212, 213, 228
Juzbašić, Mustafa 24 Kranjčević, Ivan 198
Kranjčević, Silvije Strahimir 121, 124, 166
Kalajdžić, Muhamed 240 Kreševljaković, Hamdija 243, 250
Kállay, Benjamin von, 55–6 (life), 76, 137, Kropotkin, Pyotr 213
147, 220, 258, 279 n. 31 Kudlich, Director 196, 198
assessment of 73, 90, 142–3, 255 kuferaši 220, 236
and Bosnian Croats 61, 110, 111, 122, 141, Kujundžić, Kosta 125
143, 287 n. 14. Kukuljević, Milutin 33, 39, 48, 49–50
and Bosnian Serbs 61–2, 73, 82–91 Kulin, Ban 3
(communes); 125–30, 138–9 Kulturkampf 41, 44, 45, 116
(autonomy movement). Kurtćehajić, Mohamed Šakir 7–8, 103
and Bosnian Muslims 59–61, 63, 73, 92, Kus, Mirko 214
97–101 (passim) Kutschera, Baron Hugo 58, 115, 125–6, 138,
and concept of Bosnian nation 61, 62–4, 140, 290 n. 29
126, 142, 253–4, 286 n. 66 and conversions, 119–20, 142, 293 n. 111
 Index 343
and Muslims 97, 101, 102, 131–2, 139–42 MNO (Muslim National Organisation) 147,
passim, 152 151, 167, 169, 240
and Serbs 84, 86, 88–9,126, 150 and Gajret 169, 299 n. 154
modernization 20 (Serbia); 56 (Hungary); 64,
Laveleye, Émile de 26, 72, 277 n. 109 253 (Kállay); 111–13 (Franciscans);
Lazarević, D̄or d̄e 196, 304 n.14 167–9 Muslims); 177 (Burián); 209;
Leo XIII, Pope 41, 42, 43 217–23 (Bosnia); 227 (Bosnian Serbs)
Letica, Evgenije, Metropolitan 158, 224, 258, as a cultural project 14, 149, 175
313 n. 109 and crystallization of triple nationhood 173,
libraries 163–4, 190 249
Lilek, Emilijan 68–9 and democracy 206, 248–9
literacy 20, 93, 184, 220, 233 and Islam 60, 131, 154, 296 n. 54
Ljepava, Jovo 38 and Turkey 6–7, 92, 97
Lyell 210, 307 n. 107 Montenegro 19–20, 53, 82, 117
Mostar 59, 106, 124, 144, 218
Serb Orthodox commune in 38, 51, 76,
madrassas 6, 92, 97, 156, 169 81–2, 88–90, 126
and reform, 101, 188, 240, 241, 285, n. 51 Muslim Autonomist Party 239, 241, 245
and 52 Muslim Progressive Party 243, 245
see also softas Mulabdić, Edhem 124, 169, 188, 189, 258
Mandić, Nikola, Metropolitan 126, 135, early life of 46, 102, 104
138–9, 278 n. 22 Musavat 240, 241
clerical viewpoint of 89–90, 129–30 Muslims 3–8, 28, 46–9, 92–108, 167–9,
Mandić, Nikola 221, 236, 258 238–47
Marjanović, Milan 207 autonomy movement 105–7, 131–4,
Marković, Franjo 186 138–41 passim, 151–3
Marković, Svetozar 20 and education 33, 47, 50–1, 67, 99–103,
Martić, fra Grgo 14, 15, 22, 27, 116 188–9
Masaryk, Tomáš 203 identity of 5, 8, 104, 167, 242, 246, 315 n.
matura 194, 195–6 162
Mažuranić, Ivan 33 trauma of 1878 23, 46. 239
Medjelle code 92, 98 see also conversions; madrassas; mektebs;
Medžlis-el-Ulema 48, 101, 133, 188, 241 sloga; softas
Mehmedbašić, Mustafa 210 Muvekkit, Salih 96, 97
mektebs 6, 240
reform 99–100, 140, 188
sibjan 99, 100, 188 Nada 71, 140, 153, 171
menshura 133, 152, 153 Napredak 144, 160–7 passim, 175, 218, 233
Meshihat 133 (Napredak House), 256
Mešić, Ademaga 243 and Napredak 167
Meštrović, Ivan 212, 213, 216 Narod 157, 170 (programme)
Mieroszowski, Christoph 41, 79 Narod group 228–9
Mihailo Obrenović, Prince 20 see also Radulović, Risto
Mihailo, Metropolitan 40, 83 Narodna Odbrana 214, 229, 304 n. 25
Mihalović, Josip, Archbishop 42, 43 nationalism ix, 3, 28, 58, 161, 253–7
Milan Obrenović, Prince (1882 King) 52, 74, Bosnian Serb 11, 77, 157, 172, 231–2,
123, 135 250
Milaš, Nikodim 40, 81 Croatian 109, 110–11, 117, 167, 238
Miletić, Svetozar 21, 23, 24 in Serbia 11, 75
Miličević, Don Franjo 124 see also Yugoslavism
Miličević, Ivan 105, 124, 141, 271 n. 130 Nedeljković, Supplent 198
millet system viii, 9 Nemanić, Davorin 136, 198
Milner, Alfred, Lord 26 Neue Freie Presse 103, 124, 145
Mišić, fra Alojzije 183, 313 n. 112 Neupauer, Joseph 26
Mitrinović, Dimitrije 204, 207–8, 208, 212, Nietzsche, Friedrich 189, 209
230, 306 n. 83 Nikašinović, Božidar 127, 130, 290 n. 29
philosophy of 205–6 Nikola, Prince 20, 87, 132
344 Index
Nikolajević, D̄or d̄e, Metropolitan 84, 85, 86, Petranović, Bogoljub 12
89 Petranović, Stevo 12
correspondence with Kállay 77, 81 Petrović, Petro (Petraki) 11, 90, 125, 126,
Nikolics, Feodor von 75 130, 140
Njegoš, Prince Bishop 207 Phanariots 9, 20, 29, 34
Normalstatut 89, 90, 91 Philippovich, General Joseph, 23, 29, 31–2,
Novaković, Stojan 75, 161 34, 64
Novi Pazar 71 Pilar, Ivo 121, 238
Novi vakat 219, 239, 242, 309 n. 14 Pittner, Baron 131, 141, 180, 184, 186, 192,
198
officials, origin of 170–1, 191, 221 conciliatory opinions of 139, 177, 183
Omer Pasha 6, 246 Pius IX, Pope 114
Omerović, Fata 106, 107 Pius X, Pope 166
Omladina (Ujedinjena omladina srpska) 12, 21, Pjanić, Miloš 196, 201, 209, 213
83 Plener, Ernst von 53
Orientalism vii–viii, 57, 252–3 Plentaj, Karl 51
Bosnia viewed as Oriental, 1–2, 62, 73 Polit-Desančić, Mihailo 124
Orientalist attitudes 16, 49, 98–9, 107, Poljak, Director 196, 197
120, 139, 152, 268 n. 66 Popović, Cvetko 209
comparisons 26–7, 71, 101 Popović, Vasilije, Metropolitan 224
see also Thallóczy, Lajos, on Muslims Potiorek, Oskar 176, 181, 185, 199, 201, 210,
Orthodox clergy 10, 39–40, 129, 262 n. 44 222–30 passim, 236, 311 n. 75
difficult material circumstances 9, 79, 84, criticizes Serb autonomy 202, 222–3
226–7 ineptitude of 248, 256
see also Reljevo press 6, 74, 222
Osman Pasha 6–7, 97 orchestration of 72, 134
Osvit 124, 141 see also Burián, and press freedom;
Otadžbina 173 censorship
Ottoman empire 4–7 passim, 92–3, 96–7, Princip, Gavrilo 194, 195, 209–18 passim,
100, 168, 245–6 228, 229, 230, 258
see also Austria-Hungary, relations personality, 210, 211, 308 n. 124
Ottoman School Law (1869) 7, 51 propaganda (Catholic), charges of 41, 115,
138, 171–2, 235, 280 n. 50
Prosvjeta 137, 144, 160–3 passim, 170, 175,
Paar, Count Ludwig 42, 44 218, 219
painting 71, 218–9 and Prosvjeta 161, 170
Panslavism 7, 17, 37, 146 and Narodna Odbrana 229
and ‘panslav’ script, 215; panslav sokol Provincial Museum 70, 231
meet, 219 ‘public right’ status 112, 159, 287 n. 20
Party of Right (Croatia), 19, 109, 116, 123 Puntigam, Anton 236
pravaša tendency 141, 167, 179
Paton, Andrew 2
Patsch, Carl 223, 231 Rački, Franjo, Canon 22, 70, 116
Paul, Otto 155, 185 Radičević, Branko 78
peasants 13, 21, 74, 124–5 Radulović, Leontije, Metropolitan 38, 82
free 8, 95, 220 Radulović, Risto 189, 205, 221–30 passim,
Kočić on 172, 173, 212 251
mentality of 8, 142, 163–4, 166, 189, 212 railways 17, 59, 191
Muslim 22, 46, 92, 242 Rakić, Milan 209
Serb fears for corruption of 221, 227 Rauch, Pavao 180
and student movement 137, 194, 209, 213 raya 5, 23, 47, 57, 171
see also kmets; agrarian question see also kmets
Peć, Patriarchate of 9, 34, 267 n. 54 Redemptorists 111
Pelagić, Vaso (Vasa) 9, 12, 24 Reljevo seminary 39, 47, 114, 126, 129, 173
Perin, Marko 210 dissent in 85, 224
Perović, Serafim, Metropolitan 12–13, 82, 87, Repovac, Ibrahim 104
88, 89 126 Ribić, Ahmed 99, 100
 Index 345
Ristić, Jovan 27 Školski vjesnik 69, 186, 306 n. 61
Rizvanbegović, Mehmed Ali-paša 8 sloga 237 (Catholic–Muslim)
Rodić, Baron Gabriel 18 see also Serbs, Bosnian
Rubčić, Viktor 201, 210, 307 n. 108 SNO (Serb National Organisation) 147
Rukavina, Mihajlo 138 (founded), 152
Russia 146, 193, 304 n. 2 socialism 144–5, 147, 165
in Balkans 17, 67, 117, 128, 151 and Young Bosnia 211–12, 214
Bosnian Orthodox links with 12, 37, 78, softas (madrassa students) 99, 153, 285 n. 51,
80, 86 314 n. 148
and Russian Turkestan 48, 101 sokols 163, 200, 219
see also Austria-Hungary, relations; Kállay Šola, Atanasije 199
Ruvarac, Dimitrije 80 Šola, Vojislav 125, 126, 128, 192, 228, 230,
ruždijas 6, 47, 97, 99, 101–2 301 n. 188
and Serb schools 158
San Girolamo Institute 117 Sorel, Albert 225
Šantić, Aleksa 124 Spahić, Mehmed 132
Sarajevo 59, 144; 217–20 passim Spencer, Herbert 167, 299 n. 146
(transformation) Srpska omladina 207
and Serb Orthodox commune 10, 34–5, Srpska riječ 150, 157, 171; 191 (Srpska riječ
40, 82, 125 group)
Sabor: see Diet Srpska škola 159
Šarić, Ivan, Canon 165, 234 Srpski vjesnik 127, 144
Sax, Karl 3, 23, 68 St Sava Society 83
schools, see education Stadler, Josip, Archbishop 79–80, 143, 183,
Schopenhauer, Arthur 209 204, 258, 270 n. 123
script 34, 71, 182, 191, 271 n. 145 assessment 110, 114, 115, 234–5
see also arebica; bosančica; Cyrillic beliefs of 45, 114–16, 165, 236, 279 n. 37
secularization (Franciscans) 43, 110, 112, 113 in Croatian politics 116–17, 121, 165,
seminaries 9, 18, 45, 113 235–6
see also Reljevo, Sharia School relations with government 78, 118, 122,
Serafinski perivoj 166 143, 148, 184
Serbia 18, 22, 30, 58, 149, 151 see also Franciscans
circumstances of 20–1, 74–5 Stanojević, Stevo 189
and Bosnia 22, 27, 75, 82, 229 Starčević, Ante 19, 105, 110, 123, 179
Serbs, Bosnian 8–13, 22, 41, 75–91, 170–5, statutes, autonomy 129–30, 157, 159, 227
223–32 (Serb); 152–3, 182 (Muslim)
autonomy movement 90, 126–30, 150–1 Stojanović, Mladen 207, 210, 211, 308 n. 127
and Croats 225, 230 Stolypin, Count Pyotr 220
cultural autonomy, operation of 223–4, Štrbac, David 212, 213
249 Stremayr, Karl 50, 268, n. 66.
identity of 8, 11 Strindberg, August 209
sloga with Muslims 23, 106, 122, 133–4, Strossmayer, Josip Juraj, Bishop 19, 41, 104,
147, 174, 109, 165
and Serbia 12–13, 83, 228, 230, 231–2 and Bosnia 14–15, 42, 118
see also communes (Serb); education, Serb; and Stadler 114–5, 116–7
Kállay students 155, 159, 253, 256
Sharia School 48, 66, 98, 188, 271 n. 146 difficult living conditions 171, 193–5
destiny of graduates 101, 156 demonstrations 137, 195–200 passim
Shefer, Law of 9 and discipline 76, 135–6, 194, 197–201
Sheikh-ul-Islam 47–8, 133, 148, 152 funding of 67, 135, 155, 160, 162, 171, 247
Shek, Adalbert 177 see also Reljevo; softas; student movement
singing societies 84, 121, 218, 281 n. 79 student movement 135–8, 202–16
see also sloga; Trebević affair student societies 193, 203–4, 208, 209–10
Sivrić, Sala 121, 141, 142 assessment of 211–16
Skenderova, Staka 12, 24 Šunjić, Marijan, Bishop 9, 14, 15
Skerlić, Jovan 206, 225 Széll, Kálmán 140
346 Index
Szlávy, József von Okány 36–40 passim, 44, Vakat 240
45, 50, 84 vakuf (waqf) 6, 102–3
Varešanin, Baron Marian 180, 195
Tandarić, Professor 195, 202 Vatican 14, 19, 117, 119, 143, 184
Tanzimat 6, 7, 9 and Bosnian Catholic hierarchy 41–4, 269
teachers, confessional 12, 15, 52, 86 n. 104
Association of Serb Teachers 157–8, Visontai, Soma 134
189–90 Vlachs 8, 11, 46
teachers, non-primary 67, 136, 154, 194–200; Vojvodina 13, 21, 83
220–1 (origin of) and Hungarian Serbs 179
teachers, primary 69–70, 187–8, 220 see also Karlowitz Patriarchate
pay 66, 153, 154, 187, Vrhbosna 116, 165–6
supply of 33, 50, 65–6, 154, 182, 185 Vuičić, Bishop Paškal 16, 270 n. 109
textbooks 12, 15, 158, 182, 189, 227 Vukalović, Luka 13
Kállay’s programme for 67–9 Vuković, Antonius 140
Thallóczy, Lajos 68, 69, 134, 146, 153–4
(characterization), 231, 258 Wekerle, Sándor 179
1904 education report of 136, 154–6, 159, Winzor, Anton, General 174, 180
223 women 32, 107, 118, 187, 210
on Kállay 60–1, 141 indicative status of 188, 222, 240
on Muslims 60, 154, 274 n. 29, 296 n. 54 in Turkey 93, 168
theatre 163, 218, 222–3, 240 see also education, female
Thoemmel, Gustav 29, 53 Württemberg, Wilhelm, Duke 26, 28, 32, 37,
Three Emperors’ League 17, 30 38, 47, 268 n. 77
Tisza, Kálmán 39, 58, 59, 272 n. 153 and Cyrillic 34
Tocqueville, Alexis de 200
Tomić, Božidar 215 Young Bosnia, definition of 203, 209; see also
Tomić, Jaša 134 student movement
Tomislav, King 241 Young Turks 139
Trappists 16, 113 Yugoslavism 14 (Jukić); 19 (Strossmayer);
Travnik Gymnasium 114, 183, 194, 234 206–7; 225 (Skerlić); 232
Trebević affair 121–2 (Ćorović)
Trefort, Ágoston 50 assessment 215–16, 249, 257
Treščec, Georg 90, 182, 186, 302 n. 47
Trialism 178, 180, 236, 243
Trifković, Stjepo (Stevo) 86, 129, 265 zadrugas 84, 95
n. 118 Zagreb 213, 222, 310 n. 37
Trstenjak, Davorin 167, 186 Zastava 11, 21, 40, 78
Truhelka, Ćiro 70 Zečević, Božidar 197, 304 n. 25
Turkey, see Ottoman empire Žerajić, Bogdan 201, 204–5, 208, 210, 212,
Turkish language 4, 48, 96, 97, 99, 102 247
Tuzlić, Bakir-beg 132 Zhishman, Joseph 39, 88, 282 n. 113
Tvrtko II, King 3 Zimonjić, Petar, Metropolitan 224
Žitomislić monastery 9, 88
Zoch, Ivan 52
Učiteljska zora 187 Zora, student society 135, 193, 231
Ujević, Tin 209 Zora 124 (literary periodical); 203 (youth
ulema 96, 100, 241 organ)
‘Union or Death’ 214–15 Zore, Luka 50
university question 222 Zukanović, Omer ef. 101, 188, 241
Uzelac, Petar 78 Zurunić, Teodor 136–7, 137–8