1.

rx level definition

RX level can be taken as receive signal strength report seen by DSP and referenced at antenna terminal.
Any interference/incorrect loss or gain will
make RX level unmatched to sensitivity number.
So, it's an information for debugging.

1. rxlevel

RX Level is not sensitivity.

RX Level represents a signal at the input of your receiver. Could be anywhere into the range of the
receiver’s dynamic range.

RSSI (Read Signal Strength Indicator) could measure the RX Level.

1. rx level full & rx level sub

Anything above noise floor can be detected and differenciated from noise.
However, the detected signal may be not as good as you want. For example,
if it is data the amount of error is intolerable. So, what you do?....increase the
level of the signal that can be received above noise floor for a specified error.
This level is called sensitivity in absolute values or S/N if measured in dB above the noise floor.
You can't do an infinite S/N because is imposible, communications free of errors
does not exist. For other hand, a big S/N or sensitivity is a waste of money.
Another note: spread sprectrum can be "received" below noise level but
can not be detected if the S/N is not the required after de-spreading. In other
words, spread spectrum is not different than non-spreaded communications.

rx level full and rx level sub

RX level is the level of the signal in the place, where you are receiving the signal. It can be calculated
from the ouput power of the transmitter, radiating pattern of the transmitter antenna and distance
between transmitter and receiver. It is the level of the signal, which enters the receiver antenna.

1. rx level sub

rx level sub is the receiver's sensitivity level, it is the minium level of the signal that the receiver can
indentify,it signify the receive capability of the receiver.
TX & RX LEVEL
The Tx level is the power in decibels per milliwatt (dBm) at which a modem transmits its signal. The Rx
level is the power in dBm of the received signal. The server modems normally transmit at -13 dBm by
default. Ideally, the Rx level should be in the range of -18 to -25 dBm. If the Rx level is under -25 dBm,
the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is likely to decrease, meaning that the speed also decreases. If the Rx
level is too high, you may see signal distortion or the receiver's Digital Signal Processor (DSP) being
overdriven, and erratic connections are possible.

In some modulation standards, such as V.34, a receiver can tell its peer that the signal level is too high
and the transmitter then reduces the level at which it transmits. (If this behavior is widespread, try
configuring the transmitter to transmit at a lower level.) Modems that use other modulation standards
(such as K56 Flex) may not be able to do this, resulting in problems.

Therefore, an effective Rx level is a function of the peer's initial Tx level, the negotiated dBm reduction (if
any), and the attenuation in the voice circuit. The voice circuit attenuation is, in turn, a function of link
attenuation and of analog or digital pads, which are telephone company circuitry designed to insert
attenuation into the voice circuits.

If you need to reduce or increase your Tx level, this is attainable with thesome modems and modulation
standards

If you need to reduce or increase your Rx level, you need to do this either at the peer transmitter
(although this is not feasible if there are thousands of peers) or within the telephone company (more
likely), by increasing or decreasing the padding

In this case the Rx level is -22, which is fine. The peer has not requested that the modem attenuate its Tx,
so you can infer that it is transmitting at the default output level of -13 dBm. You can also infer that the
signal level is not too high for the peer's receiver, because the peer has not requested a reduction in
signal strength (though it could still possibly be too high???you cannot be certain without directly
interrogating the peer).

In this case there is a good Rx level of -19, but the peer has asked this modem to reduce its Tx level by 3
dBm. Therefore, it starts to transmit at -16 dBm instead. This modem's signal is arriving with excessive
strength at the peer. If this occurrence is widespread, you might want to cut back on your configured Tx
level globally through S39. In this case, the problem appears to be an issue with this particular peer, so
there is no need to do so.

Padding

Telephone companies can insert a digital or analog pad, which is circuitry designed to add attenuation on a per-
channel basis. Padding ensures that end-to-end circuits that take various paths through the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN) end up with comparable signal levels. For instance, if a modem transmits at -13 dBm, the
receivers see a signal at the right level.

:  Explain in brief what is FER.

Ans: 

 FER= Number of erased blocks\ total no of blocks *100

 It is the right measure of voice quality.
  FER is performed on speech& signaling frames
 FER------- 0 to 4%, GOOD.

2        to 15% , slightly degraded

Greater than 15%, useless

RX Quality:-
RxQuality ---- BER [%]
0 ---- <0,2
1 ---- 0,21 – 0,4
2 ---- 0,41 – 0,8
3 ---- 0,81 – 0,16
4 ---- 0,161 – 3,2
5 ---- 3,21 – 6,4
6 ---- 6,41 – 12,8
7 ---- >12,8

Bit error rate:-

In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream
over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, distortion or bit
synchronization errors.

The bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total
number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance measure,
often expressed as a percentage.

The bit error probability pe is the expectation value of the BER. The BER can be considered as
an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time
interval and a high number of bit errors

Example

As an example, assume this transmitted bit sequence:

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1,

and the following received bit sequence:

0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1,

The number of bit errors (the underlined bits) is in this case 3. The BER is 3 incorrect bits
divided by 10 transferred bits, resulting in a BER of 0.3 or 30%.
Packet error rate

The packet error rate (PER) (or symbol or block error rate) is the number of incorrectly
transferred data packets (etc.) divided by the number of transferred packets. A packet is assumed
to be incorrect if at least one bit is incorrect. The expectation value of the PER is denoted packet
error probability pp, which for a data packet length of N bits can be expressed as:

pp = 1 − (1 − pe)N,
assuming that the bit errors are independent of each other. For small bit error probabilities, this is
approximately:

Factors affecting the BER

In a communication system, the receiver side BER may be affected by transmission channel
noise, interference, distortion, bit synchronization problems, attenuation, wireless multipath
fading, etc.

The BER may be improved by choosing a strong signal strength (unless this causes cross-talk
and more bit errors), by choosing a slow and robust modulation scheme or line coding scheme,
and by applying channel coding schemes such as redundant forward error correction codes.

The transmission BER is the number of detected bits that are incorrect before error correction,
divided by the total number of transferred bits (including redundant error codes). The
information BER, approximately equal to the decoding error probability, is the number of
decoded bits that remain incorrect after the error correction, divided by the total number of
decoded bits (the useful information). Normally the transmission BER is larger than the
information BER. The information BER is affected by the strength of the forward error
correction code.

2 Receiver Measurements
Testing of a GSM transceiver, or any other digital mobile phone, may be divided in two parts: receiver
measurements and transmitter measurements. The most important receiver measurements are the
testing of sensitivity in various radio propagation conditions, and testing of interference sensitivity of
the receiver. Transmitter tests include measurements on modulation errors, transmitter power accuracy

and power ramp1.

what are important parameter of power saving in

GSM?
Ans: Discontinuous transmission
Minimizing co-channel interference is a goal in any cellular system, since it allows better
service for a given cell size, or the use of smaller cells, thus increasing the overall capacity of
the system. Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a method that takes advantage of the fact
that a person speaks less that 40 percent of the time in normal conversation [22], by turning
the transmitter off during silence periods. An added benefit of DTX is that power is
conserved at the mobile unit.
The most important component of DTX is, of course, Voice Activity Detection. It must
distinguish between voice and noise inputs, a task that is not as trivial as it appears,
considering background noise. If a voice signal is misinterpreted as noise, the transmitter is
turned off and a very annoying effect called clipping is heard at the receiving end. If, on the
other hand, noise is misinterpreted as a voice signal too often, the efficiency of DTX is
dramatically decreased. Another factor to consider is that when the transmitter is turned off,
there is total silence heard at the receiving end, due to the digital nature of GSM. To assure
the receiver that the connection is not dead, comfort noise is created at the receiving end by
trying to match the characteristics of the transmitting end's background noise.

Discontinuous reception

Another method used to conserve power at the mobile station is discontinuous reception.
The paging channel, used by the base station to signal an incoming call, is structured into
sub-channels. Each mobile station needs to listen only to its own sub-channel. In the time
between successive paging sub-channels, the mobile can go into sleep mode, when almost
no power is used.

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Timing advance:-

In the GSM cellular mobile phone standard, timing advance value corresponds to the length of
time a signal takes to reach the base station from a mobile phone. GSM uses TDMA technology
in the radio interface to share a single frequency between several users, assigning sequential
timeslots to the individual users sharing a frequency. Each user transmits periodically for less
than one-eighth of the time within one of the eight timeslots. Since the users are at various
distances from the base station and radio waves travel at the finite speed of light, the precise
arrival-time within the slot can be used by the base station to determine the distance to the
mobile phone. The time at which the phone is allowed to transmit a burst of traffic within a
timeslot must be adjusted accordingly to prevent collisions with adjacent users. Timing Advance
(TA) is the variable controlling this adjustment.
Technical Specifications 3GPP TS 05.10[1] and TS 45.010[2] describe the TA value adjustment
procedures. The TA value is normally between 0 and 63, with each step representing an advance
of one bit period (approximately 3.69 microseconds). With radio waves traveling at about
300,000,000 meters per second (that is 300 meters per microsecond), one TA step then
represents a change in round-trip distance (twice the propagation range) of about 1,100 meters.
This means that the TA value changes for each 550-meter change in the range between a mobile
and the base station. This limit of 63 × 550 meters is the maximum 35 kilometers that a device
can be from a base station and is the upper bound on cell placement distance.

A continually adjusted TA value avoids interference to and from other users in adjacent
timeslots, thereby minimizing data loss and maintaining Mobile QoS (call quality-of-service).

Timing Advance is significant for privacy and communications security, as its combination with
other variables can allow GSM localization to find the device's position and tracking the mobile
phone user. TA is also used to adjust transmission power in Space-division multiple access
systems.

This limited the original range of a GSM cell site to 35km as mandated by the duration of the
standard timeslots defined in the GSM specification. The maximum distance is given by the
maximum time that the signal from the mobile/BTS needs to reach the receiver of the
mobile/BTS on time to be successfully heard. At the air interface the delay between the
transmission of the downlink (BTS) and the uplink (mobile) has an offset of 3 timeslots. Until
now the mobile station has used a timing advance to compensate for the propagation delay as the
distance to the BTS changes. The timing advance values are coded by 6 bits, which gives the
theoretical maximum BTS/mobile separation as 35km.

By implementing the Extended Range feature, the BTS is able to receive the uplink signal in two
adjacent timeslots instead of one. When the mobile station reaches its maximum timing advance,
i.e. maximum range, the BTS expands its hearing window with an internal timing advance that
gives the necessary time for the mobile to be heard by the BTS even from the extended distance.
This extra advance is the duration of a single timeslot, a 156 bit period. This gives roughly 120
km range for a cell.[3] and is implemented in sparsely populated areas and to reach islands for
example.

TEMS Investigation GSM

TEMS Investigation is an air interface test tool for real-time diagnostics. It
lets you monitor voice channels as well as data transfer over GPRS, circuit-
switched (CSD) or high-speed circuit-switched (HSCSD) connections. Data
sessions can be conducted from within TEMS Investigation. TEMS
Investigation is equipped with advanced testing and inspection functions as
well as powerful analysis and post-processing features useful to the
experienced RF engineer. Data is presented in real time throughout. This
makes TEMS Investigation ideal for advanced drive testing sessions of
troubleshooting, performance tuning, etc. All data can also be saved in
logfiles for purposes of post-processing

Measurements in Drive Testing

* C/I---This is the carrier signal to interference (plus noise) ratio. It

determines the quality and performance of the connection. The necessary
threshold for good performance depends on the modulation type, the
receiver design, and the service quality requirements (such as BER
requirement)

* Rxlev---This is the received signal level, and is usually measured in dBm

units. The Rxlev is measured on either
- The BCCH channel in idle mode
- Or on both the BCCH and the traffic channel, TCH

* BCCH : Broadcast Control Channel (provides general information about the

network)

* TCH : Traffic Channel

Speech Quality---Speech quality can be evaluated by the following:
Subjective listening test
- A Personal opinion (okay, good enough, excellent, poor)
- MOS (mean opinion score (GSM standard procedure)
0: bad
1: poor
2: fair
3: good
4: excellen

* RxQual---This is a GSM standard metric, and is expressed in the range of 0

to 7 (0 meaning best quality). For descent speech quality, Rxlev should not
exceed a value of 4 more than 5% of the time for non-hopping networks.
For hopping networks, this is relaxed, and usually a threshold of 5 or 5.5 for
the RxQual is used.

* SQI (Speech Quality Index)---This is not a GSM standard metric, and is

only specific to the TEMS test equipments. It is expressed in the range of 0
to 30 dB (30 meaning best quality).

Limitations of drive testing

1. Drive testing can only test the network performance on the streets and
roads where vehicles can go

2. It can not be used to assess network performance such as drop rates, and
quality statistics for calls made from nearby houses, alleys (where cars can
not go), and from nearby office buildings, and shopping plazas, and etc

3. For testing and collecting measurements in areas and places where the
vehicles can not go, walk-in tests are required (indoor test).

TEMS Investigation GSM can be run in two different modes:

1. Drive testing mode. Information is read from one or several mobile

stations, and optionally from a scanner and a GPS unit.

2. Analysis mode. Information is read from a logfile