Lecture 3.

2
Empirical analysis by utilizing standard
field test
 Poulos, 1980, Pile foundation analysis and design, by
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
 Bowles, J.E., 1997, Foundation analysis and design, fifth
edition,, Mc Graw Hill Book Company-Singapore.
 Prakash S & Sharma HD., 1990, Pile foundation in
Engineering practice, John Wiley $ Sons
 Coduto DP., 2001, Foundation design 2nd ed, Prentice
Hall, Inc.
1. Standard penetration tests
2. Static cone penetration test (Dutch cone )
3. Presuremeter test
• Meyerhof 1956 for displacement pile in sand

N/50 ≤ 1 t/ft2

where Pu is ultimate load (ton)

Np = standar penetration number at pile base
N = average value of N along pile shaft

For small displacement piles

N/100 ≤ 0.5 t/ft2

where Pu is ultimate load

Ab = net sectional area of toe (ft)
As = gross surface area of shaft ( ft2 )

• Bromham and Styles, 1971 also used those two equations for stiff clays with
some success
• Meyerhof 1976 for displacement pile in sand and gravel

qe = 0.4 N60’ (D/B) σr ≤ 4.0 N60‘σr .. D/B ≥ 10

For nonplastic silt

qe = 0.4 N60’ (D/B) σr ≤ 3.0 N60‘σr .. D/B ≥ 7.5

For skin friction

Large displacement in cohesionless soil
N60‘= CN N60
fs = σr /50 N60 CN = 2/(1+σv’ /σr ) SI unit
Small displacement in cohesionless soil
fs = σr /100 N60

where qe net unit end bearing resistance

fs = unit skin friction resistance
σr = reference stress =2000 lb/ft2 = 100 kPa
σv’ = effective stress at
B = pile diameter
D = pile embedment depth
N60 = SPT N value for field procedures only
N60 ‘ = SPT N value corrected for field procedures and overburden stress
 Meyerhof (1976)
› End bearing
Sand :
Qp = (0.4 N’ /B) Df Ap ≤ 4 N’ Ap
Non plastic silt
Qp = (0.4 N’ /B) Df Ap ≤ 3 N’ Ap
dimana N’ = average corrected SPT

N’ = CN N ; CN = 0.77(log 20/σv ) dan σv ≥ 0.25 tsf

(23.44kPa)

dimana N adalah rata-rata nilai SPT dekat pile tip

› Friction Qs = p Σ fS L dimana fs= N’/50 ≤ 1tsf

Where Qp= net unit end bearing resistance
fs = unit skin friction resistance
σv’ = effective stress at
B = pile diameter
Df = pile embedment depth
N = SPT N value for field procedures only
N ‘ = SPT N value corrected for field procedures and overburden stress
Example 1
A closed ended 12-in. (300 mm) diameter steel pipe pile is driven into sand to 30-ft (9 m), depth. The water
table is at ground surface and sand has 4’ = 36" and unit weight (y) is 1251b/ft3 (19.8 kN/m3). Estimate the
pipe pile's allowable load.
SOLUTION
(a) Average N value near pile tip is 12  (10 + 12 + 14)/3)
(b) Point Bearing (Qp)
σv’ near pile tip = (125 - 62.5) 30 lb/ft2 = 18751b/ft2 = 0.938 tsf
The correction for depth in N values is applied by using equation as
follows:
CN = 0.77 log (20/0.938) = 1.02
Therefore, N’= CNN. Then N’= 1.02 x 12 =12
For driven piles
Qp = (0.4N’/B)DfAp ,< 4N’AP
where 0.4N’DfAp/B = 0.4 x 12 x 30 x 0.78511 = 113 tons
4N’Ap = 4 x 12 x 0.785 = 37.7 tons
The lower of these two values will be Q, = 37.7 tons

(c) Shaft Friction (Q,)

Average N value along pile shaft = (4 + 6 + 6 + 8 + 10)/5 = 6.8. Use an
effective overburden pressure σv for average depth of L/2 = 30/2 ft. Then
σv’ will be half the above value (σv’= 0.938/2 = 0.469 tsf). Then CN = 0.77
log(20/0.469) = 1.25.
Thus,N’= 6.8 x 1.25 = 8.5.
fs = N’/50 = 8.5/50 = 0.17 tsf (which is less than 1 tsf
Q f = fsx p x L=0.17 x 3.14 x 1 x 30= 16tons

(d) Allowable Bearing Capacity ((Qv)all )

(Qv)ult= Qp + Qf = 37.7 + 16 = 53.7 tons

(Qv)all = (Qv)ult (Q,)/FS = 53.713 = 17.9 tons = 35.8 kips (156 kN)
 End bearing
Qp = Ap qc where Ap is pile tip area dan qc is cone penetration
resistance

 Friction capacity
Q s = p Σ fS L fs = ultimate shift resitance
 qcdesign = (qc1+qc2+2qc3)/4
where
qc1= average cone resistance over two diameters below pile base.
qc2= minimum cone resistance over two diameters below pile base.
qc3= average of minimum values lower than qc1 over eight diameters above
pile base.
 Source:Piling engineering, 2006

Normalized end-bearing resistance for driven closed-ended piles.

(Annotations by Randolph, 2003.)
qb/qc recommended for closed-ended driven piles range from 0.2 (Jardine and Chow, 1996) to
0.5 (Kraft,1990)
Randolph (2003) has pointed out that the magnitude of end-bearing pressure mobilized within
displacements of 10% of the pile diameter will depend on the magnitude of residual stress
locked into the soil below the pile base during installation, but proposed a design value of 0.4 for
qb/qc unless high residual stresses could be demonstrated
Lehane et al. (2005) proposed qb/qc of 0.6 for closed-ended piles and qb = (0.15+0.45Ar)qc
Normalized end-bearing pressures for driven open-ended piles
and bored piles
Side friction coefficient Cs (Eslami &Fellinius, 1997)
Example 2

The drill shaft shown is to be design the

benefit of any on site static loading test. The
soil condition are uniform and the site
characterization program was average.
Compute the allowable downward load
capacity
Side friction coefficient Cs (Eslam &Fellinius, 1997)
 Base on Baguelin, et all 1978 dan Canadian Foundation
Engineering manual 1978, 1985)
 End bearing capacity
Qp = Ap (qo + Kq(PL- Po)
Where qo horizontal at rest in soil of pile tip
kq bearing capacity factor (see grafic): class1 for clay&silts; class 2 for hard clay,
dense silt, loose sand; class 3 for sand and gravel or rock; class 4 for very dense sand
and gravel

 Skin Friction
Qs = p Σ fS L
 Base on installation
equipment, weight of
hammer and height
drop of hammer
WH = Qdyn S + ΔΕ
where Qdyn = dynamic resitance of
soil pile driving
Δ Ε = energy looses

s is the permanent set of the pile.

c is the elastic, or recoverable, movement of the pile
Source:Piling engineering, 2006
Modified Engineering News Formula
(Poulos 1980)
 Hammer Data
 Hammer input properties are usually well known from a
manufacturers’database. In a driveability analysis, hammer types
are selected based on the soil resistance to be overcome.
 Driving System or Appurtenance Data
 The driving system or appurtenance dataconsists of information
on hammer cushion, helmet including striker plate, inserts,
adapters, etc. and pile cushion in case of concrete piles.
 Pile Data
 Required pile data consists of total length, cross-sectional area,
elasticmodulus and weight, all as a function of depth.
 Soil Data
 Soil data input requires both an understanding of site-specific soil
propertiesand the effects of pile driving on those properties.
Dynamic properties such as dampingand quake are roughly
correlated with soil type.
Drill shaft/
bored pile
 Cohesionless soil (sand)  Cohessive soil (clay)
Reese & O’Neill (1989)
Reese & O’Neill (1989)
qe = Nc su ≤ 4000 kpa
qe = 0.6 σr N60 ≤ 4500 kpa
Nc = 6[1+0,2(D/B )] ≤ 9
where:σr =reference stress = 100kpa where
N60 =mean SPT value Nc = bearing capacity factor
D = depth of bottom of the shaft
qe =net unit end bearing Bb = diameter of shaft base
resistance
su = undrained shear strength
If shaft diameter ≥ 50’=120 cm :
qer = 4.17 (B/Bb) qe  Bb 120cm if B > 190 cm
where B = reference width=1ft=30cm qer = Fr qe
B = base diameter Fr = 2.5/[120 ψ1 Bb /(Br + ψ2) ] <1.0
ψ1 = 0.0071+ 0.0021(D /Bb ) ≤ 0.015
s
 1.59 0.5 ≤ ψ2 ≤ 1.5
u
 2

 r
Clay Cohesionless soil
β method Reese & O’Neill (1989)
β = K tan φs β method
fS = β σv = K tan φs σv fs= β σv
α method β = K tan φs
Or Reese & O neal 1989
fS = α cu
z
α = ca =adhesion factor   1.5  0.135 0.25< β<1.2
Br
where
Qs = p Σ fS l fs= unit skin friction resitance
σv= vertical effective stress at
midpoint of soil layer
Qu = Qp + Qs K= coeficient of lateral earth pressure
φs= soil-shaft interface friction angle
z = depth from the ground surface to
the midpoint of strata
Br=reference width= 30 cm (1ft)
Adhesion values for driven piles in mixed soil profiles, (a) Case 1: piles driven
through overlying sands or sandy gravels, and (b) Case 2: piles driven through overlying weak clay
(Tomlinson, 1980).
Adhesion values for driven piles in stiff clays without different
overlying strata (Case 3) (Tomlinson, 1980).
 Problema of dynamic loading:
› Small strain respon amplitudo
› Large strain respon amplitudo
 Principal property of dynamic soil-pile analisis: Young’s
modulus E; shear modulus G; spring constant; damping
dan Poison’s rasio
 Influence factor of modulus dinamis
› Type of soil; properties; soil disturbances
› Initial level of static stresss or confining
stress
› Strain level
› Time effects
› Degree saturation
› Frequency dan jumlah cycle
› Magnitude dari dynamic stress
› Dynamic prestrain
 Testing method
› Resonant column
› Cyclic simple shear
› Cyclic torsional simple shear
› Cyclic triaxial compression
 Field investigation
› Cross-borehole wave propagation test
› Up-hole atau down-hole wave propagation test
› Standard penetration test (SPT)
› Footing resonance test
› Cyclic plate loading test
 Elastic constans of soil
 young’s modulus
Ε = σz/εz

 lateral strains εx and εy :

εx = εy = - ν εz where ν is Poison’s rasio

 shear modulus G = τ/γθ atau γθ = τ/G

 E, G and ν

E = 2G(1 + ν)
 IL is liquidity index

Hans-Georg Kempfert
Berhane Gebreselassie
Excavations and Foundations in Soft Soils. 2006