CONDUCTED RF EQUIPMENT POWER AMPLIFIERS
IEC 61000-4-4 Burst
Electrical fast transient / Burst immunity test
Accelonix EMC Workshop 18-6-2019
1
Phenomenom open a contact
EMC Model for fast transients
Source of Coupling
Drain
interference
• Source of interference • Coupling
– Circuit breaker in electric circuits – Capacitive (du/dt) to parallel lines
– High voltage switchgears – Inductive by magnetic fields (di/dt)
to earth leads
– 110/230V power supply systems
– Radiation in the near field by arcs
– 24V control lines
• Migration
• Characteristics – Conducted in the cable system
– Impulse with rise time in nanoseconds – Asymmetrical resp. Line to Earth
– Broadband interference spectrum up to
400 MHz
– Amplitudes up to some kV
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Test level IEC 61000-4-4: Ed3.0 (2012-4)
Open circuit test voltage
Level Power line I/O line
Peak voltage [kV] Repetition rate [kHz]
1 0,5 0,25 5 or 100
2 1 0,5 5 or 100
3 2 1 5 or 100
4 4 2 5 or 100
X (1) special special
Table 1- Test levels
The use of 5 kHz repetition frequency is traditional, however, 100 kHz is closer to reality. Product
committees should determine which frequencies are relevant for specific products or product types.
In Annex B1 you will find representative values from real installations for your assistance.
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Test equipment simplified circuit diagram of EFT / burst generator
50 Ώ output
Components
U High-voltage source
Rc Charging resistor
Cc Energy storage capacitor
Rs Impulse duration shaping resistor
Rm Impedance matching resistor
Cd DC blocking capacitor
Switch High-voltage switch (electronic switch)
NOTE: The characteristics of the switch together with stray elements (inductance and capacitance) of the
layout shape the required rise time.
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Characteristic waveform
New in Edition 3
Output voltage range with 1000 load: min. 0.24 kV up to 3.8 kV; Test level 1 to 4
Output voltage range with 50 load: min. 0.125 kV up to 2 kV; Test level 1 to 4
Pulse repetition frequency: 5 kHz and 100 kHz ± 20 %
Burst duration (see 6.1.2 and fig. 2): (15 ± 3) ms at 5 kHz
(0.75 ± 0.15) ms at 100 kHz
Burst period (300 ± 60) ms
Pulse shape:
Termination at coaxial output Rise time tr = (5 ± 1.5) ns
(with 50 load) Pulse duration (50 %-value) td = (50 ± 15)ns
Peak value of voltage; Table 2 ± 10 %
Termination at coaxial out Rise time tr = (5 ± 1.5) ns
(with 1000 load) Pulse duration (50 %-value) td = 50 ns
with a tolerance of – 15 ns to + 100 ns
Peak value of voltage; Table 2 ± 20 %
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Parameter of the actual interferences
Pulsform 5ns/50ns
Single pulse 0.9
Rise time tr = 5ns
0.5
Pulse duration td = 50ns
0.1
50ns ± 15ns
5ns ± 1.5ns
Pulse packet (Burst)
Repetition time: Tr = 300ms
As formerly:
Duration burst packet Td = 15ms
at spike frequency f = 5kHz
Duration burst packet Td = 0,75ms
At spike frequency f = 100kHz
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Mathematical modeling of Burst waveforms new in Edition 3
Figure 3 shows the ideal waveform of a signnal
pulse into a 50 Ω load with nominal parameters
tr = 5 ns and
tw = 50 ns
Formula of the ideal waveform per Figure 3, νEFT(t)
where
kv is max. or peak value of the open-circuit voltage (kv
= 1 means normalized voltage)
ν 1 = 0,92 τ 1 = 3,5 ns τ 2 = 51 ns nEFT = 1,8
Figure 3
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Characteristics - output voltage peak -
New peak voltages for 1000Ω load with respect to the voltage divider Ratio with Ri =50 Ω in table 2
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Calibration at the coaxial output
In order to provide a common supply basis for all test simulators, the characteristics of the test
simulators have to be proved.
The verification at coaxial output has to be carried out as follows:
1. The demanded test voltage is set at the simulator.
2. The curve progression is measured at the coaxial output of the simulator. The Peak value of the
voltage has to be 50% of the set voltage at the simulator .
3. The curve progression is measured at constant simulator settings at 1000 The peak value of the
voltage has to be Up (open circuit) corresponding (20%)
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Calibration routine no.: 1
Calibration at coaxial 50 Ohm output of
the simulator with a 50 Ohm load
Ratio with KW50 -> 1:400
Example: 2000V Burst = 5V on scope
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Calibration routine no.: 2
Calibration at coaxial 50 Ohm output of
the simulator with a 1000 Ohm load
Ratio with KW1000 -> 1:1000
Example: 2000V Burst = 2V on scope
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Coupling/Decoupling network for mains connectors (IEC 61000-4-4:2012)
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Calibration of the CDN for mains supply new in Edition 3
Proof of characteristics of coupling/decoupling network:
The pulse shape has to be proved at each output/path of coupling-/decoupling network
• Therefore all coupling paths are set simultaneously (Common Mode)
• The output of the coupling network is terminated with a coaxial load of 50
The calibration has to be provided with a voltage setting of 4kV as follows:
since EN 61000-4-4:2004 New: EN 61000-4-4:2012
Rise time tr 5 ns 30% 5,5ns ± 1,5ns
Pulse duration td 50 ns 30% 45ns ± 15ns
peak value of voltage 10% of the voltage according to table
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Calibration routine no.: 3 1.
• The EFT transients are coupled to all CDN lines simultaneously (CM).
• The output of the CDN shall not be short circuited.
• The EFT transients shall be measured at each individual output of the
CDN with 50 load, while the other outputs are open.
• Each individual output must show the transients within the tolerances as
specified. 2.
1.
2.
3.
3.
50 Umeas
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Capacitive Coupling Clamp new in Edition 3
Dimensions have now tolerances
Lower coupling plate height: (100 ± 5) mm
Lower coupling plate width: (140 ± 7) mm
Lower coupling plate length: (1 000 ± 50) mm
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Calibration of capacitive coupling clamp new in Edition 3
In a new chapter the edition 3 describes
the calibration method of the capacitive
coupling clamp with a transducer plate.
The transducer plate consists in a metallic
sheet of 120 mm x 1050 mm of max 0.5
mm thickness, isolated on top and bottom
by a dielectric foil of 0.5 mm. Isolation for
2.5 kV on all sides must be guaranteed in
order to avoid the clamp to contact the
transducer plate.
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Calibration setup of capacitive coupling clamp new in Edition 3
• The transducer plate is to be inserted into the coupling clamp and must be terminated at the
opposite end of the generator connection with a coaxial load of 50 .
• The calibration is performed with the generator output voltage set to 2 kV. The calibration have to
meet the following requirements:
Rise time tr 5ns 1,5ns
Pulse duration td 50ns 15ns
peak value of voltage 1kV 200V
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Test setup and test execution
Coupling mode: „all lines against ground reference “
So, the coupling mode is a pure „Common Mode testing“. This means that the testing of single lines,
line after line, is not demanded any more, but only all lines simultaneously have to be supplied with
burst pulses.
New distances in Ed.3
Components
PE protective earth
N neutral
L phase
Z1 decoupling inductive
Cc coupling capacitor
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General tests set-up acc. to EN 61000-4-4:2012 new in Edition 3
New distances in Ed.3
Figure 11: Example of a test setup for laboratory type tests ( marked new in Ed3)
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Test Setup coupling on lines
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Test setup: Connection of coupling network
The coupling network has to be connected with the reference ground in low impedance manner!
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Test setup: Coupling on supply lines
Burst to AC supply lines EUT on insulated support distance generator to EUT =0.5m
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Test setup: Coupling on supply lines (floor standing device)
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Test setup: signal lines with capacitive coupling clamp
Example: Floor standing system of two EUTs
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Test setup: capacitive coupling clamp
EUT must placed on the same side as the Decoupling network to
burst simulator is connected the AE port if required
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Test setup: Capacitive coupling clamp
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Example for in situ test on a.c./d.c. Power ports and PE
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Alternative method for coupling to signal lines without a CCC
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EFT Burst generators
Current EFT Burst generators from the AMETEK CTS product lines
Compact NX5
Compact NX7
EFT 500N8
NSG 3040A
NSG 3060A
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Coffee break
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CONDUCTED RF EQUIPMENT POWER AMPLIFIERS
IEC 61000-4-5 Surge
Inventory of revision of IEC 61000-4-5 Ed.3 :(2014)
Accelonix EMC workshop 18-6-2019
36
> IEC 61000-4-5 PHENOMENON
• Atmospheric discharges
• Max current peak value
• Rise of the current di/dt,
• Rise of dU/dt caused the tripping of arrestors
in the primary loop who are transformed to the
secondary part.
• Switching events electromechanical events
• Switching of capacitive loads in high voltage circuits.
Cables, capacitor banks etc.
• Switching of loads in low voltage systems.
• Switching of resonance circuits with thyristors.
• Short circuits and flash-overs in installations.
• Tripping of protection devices as varistors and fuses.
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> EMC Model Surge
Source Coupling Sink
• Coupling
– Capacitive to parallel lines (du/dt )
– Induction in loops (di/dt )
– Radiation in the near field
– Direct coupling in case of direct impact
• Propagation
– Conducted to supply-, signal-, data- and control lines
– Symmetrical (line to line) or unsymmetrical to PE
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> IEC 61000-4-5 Edition 3 (2014)
No Change of: Changes to Ed 3 :2014 :
• Test levels • Impulsform definition (only one definition)
• Generator specifications • Add mathematical formula for wave shape
• Phase angle • Calibration for CDN and generator with a
capacitor of 15 µF
• Separation of pulse 1.2/50 and 10/700
• New definition for CDN up to 200A / phase with
calibration
• New specification for CDN for signal and data-
lines with calibration
• New specification for high speed
Question: Can the old device still be used? communication CDN
Answer: It depends… • Move of 10/700 µs generator to Annex and
Harmonization with ITU-TK series
• Measurement Uncertainty MU in annex D
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> One Waveshape definition in the IEC 61000-4-5 Edition 3 (2014)
Previous edition 2 offers two methods for waveshape measurement
T1 T2
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> IEC 61000-4-5 IMPULSE DEFINITION
• Open circuit voltage : 1.2/50s
Front Time: Tf = 1.67 x T= 1.2s ± 30%
Duration: Td = Tw = 50s ± 20%
NOTE: The open circuit voltage waveform at the output of the
coupling/decoupling network may have a considerable
undershoot, in principle as the curve shown in Figure
• Short circuit current: 8/20s
Front Time : Tf = 1.25xTr = 8s 20%
Duration: Td = 1.18 x Tw =20s 20%
NOTE: The 30 % undershoot specification applies only at the
generator output. At the output of the coupling / decoupling network
there is no limitation on undershoot or overshoot.
The calculation as per IEC 60469-1 (10% - 90%) is deleted
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Test Levels
Table 1 specifies in detail the test levels for the open circuit voltages for testing
Line to Line and Line to ground
Table 1 Test Levels
• All voltages of the lower test levels shall be satisfied
• For selection of the test levels for the different interfaces, refer to Annex A.
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> Generator Source Impedance
The characteristics of the test generator shall simulate the phenomena as closely as possible. Depend of
the different arise and coupling mechanism of the sources, the standard define different source
impedance's for surge testing.
If the source of interference is in the same circuit, for example in the power supply network (direct
coupling), the generator may simulate a low impedance source.
If the source of interference is in other circuit as the victim equipment (indirect coupling) as the ports of
the victim-equipment, then the generator may simulate a higher impedance source.
2 Ohm 12 Ohm 42 Ohm
(2 Ohm + 10 Ohm) (2 Ohm + 40 Ohm)
Power lines (acc. to IEC61000-4-5: low-voltage power supply) All other Lines
symmetrical (L-N, L-L) unsymmetrical (L- PE, N-PE) Unsymmetrical
Source in the same circuit Source in the other circuit (symmetrical)
unsymmetrical Switching
direct lightning indirect lightning only indirect influences
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IEC 61000-4-5 Edition 3 (2014)
Changes to Ed 3 :2014
Characteristics and performance of the generator:
The output impedance is controlled with the relationship between the open circuit peak voltage and
the short circuit current.
New values for the 12 Ω output (10Ω + 2 Ω) impedance have been defined.
NOTE The time parameters are valid for the short circuit current at the generator output without
10Ω resistor. (New additional note)
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Calibration of CDNs for a.c./d.c. mains supply rated up to 200 A per line (6.4.2)
The characteristics of the CDN shall be measured under open-circuit conditions (load greater than or equal
to 10 k ) and under short-circuit conditions at the same set voltage.
All performance characteristics stated in 6.3.2 Tables 4 and 5 shall be met at the CDN output.
Load > 10kΩ
New in Ed. 3
- Waveshape defined for common
mode coupling to PE
- Tolerances are increased at
higher current in the coupling
network.
Decoupling inductivity:
- Maximum 1.5 mH
- Voltage Drop CDN < 10%
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> Calibration of CDNs for unsymmetrical interconnection lines (6.4.3.2)
Measurements shall be performed with the impulse applied to one coupling path at a time.
The peak amplitude, the front time and impulse duration shall be measured for the CDN rated impulse
voltage under open-circuit conditions.
The inputs of the DN at the auxiliary equipment (AE) side shall be short circuited to PE for the impulse voltage
and impulse current measurement at the EUT output port.
The residual voltage value depends on the protection requirements of the AE. Therefore no limits are given in
this standard.
Changes to Ed 3 :2014
Calibration process for unsymmetrical interconnection lines
Coupling Measuring AE side EUT side
Surge voltage Single Line to PE Single Line All lines shorted to PE Open Circuit
at EUT side Peak voltage, front time, duration
Surge Current Single Line to PE Single Line All lines shorted to PE Short Circuit
at EUT side Peak current, front time, duration
Surge voltage Single Line to Line Single Line All lines shorted to PE Open Circuit
at EUT side Peak voltage, front time, duration
Surge Current Single Line to Line Single Line All lines shorted to PE Short Circuit
at EUT side Peak current, front time, duration
Residual voltage on AE Single Line to PE Line to PE at a time Open Circuit Open Circuit
Side (with protection) Peak voltage
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> Waveform specification for unsymmetrical interconnection lines
Table 8 : Surge waveform specs. at the EUT port of the CDN Changes to Ed 3 :2014
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> Calibration process for symmetrical interconnection lines (6.4.3.3)
Measurements shall be performed with the impulse applied to one coupling path at a time.
The peak amplitude, the front time and impulse duration shall be measured for the CDN rated impulse
voltage under open-circuit conditions.
The inputs of the CDN at the auxiliary equipment (AE) side shall be short circuited to PE for the impulse
voltage and impulse current measurement at the EUT output port.
The maximum allowed residual voltage value depends on application specific elements, which are not
specified in this standard.
Changes to Ed 3 :2014
Table 9: Calibration process
Table 10: Waveform specification
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> Calibration coupling network
It is the intention of this standard that the output waveforms meet specifications at the point where they are
to be applied to the EUT. The characteristics of the generator shall be measured under:
Open circuit voltage
with HV-Probe
each:
DM: L-N
CM: L-PE
CM: N-PE
Short circuit current
with current probe
each:
DM: L-N
CM: L-PE
CM: N-PE
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> Coupling Network selection
Selecting the coupling/decoupling
Changes to Ed 3 :2014
network method
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> Example of test setup for capacitive coupling on a.c./d.c. lines
New measurements method is defined including residual voltages at AE ports of data lines CDN. The
inductance values for the decoupling inductance is removed from each figure.
Fig. 5: Coupling Line to Neutral Fig. 6: Coupling L - PE and N – PE
Decoupling: L= 1.5mH Decoupling: L= 1.5mH
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Example of test setup for capacitive coupling on 3-phase a.c. lines.
Fig. 7: Coupling Line to Line / Neutral Fig. 8: Coupling Line - PE and Neutral - PE
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> Coupling to unshielded unsymmetrical interconnections lines NEW
Switch S1 :
- Line to Earth : Position 0
- Line to Line : Position 1 to 4
Surge & Ringwave
DCD5 SR-4-1
Switch S2 : DCD5 SR-4-4
CNV 504N1 DCD5 SR-8-1
- during the test : Positions 1 to 4 but DCD5 SR-8-4
not in same position as switch S1
Switch S3 :
- Position coupling with gas arrestor to
symmetrical I/O lines
- Position capacitive coupling 0.5uF
asymmetrical I/O lines
- Position capacitive coupling 3.0uF
Ringwave
Alternative coupling via clamping circuit
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> Coupling on I/O lines via CNV508N1 unshielded unsymmetrical
Example Earth connector EUT EUT Lines between the coupling
network and the EUT must not
exceed 2 m of length
Generator connector
- red -> HV Example:
- black -> COM Coupling line 1 to
earth (PE)
AE
Grounding of the
CDN
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> Unshielded symmetrical interconnection lines
Line to Ground coupling Changes to Ed 3 :2014
IEC 61000-4-5 Ed2, Figure 14 IEC 61000-4-5 Ed3, Figure 10 and Figure A4
Figure 10 Figure A4
1.2/50us Generator 1.2/50us Generator
Rm2= n x 40 , max. 250 Rc= 40
10/700us Generator 10/700us Generator Other coupling devices
Rm2= n x 25 , max. 250 Rc= 25 than gas arrestors (GDT)
are allowed.
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Test set-up for shielded lines ground at both sides
Figure 12
NOTE 1 It is permissible for the power to the EUT and/or the AE to be provided via a decoupling network,
rather than via the isolating transformer shown. In this case, the EUT's protective earth
connection should not be connected to the decoupling network.
NOTE 2 D.C. supplied EUT and/or AE should be powered through the decoupling networks.
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IEC 61000-4-5 Edition 3 (2014) Changes to Ed 3 :2014
Figure 12 Test setup for shielded lines Figures in Ed.2 are replaced by
The EUT is isolated from ground and the surge (2Ω) is applied to its
metallic enclosure; the termination (or auxiliary equipment) at the
port(s) under test is grounded.
Cable length:
− 20 m (preferred length) or
− the shortest length over 10 m, where the manufacturer provides
pre-assembled cables used in actual installations
→ No test shall be required for cables which according to the
manufacturer’s specification are ≤ 10 m.
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Test set-up for shielded cables
20m shielded signal line
laid in meandering manner
High voltage connector,
To be connected at the central
earthing poing of EUT 1 Auxiliary Equipment
Insulating or EUT2
transformer
EUT1
Grounding of EUT 2
to the reference earth.
Reference earth of high voltage
source, that has to be connected as
return conductor to reference earth.
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> Test set-up for shielded lines grounded only at both and one end
Rules for application of the surge to shielded lines:
a) Shields grounded at both ends:
– the test shall be carried out according to Figure 12.
The test level is applied on shields with a 2 Ω generator source
impedance and with the 18 μF capacitor
b) Shields grounded at one end:
– the test shall be carried out according to 7.4 or 7.5
(see Figure 4) because the shield does not provide any
protection against surges induced by magnetic fields.
NOTE 2:
In this case, surge testing is not applied to the shield.
Changes to Ed 3 :2014
Figure 4
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> Test set-up for shielded lines grounded only at both and one end
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> Coupling on fast symmetrically operated I/O lines
Surge tests to high speed data-lines Changes to Ed 3 :2014
Coupling as per figure 11 of IEC 61000-4-5 Ed. 3 :2014
EM Test up to 1GBit/s
CNI 508N2
Surge 1.2/50µ up to 3kV
Burst 5/50n up to 4kV
POE, POE+ compatible
HSC 4-8
Surge 1.2/50µ up to 3kV
AE Port Burst 5/50n up to 4kV
max. 40V Ringwave (0.5µ/100kHz) up to 4kV
POE, POE+ compatible
Figure 11
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Coupling on fast symmetrically operated I/O lines
Example for coupling as per figure 11 of IEC 61000-4-5 Ed. 3.0:2012
Coupling to unshielded lines Coupling to shield with additional
AE protection with SPN 508N1
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Test procedure for Surge with 1-phase EUT
The test procedure includes:
– the verification of the test instrumentation according to 7.2.
– the establishment of the laboratory reference conditions;
– the confirmation of the correct operation of the EUT;
– the execution of the test;
– the evaluation of the test results (see Clause 9 ;Criteria A,B,C,D)
• 5 test-pulses for every setting
(Level, Coupling, Angle, Polarity).
• Time between successive pulses:
1 min or less.
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> TOPICS FOR EDITION 3 (maintenance results)
Testing of double-insulated products Changes to Ed 3 :2014
No line to ground surges are applied for double-insulated products (i.e. products without any dedicated
earth terminal).
NOTE 2 Product committees may decide if line to ground surge testing is applicable to double-insulated
products with earthed connections other than PE.
Example: A product standard requires 4kV common mode and 2kV differential mode. For a single phase EUT it must be
tested with 1kV between L and N and with 2kV between L and PE as well as between N and PE. According to the
requirement for the coupling/decoupling network, the EUT may ‘see’ 1,5kV between L and N during the common mode
tests. In the past some equipment failed the common mode tests with damages in the path between L and N, although
the differential mode tests have been passed.
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Annex A (Telecom Surge) Waveform of open-circuit voltage (10/700 µs)
The surge testing for outdoor communication lines
(telecom part) is moved to Annex A.
The waveform definition is seen in the table blow.
Table A.1 – Definitions of the waveform parameters
10/700 µs – 5/320 µs
Source impedance 40 Ohm Waveform of short-circuit current (5/320 µs)
Table A.2 – Relationship between peak open-circuit
voltage and peak short-circuit current
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Surge generators
Current Surge generators from the AMETEK CTS product lines
Compact NX5 Compact NX7 VCS 500Nx 8 VCS 500N12 + CDN 100 A
NSG 3040A NSG 3060A NSG 3150 (15 kV)
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CONDUCTED RF EQUIPMENT POWER AMPLIFIERS
Thank you!
Accelonix B.V.
Luchthavenweg 18-b
5657 EB Eindhoven
T: +31 40 750 1650 E: [email protected]
67
Coffee break
Demo NX5
