Basic / Elementary Signals

■ Standard signals are used for the analysis of systems. These signals are;

– Unit step function

– Unit ramp function
– Unit impulse or Delta function
– Complex exponential function
– Sinusoidal function

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 1. Unit Step function (𝑢 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑢,𝑛-)
Parameter CT unit step signal 𝒖(𝒕) DT unit step signal 𝒖,𝒏-
Definition The unit step signal has amplitude of „1‟ for positive values of time and it has amplitude
of „0‟ for negative values of time.
Mathematical 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑢,𝑛- =
representation 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
𝑢 𝑡 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0 or 𝑢 𝑛 = *… , 0,0,0,1,1,1,1, … +

Waveform

Significance DT unit step signal is sampled version of CT unit step signal

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 2. Unit Ramp function
Parameter CT unit ramp signal 𝒓(𝒕) DT unit ramp signal 𝒓,𝒏-
Definition It is linearly growing function for positive values of time.
Mathematical 𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑟,𝑛- =
representation 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0

Waveform

Significance Ramp function indicates linear function

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Exp 5: A CTS 𝒙 𝒕 is shown in Fig. Sketch and label each of the following
signals

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Exp 6: A DTS 𝒙[n] is shown in Fig. Sketch and label each of the following
signals

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 3. Real Exponential Signal
Parameter CT real exponential signals DT real exponential signals

Definition It is exponentially growing or decaying signal

Mathematical 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑒 𝛼𝑡 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑏𝑟 𝑛
representation 𝑏 and 𝛼 are real If 𝑟 = 𝑒 𝛼
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑏𝑒 𝛼𝑛
𝑏 and 𝛼 are real

Waveform x(t)
𝛼<0 Decaying x[n]
0<𝑟<1
Decaying

t n

x(t) 𝛼>0 Rising x[n] 𝑟>1

Rising

n
t

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4. Complex Exponential Signal
■ When exponent is purely imaginary, then signal is said to be complex exponential
■ It is given as
■ CT: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
■ DT: 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑛

5. Sinusoidal Signal
■ It is given as
■ CT: 𝑥 𝑡 = cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
■ DT: 𝑥 𝑛 = cos(𝜔𝑛 + 𝜙)

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Continuous-Time Complex Exponential
Signals
Ceat (C is expressed in polar form
and a in rectangular form)
Continuous-Time Complex Exponential
Signals
Discrete-Time Real Exponential Signals

x[n]  C n
Unit Impulse Signal

■ Continuous Time Unit Impulse Signal is 𝜹(𝒕)

■ It is also known as dirac delta
■ It is defined as “Area under unit impulse is „1‟ as its width approaches zero. Thus, it
has zero value everywhere except 𝑡 = 0”
■ Thus, coefficient with 𝛿 𝑡 shows its strength or area not amplitude

∞
𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 0
■ 𝛿 𝑡 = −∞
1
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≠ 0

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 A) Time Shifting
i) 𝛿 𝑡 − 2 ii) 𝛿 𝑡 + 3

2 -3

B) Amplitude Scaling C) Time Scaling

2 2/5 1
iii) 𝛿 𝑡 ■ 𝛿 𝑎𝑡 = 𝛿 𝑡
5 𝑎
1
■ 𝛿,𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 )- = 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
𝑎
0

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Properties of CT Unit Impulse or Delta function 𝛿(𝑡)
■ 1) Integrating a unit impulse function results in „1‟
+∞
■ −∞
𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1
+∞
■ −∞
𝐴𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴

■ 2) The scaled version of 𝛿(𝑎𝑡) is

1
■ 𝛿 𝑎𝑡 = 𝛿 𝑡
𝑎

■ 3) The flipped version of 𝛿(𝑎𝑡) is

■ 𝛿 −𝑡 = 𝛿 𝑡
■ 4) When an arbitrary function 𝒇(𝒕) is multiplied by a shifted impulse
function, the product is given by;
+∞
■ −∞
𝑓 𝑡 𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡=0
+∞
■ −∞
𝑓 𝑡 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑡=𝑡𝑜

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 +∞ −𝑡 −2 −𝑡
Exp 1: Evaluate i) −∞
𝑒 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡 ii) −5
𝑒 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡
+∞ −𝑡 −2 −𝑡
(i) −∞
𝑒 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡 ii) −5
𝑒 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡
1
■ 𝛿 2𝑡 − 2 = 𝛿 2 𝑡 − 1 = 𝛿 𝑡−1 =0
2

*Unit impulse should be present between the

+∞ −𝑡 1 limits of integration
■ = −∞
𝑒 𝛿 𝑡 − 1 𝑑𝑡
2
1 +∞ −𝑡
■ = −∞
𝑒 𝛿 𝑡 − 1 𝑑𝑡
2
1
■ = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡=1
2
1
■ = 𝑒 −1
2

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Exp 2: Show that

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Solution:

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Exp 3: Evaluate the following integrals

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Solution:

■ (a)

■ (b)

■ (c)

■ (d)

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