Unit 4

Topic vocabulary: Change

 Adapt (v) = to change, or to change sth, to suit different conditions or uses:
sửa đổi cho phù hợp; thay đổi để phù hợp, thích nghi

Eg: Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new
operating system.

 Adjust (v) = to change sth slightly, esp to make it more correct, effective or
suitable: điều chỉnh, chỉnh sửa

Eg: If the chair is too high, you can adjust it to suit you.

 Alternate (v) = to happen or exist one after the other repeatedly: luân phiên,
xen kẽ

Eg: She alternated between cheerfulness and deep despair.

 Alternate (a) có tính luân phiên, xen kẽ

 Alternative (a;n) thay thế

 Amend (v) = to change the words of a text, esp a law or a legal document:
sửa cho tốt hơn, cải thiện

Eg: amend a law: bổ sung một đạo luật

 Conservative (a) = not liking or trusting change: bảo thủ

 Convert (v) = to (cause someone or sth to) change in form or character: biến
đổi

Eg: Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom?

 Decay (v) sâu, hư, mục

Eg: Sugar makes your teeth decay.

 Deteriorate (v) = to become worse >< Improve (v) = to become better

  Distort (v) = to change sth so that it is false or wrong, or no longer means
what it was intended to mean: xuyên tạc, bóp méo (sự thật, hiện thực v.v)

 Dynamic (a) = enthusiastic and having a lot of ideas: năng động, sôi nổi

 Endure (v) = to suffer sth difficult, unpleasant or painful: chịu đựng

Eg: We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.

 Evolve (v) = to develop gradually: tiến hóa

 Influence (n) sự ảnh hưởng

Eg: Helen’s a bad/ good influence on him.

 Influence (v) = to affect or change how someone or sth develops, behaves or

thinks: tác động, có ảnh hưởng

 Innovation (n) = the use of a new idea or method: sự cách tân, đổi mới

 Innovative (a) = using new ideas or methods: sáng tạo, cách tân

 Last (v) = to continue to exist: kéo dài

Eg: The meeting lasted two hours.

 Maintain (v) duy trì, bảo dưỡng

Eg: The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region.

( * order: trật tự * )

 Mature (a)

1. (Mature people behaving like adults in a way that shows they are
emotionally well-developed): chín chắn, trưởng thành

2. (A mature decision is one that made after a lot of careful thought): kĩ càng,
cẩn thận

 Modify (v) = to change sth such as a plan, opinion, law or way of behavior
slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable: sửa đổi
  Novel (v) = new and strange: mới mẻ; độc đáo

Eg: He hit on a novel idea to solve his fianancial problems.

 Persist (v):

1. = If an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to exist: dai dẳng,

kéo dài

Eg: If the pain persists, consult a doctor.

2. = to try to do or continue doing something in a determined but often

unreasonable way: khăng khăng, cố chấp

Eg: If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss.

 Potential (a) = having or showing the capacity to become or develop into sth
in the future: tiềm năng

 Progress (n)/(v): (sự) tiến lên, tiến tới; tiến bộ

 Radical (a) = far-reaching or thorough: triệt để

 Refine (v) = to make something pure or improve something, especially by

removing unwanted material: tinh chế

 Reform (n) sự cải tạo, cải cách

 Remain (v) = to continue to exist, or stay: vẫn còn ở đó, ở lại; tiếp tục

Eg: Our friendship still remains although we haven’t been together much.

 Revise (v):

1. = to re-examine and make alterations to: sửa đổi

2. = to reread work done previously to improve one’s knowledge of a subject,

typically to prepare for an exam: ôn lại

Eg: “students frantically revising for exams”

 Revolution (n):
 1. = forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favor of a new
system: cuộc cách mạng

Eg: “the American Revolution”

2. = the movement of an object in a circular or elliptical course around another

or about an axis or center: sự quay vòng

Eg: “observing the revolution about the axis of rotation”

 Shift (v) = move or cause to move from one place to another, especially over
a small distance.: xê dịch, dịch chuyển

 Shift (n)

1. = a slight change in position, direction or tendency: sự chuyển dịch, thay đổi

nhỏ

2. one of two or more recurring periods in which different groups of workers

do the same jobs in relay: ca, kíp (làm việc)

 Spoil (v):

1. = to diminish or destroy the value of quality: làm hỏng

2. = to harm the character of (someone, esp a child) by being too lenient or

indulgent: làm hư (đứa trẻ) do chiều chuộng quá

 Status quo/ˌsteɪ.t̬ əs ˈkwoʊ/ (n phr): = the present situation or condition:

nguyên trạng, hiện trạng

 Steady (a)

1. = firmly fixed, supported or balanced; not shaking or moving: vững chắc

2. = regular, even and continuous in development, frequency or intensity: ổn

định

 Substitute (v) = to use someone or sth instead of another: thay thế

Eg: Dayton was substituted for Williams in the second half of the game.
  Substitute (n) = a person or thing acting or serving in place of another:
người/ vật thay thế

 Sustain (v):

1. ~ continue: tiếp tục, duy trì

Eg: He seems to find it difficult to sustain relationships with women.

2. ~ suffer: chịu đựng

Eg: She sustained multiple injuries in the accident.

3. ~ support: giúp

Eg: The love of my family and friends sustained my through my ordeal.

 Switch (n,v):

1. công tắc

2. = a sudden or complete change, especially of one person or thing for

another: sự chuyển đổi

 Transform (v) = to make a thorough or dramatic change in the form,

appearance or character of: biến đổi

 Trend (n) xu hướng

 Uniform (a) = the same; not changing or different in any way: giống nhau; y
hệt

Eg: The office walls and furniture are a uniform gray.

Topic vocabulary: Technology

 Breakthrough (n) = a discovery or achievement that comes after a lot of hard
work: sự đột phá

 Broadband (n) băng thông rộng (là một đường truyền dữ liệu mà cho phép
truyền nhiều tín hiệu)

 Click (v) nhấp chuột

  Complex (a) phức tạp

1. = involving a lot of different but related parts

2. = difficult to understand or find an answer to because of having many

different parts

Eg: The film's plot was so complex that I couldn't follow it.

 Consumer electronics: điện tử gia dụng (-> các thiết bị dùng trong gia đình)

 Craft (v) = to make or produce sth skillfully: làm thủ công

 Craft (n) nghề thủ công

 Data (n) dữ liệu

 Download (v) tải xuống >< Upload (v) tải lên

 File (n) tệp

 Game console (n phr) tay chơi game

 Manual (a) = done with the hands: (lao động) chân tay, thủ công

 Network (n) mạng lưới; (v) liên kết

 Nuclear (a) hạt nhân

 Offline (a) ngoại tuyến

 Online (a) trực tuyến

 Primitive (a) = of or typical of an early stage of development; not advanced

or complicated in structure: thô sơ, nguyên thủy

 Programmer (n) lập trình viên

 Resource (n) = sth you can use in your work or study: nguồn, tài liệu

 Technique (n) = a method of doing sth using a special skill that you have
developed: kỹ thuật
Phrasal verbs
 Back up: = to make a copy of information on your computer: sao dự phòng

 Change sth around: = to move things so that they are in different places or
positions: thay đổi vị trí đồ vật

Eg: The room looks very different since you've changed the furniture around.

 Change into: = to stop being in one state, condition or form and start being
in another; ~ to become a different thing: chuyển thành

Eg: At what point does boiling water change into vapor?

 Change out of: = to take off the clothes or a piece of clothing you are
wearing and put on different ones: thay quần áo

Eg: Give me five minutes to change out of (= remove) my work clothes and I'll
come out with you.

 Do away with: = to get rid of

 Do up: to repair, paint and improve an old building, car, boat, etc.: sửa chữa,
tân trang

 Fade away: = to slowly disappear, lose importance or become weaker: dần

phai nhạt, biến mất

Eg: As the years passed, the memories faded away.

 Key in: đánh máy (-> nhập thông tin)

 Make into: = to change someone or sth so that they become sth else: chuyển
cái này thành cái khác

 Mix (sb) up: nhầm lẫn

Eg: I always mix those two sisters up because they look so like each other.

 Mix-up (n) = a mistake that causes confusion: sự nhầm lẫn

Eg: Eg: There was a mix-up at the office and we all received the wrong forms.
  Switch on/ off: bật/ tắt công tắc

 Take apart: = to separate an object into pieces: chia nhỏ, bóc tách

 Test out: = to try using sth such as a machine or product to find out whether
it works correctly or is satisfactory: thử nghiệm

Eg: The students tested out their cost-cutting ideas in several companies.

 Turn into: = to change or develop into sth different: trở thành

 Use up: = to finish a supply of sth: dùng hết

 Wear sb out: = to make someone exhausted

Eg: Walking around a museum all day really wears me out.

 Wear (sth) out: = to use sth a lot so that it no longer works, or can no longer
be used: dùng nhiều đến nỗi làm hỏng

Phrases, patterns and collocations

Access
 (have/ gain/// provide) access to: có/// cung cấp quyền truy cập tới

 Internet access: quyền truy cập Internet

 Wheelchair access: có lối vào cho người ngồi xe lăn

Break
 Break a habit: = to stop doing sth that is a habit, usually sth bad or harmful:
thôi cái thói, dừng thói

Eg: Interrupting others is annoying, so try to break the habit.

 Break with tradition: = to do sth different from what is usually done: phá bỏ
truyền thống

 Make a break (for sth): = to suddenly run away from someone to escape:
vùng chạy
Eg: He made a break for the exit.

 Take/ have/// need a break: nghỉ ngơi/// cần được nghỉ ngơi

 A welcome break: (If sth is welcome, you are please to do it): điều được
mong đợi

Eg: The holiday was a welcome break/ change/ relief.

 Lunch/ tea/ coffee break

Change
 Change from sth to: thay đổi từ A thành B

 Change sth into: = to stop being in one state, condition, or form and start
being in another: trở thành

Eg: At what point does boiling water change into vapor?

 Change for the better/ worse: biến đổi trở nên tốt/ tệ hơn

 Change your mind: = to form an opinion or make a decision about sth that is
not the same as the one you first had: đổi ý

 Change the subject: = to talk sth different

 Make a change: = to change

 Undergo a change: trải qua sự thay đổi

Clock
 Set a clock: đặt báo thức

 Watch the clock: = to keep looking at the time on a clock or a watch because
you are bored or you want something to end

 Against the clock: (If you do sth against the clock, you do it as fast as
possible and try to finish it before a certain time) chạy đua với thời gian

 (A)round the clock: = all day and all nigh, 24/7

  Clockwise: theo chiều kim đồng hồ

Date
 Date from: = to be made since a particular time in the past

Eg: These sculptures must date from the middle of the 7th century.

 Date back to: = to have existed for a particular length of time or since a
particular time

Eg: This tradition dates back to medieval times.

 Keep (sth) up to date: = to include the most recent news and information:
cập nhật mới nhất

 Set/ fix a date: = to decide on a particular time when something will happen:
chọn ngày

 Go on/ make a date with sb: đi hẹn hò

 At a later/ future date: = at some time in the future: vào một lúc nào đó trong
tương lai

 To date: = until now: tới thời điểm hiện tại

Eg: There have been no reports of the animal being seen to date.

Demand
 Demand sth from sb = to ask for something forcefully, in a way
that shows that you do not expect to be refused: yêu cầu thứ gì từ ai

Eg: The library demanded $5 for each book returned late.

 Meet/ satisfy a demand = agree to one’s demand: đáp ứng nhu cầu

Eg: She was not willing to meet his demands.

 Make demands on: = to be a lot for someone or sth to deal with: đòi hỏi, gây
áp lực

Eg: Enforcing the current law is making ridiculous demands on police.

  Demand for: = a need for sth

 In demand: = to be needed or wanted by a lot of people: cần đến

Eg: Good teachers are always in (great) demand (= are always needed).

 On demand: = whenever you need or want it: theo yêu cầu

Eg: It can be difficult to adjust to a baby’s need to feed on demand.

Eg: They believe that abortion should be available on demand.

Energy
 Have/ lack the energy to do: = to have/ lack the power or ability to
be physically and mentally active: có năng lượng/ thiếu năng lượng

Eg: I didn’t even have the energy to get out of bed.

 Put/ throw your energy into: = to give money or effort to an acvitiy: đặt
nhiệt huyết vào việc gì, hăng hái

Eg: Christine threw her energies into her teaching.

 Nuclear energy: năng lượng hạt nhân

 Source of energy: nguồn năng lượng

 Energy needs: nhu cầu năng lượng

 Energy crisis: khủng hoảng năng lượng (sự suy giảm nguồn năng lượng
khiến giá tăng cao, vd khủng hoảng năng dầu mỏ 1973)

Form
 Form an impression/ opinion/ idea: ~ to draw conclusions from an
examination or assessment

 Take/assume the form of: = change/have the same appearance as something:

thành hình

 Fill in/out a form = put information in the document: điền đơn

  In the form of: = having the shape, character, style etc of: dưới hình thức

Eg: He wrote a novel in the form of a diary.

 In good/bad form: = the state of someone’s mood and health at

a particular time: thể trạng, tình hình sức khỏe

Eg: I saw Sam last night – he was in great form.

 Application form: = an official document that you have to submit to get the

job: đơn xin việc

Good
 Good (for sb) to do: có lợi khi làm gì

 A good/ great deal of sth: = a large amount of sth: lượng lớn, nhiều

Eg: She spent a good deal of time on the project.

 A good many/ few: = a fairly large number of things or people: nhiều

Eg: A good many people were upset about the new tax.

 For sb’s own good: = for one’s benefit even though it may not be enjoyable
or desire: vì tốt cho bạn

 No good: = useless

 It’s no good V_ing: = It’s not worth V_ing = There’s no using V_ing =
There’s no point in V_ing

Know
 Know about: = to be knowledgeable about or skilled at: hiểu biết

 Know better (than to do sth): = to be wise or moral enough not to do sth

I'm surprised at you behaving so badly - you ought to/should know better.

 Get to know: = to start to be familiar with someone or sth: dần quen với

Eg: It took a while to get to know the city properly.

  Let sb know: = to tell someone sth: cho ai đó biết

 In the know: having information possessed only by a small group of people:

biết rõ sự việc

 Know-how: = practical knowledge, experience and ability: bí quyết

Eg: business/financial/technical know-how

Lead
 Lead the way: = to be the first to do sth, esp to achieve success and to show
others how to do it: tiên phong

 Lead the world: = to be the most successful in the world: vĩ đại

 Lead sb to do: = to cause or compel one to do sth: bắt ai đó làm gì

 Lead to (sth)/ down/ through: = to tend (to) or result in: dẫn tới/ xuống/ qua

 Take/ hold the lead: to become the leader in a competition: dẫn đầu, lãnh đạo

 Follow sb’s lead: = to do the same thing that someone else has done: làm
theo hướng dẫn

 In the lead: = ahead of other competitors or entities (often in a race or

game): dẫn đầu

Link
 Link to: = an association with: liên kết, gắn kết

 Link sth/ sb to/ with: nối, liên kết

 Click on/ follow a link: bấm vào/ theo đường link

 (Find/ prove/ establish) a link between: mối liên kết, liên hệ

Place
 Change/ swap/ trade places (with someone): = to take someone’s position
while they take yours: hoán đổi vị trí
Eg: I’d love to swap places with someone famous, just for a day.

 Take the place of/ take sb’s place: = to replace (someone or sth)

Eg: Who will take the place of the current pope?

 Put sth in(to) place: to put sth in proper place or location: đặt vào đúng vị trí

 Out of place: = not comfortable in or not suitable for a situation: lạc lõng,
không phù hợp

Eg: The picture looks out of place here.

 In place of: = instead of

Eg: In place of ordinary light bulbs, you could use fluorescent lamps.

 Place of work: nơi làm việc

 be no place for: = to be NOT suitable for someone or sth: không phù hợp

Eg: A damp flat is no place for someone with asthma.

Process
 The process of sth: quy trình

 In the process of doing sth: trong quá trình làm gì

 Peace process: tiến trình hòa bình (là tập hợp các cuộc đàm phán, thỏa thuận
và hành động chính trị xã hội nhằm giải quyết xung đột vũ trang)

 A process of elimination: phương pháp loại trừ

Eg: She know who he was by a process of elimination.

Purpose
 Serve a purpose: = to be useful in some way: nhằm mục đích

 The purpose of doing sth: mục đích làm việc nào đó

 Sb’s purpose in doing sth: mục đích của ai khi làm việc gì
Eg: Her main/primary purpose in suing the newspaper for libel was to clear her
name.

 A sense of purpose: chí hướng

 On purpose: = intentionally; NOT by accident: cố tình, có chủ ý

Reality
 Escape from reality: trốn tránh hiện thực

 Face (up to) reality: đối mặt với hiện thực

 Become a reality: trở thành hiện thực

 In reality: -> used to say that the true situation is different from what has
been said or thought: thực tế

Eg: Reports put the death toll at 50, when in reality it was closer to 200.

 Virtual reality: thực tế ảo

 Reality TV: truyền hình thực tế

Tool
 A tool for (doing sth): công cụ để làm gì

 A tool of: đồ nghề của cái gì

 Toolbar (n) thanh công cụ

 Tool kit: = a set of tools that are used for making or repairing sth: bộ đồ nghề

 Tool box: = a box or container for keeping tools in: hộp công cụ

Use
 Use sth for (doing sth): sử dụng cái gì để làm gì

 Use sth to do sth: sử dụng cái gì để làm gì (thông dụng hơn use sth for
doing)

 Use sb/ sth as: = to make someone or sth function as sth

Eg: You have used me as your tool!

 Use sth properly: sử dụng đúng

 Have many uses: to be useful for more than one purpose: có nhiều tác dụng

 In use: = being used: đang được sử dụng

 Of (no) use: (không) hữu dụng

 It’s/ There’s no use V_ing: = It’s no good V_ing

 What’s the use (of doing sth): -> used to say that sth is NOT likely to have a
successful result and so there is no point in doing it: “Để làm gì cơ chứ?”

Eg: What’s the use? We’re bound to lose anyway.

Web
 Surf the web: lướt web/ mạng

 On the web: trên mạng

 Website/ web: trang chủ, trang web

 Web page: một nhánh con về thông tin của website

 Webcam: -> dùng để gọi video hoặc chụp hình trên máy tính

 World wide web (WWW): thế giới mạng

 Webmaster (n) = the person who maintains a particular website: quản trị
trang web

 Weblog/ blog: = a regular record of your thoughts, opinions, or experiences

that you put on the internet for other people to read: nhật kí đăng trên mạng

Wheel
 Take the wheel: = to drive a vehicle: cầm lái

 At/ behind the wheel: = in the act of driving: cầm lái

Eg: I'm a different person when I'm behind the wheel.

 be hell on wheels: = to behave in an angry or difficult way: nóng tính, dễ cáu

Eg: When he was drinking, Ken was hell on wheels.

 Wheel of fortune: bánh xe số phận (lá bài Tarot)

Idioms
 A leopard doesn’t/ can’t change its spots: -> used to say that someone will
never change their behavior or character: giang sơn dễ đổi bản tính khó dời

 Mod cons: = modern machines and devices in your house that make life
easier and more comfortable

Eg: The kitchen is fully equipped with all mod cons including a dishwasher.

 Break the mould: = to do sth new and different

 Change your tune: to change your opinion or attidue: thay đổi ý kiến, thái độ

 Have a change of heart: = to change your opinion about sth and decide not to
do sth you were planning to do: thay đổi ý định

Eg: She was going to sell her house but had a change of heart at the last minute.

 Know sth inside out: = to know sth very well; to be familiar with: biết rõ;
quen thuộc

 Reinvent the wheel: = to waste time trying to create sth that someone else
has already created

 Stand/ stick to your guns: = to refuse to change what you are saying or doing
despite the opposition or criticism: giữ vững lập trường

 The tools of the trade: = the skills and equipment that you need in order to
do your job: công cụ cần thiết để làm công việc của bạn

Eg: For a writer, dictionaries are the tools of the trade.

 Turn over a new leaf: = to change your life by starting to be a better person
Word formation

Adapt
 Adaptation (n) = the process of changing to suit different condition: sự thích
nghi

 Adaptable (a) = able or willing to change: có thể thích ứng

Adjust
 Readjust (v) điều chỉnh lại, sửa chữa

 Adjustment (to sth) (n) = a small change

* make a adjustment *

 Adjustable (a) = able to change to suit particular needs: có thể sửa đổi

Alter
 Alteration (to sth): = a slight change in the appearance, character or structure
of sth: sự thay đổi

* make alterations to *

 Unalterable (a) không thể thay đổi

 Unaltered (a) còn nguyên

 Alternate (v) = to happen or exist one after the other repeatedly: luân phiên

 Alternative (n) vật thay thế

Arrange
 Rearrange (v) = to change the time, order, or position of arrangements
already made: sắp xếp lại

 (Re)arrangement (n) sự sắp xếp lại

 Arranged (a) được sắp xếp, sắp đặt

Capable
 Capable: = able to do things effectively and skifully, and to achieve results:
có năng lực -> capability (n) năng lực

Eg: She's a very capable woman/worker/judge.

 Capable of sth/doing sth: = having the ability, power or qualities to be able

to do sth: có khả năng, có năng lực

Eg: A force ten wind is capable of blowing the roofs off houses.

Eg: When she's drunk she's capable of saying (= likely to say) awful, rude things.

 Incapable (a) >< capable

 Capably (adv)

Change
 Exchange: = to give, or give up, in return for sth else: đổi, trao đổi

 Changover (n) = a complete change from one system or method to another:

sự thay đổi toàn diện (về một hệ thống, phương pháp, điện: đổi chiều,…)

 Changing (a) = in a state of becoming different: thay đổi >< unchanging (a)

Eg: Our changing eating habits are causing doctors concern.

 Changeable (a) = often changing: hay thay đổi, thất thường >< unchangeable

Eg: She finds it difficult to cope with his changeable moods.

 Interchangeable (a) = able to be exchanged with each other without making

any difference or withou being noticed: có thể hoán đổi, tương tự

Eg: Similar and equal are interchangeable in some context.

Continue
 Discontinue (v) = to stop or put an end to: làm gián đoạn

 Continuity (n) the state of being continuous or logically related: tính liên tục;

tính thống nhất
Eg: It is important to children to have some continuity in their education.

 Continuation (n) = the fact of continuing or a thing that continues or follows

from sth else: sự tiếp tục, sự nối tiếp

Eg: the continuation of his studies after the coronavirus pandemic.

 Continual(ly) (a)/(adv) = repeatedly: xảy ra liên tiếp, chốc chốc lại xảy tới

Eg: I felt annoyed by his continual interruptions.

Eg: Continually update yourself on COVID-19 (trích từ www.who.int)

 Continuous(ly) (a)/ (adv) = without a pause or interruption: không ngừng,

không dứt

Eg: The rain has been continuous since this morning.

Eg: WHO is continuously monitoring and responding to Corona outbreak

(trích từ www.who.int) (monitor: giám sát)

Convert
 Conversion (n) = the act of converting: sự biến đổi

Eg: Solar power is the conversion of the sun's energy into heat and electricity.

 Convertible (a): that may or can be converted: có thể chuyển đổi được

Electric
 Electrify (v) = to make a machine or system operate using electricity when it
did not before: điện khí hóa

Eg: The line was electrified in the 1970s.

 Electrician (n) thợ điện

 Electricity (n) điện

 Electric (a) = using electricity for power: chạy bằng điện

Eg: an electric blanket/car/kettle/light

  Electrical (a) = relating to electricity: thuộc về điện

Eg: electrical equipment/goods/devices: thiết bị điện

Endure
 Endurance (n) = the ability to keep doing sth difficult, unpleasant, or painful
for a long time: sức chịu đựng

Eg: Running a marathon is a test of human endurance.

 Endurable (a) the fact that something difficult, unpleasant, or painful is

possible to deal with: có thể chịu nổi >< unendurable (a)

Eg: The workload was barely endurable, but the experience was priceless.

 Enduring (a) = existing for a long time: lâu dài, còn mãi

Eg: the enduring appeal of cartoons

Evolve
 Evolution (n) sự tiến hóa

 Evolutionary (a) (thuộc) tiến hóa

Flexible
 Flexible (a):

1. = able to change or be changed easily according to the situation: linh hoạt

Eg: My schedule is flexible - I could arrange to meet with you any day next week.

2. = able to bend or to be bent easily without breaking: dẻo dai, dễ uốn

 Flexible (a) >< inflexible (a)

 Flexibility (n) >< inflexibility (n)

Influence
 Influential (a) having a lot of influence on someone or sth: có sức ảnh hưởng

Mature
  Mature (a) chín chắn, trưởng thành >< immature (a)

 Maturity (n) tính chín chắn, trưởng thành >< immaturity (n)

 Maturation (n) = the process of becoming completely developed mentally

and emotionally: quá trình trưởng thành

Modern
 Modernize (v) to make sth more modern: hiện đại hóa -> mordenization (n)

 Modernity (a) = the condition of being modern

New
 Renew (v) = to make sth new again: tái tạo, làm mới -> renewal (n)

 Renewable (a) = able to be renewed: có thể tái tạo

 Newness (n) sự mới mẻ, khác lạ

Eg: Kids lose their enthusiasm for things when the sense of newness wears off.

 Newly (adv) = recently

 Anew (adv) = again

Persist
 Persistence (n) sự khăng khăng, dai dẳng; tính kiên trì, bền bỉ

Eg: Most financial analysts have been surprised by the persistence of the recession.

Eg: Her persistence and enthusiasm have helped the group to achieve its
international success.

 Persistent(ly) (a)/(adv) khăng khăng; bền bỉ

Place
 Replace (v) thay thế -> replacement (n)

 Placement (n) a temporary position or job in an organization: vị trí/công việc

tạm thời
  Replaceable (a) that can be replaced: có thể thay thế >< irreplaceable (a)

Eg: Don't worry - all that stolen stuff is replaceable.

Process
 Processor (n) bộ xử lý

 Processed (a) đã được chế biến

Eg: processed cheese/meat

Revolt
 Revolt (v)

1. = to rebel (against a government etc.): nổi dậy

Eg: The army revolted against the dictator.

2. = to disgust: làm kinh tởm

Eg: His habits revolt me.

 Revolutionize: to cause great changes in (ideas, methods,…): cách mạng hóa

 Revolution (n) cuộc cách mạng

 Revolutionary (a) (thuộc) cách mạng

 Revolting (a) = extremely unpleasant; disgusting: kinh tởm, gây khó chịu

Eg: a revolting smell of rotting cabbage

Eg: Picking your nose is a revolting habit.