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Table of Contents

The guilt, Rayda Jacobs…………………………2

When The Sun Goes Down, Goro wa Kamau….8

Leaving, Moyez G. Vassanji…………………...15

The War of the Ears, Moses Isegawa…………21

The Mirror, Haruki Murakami……………….30

Diamond Dust, Anita Desai……………………35

Arrested Development, Sandisile Tshuma……42

Sandra Street, Michael Anthony……………...48

Twilight Trek, Sefi Atta………………………..52

I Stand Here Ironing, Tillie Olsen………..........65

The Retraction, Stanley Onjezani Kenani….....77

The Bamboo Hut, Grace Ogot…………………85

Tuesday Siesta, Gabriel Garcia Marquez……..91

Two Stories of a House, Leila Abouzeid………100

Law of the Grazing Fields, Cyprian Ekwensi..106

White Hands, Jane Katjavivi………………….112

The Guilt, Rayda Jacobs (South Africa)

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 1. Plot
a. Introduction

We meet Mrs. Lilian Thurgood at the side of her house

picking guavas. Her two dogs: Tembi and Tor alert her of
somebody‟s presence at her gate. She is not a very strong
woman; she walks with the aid of a cane. Flowers are
everywhere sprouting in her compound and this gives her
pleasure.

b. Narrative Hook
She engage‟s the man at the gate in a conversation

c. Rising Action
William Sidlay has a letter to prove that he is collecting
money for some organization. He is looking for
handouts(donations) if he can‟t find work. Lilian doubts the
authenticity of the letter.
Even as she rummages for change in her purse, she knew she
was making a mistake to empathize with William. People like
William took advantage of people like Lilian or murdered
them. Lilian, like the rest of the whites, was filled with guilt
of having gained her privileged position because of her race.
She gives him the five rand, even though she could ill afford
it.
d. Climax
William offers to work for the money. He says it‟s too
much. She opens the gate for him to clean her garden,
despite doubts. He however refuses to stop working when
she (Lilian) makes the request. She had to go into the

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 house for the phone was ringing. William followed her
there.
e. Falling Action
Lilian bids him to leave but he declines. He demands 10
rand for his effort. When she threatens to call her
husband, William tells her that she lives alone. He insists
on ten rand besides the 5 he‟d been given.
f. Dénouement
Feeling threatened she sets the dogs on him. She gets a
gun from her bedroom. She gets back her five rand before
seeing him off. Although she comes out of the episode
unscathed, she does not boast about it to her friends, may
be still consumes with guilt. Where there was guilt there
was opportunity. Write an essay to confirm this using
Rayda Jacob‟s The Guilt for your illustrations.

2. Setting
The story is set in s white suburb in South Africa.
Mrs. Lilian (a pensioner) Thurgood‟s home is a
fortress, 10 foot high wall fence, and has a large
compound in which she has fruit trees: guavas and
lemons. She also has flowers in her garden:
geraniums, basil and oregano. She lives alone. The
incident with William takes place in the morning.
3. Conflict.
“The Guilt” has both external and internal conflict.
i) Internal conflicts
- First Mrs. Lilian Thurgood experiences internal conflict.
She did not have to answer the call at the gate. She says
she had ignored many such calls.

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- She also suffers from internal conflict when confronted
with the forged letter William Sidlay presents. She takes
it anyway.
- She is faced with another instance of internal conflict
when she discovers that she has 5 rand 23 cents. The five
rand she thinks is too much and the 23 cents too little.
She gives him the five rand in spite of herself.
- Another instance of internal conflict is on the night it
was raining and she had to get the door. She wonders
whether it is racist to it one were afraid to open doors to
strangers. She does it anyway to make for the guilt of
benefitting from the old regime.
ii) External Conflict
- William Sidlay threatens Lilian physically. She gives
Tembi &Tor the first command which allowed them to
terrorise but not draw blood. She wonders what they
might do if she gave the second signal she doesn‟t use it.
- Next, she goes for the gun which she uses to drive
William out of her compound and survives a potentially
murderous situation.
4. Characters
Although several characters are mentioned in this
story, the action focuses on Lilian and William.
a. Lilian
Physical attributes
- She is a white woman over sixty-six years old and walks
with a limp owing to a painful leg for which she takes
medicine.
- Assign character traits to Mrs. Lilian Thurgood based on
the following situations.

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 i) “Can I help you?” Lilian asked.
Respectful courteous
ii) She handed the letter back to him and
said,” wait here,” kind
iii) Based on the incidents with the African
woman who‟d knocked her door at
night, the woman who‟d seen her
sitting in the “stoep”, the man who rung
persistently at her gate, you would say
that Lilian is generous?
iv) Her sudden anger when confronted
with five rand 23 cents and she longs
for her husband‟s presence – he would
have ordered the man off the grounds.
Insecure
v) She would not lock the door behind
her, she told herself. She trusted him.
Naive/trusting
vi) He came forward.
“Sa!” Lilian commanded the dogs.
Decisive
vii) The fact that she did not give the last
command to the Alsatians nor pull the
trigger of the gun. humane
viii) The fact that she did not tell the truth to
Margaret, Ruth and Ethel May. modest
 Assign character traits to William Sidlay based on
the following situations.
i) The fact that he did not panic when
confronted by Tembi & Tor. Calm
courageous brave

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 ii) The fact that he forged a letter to gain
entry into white homes dishonest
iii) The fact that he wanted the five rand
besides demanding for 10 rand.
greedy
iv) The fact that he knew Lilian lived
alone and that no one was going to
come to her aid. scheming
v) The fact that he moved towards
Lilian when she threatened to call the
police. menacing
vi) Sidlay producing a letter allowing
him to beg after being told by Lilian
that she had no work. persistent
5. POV
The story is told from the omniscient narrator
perspective.
6. Theme
i) Guilt
All the generous actions of Mrs. Thurgood
are driven by guilt-she says that it was
making good on the guilt, the guilt they were
accused of having.
ii) Deception
a) William Sidlay forges a letter that he
purports allows him to collect funds for
an organisation. It is a plan to gain entry
into white people‟s homes and either take
advantage of their guilt or murder them.
b) The woman who‟d seen Lilian sitting on
the stoep deceives her that she will sell

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 her eight plants for four rand and plant
them. She asks for water to wet the
ground when Lilian returns with the hose
she finds 30 plants planted and a bill of
12 rand which she had to pay.
iii) Race relations
 The blacks do anything in their power to take
advantage of the whites.
 On their part, the whites feel inclined to help the
blacks because of the guilt they have that their
privileged position was a benefit of the previous
white regime.
Question
Show that people pay dearly for showing
their weaknesses. Using Rayda Jacob‟s
„The Guilt‟ show that this is true.

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 When the Sun Goes Down by Goro wa Kamau
The Plot
We meet Steve, a successful businessman, walking down the
streets of his home town. He receives questioning stares from
the people standing along the streets who pretend to be going
on with their businesses while in truth they are discussing
Steve. He runs into his boyhood friends, Kanja. He invites
Kanja to his home for a chat. He asks Kanja to tell him of the
rumours about him doing rounds in the town. Kanja informs
him that it is rumoured that he is marrying Maureen.
We learn that people suspect that Maureen is infected
with the HIV virus. Steve confirms it is true. Steve then
relates the sad circumstances of Maureen‟s marriage to an
abusive and promiscuous soldier.
When Kanja meets Maureen, she unashamedly opens up
and tells him how she learned that she was infected with HIV.
It was long after she had struck friendship with Steve and was
carrying his child. It is at this point that Steve also took an
HIV test and it turned out that he too was positive.
Maureen serves Kanja with juice he declines to take and
finally Steve shares it with his son. This stigmatisation
(discrimination) hurts Maureen and sends her into a
depression. Despite Steve‟s appeal to her that they fight the
disease together, she is unable to overcome her depressive
mood.
One evening while asleep, Maureen becomes delirious
and starts mumbling bible verses. Tom, a sympathetic
neighbor, helps Steve to take her to hospital. When Maureen
realizes where she is, she stages a protest demanding to be
taken home to die. She does not recover from her depression.

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She is buried a week later. She leaves Steve and Kanja and
Kimotho to continue the struggle.

The Title
The title, “When the Sun Goes Down”, is made in reference to
Maureen‟s feelings of depression, hopelessness and guilt to
the point of giving up on life. It creates the impression that for
her, all is lost.

Setting
The story is set in a rural town in Central Kenya. The villagers
know each other by age, name and family. This explains the
concerns of each other‟s welfare. It also explains how this
familiarity results into interference in the private lives of one
another.
The story is set in the modern times. HIV is a reality and so
are ARV‟s.

Conflict
We shall approach conflict from two perspectives: conflict
developed by Maureen.
a) Conflict developed by Steve.
Steve largely develops external conflict
i) In the introductory part of the plot Steve is confronted
with external conflict: between him and the villagers.
He has made a decision that has not gone down well
with the villagers. They believe that he deserves
better than marrying Maureen. This is because

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 Maureen is HIV positive. However, no one is ready to
seek his opinion on the matter but they all talk behind
his back about his affair with Maureen. His decision
to marry Maureen therefore alienates him from the
people who looked up to him. His mind is however
made up and he doesn‟t care what they think or say
about him He; has no friends but Kanja
ii) The second external conflict he develops is between
him and Kanja, his boyhood friend.
Kanja has heard rumours about Steve‟s intentions to
marry Maureen; however he is afraid for Steve
because rumour also has it that she is HIV positive.
Steve feels that Kanja, his only remaining friend, should not
be part of the rumour mill. He has no control over this and it
turns out that his friend indeed has come fishing for
information based on the rumours he‟s heard. What is more,
his friend had also made advances to Maureen but was
unsuccessful. Further, his friend brings the HIV stigma right
into their house when he refuses to drink the juice Maureen
serves him. It is this conflict with Kanja that is central to the
story and is responsible for the ultimate death of Maureen.

iii) The other external conflict Steve develops is between

him and Maureen.

Pp19 Maureen explains to Kanja how Steve came to

learn that he had HIV. This was her way of taking
responsibility for pass the virus to him; this was her
way of making him a victim and Steve resented it. He
forbids her to reason like that but will not stop.

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 Pp22 Maureen is hurt by Kanja‟s refusal to take the
juice she serves him. She says it‟s worthless to live if
people cruelly discriminate against you. Steve would
have none of this and implores her not to think like
that to no avail.

Pp25-26 Steve not only buys the most nutritious

foods for her but also cooks them but Maureen
wouldn‟t eat. She suffers from nausea after a few
bites, what is more she yearns for death. Despite his
remonstrations with her that she banishes such
thoughts of death from her head she wouldn‟t stop.

Pp26-27 Maureen‟s sense of guilt finally gets the

better of Steve. Her deep seated sense of guilt
reinforced by the careless talk of the neighbours
finally gets Steve to contemplate the terrible
possibility of her death.

iv) Steve also develops external conflict between him and

HIV/AIDS.
- He tries to have good mental health by making Maureen
avoid negative talk, this is a battle he loses for her but
does not succumb to. He continues to live positively He
talks of counting their blessings.
- He stops smoking at the urging of his doctor. This too is
a battle that he is winning.
- He buys nutritious foods and takes his drugs. He tells
Maureen that she has to eat and take her drugs daily.
Although Maureen loses this battle Steve does not he is
in it for the long haul. He is determined to stay alive.

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 Even Maureen acknowledges this pp20 she says that she
has no doubt he will live.
b) Maureen develops external conflict as well as internal.
Internal conflict
Maureen blames herself for passing the virus on to Steve.
Pp19 She protests that she was faithful both to her husband
and to Steve. She tells the story of how Steve found out he
was positive to assuage herself/lessen her guilt

Pp26 As she gets delirious she mumbles that she was faithful
both to her husband and to Steve.
External Conflict
i) She develops a conflict between her and HIV
- This is another conflict central to the story. From the
time we meet Maureen there is no doubt she is losing the
battle against HIV. When we first meet her we are told
that she looked somewhat weary.
- When Kanja refuses to take the juice she serves him, she
is devastated. (pp21) she asks Steve why people must be
so cruel. She refuses to forgive herself for bringing this
cruelty on Steve. Subsequently she refuses to eat and it is
hinted that she may have stopped taking her drugs-
(pp26) Steve reminds her that she has to eat and take her
drugs daily.
- When forced to eat (pp26) she develops nausea and says
that she longs to rest – euphemism for die.
- At the hospital, she tells the nurse that she is dying.
(pp28)
- (pp21) tears flow down her face as she thinks of Kanja‟s
action and wishes people were more compassionate.
- (pp26) she declares that she is a living dead
- In short, Maureen‟s sun went down the day she
discovered she‟d passed on HIV to Steve.
ii) She also develops a conflict between her and the
Kanja‟s of this world. When Kanja refuses to take her

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 juice, she is devastated and asks Steve why people are
so cruel. She feels that her family is discriminated
against because she brought AIDS into it.
- She hardly goes out for fear of what people will say.
- Pp 26 Steve laments that her sense of guilt was the
product of listening to lose speaking tongues.

Themes
Two of the best developed themes in this story are fear and
guilt. They are both developed by Maureen.
- Kanja develops the theme of hypocrisy – friendship
cracks at mention of AIDS.
- HIV/AIDS is developed by both Steve and Maureen. The
author uses Steve to show how people can live positively
with AIDS. Maureen on the other hand serves to
illustrate how hopelessness and not AIDS kills people
infected with HIV.
- Ignorance is developed by:
 Kanja – not taking the juice Maureen serves
 The town‟s folk in general – not knowing that
their negative talk kills worse than AIDS.
 Mr. Kabia- fears contracting AIDS if an AIDS
sufferer is carried in his car.
- Loneliness is developed by both Steve and Maureen.

Characterisation
1. Steve: determined, loving, realistic, open, sociable,
hardworking
2. Kanja: hypocritical, ignorant, lustful
3. Maureen: hopeless, faithful, loving, religious, hospitable,
stoic

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 Essay Question
1. Life is worth living even if one is suffering from HIV.
Using Goro wa Kamau‟s When the Sun Goes Down for
your illustrations show that this is true.

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Leaving by Moyez G. Vassanji
1. Setting
The story is set in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. We first meet
the family leaving on Uhuru Street where the Narrator‟s
mother runs a shop. Later they move to the residential
area of Upanga, upon her selling her shop.

2. Plot
The story opens with the concept of leaving. The girls are
getting married. Mehroon marries a former school mate
who leaves in Dar. Razia marries a wealthy man who
leaves in Tanga. Then there is Firoz who drops out of
school and gets employed. The narrator‟s mother then
sells her shop and moves from Uhuru Street to Upanga
residential area.
The narrator informs us their mother laid hopes on he
& Aloo. This is because they both excel at school. The
narrator joins the local University. Meanwhile, in his last
year at school, he proves to be exceptionally bright in his
studies.
Mr. Datoo, a farmer student and teacher at the boys‟
school, visits the town from U.S.A. the similarity of
Datoo‟s and Aloo‟s background makes Aloo feels that he
too could study in the USA. He starts writing applications
to various universities in America. His ambition is to
study medicine. When the results are out, he has straight
A‟s. However, the local varsity gives him a place to study
Agriculture.
This is what makes the offer from CIT more appealing.
They not only offer him a place at the university but also
give him a scholarship. His determination to study in

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 America intensifies; however, the money required for
transport and upkeep as well as his mother‟s fear of losing
her son stands in his way.
After seeking Mr. Velji‟s opinion, and some reflection,
his mother is ready to let go. She bids Aloo not to smoke
nor drink and not to marry a white woman. Her fears
allayed, she sends Aloo to America for further studies

3. Conflict
This story is about Aloo‟s determination to study
medicine
i) The first conflict he faces is bureaucracy and
corruption. On (pp 35)the narrator hints at this:
But some bureaucratic hand, probably corrupt, dealt
out a future prospect for him that came as a shock.
This explains why the family does not want to
question the university about Aloo‟s placement.
Clearly, with his straight A‟s deserved a place in the
medicine class. However, the family does not even
think about arguing his case with the varsity would
be an exercise in futility. Nothing would come out
of it.
ii) The second conflict is developed by Velji and
Aloo‟s mother on pp 3 he tells Aloo‟s mother,”But
if you send him, you will lose your son. It‟s a far
place, America,”
It is his mother, however, who fully develops this
conflict on page 35, after Aloo has overcome his
shock of getting CIT placement and scholarship, we
are told:
But first he had to contend with mother.

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 She does not believe it and thinks that he is teasing
her.
Next she raises issue with the money required. 3000
shillings is required for pocket money. She further
questions where they‟d raise his air fare from- it
was not a little money that needed. She concludes
that no one in Dar would help him
Pp 36 she gets angry at him and asks him why he
wants to go away, so far from them and wonders
whether they mean so little to him. Further, she is
worried that something might happen to him.
Her final resistance to his leaving is on page 39- she
asks him to promise that he will not marry a white
woman, nor will smoke nor drink. At this point we
now understand her fear at telling him go: she
would lose him to a different culture that all the
values she‟d taught him would be in vain.
4. Characters and Characterisation.
i) Aloo a) intelligent – scores straight A‟s in his
final exam
b) respectful -pp 36 He had raised his
voice to her, the first time I saw him
that.
-pp 37, they stood up when
Velji came in.
c) determined: - studied hard in order to
study medicine
- wrote many
applications with the aim of getting a varsity in
America.
ii) Mother

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 -hardworking – raised the children as a single
parent upon the death of her husband
-Cautious – sought Mr. Velji‟s opinion on Aloo‟s
case.
-loving - feared to lose her son.

5. Themes
i) Family/family values
The narrator‟s mom has raised her children well.
Marriage therefore is an important institution for
them. It is not important that they marry into
riches although Razia does. What is important is
that they get married.
The family is also supportive. Firoz was not good
at school but they encouraged him to go far as he
would. What is more, he has been taught the
importance of work ethic. So after dropping out
of school he is gainfully employed as an assistant
bookkeeper.
The narrator and Aloo are morally upright
young men. They respect their mother and the
people who come into their lives. First, they do
not raise their voice at their mother. Second, the
boys stand up when Mr. Velji comes into the
room. Finally, although they disagree with Mr.
Velji, they do not raise any objections when he
says it‟s a bad thing to send Aloo to a foreign
country: they respect his opinion.
Finally her children neither drink nor smoke.

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ii) Education.
- The two sisters are taken to school.
- Firoz is encouraged to go as far as he possibly would at
school )subsequently he got employed)
- The narrator and Aloo go to university. It is instructive to
know that their mom laid her hopes on them. This shows
that she understands that through education her children
would improve their lot.

iii) Fear
The main conflict in this story is Aloo‟s mother‟s
reluctance to let him go study in a foreign country.
This conflict is borne of fear
a) That her son doesn‟t care much for the family
b) That something could happen to him
c) That he could start smoking and drinking
d) That he could marry a white woman
6. POV
This story is told from the 1st person pov. The narrator is
the 2nd last born child in a family of 3 boys and 2 girls. It
is an inspirational story of how upbringing influences the
destinies of he and his siblings in general but Aloo in
particular. He reports objectively the factors that influence
Aloo‟s destiny. We trust his judgment because he is not
only an adult but he is at the university. He wished his
brother well from the start and in the end it comes to pass.
In the end we do not just read a story for entertainment
value. Stories also have information value. For us to
exploit this fully we need to answer 3 questions.
i) Is the title appropriate?

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 Yes, all the 5 siblings and their mother are
involved in leavings of sorts.
ii) What is the significant event?
Mr. Datoo‟s visit is. He inspires Aloo to be all
that he can be. This is so important because
schools are yet to find a place for alumni. Without
a doubt they influence the destinies of students
and they should therefore be incorporated in
career guidance activities.
iii) What is the author‟s intention?
a) First of all the author‟s main audience are
parents. Parents should learn that the way
they bring up their children determines how
positively they live life and how successful
that life is.
b) The author‟s second audience is the youth:
although the environment in which you are
brought up matters; ultimately, there is no
success without input. The contrast between
Firoz and Aloo exemplifies this.

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The War of the Ears by Moses Isegawa

1. Setting
The story is set in a rural Uganda during a period of civil
strife. A rebel group, God‟s Victorious Brigades, is
fighting to stamp corruption out of the country in the light
of their interpretation of the Ten Commandments. The
ultimate sufferers are civilians. The story‟s main setting is
Nandere Primary School with episodes in Ma Beeda‟s
home and the forest. Most of the activities take place in
the night. Darkness symbolizes the evil that has befallen
the country at large and is about to befall Ma Beeda‟s
village in particular.
2. Plot
The story opens at the close of day at Nandere Primary
School. Beeda is confronted with a problem: the world
outside school is full of questions he couldn‟t answer and
things he couldn‟t control. This drives him into a panic
that it is possible that these events beyond his control
could stop the children from coming back to school.
Indeed, his fears are fanned by the letter that arrives in
the school that day. The rebel group, God‟s Victorious
Brigades, says it is the last letter they send to warn Ma
Beeda of dire consequences should she fail to close the
school. She however swears to defy them and believes
that they have government protection. Beeda, however, is
clearly terrified and feels helpless because he does not
believe the government‟s promise would come to much.
We learn that his father had died when he was four, and
now as a secondary school student, he doubles up as a
teacher at his Mother‟s school.

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 To prove their point, the rebel group has dispatched
four „child‟ soldiers to Nandere Primary School, the only
surviving school in the region. They are led by Major
Azizima who is 14. The other 3 boys are his juniors. His
immediate superior, Colonel Kalo, is 17. Upon reaching
the school, Azizima awaits instructions from Kalo to burn
it down. We learn that the supreme leader of the rebels is
Generalissimo who is revered because he spoke with God.
All the rules and guidelines come from him. This involves
indoctrinating the child soldiers with his interpretation of
the Ten Commandments and heavy doses of barbaric
punishment for offences against his rules. Similarly, the
soldiers mete out barbaric punishment like chopping off
the ears of those who do not support the course of the
rebels.
The arrival of these rebels in Beeda‟s village brings to
his door step those things he‟d feared he has no control
over. At school first they are confronted with the pane
Azizima had broken the previous night, Next, Miss Bengi
informs them that a man‟s ear had been cut off the
previous night and because of this insecurity, she intends
to leave the village for the city. The gunfire later that
night is the last piece of evidence that the war of the ears
had finally come to their village.

3. Conflict
(a) External
i) The first conflict we meet is between Ma Beeda
and the rebels. They have been sending her letters
telling her that she is a government agent and that
she should close her school. The final letter is

23
 signed by Colonel Kalo. It tells her that her
punishment for defying them will be both heavy
and harsh. She continues to defy them in the hope
that the government‟s security apparatus will
protect her and her investment.
ii) Secondly, we learn that the teachers too are in
direct conflict with the rebels. We are told that
Beeda‟s is filling in for a teacher who had fled
weeks ago. Further, Ma Beeda‟s says that she
spoke to the teachers and 2 or 3 want to run away
(pp 46). Then there is Miss Bengi who announces
her desire to leave for the city after a man‟s ear
was cut off (pp 59)
iii) The major conflict is between the government and
the rebels (pp 46) A war was going on in the
forest and hills where government forces
occasionally clashed with the rebels. This is also
confirmed in the letter sent to Ma Beeda in which
she is called a government agent.
Their professed goal is to stamp corruption of out
of the country.
iv) The conflict between the rebels and the
government has also brought on conflict between
the civilians and government on one hand and
civilians and rebels on the other.
Major Azizima‟s father died in the hands of the
government security apparatus. They had alleged
that he was collaborating with the rebels (pp 51)
We are also told that in between engagements
with rebels, government forces looked for rebel
collaborators (pp 46).

24
 Then there is the conflict between rebels and
civilians in general. We are told that in the period
between engagements with government forces the
rebels attacked civilians (pp46) Major Azizima
tells us that his mother was killed by the rebels.
What is more, he‟d been asked to cut off her ears
(pp 51). Major Azizima also cuts off the ear of a
villager who was looking for medicine for his
sick wife. (pp53). Further, after this act, they
trained their rifles on the shops in case people
confronted them. No one did. In the letter to Ma
Beeda the rebels state that the war of ears had
begun. This is in reference to cutting off the ears
of civilians who defied them (pp 45). Finally the
village is awakened deep in the night by gunfire.
(pp61)
(b) The other conflict developed in the story is internal
i) Beeda
In front of the class he knew everything and
there was nothing he could not do. However,
the world outside was full of questions he
could not answer and things he could not
control (pp43) (it is a flash-forward in the
problems the villagers face from the
government and rebels)
ii) Azizima
He thinks of escaping from the rebel base but
if caught by the government soldiers he
would be tortured or killed or both. If caught
by the comrades he would be killed. Either
way he would die but he wanted to live to

25
 avenge his parents. Besides he wanted to find
out what had happened to his siblings who
had disappeared. Further, at school (Nandere)
he felt a yearning to return to school, to study
and get a certificate but he hated having to
take orders from teachers. Moreover it would
mean surrendering his power something he
knew he would not do freely.

4. Characters and Characterisation.

a) Ma Beeda
A widow, entrepreneur and a single parent, she has a
son, Beeda
i) Hardworking – started her school under a mango
tree but is now a full-fledged learning centre.
ii) Determined/Resolute
Hers is the last operational school. All the other
schools have shut down at the behest of the
rebels. Despite the numerous letters by the rebels
that she shuts down her school, she defies them.

iii) Optimistic
Despite the war going on around her, she is
hopeful that it will not touch her school. She
says that the rebels have no chance of victory
and that they don‟t have the people‟s support.
She also tells us that the government would hunt
down all the criminals and punish them (pp57)

26
 iv) Secretive
She had a journal in which she entered the
Nightcrawler‟s reports.
Beeda was not allowed to look in the book. (pp
59)
v) Curiuos
Has set the Nightcrawler to find out details of
what several people had heard and seen the night
before.
vi) Perceptive
(pp 47) She had the ability to guess what her son
was thinking and at times he disliked it
intensely.
b) Beeda
i) Hardworking – stays at school teaching until late
-plans his lessons in good time
ii) Concerned – (pp 46) asks his mom whether she
spoke to the teachers i.e. ask them to stay.
-Wants to know the response of the
regional commander in relation to
their insecurity.

c) Azizima
-ambitious/violent/reflective/determined

5. Themes
a) Human rights abuse/crimes against humanity.
i) Children are denied the right to education. Ma
Beeda tells us that hers is the only school opening
in the area, and even this is threatened to be short

27
 lived by the rebels who have served her with a
final notice to close the school.
ii) People are killed both by the rebels and the
government. Azizima tells us that government
forces killed his father for allegedly collaborating
with the rebels. The rebels too killed his mother
for an unspecified reason.
iii) People suffer mutilation in the hands of the
rebels. The letter sent to Ma Beeda warns her that
ears that don‟t listen to their master get chopped
off and hers would be next. Azizima tells us that
Blue Beast forced him to chop off his mother‟s
ears. Azizima chops of the ear of a villager and
keeps it as a trophy and proof to his superiors that
he is loyal. Miss Bengi threatens to leave for the
city saying she does not want her ear chopped off.
iv) Displacement
People are fleeing the village on account of
insecurity arising from the war of the ears. Ma
Beeda tells us that two or 3 teachers have
expressed their intention to leave for the city.
Beeda is filling in for a teacher who had fled
several weeks before. Miss Bengi is thinking of
going to the city to avoid the atrocities of the
rebels.
v) Enlisting of Child Soldiers.
Major Azizima is only14 years old and is a
soldier trained and armed by the rebels. The three
soldiers he is sent to Nandere Primary school with
are younger than he is. His superior, colonel Kalo

28
 is only 17 years. These children are first abducted
and then forced into fighting.
vi) Barbaric treatment of the soldiers at the base.
Sex was forbidden at the base except for the four
people in high command. Anyone who broke this
rule got one hundred strokes of the hippo-hide
whip. Rape was punished with amputation of the
left hand. Dissention and theft were punished
with death. There is no appeal against the words
of the spies. They were made to chant
Generalissimos hatred for the Uganda
government for hours on end.
b) Family relations
i) MaBeeda trains her son on the work ethic; he not
only knows his house hold chores but loves his
teaching job.
ii) Beeda is very respectful of his mother and she too
of him.
- When his mother summons him, he drops what he is
doing and goes to her for example when he was talking
to Miss Bengi and his mother summons him he goes to
her despite the fact he would have liked to continue
talking to her.
- She too is respectful of him when he burns their supper;
she resists the urge to raise her voice at him. Further,
although she‟d lost her appetite, she respectfully eats
some of the food he serves her.
c) Violence
- War going on between government and rebels
- Government torturing and killing rebel collaborators –
death of Azizima‟s father

29
 - Rebels mutilating or killing government sympathisers –
death of another chopping of the ears of a man.
-breaking of a window pane at the school and its imminent
burning down.
- Killing and mutilation of soldiers who break rules at the
camp.
d) Fear.
Pp46 Beeda is afraid that teachers will desert the
school; further, he is afraid that the promise of their
safety by the regional commander may not hold
water. He is afraid that something might have
happened to uncle Modo
Pp 54 Most people went home early and were
barricaded inside their house by nightfall.
Pp 51 Azizimo is afraid that if he runs away from the
base he‟ll be executed by the rebels upon capture.
Further if he does escape he‟ll be tortured or killed by
government agents upon capture.
Pp 53 After Azizimo had chopped off the ear of a
villager, the train their rifles on the shops- Nobody
came out to confront them for fear of being killed or
mutilated by the rebels.
Pp 54-6 MaBeeda wakes up feeling that a messenger
was at the door, waiting to break the news that her
school was no more. It was a daily ordeal which
reached its peak every morning.

30
The Mirror by Haruki Murakami
1. Setting
The story is set in the narrator‟s house in the night. He is
seated with some friends and they are relating scary
stories or those of premonitions.
There is however, another setting in which the narrator
rebels a frightful moment in his life. This is at a school
junior high school in which he was employed as a lone
night watchman at the age of 18 or 19. The night was
windy and hot. Mosquitoes buzzed all over amidst the
noise of the wind. The broken gate of the swimming pool
made banging rhythmic banging noises in the dark night.
This description creates a scary mood which is consistent
with his frightening experience.

2. Plot
The narrator is hosting a number of friends and they pass
time relating scary experiences or those of premonitions.
The narrator says that there is a force linking the world of
the living with that of the dead giving rise to the narrator
of stories being related.
These forces he says restrict people to either group
those people who see ghosts are unable to have
premonition and vice versa. The forces don‟t give people
the ability to do both (that is, they are mutually exclusive)
The narrator then distances himself from these
experiences. He says that in his 30yrs he has neither seen
a ghost nor had a premonition. However, he admits that
he has had a scary experience which he narrates for the
first time. He had kept it secret for fear that if he spoke of
it then it might happen all over again.

31
 He relates how in his 2 am round on a scary night, he
thinks he notices something in the hallway. Upon closer
inspection it turns out that a mirror, which had previously
not been there, gave his reflection. The mirror has him
spell bound until he forcefully tears himself from it and
shatters it rashes back to the janitor‟s room to sleep.
In the morning, he goes back to inspect the scene of
the incident. He finds the cigarette butt and his kendo that
he dropped. However, that shattered mirror is not there.

3. Conflict
(i) The first conflict is about the nature of these
supernormal experiences. The narrator tells his
friends that all their experiences fall into two
broad categories. The repetition of the phrase “all
your stories”, suggests that his friends were not in
agreement with him.
(ii) The second conflict is that the narrator is immune
to verse experiences. He describes an incident in
an elevator with two friends who swear they
could see a woman standing next to the narrator.
He insists it was only the three of them in the lift.
(iii) The third conflict is between the narrator and his
parents.
At seventeen they expected him to proceed to
college after high school. He declines, and instead
wonders all over Japan working at various manual
jobs.
(iv) The last conflict is internal. He believes that he is
immune to the supernormal experiences. Yet he
has this encounter with a non-existent mirror that

32
 holds him captive and seems to control him. He
keeps this event secret for over 12 years, but
finally he relates it. What is more, he keeps away
from mirrors. He is afraid the scary incident
would happen again yet he swears he does not
believe in supernormal forces.

4. Character and characterisation.

Narrator
a) proud
- Thinks that people that have encountered ghosts or have
had premonition are not normal and that he is unique
because he‟s never had those experiences.
b) fearful
- Feels apprehensive about mirrors and does not keep them
around him.
- He was too scared to fix the broken gate because of the
dark night.
- Terrified by the mirror incident he runs back to the
janitor‟s room.
c) rebellious
- Refuses to go to college and chooses to do manual work.
d) Hospitable
Hosts his friends and having been entertained by their
stories he too narrates one that he has kept secret in
order to further entertain them.
e) Analytical
Upon listening to his friend‟s stories he separates
them into two categories: those of ghosts and
premonitions; further, he says a force links people to
these things. He goes a step further and says the

33
 impression he gets is that these experiences are
mutually exclusive.
5. Themes
i) Identity Crisis
- At 17 when the narrator should be proceeding to
college, he chooses to wander all over Japan doing
manual work. This is a typical teenage problem as they
try to identify who they really are, different from what
their parents want them to be.
- What is disturbing though is that at 30, more experienced
with life, he says he‟d do it all over again. This
rebellious streak is stuck with him.
- He also believes that he is different from other people.
Other people see ghosts; he doesn‟t. Other people have
premonitions; he doesn‟t. Yet he is very much like them
because of the encounter he had with an imaginary
mirror that still controls his life.

ii) appearances vs reality

It appears to him that the supernormal operates at
two levels: ghosts and premonitions. He believes
he does not belong to either. The reality is
different, a third level exists which is even more
ruinous than the other two as demonstrated by his
fear of mirrors based on an encounter with an
imaginary mirror. i.e. things are not what they
seem.
6. POV
Story is told from the first person pov. This is apt because
the personal story of the narrator becomes credible

34
 coming from his own mouth. That traumatic experience
helps us understand his phobia for mirrors.
7. a) Is the title appropriate?
Yes it is. It discusses the profound effect an imaginary
mirror has on the narrator.
In real life mirrors do not show real objects; they are
merely a reflection of what those objects are. The
narrator‟s experience is an illustration of the power of the
mind to create illusions. Ironically, this is the reality for
human beings; their minds are constantly creating
illusions: of ghosts and what the future holds. This is what
is normal. Running away from this reality creates a
disturbed mind like the narrator‟s who is now avoiding
mirrors.(It exemplifies the saying: things are not what
they seem.
b) What is the significant event?
The narrator‟s rebellion. His not going to college has
him serving as a night watchman. It
Is in this job that he has his experience with an
imaginary mirror.
c) What is the author‟s aim?
He draws out attention to the fact that things are not
what they seem.
The narrator has built this façade that he is immune
to the experiences of ordinary people: sighting ghosts
and having premonitions. It turns out that he had had a
traumatizing experience that has him running away from
mirrors. And the important thing is that this experience
was created by his imagination.
Discuss the saying that things are not they seem. Use
The Mirror by Haruki Murakami for your illustrations.

35
 Diamond Dust by Anita Desai
1. Setting
The story is set in Bharti Nagar, an urban civil
servants residential area in India. The events take us
from Mr. Das‟ house, to the streets of Bharti Nagar,
into the Lodi Gardens and down the alleys of the
town.
2. Plot
We are introduced to Mr. and Mrs. Das and Diamond,
Mr. Das‟ problematic dog. It is not only a nuisance to
Mrs. Das but to service providers and children as
well. To Mr. Das, he is a lovable pet hence the name
Diamond.
As a result of Diamond‟s nature C.P. Biswas asks Das
why he named the dog Diamond and not the more
probable coal after its black colour. Das wouldn‟t
hear of this neither does he have an explanation for
Mr. Biswas. What is more, Das outs his dog before
family; on return from work he greets Diamond then
the family members. Mrs. Das has a premonition that
all this is not going to end well. But Das is
unstoppable. He even frolics with Diamond in public
something that displeases his colleagues. His friends
Biswas and Base see Das‟ behavior as bringing shame
to them before their superiors:- the undersecretary and
the retired Joined Secretary.
Mrs. Das too disapproves of this attachment to
Diamond. Over the years she has had to clean after
Diamond: its urine, smell and fur from floor rugs and
seats. She has even sacrificed a cooking pot has to
move out of the house for one hour as Diamond‟s

36
meat cooks. Her protests do not yield any change.
Ironically, Das complains that an animal‟s nature
can‟t be changed by domestication.
Children, though they approved of Diamond, teased
him when Das wasn‟t around. He cautions them
against using sticks or stones against Diamond or
running away from him. They protest that they‟d be
bitten the way Ranu was if they don‟t run.
However, the real problems begin when Diamond
matures into a full grown god. He moves from a
nuisance to a menace. First, there is his phobia for
uniform. He bellows at the postman, chases him and
tears his trousers. The result is Mrs. Das doesn‟t get
her mail regularly for it is thrown at the hedge. Then
there are the other service providers: electricity meter
readers telephone repair men, and garbage collectors
who do not render their services to the Das family
because Diamond attacks them when they do. Finally
there are the school children who cannot get to the
bus stop without adult protection. Neighbours
however do not report him to the police out of both
propriety and pity.
In the end, Diamond becomes a pain to Das during
mating seasons. He disappears for long stretches and
during this period Das spends days and nights in
search of him. What is more, his behavior when he
catches Diamond mating alarms parents. Mrs. Das too
wouldn‟t have Diamond back in the house until he‟s
been cleaned. Further, Diamond is a threat to his job.
He spends time looking for him instead of going to
work or when he does go to work he is distracted.

37
 Diamond‟s final escapade ends badly for both of
them. Diamond is caught by the dog catchers and he
faces certain death. Das sees him in the moving van
jumps onto it and plunges to death.
3. Conflict
A conflict arising from Diamond‟s actions
i) Diamond & Mrs. Das
Diamond generally upsets Mrs. Diamond. He
upsets the table, when she sets Das‟ food. He
knocks her down. He gets more attention than
her children do. She had to mop after him when
he was a puppy and constantly urinated on the
floor. She had to put up with the smell of the dog
in her next house. Diamonds further had to be
constantly removed from rugs, sofas and
armchairs. Her letters got lost or never reached
her because Diamond attacked the postman
when he made deliveries. She had to nurse Mr.
Das when he caught flu in the cold nights in
search of Diamond. Finally, her husband dies
when he tries to save Diamond from the moving
fog catcher‟s van.
ii) Diamond and the neighbours
a) The children would throw stones or sticks at
Diamond, then he‟d break loose and run
after them nipping at their heels or stopping
when they fell in the dust.
b) When his phobia for uniform grew he would
chase children on their way to or from
school. The result was that they could

38
 neither go to the bus-stop nor come from it,
without adult protection.
c) During the „badmashi‟ days, Diamond
would howl so loudly keeping the
neighbours awake. This would go on until he
snapped his collar.
B) Conflicts arising from Mr. Das‟ actions:-
i) Das and Mrs. Das
a) Mrs. Das complained that he gave more
attention to Diamond than he did to his children
or grandchildren pp 3 Not even about our
children – not even your first-born son – or your
grandchildren, have you made so much of us that
dog. She also complains that on his return from
work Das greeted the dog “Diamond, my friend”
before greeting Mrs. Das, his grandchildren or
anyone at all.

b) She refuses to go to the butcher‟s for buffalo

meat for Diamond nor would she cook the meat
when Das brought it he had to do it himself.
Further, she asks him to substitute milk and
bread for Diamond‟s meat but Das would hear
none of this.

c) She complains that her letters don‟t reach her

because Diamond attacks the postman when he
makes deliveries. Das instead accuses the
postman of being cowardly.
d) When Diamond goes out on his last escapade
in Nov. the night chill made Das sick and she

39
 had to nurse him every time he came back empty
handed. Further, she pleaded with him to give up
Diamond before the search kills him to no avail.

iii) Das and his colleagues/neighbours

a) C.P.Biswas is convinced the name Diamond
is too good for the dog and wonders when it
was given such a name. He‟d rather it be
named coal after its black coat. Das says he‟d
never do such a thing to Diamond.
b) His colleagues had caught him frolicking with
Diamond in public like a child. They feel he‟s
taken leave of his senses and this worries
them. Further, they feel that his behavior
embarrasses them before their superiors, the
under-Secretary and the retired Joint
Secretary.
c) When Diamond starts running after school
children, many parents went to complain to
Das but he remained deaf to their pleas.
Parents also took offence too when he led the
children in search of Diamond upon his first
disappearance. What annoyed them was Das
separating Diamond from his partner before
the children.
iv) Das and Diamond
Diamond, following his animal instinct would go
out in search of mating partners. Das feared the
dog catchers would catch up with him and kill
him. So, he would go out in search of Diamond

40
 every time he disappeared. Ultimately, it is the
arrest of Diamond that leads to Das‟ death.
v) Diamond and Service providers
The postman suffers the worst attack of the
service providers. Diamond bellows at him,
chases him and tears a strip off his trousers‟ leg.
After this he delivers the Das letters at the hedge.
The other service providers who decline to serve
the Das‟ indene officials of the BOE, telephone
lines repairman and garbage collectors.
4. Characters and Characterisation
i) Mrs. Das
Tolerant – tireless cleans after Diamond
- Does not give up living with Das on account of Diamond
Neat – cleaned the puddles and fur Diamond left behind
her own pet, a cat, fed neatly off its bowl.

ii) Mr. Das

- Inconsiderate
Although his pet makes many people suffer, he‟d not
give it up.
- Unrealistic
He expects animals to remain true to their nature but not
his Diamond.
5. Themes
i) Obsession
Das‟ obsessive nature towards his dog disrupts
the lives of his family, neighbours/colleagues
and service providers

41
 ii) Animals‟ nature
We should not expect animals to change their
nature just because we have domesticated them.
This is illustrated by Diamonds disruptive
behaviour in Das‟ life as well as that of his
family and neighbours.
6. POV
Third person point of view. Appropriate because the first
person would have been very biased. We are therefore
able to experience Diamond‟s disruptive behavior in all
spheres of Bharti Nagar.

7. a) Is the title appropriate?

Dictionary .com defines diamond dust as pulverized
diamonds uses as an abrasive.
Diamonds abrasive nature rubs everyone the wrong way
including its owner.

b) What is the significant event?

Mr. Das‟ obsessive behavior towards Diamond.

c) What is the aim of the author?

i) The author cautions against obsessive behavior Mr. Das
does because of the excessive love he has for his dog.
Besides, he is oblivious to the pain it causes other people.
ii) The author also cautions against the danger pets pose to
both their owners and society in general. An animal nature
can‟t be changed simply because it is domesticated. Diamond
stays true to this statement which ironically is made by Mr.
Das. The other irony in relation to this statement is that Mr.

42
Das‟ personality does not change despite the many pleas from
friends and family.

Task: One person‟s pleasure can be a terrible displeasure to

someone else. Write an essay that is in support of this
statement with illustrations from Anita Desai‟s story
“Diamond Dust”

43
Arrested Development by Sandisile Tshuma
1. Setting
The story is set on a road trip from Zimbabwe‟s capital
Bulawayo, to Beitbridge, a town bordering South Africa.
The setting moves from Max‟s garage, to a contraband
ferrying vehicle and ultimately to Beitbridge. This is at a
time when Zimbabwe is experiencing hyperinflation.

2. Plot
The narrator and tens of travelers are writing at Max‟s
garage for vehicles to take them to their various
destinations. The narrator is an academic researcher in
search of data on order jumping. There is no public
transport and so the travelers are at the mercy of private
vehicle owners. As a result of the collapse of public
service provision, the people of Zimbabwe have
developed infinite patience in order to get anything they
want.
After three days of waiting, the narrator struggles with
other passengers to get onto the back of a pick-up that has
stopped next to her. They are charged an exorbitant fare.
Though they pay up, the driver takes them back to Max‟s
alleging that his costs will not be covered. Presently she is
directed by a tout to a vehicle ready to leave for
Beitbridge. She finds herself travelling in the company of
two contraband dealers, the driver and the woman in mid-
thirties. She learns that the police take bribes to ignore the
contraband. She learns that the lot of the cross-border
traders is way better than that of highly educated
Zimbabweans. For example she and her friend Lihile who
has despaired of her lot ever improving. From the

44
 passenger who joins them at Gwanda, she learns that
ignorance is preyed upon in a very cruel way.
This cruelty on one another wises up victims. Survival
for con-artists therefore is a daily struggle.
Zimbabweans are filled with loneliness and despair. Even
for the cross-border traders, the risks are many. The best
everyone can do is resign themselves to their fate like
Lihile who now fetches water and easily contends with
blackouts
The narrator‟s research however offers a ray of hope that
might salvage the youth from their endless troubles in
search of a livelihood.

3. Conflict
i) Poor public service provision.
The public looks to the government for the provision of
public service. These have either broken down
completely, like transport, or are not efficiently provided
like electricity, water etc. the public is powerless to bring
on any improvement and have resigned themselves to
waiting.

ii) Private transport

With the collapse of public transport, private vehicle
owners have moved in to fill the gap. They charge fares
that the public can bear. They even use unscrupulous
means, like taking them back to the pickup stations, to
Max on fares.

45
 iii) The Public
The public is its own worst enemy. They have perfected
vigoroni: the art of getting ahead of the crowd and on top
of the pile. A tiny old woman painfully elbows the
narrator to earn her place on the vehicle to Beitbridge.
The narrator in return scales the sides of the pick-up
without regards to the less athletic woman.
The passenger who joins them at Gwanda is conned of
780 rand.
Payment defaulters in the cross-border trade are sold
off to Nigerians in Johannesburg‟.
The traders are mugged by bandits who strip search
them.
They pay off every government officer they come in
contact with for their businesses to continue. They pay off
border officials, highway police, magistrates even
farmers. For example, Gloria pays a border official in
order to cross the border without a pass. The driver
“buys” a ticket from the police to avoid paying more
bribes on the way.

4. Characters and Characetrisation

i)Narrator
a) Observant
-vividly describes the boarding of the twin-cab pickup
-places the Gwanda passenger as a Tshuma
b) Intelligent
-an academician carrying out a research project

46
 c) Focused
The wealth made by the cross-border traders does not
make her give up the quest of improving the lot of the
youth in return for quick riches in business.
ii) Cross-border traders:
-opportunists
-cunning
-daring- crossing of the Limpopo

iii) General populace

-impotent – powerless to bring about change (not every
via ballot)
-Greedy – change exorbitant fees for services transport
and products (fuel)
- Police & govt. officials take bribes
Government officials swindle cash meant for
development projects like the Matabeleland
Zambezi Water Pipeline.
-con one another e.g. the Tshuma boys conned by
the money changers.
-Resigned- Lihile now fetches water and contends with
the blackouts despite her education and exposure at the
U.K.
-Generous – there who have found work in S.A send
cash and groceries to their relatives in Zimbabwe.

5. Themes.
The best developed theme in this story is suffering. There
are many other themes but not well developed.
i) Suffering
a) No public service or they are inefficient.

47
-the narrator waits for 3 hours before she gets transport. The
Tshuma man had waited 18 hours for the mini-bus to
Bulawayo to fill.
b) The narrator had waited for 2 hours at the bank to
withdraw money.
c) black -outs are common place and house taps are dry
d) payment defaulters are sold off to Nigerians in
Johannesburg
e) traders sometimes have to cross the crocodile infested
river Limpopo. At times they are attacked by bandits
f) The practice of Vigoroni has robbed them of
etiquette.
The narrator is elbowed painfully by a tiny old
woman as they scramble for space on a pick-up

ii) Impotence
-In the first two paragraphs, the word wait has been used five
times and waiting once. This apparent patience is actually the
collective weakness not strength of Zimbabweans”. But it is
not in the nature of a Zimbabwean to question or
complain.”pp 88
-the educated like Lihile have despaired and put her life
expectancy at 40 (or just below). What is more, she has
adapted to the dry taps and blackouts.
iii) Corruption
-pp 93 – There is no palm that cannot be greased, apparently
border officials, highway police, magistrates all take bribes
-pp 87 people in high office swindle project funds-
Matebeleland Zambezi Water Pipeline has never taken off.

48
iv) Human rights violations
pp 93 payment defaulters are sold off to Nigerians in
Johannesburg, traders are subjected to strip searchers by
bandits

v) Insecurity
traders are mugged by bandits in the farmlands of Limpopo
Province.
vi) Loneliness
pp 93 – I am struck by a loneliness that I have noticed in
everyone lately. On page 93 Gloria tells us that:
“Trust no one, not even relatives.” This lack of trust seems to
be the source of the loneliness.
6. POV
1st person narrator makes the story more credible because
of her high academic status and the fact that she is the
only person doing something to bring about change.

7. a) Is the title appropriate?

Yes. Arrested development, though a contradiction, points
to the fact that the impotence of 12million people has
ensured their quality of life does not improve.

b) What is the significant event?

The discovery of the patience of Zimbabweans
c) What is the aim of the author?
Unless people do something about their circumstances,
their lot will never change.

49
Sandra Street by Michael Anthony
1. Setting
The story is set in a suburb street called Sandra. It is no
ordinary street. It houses a residential area, a school and it
leads into a forested hill. Sandra Street maintains a
somewhat natural environment: there are no fences or
gates, a few houses, a small population and its people live
in harmony. Neighbouring residential areas are a little
way off.
2. Plot
We are introduced to Steve, the narrator; Mr. Blades, his
new teacher who is a nature lover and Sandra Street. We
learn about the natural environment of Sandra Street
through a composition by Kenneth, a boy from the other
side of town. His story leads t a conflict between boys
from the other side of the town and those from Sandra
Street. The Sandra Street boys feel that their town has
been described negatively.
Mr. Blades reads a few more stories, some of which say
very nice things about Sandra Street. His delight at these
did not appease most of the boys from Sandra Street. In a
desperate attempt to calm them, he asks the class to write
a composition on the other side of town. This only fuels
the conflict between the boys.
However, the narrator does an objective assessment of
Kenneth‟s composition and finds that it was a truthful
description of Sandra Street. He even begins to appreciate
its beauty. He is so caught up in his reflections he does
not realise the break bell has gone. It takes Mr. Blades to
bring him back to the present.

50
 The following Tuesday the boys fight again as a result
of what they wrote about the other side of town. More
compositions are written on other subjects yet Sandra
Street did not go away. Mr. Blades, who is new to Sandra
Street, is waiting for the mango season to find out whether
the boys had given an accurate description of Sandra
Street during that season. What is more, Mr. Blades takes
an interest in Steven‟s writing.
The two of them appear at the window several times
looking out at Sandra Street. With every discussion they
have at the window, Steven‟s observation ability grows so
does this love of nature. His interest in nature takes him to
the hills where he explores the river, mango and banana
groves and even gets to put away green bananas in the
„immortelle‟ roots to ripen.
In his last encounter with Mr. Blades at the window,
Steven invites him to the hills to inspect his bananas. At
the hills, Mr. Blades, who had thought the trip was a
nature trail walk, is disappointed that Steven only focuses
on the ripening bananas and not the view of Sandra Street
the hill affords them.
3. Conflict
a) The main conflict revolves around Mr. Blades and
Steven. Mr. Blades is a nature lover. He sees in Steven a
similar spirit which is however latent. There is an uneasy
relationship in which the master trains the pupil to
appreciate his environment. The challenge is in showing
Steve the beauty of his environment without telling him
what stands out as beautiful. So it is a journey in which
Steven awakens to the beauty that is his environment with
Mr. Blades as his hands-off guide.

51
NB: This journey is made up of a series of conflicts
between Blades and Steven. Identify all of them.
b) Kenneth‟s work and Steven
This is one in the series of conflicts mentioned in (a)
above. However it stands out because it runs through the
entire story. Mr. Blades contrasts Kenneth‟s writing with
that of Steve. Kenneth seems to have well developed
observation powers‟ Steve does not. It is Kenneth‟s
composition on Sandra Street that Mr. Blades uses to
arouse Steven‟s passion for nature. Although it is
unprofessional, Mr. Blades uses Kenneth‟s work to
criticize Steven‟s (pp 103,106).

c) Further, conflict develops between the boys from

Sandra Street and those from the other side of town. Each
writes disparagingly about the other‟s residential area
resulting in two bruising battles. What is the import of
these fights? Steven gives us the answer. “He had written
in anger what I thought of now in joy” pp 99. Each of
these pupils has a latent love of the environment in them.
It however is not well directed. Mr. Blades tries to direct
Steven‟s love of nature and remove the juvenile jealousy
and hatred he possesses.

d) Steven experiences internal conflict.

i) First, although he likes to hear the steel band (they do
not have one in Sandra Street) he puts it in his
composition to disparage the other side of town he
describes its sound as horrible (pp98).
ii) As Steven begins to appreciate the beauty of Sandra
Street, it also fills him with a sense of sadness. He says

52
that certain sadness came over him as he looked over the
houses across to the hills (pp 100).
iii) Steven writes in his compositions about his
experiences at the hills but hopes that Mr. Blades will not
see the reality in it. He wonders how Mr. Blades had
found out about the bananas; he put out to ripen in the
roots of the „immortelle‟ (pp104-105).

e) Mr. Blades suffers internal conflict

His dilemma is how to make the pupils appreciate Sandra
Streets‟ beauty without telling them what is beautiful.
Thus, when/he reads Kenneth‟s work class and
appreciates it, he is misunderstood by the boys from
Sandra Street. His attempts to placate them by reading
stories that said nice things about Sandra Street fall
through. Instead of telling them what to look out for, he
gives them an assignment to write about the other side of
town. His teaching style is allowing learners to discover.
He makes a compromise by guiding one.

53
TWILIGHT TREK by SEFFI ATTA

1. Setting

The story is set in Gao, Mali. It then moves through Mali

and Algeria upto Tangier, a Moroccan coastal town. This
is desert country ant the travelers suffer the heat of the
scorching sun and constant sand storms. The trek itself
must take place in the night- it covers two nights. The
travelers stop at a camp on a mountain just outside
Tangier. It is a stinking mess.

2. Plot
The story opens with the narrator receiving a fake
passport in the name of Jean Luc from an agent in Gao,
Mali. He narrates how he sold marijuana to raise his fare.
Impatient that the money was not coming in quickly
enough, he steals from his employer. He threatens to send
a gang to sodomise him then slit his throat. The narrator
scales up his immigration time-table and starts his illegal
immigration journey.

At the start of the journey he meets Patience, a girl he

travels with to the Tangier camp. During the journey they
face a lot of suffering. It is a bumpy ride and the
sandstorms drive sand everywhere. In the day, they have
to hide under the truck from the scorching sun. What is
more, their guide increases the fare by $100 or he
abandons them in the desert.

They pay up and the second leg of their journey starts.

Even this leg is disappointing. Their guide drops them at

54
 the foot of the mountain and they complete their journey
on foot.

When they reach the camp the narrator is shocked by the

insalubrious conditions. Men, women and children all
live under plastic sheets and there are no sanitation
facilities in sight. Further, they are warned to be wary of
thieves, Moroccan security forces, conmen and plagues.
Their final destination, Cueta, presents a challenge to get
to. Obazee says that he‟s been trying for six years but
keeps getting caught by the police who beat him up.

The narrator finds out from Obazee how to cross the sea
and what dangers each mode of transport presents and the
cost. This information excites him and he shares it with
Patience who has resorted to reading the bible for solace.
He is ready to meet her crossing fee. She wonders where
he would get the money from. He shows her where his
money is hidden.

They wake up in the morning to find that Obazee is

moving the camp further away from the security forces.
The narrator wouldn‟t move because he is still waiting for
Patience who had gone to Tangier to find a “samsara”.
He also discovers that she has taken his money. He waits
to no avail. He has to start all over again.

3. Conflict
The story raises conflicts at different levels. External
conflict develops at two levels. First there is conflict

55
between people. Second, there is conflict between man
and nature.
The other level of conflict is internal. The narrator
through his dreams understands that his mother‟s advice
was worth taking yet he can‟t or wouldn‟t take it.

We will now examine conflict in the chronological order

that they are developed.
i. Illegal immigrant and foreign embassies (pp109)
The foreign embassies will not grant visas to
illegal African immigrants effectively denying
them an opportunity to move to Europe. The
Africans believe they can still get to Europe.
They will cross the Sahara and get to Morocco
then cross the Mediterranean Sea into Spain.
ii. The narrator and drug seller (pp 109)
The narrator disagrees with his mother and runs
away from home. To survive he sells marijuana.
Dissatisfied with how much he was making, he
steals from his employer. His employer in return
promises to send a gang to sodomise him then slit
his throat. To avoid this treatment he starts his
journey to Europe.
iii. The narrator and his mother
When the narrator was little his mother would
dress him up like a girl. He would struggle
during such treatment (pp109). When he got
older, she tried to pimp him to a Lebanese man
who liked light skinned boys. He runs away from
home to avoid such treatment (pp110). Further,
we learn that his dreams enhance this mother and

56
 child conflict. His mother tries to dissuade him
from making the trip by narrating to him horror
stories of illegal immigration attempts. He is still
in Gao and would have turned back but he doesn‟t
(pp110).

In the second dream, she alludes to the Promised

Land, a story from the bible. However, the
people who seek the Promised Land end up us
taxi drivers, night guards, cleaners of plates and
toilets and some become homeless sleeping in the
cold of ghettos and streets. Yet others go on to
become sex slaves or cultural slaves (pp113/4).

In his penultimate dream, his mother uses strong

images of death to hint at Jeans imminent failure.
He still does not take her advice.

In the final dream she dismisses Patience as a

common prostitute and that her reading of the
bible was of no value. She gives him more stories
of frustrated immigrants. He does not heed his
mother‟s advice that he stays away from Patience
and the trip.

iv. Illegal immigrants and nature

When the trek gets underway, the travelers find
out that they can only travel in the night and the
winds are very cold then. The sand too presents a
problem. It hurts their eyes, stings their nostrils
and mats their chests. It is also in their food and

57
 water. Their tongues swell so badly they cannot
converse. Their legs are cramped. Others suffer
from piles and wheezing chests.

The conflict with nature continues when they stop

in the day. They suffer the scorching sun and
hide underneath the truck to avoid the heat.
There is however no escaping the sand which is
all over them including in their underpants
(pp112/113).

v. Travellers and Tuareg guide

At the start of the second leg of their journey, the
travellers get blackmailed by their Tuareg guide.
They are deep in the Sahara desert and the guide
tells them to pay an extra$100 each or he
abandons them. They pay up (pp114/5)
vi. Illegal immigrants and environment
a. The camp is insalubrious
The narrator describes it as an open sewer
(pp115). There is lack of privacy. Men,
women and children all sleep under
plastic sheets. The environment is a
health hazard.
b. They suffer constant bites from fleas.
Many are coughing. They are warned
that even the air that they breathe may
carry plagues (pp115/6).
c. At the camp they are told to beware of
thieves, Moroccan security forces and
con men.

58
 vii. The narrator and Patience
She steals his money and heads for Tangier and
the world beyond.
4. Character and characterisation
a. The narrator
Independent minded
 When he was little his mother dressed
him up as a girl and he‟d resist this.
 When she tried to pimp him out to a
homosexual, he ran away from home.
b. Gifted
He plays football very well. This is the main
reason why he wants to travel to Europe where he
hopes to develop his talent further.
c. Friendly
Befriends Patience and helps her through the
difficult times. He is willing to pay part of her
fare.
d. Naïve
Trusts Patience and tells her where his money is
hidden. She steals it and abandons him at the
camp.
e. Braggart
He brags to Patience about his football skills and
how he was going to make a career out of playing
football in Europe.
f. Irreligious
 His mother has not taught him religion.
She says that Africans too can compile
their stories in a holy book.

59
  When he reads about God promising the
Israelites food, he says that he was tired
and that the fairy wasn‟t going to help
them.
5. Themes
a. Suffering
This is the best developed theme in the story.
Identify all the instances of suffering that the
travellers go through.
b. Poverty
This is the real cause of the trek.
 The narrator‟s mother earns a living as a
prostitute. The money she earns barely
covers expenses. She sells ground nuts to
supplement. What is more, she is ready
to pimp her son to homosexuals to
augment her earnings.
 The Muslim women in Gao cannot afford
to share their meal with strangers. There
just isn‟t enough to go round.
 The highways are full of potholes and the
taxis are in a state of disrepair.
c. Opportunism
 The narrator takes advantage of the trust
his boss has in him and steals his money.
 His mother is happy to have a child of
mixed race. His light skin is particularly
favoured by homosexuals and she had
been grooming him to earn money from
the trade.

60
  The Tuareg guide blackmails the
travellers in the desert. He raises the fare
by $100 at a time he knows they can‟t
default.
 Patience takes advantage of Jean. He
trusts her enough to tell her where his
money is hidden. She steals it and does
not care about his plight.
6. Style
Satire
Satire is made up of three literary devices: irony, wit and
humour. It objective is to expose the vices and follies of
individuals or societies in such a way that they appear
ridiculous.

It is the heavy presence of irony in this story that directs

our attention to satire. Let us now consider some of the
outstanding instances of irony.
Irony
- The most important instance of irony comes at the start
of the story and it‟s concluded at the end. The narrator
dupes his master and steals his cash. During the trek he
befriends Patience. He builds a tent at the camp which
he shares with her; he promises to meet the cost of her
crossing the sea and to prove that he can he shows her
the where the money is. She steals it and abandons him
at the camp. It is the same money that he had stolen
from his employer.
- Another instance of irony that runs through the story
plays out between the narrator and his mother. She
raised him with only one purpose in mind: to pimp him

61
 out to homosexuals. He flees from home because of this.
However, throughout the trek she remains the only voice
of reason through his dreams. She constantly impresses
upon him the folly of his action.
- Obazee is also an ironic figure. He holds a degree. His
knowledge and skills ought to be used in the service of
the people of his country. He is however portrayed as
lacking in imagination. For six years he is stuck in the
camp described as an open sewer. All his attempts to get
to Cueta have been thwarted by the Guardia Civil. He
fancies himself as the leader of the camp. This is a
complete waste of university education.
NB: Find more instances of irony. Notice that each of
these ironic situations points to a human weakness. That
is satire.
Now let us examine the things that have been satirised in
this story.
a) Opportunism (callousness of human nature and
greed)
The writer satirises the callousness of human nature in
taking advantage of those around them for personal gain.
The opportunists satirised in this story include:

 The narrator
At the time Patience steals from him he has $1000. This
means that he stole a lot of money from his employer.
The money has not brought him any benefit. First, the
journey through the desert has been a very difficult one.
Now far away from home he is not only destitute but he
has no way of salvaging himself. Further, his
inexperience has made him prey to the older Patience.

62
  The narrator’s employer
He deals in marijuana. This drug corrupts the youth.
What is more is that he uses the young Jean to peddle his
drugs and pays him peanuts. The result is that Jean
steals from him.
 The narrator’s mother
She raises Jean with the intention of pimping him out to
homosexuals. This is child abuse. She lamely tells him
about the Lebanese: “He‟ll only touch you”. Her son
runs away from home because he does not wish to be a
homosexual.
 The Tuareg guide
His greed is satirised. Deep in the desert he takes
advantage of the travellers and asks them for more
money or he abandons them. The poor souls would die in
the desert. They pay up.
 Patience
Her greed too is satirised. Jean was ready to share his
loot with her so that they cross the sea into Spain
together. She however steals his money and leaves him
destitute.
b) Brutality/ violence
i. The police
The last time Obazee tries to get into Cueta
illegally, the Guardia Civil catch him and beat
him up severely. It is the Medecins Sans
Frontieres that saves his life. (pp119)
ii. Bandits
There is talk that travellers are sometimes
attacked by bearded moslems and bandits when
their trucks break down in the desert. There is no

63
 guarantee that the police would arrive in time to
rescue them. Such stories make some women
turn back at the last moment (pp111).
iii. Samsara

In his fourth dream, his mother narrates the story

of the Senegalese girl who couldn‟t swim. The
Samsara who carries her in his dhingy refuses to
get close to the shore. He orders her to jump out
of the dhingy into the sea and find her way
somehow. (pp 121)

c) Collective folly of illegal of illegal immigration

 At the end of the first dream, the narrator‟s
mother tells him that the lesson to be learned
from the deportation story is that the world is
round and that means if one ran too fast, one
might end up chasing the very homeland one is
running from.
 In his second dream she tells him the story of
disillusionment. Those who finally reached The
Promised Land wonder what they were chasing.
They end up driving taxis,, washing plates and
toilets, guarding buildings at night, sleeping in
the streets, serving as sex slaves and enslaving
themselves to the West through marriage
(pp113-4)
 The illegal immigrants have neither clear plans
nor the money to get them to Spain from the
camp. The narrator says of the people in the
camp: These people here are not like any

64
 villagers; they are like refugees on television,
squatting under plastic sheets: men, women and
children. The implication is that they choose to
lead a squalid life yet nobody sent them away
from their villages which are more comfortable
than the camps.
 Obazee gives a very poor show for an educated
man. He lives a squalid life and fancies himself
the camp leader demanding to be addressed with
respect. How can a man who doesn‟t respect
himself be respected by others. He should be
using his university education to improve the lot
of his people back at home. Six years have gone
by with nothing achieved and many more will go
by because he can neither go forward nor turn
back.
7. POV
The story is told from the first person point of view. It
makes the story credible. We would not believe that
people can be so wicked or so stupid unless we hear it
from the horse‟s mouth.
8. a) Appropriateness of the title
Harrap‟s Essential English Dictionary defines a trek as a
long journey usually on foot.
Twighlight, on the other hand is the period immediately
after sunset.

Indeed the trek for the two days begins after sunset. In
the day they rest to avoid the patrolling police. The
journey is undoubtedly long although very little of it is
done on foot.

65
Figuratively too, the sun is not yet up for this would be
immigrants. They are not realistic in their ambition to
immigrate.
b) Significant event
The notice of revenge on Jean by the drug baron is the
significant event in this story. He says that he could not
afford to be sodomised against his will so he flees
(pp109).
c) Aim of the author
i. Show the ridiculous lengths to which people will
go to try and improve their lot.
ii. Show human suffering occasioned by poor
decision making.

Q. 1
What are some of the elements that Sefi Atta exposes as
ridiculous in Twilight Trek?
Q. 2
Discuss the suffering the illegal immigrants undergo in
Twilight Trek by Sefi Atta.

66
 I STAND HERE IRONING BY TILLIE OLSEN
1. Setting
The story is set in USA after the depression and WWII
but before the economy had fully recovered. The narrator
is ironing the family‟s clothes on an ironing board in her
house.
2. The plot
The narrator, a mother of five in her late 30‟s, stands
ironing her family‟s clothes. She reflects on a question
asked her by somebody handling her daughter, probably a
teacher at school. The unnamed person wants her to visit
and give information that could be used to help her
withdrawn daughter, Emily.
She doesn‟t think she should go because she believes she
doesn‟t have an answer. She believes her 19 year old
daughter has lived through experiences that have altered
her life in ways a mother cannot understand.
Through her reflections, we however get the picture.
Emily, very beautiful at birth, is her first born. Her
husband abandons them when she is only eight months.
The narrator, a working class mother, could not afford to
employ a nanny. At first she left the baby with an
inconsiderate neighbour. Later she took her to her
grandparents.

A year goes by before Emily reunites with her mother.

Two reasons are given for this long period of separation.
First, the narrator could not raise the fare. Second, Emily
suffered an attack of chicken pox.

67
When she returns, their lot has not improved. She is
shipped to school where she suffers in the hands of nasty
children because of the scars left by chicken pox. She
also suffers in the hands of inconsiderate teachers who
sent her back to the bullies. What is more, the economic
hardship makes her mother send her back to her
grandparents. When she returns, she finds that she has a
new father.

Things get worse for Emily when her siblings start

coming: four in total. Her mother barely has time to smile
at her, let alone comfort her in the nights when she has
nightmares. She therefore feels rejected and unwanted.

The only saving grace is that her condition, we are not

told what it is, impairs her growth. She therefore looks
much younger than her age. Inconsiderate children tease
her because she does not fit the picture of the stereotype
beauty. Her younger sister does not help much. She too
bullies Emily.

In the end, the narrator is less harassed by the task of

parenting. The children have grown older and don‟t
require much attention. She begins to pay more attention
to Emily. At first these moments are rejected. Gradually,
communication does begin to take place but only on
Emily‟s terms. The narrator is therefore hopeful that ho
intervention is requires and that her daughter will end up
well.

68
3. Conflict
i. All the conflicts in this story centre on Emily and
the challenges she goes through from infancy to
young adulthood. She is born to young parents
who have no means of raising her. Her mother is
only 19 and America is going through its worst
economic crisis: the great depression. Clearly not
ready for the sacrifices of parenthood, her father
abandons them when she is only eight months
old. She lacks a father‟s love throughout her life.
Her new daddy does not fare any better. In the
night when her mother is tired and cannot comfort
her when she has nightmares, he does not step in.
ii. Her mother‟s love is not forthcoming either. At
eight months she has to be with a neighbour
during the day as her mother earns her keep.
When the financial crisis deepens, she has to go
and live with her grandparents for one year.
During this period there is absolutely no contact
between mother and daughter. This movement to
her grandparents happens twice. When she
reunites with her mother at the age of 2, she has
to go to school. This is the only way her mother
could go to work. School exposes her to more
loneliness. She is tormented by both pupils and
teachers (pp129-30).
Emily‟s conflict with her mother worsens when
the clinic persuades her to send Emily away to the
convalescent home in the country. For the first
six weeks the narrator was not allowed to see her
daughter. When she was finally allowed, she

69
 could only speak to her daughter from a distance.
The situation was made worse because Emily was
not allowed to hold or keep the many letters her
parents wrote her. They were only read to her
once.
Emily‟s mother also remembers a time when an
old man living in the back told her that she should
smile at Emily a little more when she looked at
her. This was a t a time when Emily was an only
child. The narrator remembers this when the other
children had come and they were receiving the
smiles but it was too late for Emily (pp130)
iii. The other conflict develops between Emily and
her siblings.
When Susan was born, her mother was away in
hospital for one week. Upon her return, Emily
was not allowed near her mother or the baby for
another week. She had to endure two weeks of
loneliness. As a result, she became delirious with
fever (pp131). What is more is that she didn‟t get
better, and suffered nightmares. When she called
out to her mother, she‟d ask her to go back to
sleep because it was just a dream. She was too
exhausted looking after Susan there was no
energy left to look after Emily.
There are more problems with Susan. The
narrator refers to the relationship between them as
poisonous. Their mother acknowledges that she
solved the conflicts between the two very badly.
She blamed Emily for them. She says that Emily
had a corroding resentment towards Susan.

70
 Then there is the social contest between the
siblings. Susan had the good looks that Emily
lacked. Further, she was more confident and
articulate than Emily. She stole Emily‟s jokes
and riddles and the audience lived her. The most
cruel thing was losing or breaking Emily‟s
precious things without apology and getting away
with it (pp133-4)
iv. The instance between Emily and a boy she loved
Emily loved a boy painfully through two
semesters. Months later she reported to her
mother how she‟d stolen money from her purse to
buy the boy his favourite candy. He however
showed her no affection but liked another girl,
Jennifer, better. She pleaded with her mother to
tell her why this happened but she had no answer
(pp133).
v. School
School too presents a challenge; she was neither
glib nor quick. To her teachers, she was a slow
learner who kept trying to catch up. What is
more, she was chronically absent. This was in
part because of her illness and because her mother
just wanted to have her children together, so she
made her stay at home with her siblings who not
of school going age yet (pp133).
Susan too did contribute to her problems with
school. She sometimes mislaid Emily‟s
homework. Subsequently, Emily would go to
school her homework not done. Her mother says

71
 she‟d suffer over the unpreparedness, stammering
and unsure in her classes (pp135).
As a result Emily develops this attitude that there
is more to life than school. On the eve of her
mid- term exams, she tells her mother not to wake
her early with the rest in the morning. She
reasons cynically that there might be another
atomic bomb in a couple of years that would kill
all of them and that it would not matter that
somebody had excelled at school (pp136).
vi. Emily and poverty
All though all of Emily‟s problems stem from
poverty, there is one event that stands out: her
ability to imitate. Her mother had suggested that
she one day try it out in the school amateur show.
She did and she won. She got invites to perform
to thrilled audiences. However, because there
was no money to develop her talent, it eddied,
clogged and clotted in her (pp135).
4. Character and characterisation
The main character in this story is well developed. She is
brought out as a very ordinary woman who has both
weaknesses and strengths.
a) Strengths
i. Determined
She looks after her family despite the economic
strain. She says that she‟d go out to work or go
out to look for work (pp128).

72
 ii. Responsible
Looked after Emily as best as she could. When
she couldn‟t be there, she left her with a
neighbour or took her to her grandparents.
iii. Reflective
At the beginning of the story, someone has asked
her to visit and give insights that might help
improve Emily‟s lot. The rest of the story is her
reflection on what her achievements and failures
have been in bringing up Emily.
iv. Honest
She admits her mistakes in the upbringing of
Emily. She was distracted both by poverty and
the sheer amount of work involved in raising five
children almost single handedly. She says that
the first six years of Emily‟s life, she was either
away working or Emily was away with her
grandparents (pp136). When Susan was born she
was too exhausted in the nights to comfort Emily
when she had nightmares (pp 131).
b) Weaknesses
i. Fearful
 She is afraid that she may not raise her child
right. Emily is brought up by the book. She
is fed when the book says she should and not
a minute too soon (pp127).
 She fears to raise the child alone and often
sends her back to her paternal grandparents‟
home although her husband had deserted her
(pp128).

73
  She is afraid of going to talk to the person
who wants insights into Emily‟s life. In fact,
she will not go. She says, “Let her daughter
be; the only thing that Emily needs to know is
that she is not helpless” (pp136).
 She sends her child to the convalescence
home for fear she would be taken away from
her. The child only returns when the social
worker says so even though it was clear to her
long ago that the home was not improving
Emily.
ii. Biased
She was more lenient with Susan than she was
with Emily.
 She says that when it came to balancing the
hurts and the needs between Emily and
Susan, she did badly in the earlier years. This
was because she felt that Emily had a
corroding resentment towards Susan.
 She did not smile as readily with Emily as she
did with the other children. She remembers
the old neighbour‟s admonition that she
smiles more readily with Emily. This face of
joy she admits she started wearing too late for
Emily. She therefore does not smile as easily
as the others (pp130).
 She readily made Emily miss school but is
very strict with her siblings‟ school
attendance (pp133).

74
 iii. Resigned
She is resigned to the fact that Emily is different
from the other children.
When she went to school to watch Emily‟s
performance, she only recognized the Emily that
nearly drowned into the curtains. She however
cannot come to terms with the Emily that is spell
binding and exuding control, command and
confidence. Little wonder that she does nothing
to nurture Emily‟s talent (pp135). That is to say
that according to her Emily is a misfit and that is
how things should stay.
5. Themes
i. Poverty
 The narrator is a working class mother. She says
that she worked or was out looking for work
(pp128).
 The long hours she spent ironing are indicative
that she could not afford to employ somebody to
do it. Her daughter asks her: “Aren‟t you ever
going to finish the ironing, mother?” (pp135).
 Of Emily‟s condition, she says: “We were poor
and could not afford for her the soil of easy
growth (pp136).
 The goodbye note that Emily‟s father writes is
another indication that they are poor. He writes:
“He could no longer endure sharing want with
them” (pp128). Want as a noun means a state of
extreme poverty.
ii. Suffering
Emily‟s life is one of suffering right form birth.

75
  Being a first born, her mother brought her up
by the book. This meant that she had to
endure hours of hunger because her mother
only fed her when the book said that she
should.
 At eight months her father walks out on them.
She has to be left with a neighbour, who
didn‟t like her very much, when her mother
went out to work or look for work. Later she
is sent to her father‟s relatives because her
mother could not afford to raise her.
 At her grandparents‟ she comes down with
small pox which scars her face for life.
 Then there was her stay at the convalescent
home. For the first six weeks she is not
allowed to see he mother. When she if finally
allowed to visit, they can only see on another
from a distance lest the children are
contaminated. Further, the only friend that
Emily makes, a little girl, is taken away from
her. Emily laments that: “They don‟t want
like you to love anybody here” (pp132).
 There is someone else Emily loved. This is
the boy at school. She even stole money from
her mother‟s purse to buy him his favourite
candy. He however liked Jennifer better.
NB: There are many more instances of Emily‟s suffering.
Identify and illustrate all of them.
Do you think the narrator too undergoes suffering? Explain
your answer.

76
 iii. Family relationships
 Try to find answers to the following issues
raised about Emily‟s family.
 Trace the development of the relationship
between Emily and her mother.
 Give illustrations to show that the relationship
between Emily and Susan is a sour one.
 Supply evidence to show that Emily‟s four
siblings got preferential treatment.

6. POV
This story is told by the first person. The events are made
more credible through the use of stream of consciousness.
The narrator‟s reflections and the memories jump from
one thought to another as she gives us insights on why
Emily turned out the way she did.
7.
a) Appropriateness of title
The title is symbolic
 It is a symbol of the poverty of the narrator and the
general harsh economic period in which Emily was
born and raised. Besides putting in long hours for the
people who employ her, the narrator had to put up
even longer hours to take care of her own household
chores.
 It is also a symbol of the tortured thoughts and
memories that go through the narrator‟s mind as she
tries to understand why Emily turned out the way she
did.
 Finally it is a symbol of hope. At the end of the story
the narrator says that Emily should know that she is

77
 not as helpless as the dress on the ironing board
before the iron.
b) Significant event
The significant event in this story is Emily‟s father
deserting his wife and daughter (when Emily is only
eight months old).
c) Aim of the author
The writer depicts the suffering endured by the
working class families in America during the great
depression.

Question

Write an essay to show the suffering that Emily has

endured in her 19 years.

78
THE RETRACTION BY STANLEY O. KENANI

1. Setting
The story is set in three countries. First, there is the
narrator‟s home country, Zambia. Part of it is set in his
village and part of it in the capital, Lusaka. Secondly, it is
set in Lilongwe, Malawi. The final setting is
Johannesburg, South Africa. The movement between
Botolo and Lusaka dominates the story. Another
important aspect of the setting is the contrived setting.
The contrast in the two contrived settings brings out the
futility of the complaint letter against Tatha.
2. The plot
The narrator receives an email from Tatha, a former
airline hostess, with Malawi Air. She complains that she
loses her job on account of a complaint letter that the
narrator writes.
Through a series of flashbacks, we learn exactly how he
came to write the complaint. The airline served alcoholic
drinks on the plane. However, the hostesses were under
strict instructions to give additional drinks to passengers
only after they had finished what they had been served.
This was the only limitation.
The narrator however comes from a culture in which pride
at a drinking place depends on the number of bottles that
one places on the table. Every time he rings for a hostess,
it is Tatha that appears and politely declines to serve him
an extra drink unless he has finished what he‟s been
served.
Towards the end of the journey, another hostess asks the
passengers to write down their comments on slips of

79
 paper that she provides. The narrator confesses he was
drunk having been drinking for two hours but still gives
his comments. He alleges that Tatha had been rude to
him throughout the flight.
Tatha‟s email touches him so much that he sells most of
the things that he‟d bought with the prize money and
travels by road to Malawi, a 1000km journey, to retract
his complaints and to personally apologise to Tatha.
He does not get the responses he had expected and travels
back home crestfallen but happy with what he had done.
Years later, he sees Tatha in a magazine crowned the
hostess of the year at Kenya Airways.
3. Conflict
i. Tatha and Zgambo
This is the main conflict in the story. Tatha‟s dream from
childhood has been to work for Air Malawi. This she has
achieved and wishes to develop her career.
What brings her and Zgambo together is fate. Fate would
have it that Zgambo would win an air ticket at a raffle
draw courtesy of the Lundazi District council. Fate would
have it that he boards the plane on which Tatha was on
duty. Fate would have it that at drinks time, the less
sophisticated Zgambo, would wish to invoke his tribal
pride of beer drinking. Fate would have it that airline
drink policy allowed for only one drink at a time and
Tatha would politely advice him so. However, there was
no upper limit. Fate would have it that Zgambo would
take advantage of the upper limit policy and get drank.
Finally, fate would have it that the airline, in a bid to offer
world class services, had resorted to seeking passengers‟
views on the flight and that the drunken Zgambo would

80
 make his comments that Tatha had been rude to him
throughout the flight.
That‟s it. A man‟s ego took advantage of company policy
and ruined ta fledgling career.
This conflict is further developed when Zgambo visits
Blantyre to retract his comments. He goes to Tatha‟s
home and she bluntly refuses to welcome him despite the
rain. She claims that the apology would do her no good,
nor will the retraction amount to anything. Finally, he
turns to leave and she runs up to him to ask him in until
the rains die down. She adds that she was confused by the
whole event. He declines to go in with her.
ii. Zgambo and the airline‟s CEO
Zgambo gets to Blantyre and visits the Malawi Air
office. His intention is to meet the CEO and retract
his comments. He does meet the CEO but finds out
that the retraction is not a one man affair. The CEO
has to present the matter to the disciplinary
committee. There was nothing more for Zgambo to o
but leave.
iii. Zgambo and other service providers.
a) Zgambo and the café receptionist
She was downright rude to him. He says there was a
trace of irritation, sarcasm or both in her voice.
Further, she does not wait for his full name but fills
the entire space with his surname in block letters and
in very poor handwriting. She then tears off the
receipt before he finishes spelling his name and hands
it to him. This is because she was in a hurry to close.

81
 b) Zgambo and bus service to Blantyre
The buses were small and jam packed with sweating
humanity. The bus industry sacrificed human comfort
for the sole purpose of maximising revenue. What is
more, they did not entertain comments on the services
they provided.
c) Zgambo and Malawi Air receptionist
The receptionist spoke endlessly on the phone as she
served Zgambo. She dismisses his pleas the he sees
the CEO sooner just so that she can get back to her
telephone conversation. Hardly a world class service.
The call was not a business one.
4. Character and characterisation
i. Zgambo
a) Careless/irresponsible
He made disparaging comments about Tatha‟s work
to take revenge on an employee who had declined to
soothe his ego because what he demanded was against
company policy. As a result, she lost her job.
b) Reflective
Upon receiving Tatha‟s email about the consequences
of his actions, he reviews the events on the plane and
says that he had not acted judiciously. He seeks to
correct his actions by retracting the comments he‟d
written.
c) Determined
He seeks the most effective way to make the
retraction. It turns out emails are not taken seriously
and the Zambian postal system is ineffective. He is
left with only one option: travelling to Malawi. To
achieve this he has to sell most of the things that he‟d

82
 bought using the gift shopping voucher from the
raffle. He sold most of the things at a fraction of their
cost. Further, he endured the discomfort of the buses
and inns to make the retraction in person. Finally, he
patiently waits for several hours to meet the CEO and
makes his retraction.
d) Concerned
He is bothered that his comments resulted in Tatha
losing her job. After meeting the CEO he walks out
feeling assured that Tatha would be reinstated. He is
relieved when he finds out a couple of years later that
Tatha got a new job and was excelling at it.
5. Themes
i. Integrity
This is the main theme of the story. Many characters
display a lot of dishonesty in this story. For example, the
narrator only learns that his actions on the plane lacked
integrity after they had caused Tatha her job.
Most of the service providers he meets lack integrity and
are merely concerned about themselves. Therefore the
services they offer are poor at best.
Malawi Air too is a prisoner of its own policies. They
were quick to dismiss Tatha on account of a comment
from a solitary passenger who was drunk. The claims
were not verifiable. What is more, they were at pains to
rescind an unfair decision that they had made even after a
personal retraction by the complainant. They also have
double standards: passengers on their planes are asked to
make comments on the quality of service but visitors to
their offices are given such an opportunity. As a result,

83
 the receptionist uses company resources, time and phone,
for personal benefit without fear of retribution.
Finally and most importantly, Tatha acted with integrity
but lost her job on account of bureaucracy. However,
because of her integrity she lands a similar job in a
different company and is soon crowned Employee of the
Year. Integrity pays.
Suffering
Another theme worth examining is suffering. Find out all
the characters that undergo suffering in this story. Name
them and illustrate the suffering they go through.

6. Style
i. Irony
The chief device that the author uses in this story is irony.
The narrator had complained about Tatha‟s alleged
rudeness on the flight to South Africa. Her behaviour is
contrasted with the other service providers who are
downright rude to him. This makes Tatha‟s integrity
stand out.
ii. Symbolism
The rain is a symbol of suffering.
We encounter rain in the evening the evening that
Zgambo went to visit Tatha. We are told that it was
raining when the taxi they were in pulled over in front of
Tatha‟s house. The narrator steps out of the cab and into
the rain. In the seconds that it takes him to reach the door,
he was heavily soaked. His entire conversation with
Tatha is held with the rain hitting him hard. He pleads
with Tatha to let him in because it was freezing cold in
the rain. After Tatha dismissed him and shut the door in

84
 his face, he stands facing the door for a long time
oblivious of the rain.
When he chooses to walk away, Tatha calls him back but
he walks on. She joins him in the rain and tries to
convince him to stay in the house until the rain stops. She
says that her actions were as a result of the pain she was
filled with.
The rain therefore symbolises the suffering that the two
undergo.
7. POV
The story is told from the first person point of view. The
narrator makes a mistake for which he wishes to make
amends. The story is about the challenges he faces in his
attempt to retract his comment on Tatha‟s conduct on the
flight to South Africa. Coming from the horses‟ mouth,
the story is credible. The honest remorse of the narrator is
evident.

8.
a) Appropriateness of title
The retraction is an appropriate title because the
narrator made a comment on Tatha‟s conduct that he
should not have made. He tells the Malawi Air CEO
exactly that. But the real story is in the lessons he
learns as he tries to make the retraction. He learns
that most people discharge their duties completely
devoid of integrity and that he had judged the one
person who served him with integrity wrong. Above
all, he learns that his efforts to make the retraction did
not go to waste. Tatha did get a job at a new
company and continued to excel.

85
 b) Significant event
The significant event in this story is Tatha writing a
email to complain to Zgambo that he has hurt her
career. Without this email he would never have
known that he had wronged Tatha. It is responsible
for his making the retraction.
c) Aim of the author
This is a morality story. The writer cautions us
against doing things just because we can. There is a
need to reflect upon the possible outcomes of our
actions on the people we deal with. People should
behave with integrity whether or not they are being
watched. The message in short is that integrity pays.

TASK

We like to cause suffering to ourselves and those around us.

Write an essay to show the validity of this statement using
The Retraction by Stanley O. Kenani for your illustrations

86
The Bamboo Hut by Grace Ogot
1. Setting
The story is set among the people who live on the shores
of Lake Victoria. It is a rural setting in the era of the
African chieftaincy. The story is completely devoid of
Western influence and examines the shortcomings of the
inherited chieftaincy and how this affects the chief‟s
family. Further, it examines the morality of the decisions
these people make owing to the pressure of the inherited
chieftaincy.
2. The Plot
Chief Mboga goes to the foot of the Ramogi Hills to pray
for a son. He is a man both stressed and depressed
because none of his many wives have borne him a son to
inherit his throne. This is the final plea he is making on
this sacred spot.
His wife, Achieng‟ is pregnant and due to give birth soon.
Unknown to anybody, she is carrying twins. Two months
after Mboga‟s visit to the sacred hill she gives birth alone
at the river bank where she had gone to fetch water. She
is disappointed when she gives birth to a baby girl. Her
disappointment is not long lived though because she goes
into labour again and this time the twin is a boy.
Overjoyed and desiring to please her husband, she
abandons the girl child by the bank and takes the boy back
home to the happy chief.
Her secret tears at her heart but when she goes back to the
river bank after staying indoors for the mandatory 4 days,
the baby is not there.

87
 Many years later the chief encounters a girl that impresses
him with her bravery and he wishes that his son marries
her. His son, Owiny, too is impressed by the girl and
vows to marry none other. However, the protocol of
marriage in a chief‟s home has to be followed. It turns
out that nobody knows the girl‟s father because her foster
mother had found her abandoned by the river bank soon
after birth. The right decision is reached at the chief‟s
home: his son cannot marry a woman of unknown
parentage.

Owiny would have none of this. He had set his eyes on

Awiti and no substitute would appease him. Achieng‟ is a
tortured mother. Awiti‟s story fits that of the child she had
abandoned by the river bank. She has no choice but to tell
the truth.
The chief has a moral obligation to punish her for the
wrong that she had done. (it was taboo to throw away a
new born child and she was therefore not worthy of being
the chief‟s wife) He chooses not to and instead organises
a celebration and keeps his family together.
3. Conflict
i. Mboga and the gods
Chief Mboga feels that the gods have denied him
happiness. For many years he had beseeched Ramogi, the
ancestor of the Luo people, to intercede on his behalf for a
son. He is not happy because he hasn‟t a son to inherit his
chieftaincy.
ii. Achieng‟
She badly wanted to please her husband by being
the first wife to bear him a son. So focused is she

88
 that when she gives birth to twins se abandons the
girl child by the river bank for she argues that she
will spoil the fun. She soon finds out that this
decision comes back to haunt her. She can neither
find the child she had abandoned nor the peace of
mind that should have come naturally to her for
bearing the heir to the chief‟s throne.
iii. Owiny and Mboga
Owiny is very disappointed when he finds out
that he cannot marry Awiti. He tells his father
that he has chosen Awiti over the beaded stool.
iv. Achieng‟ and Mboga
Achieng realises that she is the only one who can
resolve the conflict between her husband and son.
However, this comes with a risk to her personal
safety. If she reveals that she had abandoned a
new born baby, then the rules demanded that she
be sent away. She chooses to tell the truth despite
the consequences.
The chief too has a problem because he risks
breaking his family. He makes up his mind to
keep Achieng‟ despite the mistake that she had
committed because losing her would break his
heart. Further, he argues that she had borne a lot
of pain when she lost the opportunity of seeing
her child.
4. Character and characterisation
Mboga: traditional, merciful, strict, authoritarian
Owiny: resolute/stubborn,
Achieng‟: decisive

89
5. Themes
i. Tradition
A number of Luo traditional practices are brought
out in this story:
Marriage, child naming, chieftaincy, religion
ii. Clemency/forgiveness
Achieng‟ had gone against the rules of the
community. As a result, she was supposed to be
sent away. The chief gives two extenuating
circumstances against effecting this decision. The
first is the heartache it was going to cause him to
lose the woman he loved; secondly, he pitied her
for the pain she had lived with upon losing her
daughter. The third reason is a very interesting
revelation: people have secrets and he does not
know the extent of these secrets. But it makes
him learn that though he was a powerful chief, he
was still human and his own family kept secrets
from him.
iii. Power/authority
Chief Mboga although considered a mighty leader
understands his limitations. If the chieftaincy is
to remain in his lineage he has to sire a son.
There is nothing he can do about this. Besides, he
needs a son to look after him because he has no
authority to keep his daughters from going away
upon attaining marriage age.

Further, he follows all the laid down procedures

to prepare for the marriage of his son. When it
turns out that his son cannot marry Awiti, he does

90
 not use his office unjustly to influence the
marriage although he risks losing his son for he is
determined to marry Awiti. The import of this is
that leadership is a challenge and that the use of
power/authority for the common good is its sole
object. This the mighty chief achieves.
The only time he uses his office to suit his
purposes is the time he refuses to send Awiti
away but chooses to celebrate the return of his
daughter.
6. POV
This story is told from a third person point of view. This
is appropriate because it is a controlled admiration of a
leader by his subjects. Any other point of view would
have been subjective. The audience is able to find reason
to admire the leadership of Mboga as he deals with a
difficult period in his tenure involving personal matters.
He comes out us a leader who makes judicious decisions.
Certainly leadership is not a bed of roses.
7. a) Aptness of title
The title is symbolic. The bamboo hut in Mboga‟s
home was beautifully built and well kept, however it
was reserved for the woman who would bear the chief
a son. Achieng‟ does and she is treated with the
respect that the hut was. When the chief learns of the
mistake she had committed in order to please him, she
is forgiven her sins. That decision too is symbolic
because it brings out the gentler side of the chief or
the human face of leadership. The bamboo plant is a
delicate one just like the decision the chief had to take
on this issue.

91
 b) Significant event
The significant event is the arrival of the twins; in
particular their being born by the river bank away
from prying eyes. This allows Achieng‟ to make a
personal decision that allows the story to develop.
c) The aim of the author
The author is concerned with the pressures that people
in position of authority have to deal with as they
conduct their business. Mboga is called a great chief;
some also call him a mighty chief. This is because he
applies the rules even when his family is affected and
all this to the common good. This therefore should be
the goal of any leader.
Task
Leadership is not a bed of roses. Discuss this assertion in
light of the events in this story.

92
TUESDAY SIESTA by GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ
(COLOMBIA)
1. Setting
The story is set in Colombia. Part of the setting is the
train and the other is the banana growing plantations
of Colombia. The train affords us an opportunity to
get a closer look at the mother and her daughter. One
thing that is very clear is their poverty. But we also
get a great insight into their self-esteem. The banana
plantations they pass on their way to their destination
depict the monotony of life which is made worse by
the hot weather that brings life to a standstill for a
couple of hours every day. This stifling heat is a very
important component of the setting. It helps to
develop the oppressive nature of relationships among
these people.
2. The plot
We meet a bereaved family, mother and daughter, on
a train. They are on their way to mourn her only son
who had been shot allegedly in the act of stealing.
The town they are going to is far away necessitating
the train ride which the deceased‟s sister is taking for
the first time. Upon disembarking from the train, they
walk straight to the church and demand to see the
deceased‟s grave.

It turns out that the deceased was not known even by

the priest. He hears his name for the first time from
the mother of the deceased. He begs her to wait until
the sun goes down before she goes to the cemetery
but she insists she has a train to catch at three. He

93
 gives her the key to the cemetery and follows it up
with a question on poor upbringing. The deceased‟s
mother protests that she raised her son as a morally
upright person but he was only a victim of their
poverty.

By this time word has done the rounds about their

presence and a sizeable crowd of curious onlookers
has already gathered outside the church to catch a
glimpse of mother and daughter. The priests‟ best
efforts to dissuade her from walking into the crowd
fail.
3. Conflict
a) The most noticeable conflict is between the people
and the weather.
The heat is extreme.
On the train the oppressive nature of the weather is
described in a number of ways.
 The air became humid and they could not feel the sea
breeze any more.(pp165)
 By twelve the heat had begun. (pp166)
 The band was playing a lively tune under the
oppressive sun. (pp166)
 A dry burning wind came in the window… (pp168)
When they get off the train we get more descriptions of
the heat:
 The town was floating in the heat. (pp168)
 The woman and the girl walked over to the shady side
of the street. (pp168)
 It was two. At that time, weighed down by the
drowsiness, the town was taking a siesta. (pp168)

94
 In some houses, it was so hot that the residents ate
lunch in the patio. (pp168)
 At the parish house we are told, “An electric fan was
humming inside”. (pp168)
 The priest asks the mother why she has to go to the
cemetery in the heat and pleads with her to wait until
the sun goes down. (pp170)
 The priests‟ sister tells her that she will melt in the hot
streets. (pp173)
b) The mourners and time
When the story opens we are told that it was 11:00am.
On that train trip we are continually reminded of the
passage of time.
 By twelve, the heat had begun. (pp166)
 It was almost two. (pp168) This is the time they
disembark from the train.
 At the priests‟ house she is told to go back after three
and she replies that the train leaves at three-thirty.
 Hers therefore is a race against time. Ironically, in
her hosts‟ town, time is of no importance, it comes to
a standstill at eleven and wakes a little before four.
(pp168)
c) The mourners and poverty
 The narrator tells us that the woman and her child
were both in severe and poor mourning clothes.
(pp165)
 Further, we are told that they were the only
passengers in the lone third-class car. (pp165)
 The woman we are told bore the conscientious
serenity of someone accustomed to poverty. (pp166)

95
4. Character and characterisation
a) Bereaved mother
i. Dignified (Having or showing self-esteem)
 She does not allow her poverty to result in
low self-esteem.
On the train she sits upright and we are told
that she bore the conscientious serenity of
someone accustomed to poverty.
 She is concerned about their looks. As they
are about to disembark from the train she
gives her a comb and asks her to comb her
hair. She too dries the sweat from her neck
and wiped the oil from her face.
 At the priests‟ house she shows calm
determination as she insists that she has an
emergency and needs to be served.
 When the priest does not understand who
Carlos is, she tells him that he was the thief
that was killed a week ago and that she was
his mother.
 Asked why she did raise a morally upright
son, she says that she did and that he was a
very good man. He however had no work
and may have moved to the plantations in
search of better pasture, having lost all his
teeth to boxing.
 The crowds that gather to stare at her make
the priest and his sister very uncomfortable
but not her. She tells them that she is all right
and walks right into the crowd.

96
5. Themes
a) Human relations
This is the major theme of this story.
 The young man died an unnecessary death. There is
no hint of insecurity in the area. For 28 years she
had lived alone and had never had to fire the gun.
His death was not looked at as tragic because no one
knew him.
 When the priest asks her to identify herself, she does
so confidently and in precise details. This makes the
priest uncomfortable (he blushes). We can only
infer that owing to her circumstances he had not
expected her to be so dignified.
 The members of this community break from their
languid siesta routine and move out into the streets to
catch a glimpse of the mother of a thief. The priest
and his sister are so scared by the scene they try to
dissuade her from going out but in vain. She does
not lose her self-esteem and walks out into the streets
filling up with crowds of people.
 The bereaved mother is therefore a symbol
of people who life has treated badly but do
not succumb to the labels that society
ascribes them. They are strong willed and
dignified.
b) Suffering
This is the other theme developed in the story.
i. The bereaved mother shows a lot of stoicism as
she mourns the death of her son. We are told that
the priest looks at them in amazement when he
realises that they were not going to cry. (pp171)

97
 ii. Further, she is faced with a difficult situation in
which no one knows her family and against her
son‟s alleged crime she is judged. The priest asks
her whether she ever tried to get him on the right
track. The priest is evidently find fault with her
parenting ability. (pp171)
iii. This family cannot afford good clothing. We are
told that mother and daughter were dressed in
severe mourning clothes. Further, the deceased
we are told used a rope for a belt and was
barefoot.
iv. This family also faces discrimination. The
crowds break from their routine siesta just to
catch a glimpse of the deceased man‟s family.
The priests‟ sister is so scared she tells them that
they were going to melt. The mother stoically
endures the questioning stares of the people who
want to see what the mother of a thief looks like.
The members of this community too have their
own problems.
v. The heat is evidently one of the things that cause
them untold suffering. They have to close down
public schools, offices, and stores everyday at
11:00am and open just before 4:00pm on account
of the heat.
vi. The priest too has his moment of suffering.
When he asks the woman to identify herself, she
does so with so much confidence that the he
blushes and breaks into a sweat. His suffering
stems from the fact that he had judged the woman

98
 badly and her sense of self-esteem is what puts
him under undue pressure.
6. Style
The chief style in this story is symbolism.
i. The heat
In its tedium, that is monotony, the heat
represents the deceased‟s mother‟s life. It is very
oppressive and has few choices if any.
 She has raised her children well telling them
what is wrong and what is right. This does
not however save her son from the harsh
realities of life. He has to eat. He takes to
boxing which to say the least only hurts her
son. When he abandons this, he moves
further afield only to die in search of food.
 She has to face the curious crowd outside the
church. If she stays until the sun goes down
then she will miss the 3:30pm train and she
does not have the means to lodge in the town
for the night.
NB: What do you think the heat symbolises in the lives
of the banana plantation farmers?
It symbolises the loss of control of their lives. The
heat controls how their day is run. They routinely
break at eleven and resume work at four. Nothing
exciting happens nor do they create avenues for
entertainment. This is why the diversion presented
from their routine by the arrival of the mourners stirs
them from their routine.

99
 ii. The death of her son symbolises fate.
The nature of his death is such that nobody could save
him. He had just arrived in the town, no one knew
him but he was hungry and was ignorant of the risk of
knocking on people‟s doors in the night as a stranger.

His mother accepts this reality stoically. She tells the

priest that she is the mother of the thief that was killed
there the previous week.

She also does not question the reason for her poverty.
She takes it for a fact and lives in it with dignity. She
pays for third class car because that is what they can
afford; it is instructive that they are the only ones in
the car- it means most people can afford to pay for
better transportation. It does not bother her that they
are the only passengers on it. However, before they
disembark she makes sure that she and her daughter
are as presentable as they can be.
7. POV
The story is told from a third person point of view. It
is however omniscient objective. There is no
comment on the characters or their thoughts. No
interpretations are offered. We have to interpret the
events on our own. This is good for the story because
the author wants us to see things as they are. He does
not wish to unduly influence our thinking. However,
the details offered are sufficient to convince us that
human beings are very quick to judge one another and
often with very wrong conclusions being jumped to.

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8 a) Appropriateness of title
The title of this story is appropriate. It is the Tuesday
of August. It is a typical hot day in the calendar of
the banana plantation people. They have all taken a
break from the heat at 11:00am as usual and are
having their siesta. This unfortunately will not be an
ordinary siesta because an event happens that wakes
them from their mid-day sleep: the mother of the slain
thief is in town and everyone wants to catch a glimpse
of her. So it is for them a story about a Tuesday that
their siesta was interfered with.
b) Significant event
The significant event in this story is the decision of
the mother of the slain thief to visit her slain sons‟
grave. Her trip necessitates that we learn about her
economic background and why the slaying of her son
was fated.
c) Aim of the author.
The author picks a sad event in the life of a poor
mother to show us how strong we can be both in
adversity and grinding poverty. No one can therefore
take your self-esteem from you but yourself. First we
must view ourselves with pride then those around us
will see our dignity.

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Two Stories of a House by Leila Abouzeid (Morocco)
1. Setting
This is story is set in a Moroccan town. It is told in
two parts. The first part is set in a courthouse while
the second part is set in the roof house of an old
woman. The first setting is a very formal one with a
government officer presiding and passing judgment.
The second one is very informal and the two old
women pass their own judgment.
2. The plot
Khadija Bent Ahmed has lost the house she has lived
in for over thirty years and has therefore taken the
matter to court. The defendant is Meeluda Bent Al-
bacheer, her land lady. Khadija feels that she has paid
rent all those years and been of help socially to the
defendant and this ought to give her ownership of the
house. Meeluda on the other hand thinks that the rent
was insignificant and it does not make Khadija an
owner. She therefore convinced Khadija to vacate the
house for renovation upon which she would return.
This was not to be. Khadija‟s house was the first
floor and to get there she had to use the stairs.
Meeluda gets the repair man to destroy the stairs and
the landing. Subsequently she says they cannot be
repaired and that the whole house is coming down.
The judge‟s verdict: Khadija should go and take her
belongings and cease to lay any claim on the property.
In her devastated mood, Khadija learns of an old
woman with a story similar to hers. She goes there to
share her story. The woman tells her about her own
tribulations which she feels are even more devastating

102
 than Khadija‟s. Her husband of over forty years had
divorced her and married a girl below twenty years
old. What annoys her is that she was the girl‟s
benefactor. The girl was pregnant out of wedlock and
was hiding from her brothers. Since the old woman
was barren she gets into a deal with the girl that she
will hide her shame and in return she would leave the
child she was carrying to her. Her husband takes to
the girl and marries her and then divorces the old
woman. Although she keeps the two children (twins)
their mother secretly meets them every day when the
old woman is out of the house.

3. Conflict
The first conflict is between Khadija and Meeluda
Kahdija feels that she should own the property she
has lived in for over thirty years. Her claim does not
make sense. She has been a tenant and therefore she
was paying for a service. This is Meeluda‟s argument
which the judge upholds.

This conflict however reveals some very important

facts. Khadija also had a conflict with her husband.
She feels that her husband squandered the family
wealth through his generosity. He was hospitable at
the expense of his family.

This also brings us to another very important fact:

women have no right to own property. It appears that
it is the men who handle family finances. So even
though Khadija knew how best to spend the family‟s

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resources in order to secure her future, she was not
allowed to make financial decisions. This can be
confirmed through the second case in which the old
woman is thrown out of the house she says her sweat
is in and now has nowhere to go.

The second conflict is developed by the divorcee

She is in conflict both with her husband and his new
wife.
She feels that the new wife has ruined her marriage.
They had made a deal and the girl swore on the
saint‟s tomb that she would only give birth in the old
woman‟s house and then leave for her the child.
Instead she made herself comfortable as a wife.
The other conflict she develops is with her husband.
She acknowledges that she has not been able to bear
any children for him. However, during the period she
was married to him she worked hard and they got to
own a house. Now he has thrown her out of it and she
is destitute. What is more is that she is in her
sunshine years and does not have the strength to start
all over again. Therefore she feels that her husband
has treated her very unfairly.

Both women develop conflict with religion. Khadija

says that Meeluda swore to Mecca, and the divorcee
says that the young girl swore on the saint‟s tomb.
None of these people honoured their pledges.
In khadija‟s case, she tells the judge that the reason
she has taken long before bringing the case to his
court is that she had still left the case with the saints.

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 It therefore means that her disillusionment with her
religion is what finally makes her bring the case
before the judge. She feels that her faith was
misplaced.

This is the same reaction that we get from the

divorcee. She had hoped for God‟s reward for
helping the girl but suffers a divorce instead. This
makes her a very cynical woman: she says that there
is no good neighbour in this world, no grateful
people, and no faithful husbands.
4. Character and characterisation
Khadija- unrealistic, religious
Meeluda –cruel
Divorcee-hard working, religious
Please supply illustrations that confirm these traits.
5. Themes
Place of the woman in society
This is the major theme in this story. This is brought
to us through the experiences of two women.
Khadija has a husband who is pleasure loving. She
dutifully serves him as a wife but when he dies her
future is not secure and there is no law to protect her
from the harsh reality of life. This is why the urban
setting is extremely important. Men cannot hope to
carry on as if they are in the village and forget their
obligation to their families.

The divorcee too develops this theme. She swears

that she worked hard as a wife and attributes the
house she and her husband lived in and all the good

105
 things in it to her efforts, at least partly. Now in her
sunshine years she is thrown out and becomes
destitute. She seems to understand that justice will
not be served anywhere so unlike Khadija, she does
not report the matter for arbitration to any authority
but simply becomes cynical of human nature.

So for both women society has failed to protect them

from the ill wind of the world despite their devotion
to their religion and men.
6. Pov
The story is told from a third person point of view.
This is appropriate because it gives us an objective
view of the goings on in women‟s lives in this
society.
7. a) Appropriateness of title
Two Stories of a House is an interesting title. It leads
us to believe that we are going to look at one house
and hear two stories about it. This however is not
what obtains. There are actually two houses and two
stories. So why is the house in the title singular? The
pains and the resulting misery to the women is the
same. The author implies that take any two women in
this society and you will find that they identify with
each other‟s suffering. The title is therefore
appropriate in the cry for equity.

b) Significant event
Khadija‟s going to court and the divorcee becoming
the village girls‟ benefactor.

106
C) Aim of the author
The author is appealing for gender parity. This is a
patriarchic community in which women have little or
no say about their own affairs. The author thinks that
this state of affairs should change.

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THE LAW OF THE GRAZING FIELDS BY CYPRIAN
EKWENSI
1. Setting
This story is set among the nomadic people of West Africa. It
is most likely Nigeria. What is more important though is the
time. The story is set in pristine Africa before the influence of
the west. It is a typical short story with the events taking
place in a very short time. The first part is set in Amina‟s
compound. We then move to the open veld and ultimately
Yalla‟s house.
2. The plot
This is a complex plot. The story is not in the order in which
the events occur. Flashback has been used.
The story opens with Modio struggling to return Amina into
her hut. She was making an attempt to elope with her
boyfriend but her brother had suspected this and lay in wait.
When she had tried to make her dash to freedom, he stopped
her.
Amina then tells us why she was fleeing now. The first
arrangement had failed because Yalla had not honoured the
time they had set. As Modio locked her in the hut her world
collapsed. She wondered how Yalla was going to save her
without even knowing where she was.
Unknown to her he was already around and had a plan. He set
a hut on fire and used the resulting confusion to get Amina
out of her hut. They took a horse that had been set aside for
the groom and their adventure began.
Poisoned arrows were hurled at them and towards the end of
the journey one got him. He was prepared for them. In his
hut was an antidote. If only Amina could get him into the
house they would be successful. She uses both her strength

108
and determination to get him into the hut. He had won
because the law of the grazing fields existed.
3. Conflict
Amina and her father
She laments that she was not consulted over the marriage
issue. Her father had accepted the cattle first and told her
about it later (pp183).
When Modio asks her about Jama, she tells him that that is
their affair.
Her father is excited about the bride price but not she. She
says that her father might hand her over to Jama but he won‟t
be there when she is being taunted by other women about his
cowardice. (pp183)
Amina and her brothers
Modio was suspicious of her behaviour and therefore set a
trap for her. Jama had not paid the full bride price and
therefore could not yet take her. This intervening period
presented Yalla with an opportunity to steal Amina. That
evening Modio lays in wait with a pack of wild cattle dogs
which he sets on Yalla and then grabs Amina. He takes her
back to the hut swearing that she was going nowhere but
Jama‟s.
Her elder brother disturbed by this incident begins to plan
how they were to escort her when the time finally came. He
says he would ride behind her because she could not be
trusted after what she had been through with Modio.
Amina and Jama
She is averse to marrying him because he does not fit the
stereotype male of the community. This is supposed to be the
masculine type that would protect their families from attack
by wild animals. According to her he is weak-kneed and

109
effeminate. He had failed the flogging test. She says that he
had wept and begged as they flogged him at the sharo. She
would be an embarrassment to her if she married him.

Her brothers and Yalla

They knew he was planning to elope with Amina. This is
why Modio kept vigil. When he finally gets the girl they run
after them and the brothers are not afraid to use poisoned
arrows if only to get their sister back and take her to Jama.
When he finally beats them to his hut, they tell him that their
father will know no rest until Yalla will have compensated for
his cattle. (pp189)
Finally they acknowledge defeat. One of the brothers says
that Yalla is a man. He set fire to their camp, stole their sister
and then called them thieves for taking back their horse that
they had saddled for another bridegroom.
4. Character and characterisation
Amina-strong willed, determined, proud
Yalla-courageous, determined, humorous, loving
Get your illustrations to prove the above traits.
5. Themes
a) Tradition
This is the most important theme in this story. We learn about
the culture of these pastoralists in relation to marriage.
i. First there is the law of the grazing fields. A man
may elope with a woman of his choice as long as he is
not caught.
ii. A man must complete the payment of dowry before
he could take his wife. They were waiting for Jama to

110
 deliver the last instalment of his dowry before they
could hand Amina over to him.
iii. Men had to be tested to determine their suitability for
marriage. The stage for doing this was a ceremony
called sharo in which the man would be flogged in
public to determine how well he bore pain. Those
who wept and begged during the flogging lost favour
in the eyes of potential brides.
iv. Parents arranged marriage for their daughters.
Amina‟s father had first accepted the bride price then
told her about it. She was not expected to have a say
and that is why her brothers were trying to enforce the
will of their father.
b) Love
Another theme developed in this story is love. This is
a story of passion. Nothing would stop Yalla from
marrying the woman he loved. She says that he was
strong enough to break stubborn bulls but when he
smiled and held her in his hands his face was so
gentle and sweet. When they are in Yalla‟s settlement
and he points his hut out to her, she says: “Our hut
you mean”.
She tells Modio when he stops her from eloping:
“This night I will be with Yalla. He‟s the husband
I‟ve chosen.”
Yalla on his part has suffered to get this woman to be
his wife. He endured the pack of wild cattle dogs and
later a poisoned arrow. Despite the poison he takes
time to acknowledge Amina when he gets them to his
house: “My wife!” he moaned. “Mine at last.”

111
6. Style
a) Flashback
 It is through flashback that we learn why Amina is
opposed to marrying Jama. He had wept and begged
when flogged.
 We also learn of how they had set to elope through a
flashback. Yalla was to make scratching sounds to
indicate his presence.
 It is also thorough flashback that we learn of the huge
dowry that Jama is paying.
b) Image
The image of a hawk has been used twice in this
story.
 The first time it is used with reference to Modio. He
crouches before her with hands curved like the claws
of a hawk about to strike.
In this instance the hawk is playing a protective role.
Modio has just saved his family from embarrassment
that would have come to them had Yalla been
successful.
 The second instance is with reference to Yalla: He
was to scratch in the manner peculiar to the grey
hawk that steals chickens…”
Indeed Yalla is out to steal a “chicken”. Often times
the hawk swoops in in broad sight of owners of the
chickens and steals them. This is exactly what Yalla
does. It develops his courageous, even adventurous
nature.
7. POV
The story is told from a third person point of view. It makes
the story credible. Because of the emotive nature of this

112
story, the first person may not have afforded us the balanced
reporting that is availed here.
8. a) Appropriateness of title
The story is based on the simple law that gives the story its
tiltle. It is therefore appropriate because it helps us
understand the actions of Amina and Yalla. Theirs was a
desperate move but the rewards were worth it.
b) Significant event
The significant event in this story is the payment of the dowry
by Jama. Yalla and Amina are running out of time because
Jama is expected to bring in the last instalment and take his
bride. It therefore gives the story a sense of urgency.

c) Aim of the author

This story is about making choices. Everything we do
has serious implications for us and those around us.
This ought to be the guiding factor before we make
decisions. We need to ask ourselves whether we can
live with the outcomes of our decisions.

113
WHITE HANDS BY JAME KATJAVIVI

1. Setting

The story is set in two different countries. It is set both in

Namibia and Birmingham, UK. Namibia is going through the
difficult times of colonisation with most of its citizens feeling
oppressed and tormented by the white people. The
protagonist, Angelika, carries the scars of the atrocities of that
regime. Her visit to England confirms that her country is not
an island. England too has its fair share of strife resulting
from worker dissatisfaction. The resulting strikes bring about
violence and unemployment. Another important factor worth
mentioning is the contrast in the weather. The Namibia she
leaves is hot and dry which agrees with the political heat
created by the oppressive regime. The England she visits is in
the middle of winter and is therefore equally oppressive.

2. The plot

The story opens with Angelika‟s visit to Birmingham. We are

told that it was the town of her liberation. We learn that she is
in the UK courtesy of her church. She has been sent there to
learn English. So bad is the situation at home that it is only
churches that are setting up projects to improve the lot of the
people. It is in one such project the Angelica and her husband
work. It is a day care centre for children whose mothers have
to go to work but have nobody to leave them with. Besides
studying English, she hopes to take a course in Community
Studies that would help her run the day care centre.

114
Her friend Tembi, a Namibian nurse studying in UK,
encourages her to avail herself of the medical expertise in the
UK to find out why she can‟t have children and perhaps even
have the problem remedied. Her visit to the hospital reveals
that she had been stirilised. She says this was done without
her knowledge by the military doctors who had removed her
appendix.

The sympathetic doctors in Birmingham tell her that although

the operation is considered permanent they had carried out a
few reversals successfully. They are cautious though and tell
her that there are no guarantees that her case too would be a
success. She consents to the operation nonetheless. Again the
church bears the cost of the operation.

Naturally she has to travel back home to meet with her

husband to determine the success of the operation. Here too
the church meets the cost. She returns to Birmingham and
anxiously waits for her to find out whether she is lucky. Her
periods do not come and this is a good sign. She shares this
news only with Tembi for fear of raising people‟s
expectations too high. Her luck holds out and finally it was
evident to all that she was pregnant. It is only then that she
informs her husband.

She continued with her studies as she carried the pregnancy to

term. Six months after her baby was born she bids farewell to
her benefactors and heads back home.

3. Conflict
a) The conflict with weather is very important. It
develops the theme of suffering in the story. First

115
 Angelika tells us that the Namibia she left was hot
and dry. We are then told that the country is highly
militarised. Political leaders are detained, tortured or
forced into exile. Further, survival came through
mutual support, through solidarity within
communities and within families.
b) On the other hand, England is cold and wet. It was the
middle of winter. Angelika however had gone there
with few clothes and no coat. The cold she says did
not disappear with the day but instead settled damply
in her bones. Further, we learn that England too was
militarised. A miner‟s strike was on pitting the
government against the trade unions. The new
political leader declared war on the unions and police
on horseback charged at protesters. However,
solidarity could not hold out because of distance.
Most of the unemployed gave up and moved on.
c) Another instance of conflict is developed between
Angelika and the white medical personnel. She had
had frequent stomach pain but one night it became
intolerable. Her brother took her to hospital. There
she agonised in pain for long as she waited to be
attended to. Eventually the operation was carried out.
However, the doctors took advantage of the
opportunity to maliciously sterilise her. Contrary to
medical practice, her consent was not sought. She
says that she did not sign a consent form.
d) This sterilisation brings conflict into her marriage. As
a newly married couple they talked about the children
they hoped to have. Eventually this talk stopped and
they adopted three girls from her husband‟s family.

116
e) Finally her people suffered privation in the hands of
the colonial government. Angelika tells us that most
people had houses whose walls were made of iron
sheets. As a result there was no privacy in those
homes. Besides, the houses were tiny and lacked
amenities like toilets, showers and kitchens. Further,
she says that her people still struggle to cope with life.
The number of children at the centre continues to rise
and the water in the reserves is inadequate.
4. Characters and characterisation
Angelika is the best developed character in this story
a. Religious
She firmly believes in God. She tells that it is God
who helped her as always. This is in reference to the
surgery that she undergoes to correct her sterilisation.
b. Hardworking
Every day she looked after 80 preschoolers at the
children‟s centre that she ran. Their mothers dropped
them in the early hours and collected them when it
began to turn dark.
c. Realistic
When it became obvious that she was not going to
have children of her own, she adopted three girls from
her husband‟s family.
d. Forgiving
When it became clear that she had been sterilised by
white doctors without her consent, her friends wished
to write letters to the newspapers and contact the UN
to object to the malicious behaviour of the white
doctors. She objected to this approach. Clearly she

117
 felt no bitterness towards the people who had
wronged her.
e. Secretive
Upon missing her periods, she did not readily tell the
people around her. Further, she only went to the
doctor‟s after 7 weeks. What is more, she did not
dare tell her husband for fear that something might go
wrong. The only person she told was Tembi whom
she asked not to tell anyone.

5. Themes
a. Human rights abuses
i. Forced sterilisation
A number of women are sterilised by white doctors
without their consent. Angelika is one such woman.
Further, she says that she thought of the other women
it must have happened to who neither knew nor had
the chance to reverse their enforced childlessness.
ii. Oppression
Political leaders were detained, tortured or forced into
exile.
iii. Forced resettlement
The natives had been resettled into remote reserves.
The narrator says that the village had been pushed
into the rocky hills by colonial settlement.
b. Friendship
i. Church
The church is responsible for a number of
humanitarian assistance. The narrator says
that as the South African rule oppressed the

118
 people of Namibia, it is only the churches that
could set up projects to help the people.
Further, the church met the cost of Angelika‟s
education, treatment and travel expenses. We
are told that they offered assistance from an
emergency fund so she could give birth in
Birmingham and continue her studies
afterwards.
ii. The people of Namibia
The narrator tells us that the people survived
the traumatising experiences because of their
solidarity. She says that survival came
through mutual support, through solidarity
within the communities and within the
families: helping people who did not have
enough food, caring for those who were sick,
looking out for each other‟s children.
iii. Tembi
We are told that it was Tembi who began to
show Angelika around to ensure that she did
not spend too much time alone in her room.
Further, she is the one who suggested that
Angelika seeks proper treatment. As a result,
Angelika found out that she had been
sterilised without her consent, but what is
more the doctors were able to reverse her
condition which was thought to be
permanent.
iv. The people of England
Angelika visits England at a time they were
facing labour unrest. The administration was

119
 harsh and the police charged on protestors.
She says that the people sent parcels of food
across the country to the places that the strike
held out the longest.

6.
a. Appropriateness of title
The title is appropriate. The white hands that
are talked about were responsible for both the
suffering and joy of the protagonist. It is the
malicious white doctors in South Africa who
sterilised her without her consent. This was a
supremacist statement. If they could stop the
blacks from reproducing, then the superior
white race would have the country to
themselves. Ironically, it is the white doctors
in England who identify the reason why she
cannot conceive and correct the problem
through surgery.
b. Significant event
The significant event in this story is the
sterilisation of Angelika by the white doctors
in Windhoek.
c. Aim of the author
This is a sad story that uses contrast to show
that both evil and well-meaning people exist.
A group of people should therefore not be
condemned because one of them has acted
out of line, rather we should judge individuals
by their strengths and weaknesses. The strong

120
 message is therefore one of tolerance and
building friendships.

Task
Q1 Friendship helps overcome adversity. Using
Angelica‟s experiences both in Namibia and England show
that this is true. Give illustrations from Jame Katjavivi‟s
White Hands.

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Thank you very much for the purchase of this eBook.
I hope enjoyed reading it and that it did add value to your
teaching/learning.

Walter Akach

PS: If there ever is a need to wish to share your thoughts

about this work feel free to drop me a word at
[email protected]

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