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A Review Of 5G Technology: Architecture, Security and wide Applications

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 05 | May 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

A Review Of 5G Technology: Architecture, Security and wide

Applications
Meer Zafarullah Noohani, Kaleem Ullah Magsi
Undergraduate Students, Department of Electronic Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and
Technology SZAB Campus, Pakistan

---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The eventual goal of the forthcoming 5G wireless use rising prominent technologies like network function
networking is to have relatively fast data speeds, incredibly virtualization (NFV) and software-defined networking (SDN)
low latency, substantial rises in base station’s efficiency and to achieve their goals [2]. 5G is far superior to the current
major changes in expected Quality of Service (QoS) for network in terms of transmission speed. 5G will provide data
customers relative to the existing 4G LTE networks. In order to transmission rates of up to 10Gbps, which is 10 to 100 times
deal with state-of-the art technologies and connectivity in the higher than 4G and 4G-LTE. 5G is expected to surpass ultra-
form of smart cell phones, internet of things (IoT) devices, broadband networks and combine existing technologies such
autonomous vehicles, virtual reality devices and smart homes as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud, big data, artificial
connectivity, the broadband data use has risen at a fast rate. intelligence, and blockchain to support the creation of
Further, to meet the latest applications, the bandwidth of the innovative services. In addition to improving speed, another
system needs to be increased widely. This development will be significant feature of 5G is its lower latency. As a matter of
accomplished by using a modern spectrum with higher data fact, in the 5G era, the delay time is less than one millisecond
levels. In particular, the fifth generation (5G) mobile network (ms), which is almost equal to the zero data response time in
seeks to resolve the shortcomings of previous the real world. In addition, unlike current Internet of Things
telecommunication technologies and to be a possible primary (IoT) services, 5G is expected to release a huge Internet of
enabler for future IoT applications. This paper briefly discusses Things. Not only that, based on the super bandwidth of 5G
the architecture of 5G, following by the security associated per unit area, connectivity per unit, coverage (near to 100
with the 5G network, 5G as an energy efficient network, percent) and the ability to connect devices, an ecosystem can
various types of efficient antennas developed for 5G and state- be established, where "smart networks" can be used for
of-the-art specifications for IoT applications along with their large medical devices and provide real-time interactivity [4].
related communication technologies. We have also outlined Recently, global companies have taken the lead in the
the broader usage of 5G and its future impacts on our lives. competition for the upcoming 5th-generation (5G) cellular
Furthermore, at the end of each subtopic, the necessary technology, which is thought to be the most important
recommendations are given for the future work. source of revenue in the future [5]. The 5G network will be
broadly introduced as a simple framework for hyper-
connected mobile devices and will ultimately evolve into a
Key Words: Device to Device (D2D), Millimeter-wave
modern 5GaaP (5G platform) platform [6]. Future
(mm-Wave), Internet of Things (IoT), Massive MIMO,
technology in the 5G environment would create an
Long Term Evolution (LTE).
"intelligent virtual power plant" that will optimize resource
usage and incorporate energy use, production and trading. In
addition, it is expected that 5G technology will make
1. INTRODUCTION tremendous changes in the energy industry [7]. 5G is a
The phrase "5G" directs to the fifth generation of wireless profound network which is expected to solve or shall bring
telecommunication technology that will have an epoch- ease in solving the most crucial social problems like; current
making impact on many facets of life. Mobile network traffic social problems, such as climate change, disaster safety and
continues to grow in a very rapid manner due to new mobile traffic congestion, and ignite the awareness of concept of
technologies, like; virtual reality applications, high- smart virtual power plants in the energy sectors [8][9].
resolution video streaming and cloud gaming [1]. In a few South Korea’s 5G technology can be applied to real-time
years, the 4G services would certainly not meet the speed of energy transactions between production and consumption
the rise in traffic, as well as the anticipated demands of new resources, demand management of factories and buildings,
scientific technologies, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and distributed resource management across the country
(UAVs), virtual reality and autonomous vehicles. Therefore, [10]. Therefore, it is possible to analyze and predict energy
academia and industrial researchers have made many efforts production and consumption patterns using artificial
to make 5G systems a reality in the near future [1]. Academia intelligence engines with present real-time big data. The
and industry have reached a consensus that 5G systems will combination of digital twin technology and 5G technology

© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001 Certified Journal
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 05 | May 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

enables system operators to perform optimal operation and the importance of latency requirements. Similarly, there
control of virtual power plants through visualized energy may be cases of usage involving very low-cost equipment,
production and energy consumption simulation, thereby but where the likelihood of a very long battery life might
balancing energy production and energy consumption be less significant.
within virtual power plants. Furthermore, by adopting • URLLC (Ultra-reliable low-latency communication)
blockchain technology, real-time secured energy Systems for latency reactive tools for applications such as
transformation between energy producers and consumers industrial automation, automated driving, and virtual
can also be accomplished [11]. Figure 1 shows the multilayer surgery. Such systems need sub-millisecond latency with a
system of 5G. response rate smaller than 1 packet loss in 105 packets.

Figure 2. Use cases of 5G

Figure 1. 5G multi-layer system engineering. The coming

era of system development includes large cells (<3 GHz
group). 2. ARCHITECTURE
Small cell (millimeter wave); femtocell and Wi-Fi; huge
different information, mass production with shaft forming 2.1 5G E2E Network Architecture
(M-MIMO); device to device (D2D) and machine to
machine (M2M) correspondence relationship. Power bolts Figure 3 shows the 5G E2E network architecture, which
show remote (front pass) connections, while running bolts outlines the 5G E2E network, the same picture is shown in
show return connections. Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, but highlight dissimilar
features. The base stations are mainly concentrated for the
transition of 3G to 4G, due to bottlenecked wireless
1.2 Use Cases of 5G communication from base stations [13]. However, while
In the scope of 5G, three different types of usage cases are transacting from 4G to 5G, the E2E architecture of 5G
related like [12]: network has much more significance because in the 5G
• Enhanced-Mobile-Broadband (eMBB) network the base station is not the main bottleneck. The
• Massive-Machine-type Connectivity (mMTC) figure 1 shown below describes the architecture of E2E
• Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Connectivity (URLLC) developed by Huawei for 5G [14].

• The eMBB refers to a much or less simple progression of

the improved consumer experience in cell broadband, for
example by encouraging still better customer efficiency.
• mMTC refers to facilities that are distinguished by a wide
range of devices, such as remote controls, actuators and
tracking of different systems. Main criteria for these
systems involve extremely low system expense and
relatively low computer energy usage, allowing for a very
long battery life lasting at least a few years. Usually, each
system absorbs and produces only a fairly limited volume
of data, i.e. support for large data volumes is of less value.
Figure 3. Architecture of E2E in 5G
There may be other instances of usage that do not fall
perfectly into either of these groups. As an instance, there
could be programs that need massive reliability without

2.2 Network Slicing Architecture 2.4 NFV MANO (Management and Orchestration)
Several autonomous service level agreements are being Management and Orchestration (MANO) are a significant
offered by Network slicing architecture in order to meet the component of the European Telecommunications Standards
necessities. A network slice can be categorized into two Institute ETSI network functions virtualization (NFV)
categories: one for RAN network slice subnet instance architecture and they published the NFV system architecture
(NSSI), and the other for CN NSSI. A slicing network can framework [20]. Management and orchestration (MANO)
provide several various services at a time, and the network coordinates network resources the lifecycle management of
slicing network and service are independent. The figure 2 virtual network functions (VNFs) and for cloud-based
below shows the 3GPP diagram of slicing network. The 3GPP applications and network services and it is an architectural
specifications of slicing network have been described in framework. It is shown in Figure 6 from [21] based on the
detailed in [16]-[18]. The 3GPP specifications are mentioned ETSI framework; many open source organizations have
in the figure 4 below from [19]. developed their own NFV MANO frameworks.

Figure 4. Network Slicing Architecture

2.3. vEPC Network Functions

vEPC is a network and stands for virtual evolved packet core.
Virtual Evolved Packet Core (vEPC) is an outline for Figure 6. ESTI NFV Architecture
switching and processing data for mobile networks. Multiple
virtual network functions (VNFs) virtualize the functions of 2.5 5G Mobile Network Architecture Design
LTE evolved packet core (EPC). The reductions in the Figure 7 demonstrates the system model that incorporates
construction cost and the ability to quickly deploy service the design of the network infrastructure for 5G mobile
environments are offered by virtualization. The functions of networks, an all-IP model for wireless and cellular network
LTE evolved packet core (EPC) are compared with the interoperability. The architecture contains a computer
components of evolved packet core vEPC in the Figure 5 terminal (which plays a crucial role in the current structure)
below. and a number of independent, self-reliant radio system
technologies. Any of the radio approach technologies is
noticeable in each terminal due to an IP hyperlink to the
outside environment of the internet. However, through
Radio Access Technology (RAT) inside the mobile terminal
must have a separate network interface. For e.g., if there is a
need to reach four separate RATs, we need to provide four
different approaches to similar interfaces inside the mobile
terminal, and make all these interfaces active at the same
time, so that the architecture can work properly [17].

Figure 5. vPEC Achitectuure

forwarding performance. In order to achieve the same data

forwarding efficiency, more standard hardware than
specialized hardware is required at the current technology
stage. That often implies more space and more energy use.
As a consequence, virtualization systems may be used first in
the control plane.

b. Fixed and mobile convergence after SDN

Since all fixed and mobile networks have implemented SDN

technologies, to know if the communication systems of the
two networks are incompatible and what are the
differences? How to obtain efficient control and optimal
routing is to be discussed in increasing potential user-plane
forwarding process and delivery scenario. How to obtain
Figure 7. Functional Architectre of 5G efficient control and optimal routing is to be discussed in
increasing potential user-plane forwarding process and
delivery scenario.

c. Network capability exposure

2.6 5G Architecture based on NGMN Envision
Based on the envisions of NGMN the architecture of 5G is This is not originally intended for 5G. However, in the 5G
presented in figure 8 which leverages constructional period, the exposure of the network capacity would be
separation between software and hardware. APIs are given broader and greater, coupled with the centralization of the
to support multi use scenario and business model. The network control functions. For simple network connectivity,
architecture is demonstrated in figure below from [185]. usable APIs and interfaces between the network visibility
module and the required network features need to be
Figure 8. Architecture of 5G further specified.

3. 5G-ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The current 5G structure indicates that energy utilization
can be decreased to 10 percent contrasted with the present
4G systems. It includes the reduction in the power
requirements of wireless base station antenna and client
devices (such as smartphones, tablets, and Internet of Things
(IoT) devices) to broaden battery life [22]. Nowadays, the
key component for designing communication network is
energy consumption, based on this factor the networks are
being developed. [23] On account of the transformation of
technology, the data traffic in today's era is increasing every
day, due to this the round-trip time delay of the data packets
raises higher in the network [24] which is turning into a
more noteworthy issue for the energy costs on 5G systems.
RECOMMENDATIONS The cell systems are the fundamental source of increment in
energy utilization in the telecommunications sector [25] The
In this section we recommend the following areas to be rapid energy consumption is the major challenge in meeting
worked on for the architecture development for 5G. the green environment targets and reduction in the cost of
system. Heterogeneous network is a new trend which is
a. Data Forwarding Efficiency increasing day by day in order to enhance coverage, capacity
and power savings in the upcoming 5G network [26]. The
The benefit of a virtualized network focused on NFV
necessity for energy consumption goal and operation will be
technologies and common equipment is the simplicity
significantly much more urgent with the advent of the fifth
needed by the service scenarios. For single machines, the
age of wireless systems with hundreds of thousands
price of basic hardware is smaller than the price of
progressively base stations and multi millions of linked
specialized hardware dedicated technology, though, typically
gadgets [27][28]. It is expected that before the end of 2020,
utilizes technology acceleration techniques that can increase
mobile access systems will encounter critical difficulties

when compared with the today’s circumstances. Traffic station enter into the sleep mode [34]. Most of the base
volumes are expected to be much higher than the current stations remain idle for throughout the period of 24 hours
rate and number of associated gadgets will be 10-100 times and almost 80% of the power in any versatile mobile system
higher than today in the network. One of the enormous is utilized by the base station in 24 hours, they can go into
difficulties is to give 1000-fold increase in capacity for sleep mode rapidly and remain for as long as possible
billions of gadgets in a moderate and economical manner [35][36]. A technique to execute an advanced sleep mode is
[29]. Energy use of the network is a crucial consideration to discussed in [37], the idea of advanced sleep modes
reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO), including the compares to a continuous deactivation of the base station’s
environmental impact of networks. This capability is the parts so as to diminish the utilization of energy. The [38]
core design concept of 5G [22]. author proposed a methodology to execute the advance
sleep modes and to oversee clients whose administration
demands happen while the base station is in drowsy mode.
As the base station needs to wake up occasionally to send
flagging blasts [39], the author introduced a procedure to
build the periodicity so as to augment the energy gains [40].
The paper [41] demonstrates system level simulation
findings for hypothetical base station energy savings using a
time-triggered sleep pattern. Millimeter power-saving
modes of differing power consumption and
deactivation/activation periods, in these modes base station
does not transmit or receive something else that reacts to
approaching DL user traffic by waking up [42]. When the
base station awakens, the procedure is switched, subsystems
and segments are in effect step by step activated. Numerous
types of energy maintenance strategies based on the
macrocells level have been investigated in [42], among
various strategies, the sleep mode is one of them. Sleep mode
Figure 9. 5G Energy efficient is the desirable type of small cell due to its low expenses in
the femtocells [42]. It is a lower power middle range state
Energy efficiency is defined as the number of bits that can be where it is switched off for only partial degree [33]
transmitted per Joule of energy, where energy is measured presenting energy storage while not being required and
across the whole network. The 5G network will activate a rapid turn back to full service. This ensures
accommodate a 1,000-fold rise in traffic in the next 10 years, improved effectiveness for either the individual data rate or
although the energy usage of the whole infrastructure is just the total collection capacity and power savings. Components
half of the existing system's consumption [29]. This drives of the femtocell turn off separately in [42] [43] from the ones
the need for an improvement in energy efficiency of x2000 in required for sensing user activity and the backhaul network
the next 10 years. Every practicable effort must be made to connection in order to turn ON the femtocell. Sniffer is used
gain energy without debasing efficiency, but the technology for detecting, it detects rises in received power on the uplink,
should allow native flexibility for the operator to configure demonstrating a user-macrocells connection. The sniffer
trade-off between the performance and vs the energy [30]. must wake up the femtocell by setting a threshold value for
There are different facets which make 5G network as an desirable range so, whenever the proposed range is reached,
energy efficient network for the future [31] [32]. We have it should be triggered. Likewise, the extra number of signals
illustrated some of the parameters below. because of rest mode incorporation and the handover is
more than accommodated by the decrease of functionalities
• Sleep mode of femtocells in the rest mode [43]. This technique permits
• High network data rate segments to be triggered off as found in Table 1 [42], for
• Dense small cell deployment. example, segment of the field programmable door cluster
• Full Duplex (FPGA) related memory and the radio recurrence (RF)
• Massive MIMO Antennas transmitter. The "sniffer" is determined to have a yield of
• Millimeter-wave frequency band 0.3W. Savings among the two modes is derived as:

3.1. Sleep-Modes
The base station adjusts itself in to sleep during the gap in
activities on network, thus reduces power consumption [33].
As the base station uses for even in high mobile networks This suggests the power consumption of 40%. The
doesn't surpass 20 percent so the gadgets in new base subsequent arrangement is centered around a controlled

rest mode [42]. In Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTEA)

the central network finds links and searches through the
mobility for the suggestive femtocells that are used for
wakeup sign connected by the user. It has the vantage of
swapping any part of femtocell from the backhaul circuitry
and microchip by saving up to 70 percent of power. For
proficiency markers, the author agreed to LTE-A, utilizing
the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multi-Access (OFDMA)
for versatile sharing of spectrum, and follow the LTE-A
criteria for urban zone parameters, for instance, the route The table shown above displays the consumption of power
loss [44], the author considered its area for the femtocell's in watt by various components. It is drawn by collecting data
power. In co-channel, the efficient scope of femtocells from [48].
depends upon the femtocell-macrocells. Therefore, the
power of femtocells towards coverage radius is constant
[45]:

Where PLf(r) is the way misfortune at the objective

separation r, Pm is the influence of the nearest macrocells
and G is the reception apparatus gain. PLm(d) is a macrocells
heading consumption of maximal quality at the femtocell
hole d and Pmax. The sign to-obstruction in addition to
commotion proportion (SINR) of the client u is then gotten
from subcarrier k:

Figure 10. Graph of deployment density versus the no: of

femtocells triggered to sleep mode

An advanced sleep mode has been structured in [49] which

Where PB, k is the user base station B transmission limit on is extended form of sleep mode. The advanced sleep modes
subcarrier k, and Gu, B, k is the channel gain between user u implementation consists of closing down the base station
and its control cell B on subcarrier k. In a similar way, PB, k components gradually into segments starting from the
and Gu, B, k represent respectively the base station's gain lowest level requiring a short activation delay until the
and power. N0 is a light issue otherworldly level, at that deepest one. An advanced sleep mode was initially tended to
point a characteristic issue ghastly power. what's more, ∆f by IMEC and currently is being considered for the standard
the sub-bearer separating. We at that point compute the so as to characterize the New Radio for 5G systems.
client's ability on that subcarrier [46]: Furthermore, the idea of advanced sleep mode is discussed
in [36], the idea is similar to save the energy consumption by
turning the base station off into segments. The authors in
[37][48] this propose a methodology to actualize the ASMs
and to oversee clients whose administration demands
happen while the BS is resting. The outcomes show that
Here alpha α is defined by α = −1.5/ln(5BER).
ASMs can extensively diminish the energy utilization (up to
By setting βu, k = 1, when the k (sub-carrier) is assigned to around 90% for low loads).
user u and βu,k = 0. Based on subcarrier allotment, the
3.2. Higher Network Data Rates
overall output is [47]:
5G services have a larger data output and a decreased packet
latency [50]. A higher data rate denotes that due to 5G
networks data transmission will be in a shorter time [51]. It
would make the network link between the client and the
base station idle for a longer period of time. These idle times
Table 1. Femtocell consumption allow longer sleeping modes. Millimeter wave
telecommunication is a favorable technology for 5G wireless
networks in the future because extremely high data speeds

(several gigabits per second) can be provided for cellular different frequencies to send and receive data
devices [52]. The usage of millimeter wave simultaneously. To transmit and receive on the same
telecommunication technology for device-to-device (D2D) frequency band at the same time of radio are enabled by full-
communication over the network has been introduced by the duplex wireless technology, and it is considered to be one of
authors in [53]-[55] and [56]. Multiple Gbps speeds for 5G the candidate technologies beyond the fifth generation (5G)
network is supported by reviewed different technologies and and wireless communication networks for the following
Device to Device communication are highlighted by another reasons. The benefits include the prospect of increasing
author clearly in [57]. A space division multiplexing bandwidth and enhancing spectrum efficiency. Nonetheless,
technology which will increase bandwidth capacity and the prevention of heavy self-interference is one of the key
reduce energy utilization for higher data rates is proposed in challenges of full duplex technology [68]. In [69] the author
[58]. suggested a combination of massive MIMO (mMIMO) and in-
band full-duplex (IBFD) as a possible 5G and higher
3.3. Dense small cell deployment technology, IBFD mMIMO can accommodate multiple uplink
Small cells are controlled by operators, operating in licensed and downlink users with the same time-frequency tools,
spectrum and are a collective term for low power significantly improving the system energy [66]. Moreover,
consumption and low-cost base stations, high data rates can the author proposes that, by taking advantage of the new
be provided by densely deploying them so as to significantly degrees of freedom given by IBFD's transmission. IBFD
reduce the cell coverage to reach high spatial spectrum mMIMO can reduce the complexity of the base station
efficiency [59]. A large number of small cells must be design, due to a large increase in the number of antennas
deployed to achieve seamless coverage in urban areas and [71]. The high space target of the huge range of antenna
form a 5G ultra-dense cellular network [60]. Small cells may array eliminates the trouble of SI drop required for IBFD
be of different sizes depending upon which they are transmission. Because of these favorable conditions, authors
classified as: proposed the IBFD mMIMO framework as a key innovation
to support simple development towards future 5G and
1. Femtocells 2. Picocells 3. Microcells higher networks [72][65]. The ongoing advances in system
and antenna structure, the actual implementation of full-
Small cells can have a central base station or a remote radio duplex communication has become rapidly feasible in the
header, which can be wired or wirelessly connected to the network [73].
core of network. This decreases the gap between the user
and the base station and thus therefore decreases the 3.5 Massive MIMO Antennas
transmitting power needed to resolve the no-path, For the mobile network operators, the energy efficiency of
particularly in the indoor environment, thereby enhancing cellular networks is becoming more and more important
the energy efficiency of uplink and downlink [74] because it has a significant economic and ecological
communications. To increase signal power and offload impact on future generation wireless networks, i.e. the fifth-
macrocells, it is necessary to deploy dense small cell [61]. age (5G) network [75]. As per the general assessment, 5G
Moreover, uncontrolled deployment of small cells may lead system will stretch the traffic quantity of multi Exabytes
to uncontrolled cell shapes, in such case network operators (10006 Bytes) in every month. Thus, it requires a lot of space
have little control over the location of small cells [62]. We for the system in contrast to the current system [76]. As the
can provide a simple, cost-effective solution to the network 5G system is likely to be 100 times faster than the current 4G
capacity problem caused by the massive increase in mobile system. Attempting to accomplish this eager objective
traffic, by using small cells for indoors and outdoors. Small depending on the ideal models and structures of present
cell with limited radius deployment is necessary for the systems can't be supportable, so it shall probably prompt an
improvement of spectrum and efficiency of the network [63]. energy crash with real environmental and financial concerns.
Massive MIMO can enhance the efficiency of spectrum of
3.4 Full Duplex
wireless communication systems by more than 10 times
The fourth generation (4G) mobile communications network [77]. To improve the energy productivity of MIMO
extensively uses Orthogonal Frequency Division communication some digital and hybrid precoding plans
Multiplexing (OFDM) as a physical layer technology [64], due have been concentrated in [78]. Multi-input multi-output
to its higher band consumption, strong anti-interference technique has an important role in present mobile
ability and strong fading ability [65]. However, the physical telecommunications and will play significant role in 5G
layer of the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication network. These technologies are necessary to meet the
proposed to be having higher requirements for flexibility, requirements for expanding data rates through increasing
reliability, spectrum efficiency, robustness and scalability the utilization of the space domain. Massive MIMO is an
[66]. Now Full-duplex network communications at the same advancing innovation upgraded from the current MIMO
frequency are being supported by advanced in signal technology. The fundamental goal of enormous latest
processing electronics [67]. The early technologies required technology is to separate the advantages of MIMO for a

bigger scope by expanding the throughput, spectrum actuate the operating frequency from 2 Gigahertz to 28
effectiveness, and energy proficiency and diminishing the Gigahertz and 70 Gigahertz, respectively. Along these lines,
multifaceted nature into precoder/identifier [79]. The millimeter-wave could be utilized with profoundly
authors in [80] proposed an energy effectiveness directional radio wires in line-of-site (LOS) transmissions. A
improvement issue in detailed for 5G remote utilizing challenge in mm-wave at high frequency bands is the signal
massive MIMO receiving wires and millimeter wave attenuation, this is a significant problem, since it limits
innovation. The massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) is strength of signal [91]. The water vapors and oxygen
an evolving technology that is extended from the current consume mm-wave energy [92]. The oxygen particle absorbs
MIMO technique [81][82]. The authors [83] introduced electromagnetic energy at around 60 Gigahertz; along these
simultaneous wireless information and power transmission lines, the free licensed band from 57–64 GHz has high
(SWIPT) technique and the goal is to boost the energy oxygen ingestion with around less than 15 dB/km [93].
productivity.
4. SECURITY IN 5G
3.6 Millimeter-wave frequency band
Higher coverage, and significantly batten the quality of
Due to the useful characteristics of the microwave spectrum,
service (QoS) and extremely lower latency and very high
a huge number of communication systems are working on it data rates shall be provided by upcoming 5G wireless
below 03 Gigahertz [84]. Thus, it makes microwave
networks [94] A large number of new devices related to
spectrum excessively rare. 5G can handles such spectrum
Internet of Things (IoT), ubiquitous, machine-to-machine
shortage as below. communication (M2M), ultra-reliable and affordable
broadband access for cellular handheld devices and cyber
Extra amount of spectrum is mandatory for higher network
physical system will also be provided by 5G [95]. These
connectivity and capacity. Furthermore, mobile networks
have enhanced or heighten the quality of service (QoS) by qualities indicate that 5G is not just an incremental upgrade
of 4G that people naturally think of, but 5G is the
using supplementary amount of spectrum with wider width
amalgamation of new disruptive technologies that are cable
and higher frequencies. Hence, 5G shall also consume high
amount of spectrum, for instance utilizing the millimeter- to meet user traffic, emerging services, and the continuous
growth of existing and future IoT devices Demand [96].
wave spectrum owing to its actual bandwidth available
Because of the expected role of 5G and its influence on our
[85][86]. In accordance to the U.S. Governmental Exchange
Commission (FCC), many groups in the millimeter wave lives, the security of 5G is even more important. Hence, huge
efforts are required to ensure the security of the 5G network
band seem to be encouraging and may be the possibility of
system, the users of the network system and the 5G network
upcoming 5G portable frames [87], including 28-30 GHz, and
itself [97]. The important part 5G is evolution of LTE.
71-76 Gigahertz in the E-band , 81-86 Gigahertz and 92-95
Gigahertz free licensed bands of 60 Gigahertz and 12.9 However, progression of all parts of the network, like core
and management systems, and all protocol layers from radio
Gigahertz. Therefore, due to access to a large amount of
to applications will be included in 5G [98]. As a result,
unused data transmission it relies on the 5G framework to
utilize the 20-90 Gigahertz millimeter wave group [88][89]. security may be affected anywhere.
Millimeter wave has completely different production
4.1 Related Work
conditions, environmental retention and equipment
limitations, so this progress is gradual. These difficulties can The authors in [99] proposes general mechanisms for
be compensated by using beamforming and a larger cluster strengthening 5G security. By reviewing the security
requirements of LTE, the author outlined the security
of receiving equipment. It is widely recognized that the
millimeter wave band must be used with constrained cell requirements for 5G in [99]. A good analysis has been
scanning (<100 m) to limit the high path loss [90]. presented on the security of current 4G network and future
Fortunately, this activity is very suitable for a thin cell 5G network in [100]. The privacy protection solutions and
the existing authentication for 4G and 5G networks is
deployment model. Compared with microwave groups below
3 Gigahertz, high path loss is an important issue in focused in the article. Paper [101] proposes possible
millimeter wave 5G architecture. In general, the path loss is mitigation techniques for the security challenges as well as
standardization work for 4G and previous generations. The
mentioned below in the equation 1.
security threats and attacks on mobile networks have been
LFS = 32.4 + 20 log10f + 20 log10R ------------------- (1) investigated in [102]. Thorough analysis on security threats
m, challenges in mobile access and core networks are
Here the LFS is known as the free space path loss and is focused in the article [103], however, the main challenge is
given in decibels (dB) and carrier frequency is represented related to the 4G network architecture. The paper [103] also
as f in Gigahertz and R is the distance in meters among the considers various wireless access technologies, such as
receiver and transmitter. This implies that there will be Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and LTE, and discusses the
approximately extra path loss of 23 and 31 decibels which inherent security restrictions and future trend for enhancing

the security of each technology. Literature [104] investigates 4.2 Overview of 5G design principles
the security technology of 5G wireless networks for physical The need for new design principles for 5G emerges with
layer, the key area of this paper is the physical layer security different kind of networks and hardware devices and new
coding, massive MIMO, non-orthogonal multiple access consumer criteria in terms of lower latency, higher capacity
technology (NOMA), millimeter wave (mmWave) and global coverage [110]. Networks other than radio have
communication, heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and full- different requirements, and these requirements are more
duplex technologies. In [105], a 5G security study compared about incorporating new technologies. For instance, th3e
to current or traditional cellular networks was conducted, generic compostable core will use NFV and SDN to
here the security of 5G is investigated in terms of usability, disintegrate the user plane and control plane and allow
confidentiality, key management and privacy identity dynamic network function positioning [111]. The purpose of
verification. In [106], interesting work on future mobile this is to minimize traditional networks and introduce new
network security research is presented, this work aims to interfaces between the core and the radio access technology
deliver a comprehensive understanding of the security of (RAT). The deployment of security mechanisms and
mobile networks and to present some research challenges. functions (such as virtual security firewalls) when required
However, because of the integration of large-scale Internet of on the periphery of any network must be supported by the
Things and the collection of new technology concepts, the network architecture of 5G. The most outstanding
security challenges in 5G will be more diverse. The extended technology to simplify network management is SDN [112].
concepts of SDN, NFV, and cloud computing like multi-access SDN separates the network control from the data forwarding
edge computing (MEC) have many advantages in terms of plane and the control plane is logically centrally controlled
their performance and total cost of efficiency, but these to monitor the entire network below and control network
technologies all have their own security weaknesses [107]- resources by using a programmable Application
[19]. The articles mentioned in the related work focus on programming Interface (API). However, in network device
particular areas. For example, [106] and [105] focus on loop holes for security vulnerabilities can also be opened by
authentication, [104] and [103] respectively address the centralized network control and the introduction of
security of the physical layer and air interface, [102] programmable APIs. Therefore, the security challenges
proposes access and core network security, and proposes associated with SDN are needed to be analyzed. Similarly,
LTE security. The security requirements of 5G [100] cover NFV and network slicing also face security challenges, such
the privacy issues in future networks. as joint conflicts and resource hijacking. Hence, the
challenges of security related to all technologies used by 5G
The table 2 shown below demonstrate the progression of must be properly investigated. In the following subsection
security from 1G to 4G. It is modified from data collected we briefly define 5G security architecture focusing on the
from [126]. security domains which is defined by 3GPP.
Table 2. Security from 1G to 4G

Figure 11. 5G design principles from [31]

4.3. 5G Security Architecture Figure 12. Overview of the security architecture.

The security features are logically divided by a security
architecture into separate architectural components, The 5G security system in figure 12 itself does not recognize
according to The International Telecommunication Union specific security risks and solutions to those threats [114].
(ITU-T) [113]. This allows a systematic methodology to end- Indeed, there are a range of current security solutions either
to-end security of services, which helps to plan to assess the come from past generations with enhancements or freshly
security of current networks and enable new security developed in the 5G domain. The LTE security requirements
solutions. The 5G security architecture has been explained in are the starting points and are considered to be the safety
the newest 3GPP technical specification release shows the guidelines for the potential wireless network. [115]. In any
security architecture and has the following key domains scenario, the high-level vision of 5G protection is focused on
(i) Supreme built-in encryption, (ii) Versatile security
4.3.1 Network access security systems, and (iii) Automation as specified by Nokia [116].
Comprises a series of protection parameters that enable the
user-equipment to safely authenticate and access network
resources. Service security requires the monitoring of 3GPP
and non-3GPP communication systems and the transfer of
security contexts from SN to the user-equipment.

4.3.2 Network domain security

Contains a series of security features that allow network
nodes to securely share signaling and user-level data.

4.3.3 User domain security

Incorporates protection measures that enable users to safely
access the user-equipment. Figure 13. Security threats in 5G network

4.3.4 Application domain security 4.4. Security Recommendations by ITU-T

Contains security tools to allow applications (user and The Security Recommendations of the International
provider domains) to safely share messages. Telecommunications Union (ITU) Agency for the
Standardization of Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T)
4.3.5 Service Based Architecture (SBA) domain
include a range of protection considerations to defend
security
Including security functions for network element against all global security threats [113]. I The eight
registration, discovery and authorization, and security of protection dimensions are not restricted to the network
service-based interfaces. alone, but also include programs and end-user detail in fact,
the security aspect applies to companies that provide
4.3.6 Visibility and configurability of security
services or service providers. Such security measurements
This includes notifying the user whether the safety function
is running. are set out in Table. III with a brief summary. The following
addresses how to protect the protection aspect of 5G. ITU-T
Research Group 17 (SG17) was allocated to function and
future health recommendations. ITU-T has established
security standards for numerous relevant areas of
telecommunications and internet infrastructure, such as
Next Generation Networks (NGN), Internet of Things (IoT),
and cloud computing [117][118]. ITU-T SG20 is dedicated to
establishing guidelines and guidance for IoT technology,
smart cities and communities [119]. In terms of protection, it
partners with SG17 to establish health criteria and standards
[120][121]. The key goal of ITU-T is to identify the possible

threats to the protection of IoT-enabled networks and to literature in terms of security and these have been used in
include reasonable recommendations for coping with these wired networks [125]. In this section, we only highlight the
protection attacks [122]. Further, ITU-T also makes key technologies in terms of security for 5G.
recommendations on security concerns between consumers
• Security in massive MIMO
and cloud service suppliers [123]. • Security in SDN
• Security in NFV
• Security in Cloud Applications

Figure 14. Objectives of 5G Security

4.5. Security Standardization

On the arrival of 5G network, all the walks of life, even RECOMMENDATIONS
companies outside the telecommunications industry such as Since it is expected that the huge number of devices shall be
automobiles are influenced with evaluating the security connected with upcoming 5G network which includes
impacts of 5G. Therefore, various crucial organizations have massive number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices so these
made significant addition in to the fast development of shall introduce new security issues and challenges for the 5G
security measures [124]. However, standardization is still in network. Currently three communication protocols are
widely used which are based on cryptographic algorithms,
the drafting stage. The following are the most common
like the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems (ECCs). The
standards. communication protocols are; IEEE 802.15.4, standard IPv6
over low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks
• Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) (6LoWPAN) Standard, and Constrained Application Protocol
• 3G Partnership Project 3GPP (CoAP). With the introduction of quantum computing and
• 5G Public-Private Partnership (5GPPP) massive capacity of the network these protocols shall not be
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) secured for communication. Following are the briefly defined
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommended techniques for the strong security of the 5G
• European Telecommunications Standards Institute network.
(ESTI)
a. Security using software
4.6. Security in Key 5G Technologies
The security and privacy issues in 5G may be easily Security functions implemented in software being able to be
highlighted when recognizing the key supporting technology deployed in any network perimeter based on necessity, shall
in 5G. As defined in Section IV, large MIMO antennas, SDN, provide many opportunities to strengthen the network
NFV and cloud networking principles such as Multi-Access security. A number of firewall applications such as FLOW
Edge Networking (MEC) are the key facilitation and GUARD and OpenFlow firewall software can be Considered
transformative developments concerned to previous as the basic step towards softwarized security for
generations. SDN, NFV and cloud infrastructure have rich Softwarized and virtualized networks.

b. AI-based Security

The monitoring and analysis of massive devices on network

shall require self-adaptive intelligence system and such type
of systems shall employ innovative algorithms and
techniques of artificial intelligence, consequently, cyber-
security may become one of the best application areas for AI.
Security services such as authentication and access control
need to be proactively carried out within the time
constraints in order to meet the main service requirements
such as service migration from one edge node to another. In
Figure 15. Circular Patch Antenna with millimeter wave
doing so, AI shall play a critical role to timely identify the
Pin-fed
terminal actions and requirements to avoid service
interruptions. Apart from this we can also use security TABLE 4: Mm Wave pin-fed three notch antenna
automation and Blockchain security perspective techniques parameters
in order to further enhance the security.

5. ANTENNAS FOR 5G
5G mobile communications technology shall contribute
higher data rate, higher security, lower latency and latest
experience in to the environment and industry. The 5G shall
make a notable change in our lives, despite of latest massive
research on the antennas for 5G, there are still many
challenges which require more efficient solutions [127]. The
current antennas used in the existing wireless The S11 parameter of three notch circular patch antenna
telecommunication systems uses capacitors, conductors and with millimeter-wave fed [131] is given below in figure 16.
metal rods and therefore known as passive antennas [128].
Whereas latest antennas proposed for 5G network are
known as active antennas and that is crucial technology
which differentiate 5G network from the previous
generations in terms of speed, latencies and security [129].
5G network requires more complex antenna deployment and
design accomplishments for the faster speeds and low
latency [130]. After thorough literature survey following
some of the efficient antennas for the upcoming 5G network
are discussed along with their performance characteristics
and efficiencies.

5.1 Three Notch Circular Patch Antenna

A three-notch circular patch antenna with millimeter-wave
(Mm-wave) pin fed has been designed and analyzed by
authors in [131]. The antenna work in the spectrum of 58.5-
60.5 Gigahertz. It is compatible with the mobile station and
has size of 5x5x0.1 mm3. The developed antenna has a
Figure 16. S11 parameter of millimeter wave pin-fed
radiation efficiency higher than 88% (percent) at the
reverberance band and produces a reasonable returning loss three notch circular patch antenna
of lower than-10 dB, three notch circular patch antenna has
• Total Efficiency
highest gain value of 7.839 decibels at 60 GHz frequency, it
has form factor of 5x5 mm2 [132].

Figure 19. Configuration of dual-band MIMO antenna

array
Figure 17. Radiation performance and overall output of
three pin-fed circular patch antennas with a millimeter TABLE 5. Optimal Physical Dimensions of Each Antenna
wave Element

5.2 Dual-Band Eight-Antenna Array Design for MIMO

This type of antenna technology consists of four pair of L-
shaped slots and is based on SIRs. The dual band eight
antenna array with multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)
has been discussed and implemented in [133] for the future
5G mobile networks. The impedance ratio of SIR is the
responsible for the dual resonance and gain of the antenna,
so by adjusting impedance we can gain. The simulated
design shows, the inter element insulation of higher than 11
decibels and return loss of higher than 10 decibels were
gained. Over the long-term evolution (LTE) spectrum 42
(ranges from 3400 to 3600 MHz) and LTE spectrum 46
(ranges from 5150 to 5925 MHz), the total efficiency of the
designed antenna was almost 51%. The suggested MIMO
antenna array performed a simulated channel efficiency of
more than 36.9 bps/Hz in both operating bands [134].
Furthermore, the calculated envelope correlation coefficient
(ECC) is found to be less than 0.1 between arbitrary two
antenna elements [134] [135].

Figure 20. Simulated S-parameters of the MIMO antenna

array.

It is necessary to remember that due to the symmetry of the

design, only the simulated effects of Ant 1 to Ant 4 are seen.
It is quite obvious that the return loss of the planned 8-port
MIMO antenna system is greater than 10 dB in all frequency
groups. The predicted subsequent surface current
distributions of Ant 1 at 3500 MHz and 5500 MHz can be
seen in Figure 21 to clearly show the two resonant modes of
the SIR-based slot antenna feature.

Figure 18. Dual-band 8 antenna prototype

5.3 Leaky-Wave Antenna

The author in [136] proposed an efficient antenna for the 5G
mobile communication network. In order to keep the
characteristics of high-gain, planar structure, and simple-
feeding, the leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) ultimately present
a stimulating resolution for low-cost scanning and high-gain.
The designed antenna functions in the mm-Wave band from
37- 43 Gigahertz. The design of leaky wave topology is well
discussed in [137]. The final results of this antenna suggest
that the efficiency of antenna is about 85%.

Figure 21. Simulated equivalent surface current

distributions of Ant 1. (a) 3500 MHz (b) 5500 MHz

Figure 23. Leaky-wave Antenna Design

Figure 24. Scanned frequency radiation

5.4 Circularly Polarized Magneto- Electric Dipole

Antenna
The author in [138] proposed a circularly polarized
magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna based on printed
ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) technology which has high
A efficiency. The final results suggested the gain of antenna
was more than 10 dBi on a frequency range of 31-35
Figure 22. Simulated results of the proposed MIMO Gigahertz, on 34 Gigahertz the total efficiency of about 94%
antenna array total efficiency with;(a) one hand, (b) two was observed. For the optimal gain of antenna, a wideband
hands and Total efficiency lens was used. The lens used here consists of 3 layers with
3x4 mu-near zero (MNZ) unit cell on individual layer. The

printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) is prominent gain exceeded 8 dBi at 32 Gigahertz range.
technology for millimeter wave (mm-Wave) electromagnetic
band. Mm-Wave band from 30-300 Gigahertz is the
candidate of 5G radio cellular networks. Several designs of
magneto-electric antenna in [139][140] are the base of the
circular polarized magneto electric dipole antenna. The
printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) based waveguide from
[138][141] is shown in figure 25 below from [138].

Figure 27. Circularly polarized magnet magnetic dipole

antenna design with and without Split-ring resonator in
the E(xz)-and H(yz)-plane at 32 GHz.
Figure 25. The printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) The Magnitude of S11 of the three-layer magnetoelectric
based waveguide dipole antenna with 3 by 4 dual-polarized mu-near zero
(MNZ) cells as seen in Figure 28. The findings reveal that the
A 3-Dimensional figure of a dual polarized Split-ring antenna gain is increased when the mu-near zero is
resonator (SRR) enabled magneto-electric dipole antenna is connected to the antenna. Second, the spectrum of 29-37
shown in figure 26 from [138]. Gigahertz is given by the Circularly Polarized Magnet Electric
Dipole Antenna.

Figure 28. Physical layout of the Circularly Polarized

Magneto- Electric Dipole Antenna from [138]

Figure 26. Magneto-electric dipole antenna loaded with a

dual-polarized Split-ring resonator

The radiation schematic of the magneto-electric dipole

antenna consisting of four parallel patches connected to the
ground plane as seen in Figure 27. The bridge across the slot
consists of 2 patches aligned with the written ridge gap
waveguide while all 4 patches with the Y axis are rotated at
45 degrees. It is obvious from the waveform that the antenna

Figure 29. (a) Physical layout of the antenna fragments dimensions of the Quasi-Yagi antenna and its parameters are
and the assembled Circularly Polarized Magneto- Electric specified in Table 6 by collecting data from [143].
Dipole Antenna.

5.5 MM-Wave Phased Array Quasi-Yagi Antenna

It is the goal of this manuscript to propose a new phased
array antenna model for the 5G mobile platform [142]. The
eight components of the Quasi-Yagi compact antenna are
mounted on the upper part of the smartphone's printed
circuit board (PCB) to form a beam-proof phased array
configuration. Several papers have been published on this,
and the results show that the recommended -10dB
impedance bandwidth of the 5G smartphone antenna is 25
GHz to 27 GHz, which can provide 2 GHz bandwidth and the
shared coupling efficiency is less than -16 dB. The via crown
on the coaxial cable from the coaxial cable to the microstrip
line has been shortened and has been used as a feeding
mechanism for each radiation feature. As the antenna
substrate [142], Arlon Ad 350 with characteristics of ш = 3.5,
Δ = 0.003, h = 0.8 mm was selected. The proposed phased
array antenna offers a wide-angle scan of 0-pop~75-pop
with a gain level of more than 10 dB realized. The antenna
array offers more than 90 percent (−0.5dB) of radiation and
overall efficiencies for the scanning angle of 0 to 60.
Additionally, the basic absorption rate (SAR) and radiation
efficiency of the device when the user's hand / user's hand is
present are studied [142]. These findings confirm the Figure 31. S11 results [142] of the Quasi-Yagi antenna for
feasibility of the new system for handheld 5G applications. In different values of (a) W (width of the antenna arm), (b)
addition, using the proposed quasi-Yagi materials, the Lg (length of the ground plane)
radiation characteristics of 2 × 2, 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 planar
arrays have been studied, and beyond 8.3, the planned Table 6: Parameter values of the Quasi-Yagi antenna and
planar arrays have reached 13.5 and 19.3 dBi directions. The its array design.
results show that the constructed arrays (linear and planar)
meet the general standards for 5G platforms [142][143]. The
schematic diagram of Quasi-Yagi antenna is outlined below.

• Efficiency
The simulated efficiency is above 90% of the Quasi-Yagi
Antenna.

Figure 30. Schematic diagram of quasi-Yagi antenna;

transparent view (a), top layer (b) and bottom layer (c).

The antenna in the above figure is fed by microstrip line to

coax. The cylindrical metal was used to sound the coaxial
cable. The external connector is attached to the ground
plane, while the internal connector of the probe is the Yagi
feed line. The linear array parameters and the concluding

limited to the reverse L-shape, while the other ports are

connected to the corresponding loads. Similarly, when port 2
(two) is energized, most of the surface current is confined in
the inverted L-shaped bar. Therefore, determining the
inverted L-shaped strip can significantly improve the
isolation between the components. The figure 34 below from
[144] shows the simulation results.

Figure 32. Efficiency of Quasi-Yagi Antenna

5.6 Flexibly Extensible Planar Self-Isolated Wideband

MIMO Antenna
In [144], an extensive self-isolated planar broadband MIMO
antenna array is proposed and studied. Eight-element MIMO Figure 34. Simulation results at 4.5 GHz current
antenna arrays have been assembled and tested for test distribution: (a) Excitation port one (1); (b) Port two (2) is
examples. The designed kit shows 65% wide bandwidth excited
(IBW) at 3.82–7.5 GHz. Because the inverted L-shaped strip
load is on the ground, in the proposed design, any two
components can also achieve good isolation (> 18 dB) [144].
The smaller the ECC between any two components, it
indicates that the proposed eight-element MIMO antenna
system has a strong diversity of output [145]. The distinctive
characteristics of scalability and self-isolation render the 8-
antenna system a possible candidate for future 5G
applications. The front and bottom view of the 8-element
MIMO antenna system from [144] is seen in figure 33,
displaying the arrangement of antenna elements.

Figure 35. Photograph of the 8-element MIMO antenna.

Figure 33. (a) Front view of an eight-element MIMO

antenna; (b) Front view of an element antenna; (c) Bottom
of the element antenna; (d) Bottom view of the planner's
self-isolated broadband eight-MIMO antenna.
Figure 36. Measured performance of the 8-element MIMO
The authors conducted a current distribution analysis on the antenna
4.5 GHz eight-element MIMO antenna array to verify the
isolation effect of elements 1 and 2 being excited. When port Table 7. Output relation between the current design and
1 (one) is energized, a large part of the surface current is the previous MIMO multi-element antenna designs

Design Decoup Adjace Isolatio Extensi Structualso develop the Radio Access Network (RAN) in such a
s ling nt n bility re manner as to require a decreased cost per bit thus fulfilling
Method Space Comple modern expectations for the performance of end-users
xity [155]. It is now time for infrastructure to switch to an
Ref. Polariza >12.5 >12.5 No Simple advanced integrated antenna network in order to increase
[146] tion mm dB performance both in uplink and downlink [156]. Shifting to
orthogo an advanced antenna system involves a decrease in the
nality manufacturing costs of MIMO and beam formation and an
Ref. Polariza >19 >17.5 No Medium improvement of the baseband, antenna and device. The
[147] tion mm dB advanced antenna system is similar to the current
diversit infrastructure so that it is easy for mobile network operators
y to introduce it on existing network sites rather than
Ref. Polariza >6 mm >12.5 No Medium constructing costly sites. The advanced radio / wireless
[148] tion dB antenna system is made up of an antenna arrangement that
orthogo is closely combined with the software and hardware for
nality transmitting and receiving wireless signals and signal
Ref. Neutrali >8 mm 10 dB No Simple processing techniques to facilitate the implementation of
[149] zation advanced antenna system functionality. This method is very
line successful in adjusting the antenna emission patterns to
Ref. Neutrali 17 mm >15 dB No Medium increasingly changing traffic and multi-path wireless
[150] zation environments compared to the current method [157]. Often,
line and with various types of radiation, several signals may be sent
ground and obtained simultaneously.
slot
Ref. Pattern >9 mm 15 dB No Medium 5.7.1 Multi Antenna techniques
[151] diversit The beamforming and MIMO from multi antenna techniques
y referred as an advanced antenna system feature. These
Ref. Pattern >14 <15 dB No Simple features have already been implemented in the current LTE
network systems so, by applying an advanced antenna
[152] diversit mm
system features to an advanced antenna system
y radio/wireless would result in greater performance gains.
Ref. Decoupl >4 mm >15 dB No Comple
[153] ing x 5.7.2 MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output)
structur Techniques
es
Multiple Input, Multi Output (MIMO) is a multiplexing
strategy that has the capacity to communicate multiple data
beams at a time. The aim of MIMO is to increase the
5.7 An Advanced Antenna System throughput. MIMO works in both uplink and downlink,
The new technical advances have made the integrated although the concept below stresses downlink for ease of
antenna system a flexible alternative for positioning in the usage. The MIMO may be a single user and several SU-MIMO
existing and upcoming 4G and 5G networks. Advanced and MU-MIMO users respectively. The single-user MIMO
antenna system (AAS) allows beam shaping and multi-input (SU-MIMO) is used to transfer data to multiple users from
multi-out (MIMO) strategies. Beamforming and MIMO one source, it improves the capacity of the network and the
output of the customer [158]. SU-MIMO can also be used in a
strategies are effective tools to boost performance, coverage
multi-path environment where there are many radio
and user experience. As a result, the integrated antenna broadcasts paths of equal strength between the EU and the
system significantly increases network efficiency in both AAS; by sending various layers to separate transmission
upward and downward connections. In order to achieve cost routes as shown in Figure 37(a) from [154].
efficiency and quality improvements to network
implementation, it is important to have a rich awareness of
the features in order to identify the most appropriate
integrated antenna system [154]. The advanced antenna
system is described as the "summing up of advanced
antenna system features of the advanced antenna system."
The improvement in end-user efficiency has made the radio
access network (RAN) more successful in terms of capacity,
coverage and output. Mobile network operators (MNOs) will

5.7.4 Antenna array structure

In order to permit excessive-advantage beams and make it
achievable to reveal beams at quite a number of angles, as
proven in Figure 39(A) from [154]. The use of the square
antenna array is considered. By multiplying the antenna
signal range from multiple antenna components, benefits can
be obtained in the uplink and downlink. The more factors of
the antenna, the higher the advantage. It is performed by
way of independently controlling the phase and amplitude of
the smaller elements of the antenna array. It is finished by
Figure 37: Single user and Multi user MIMO, with the way of splitting the antenna array into subarrays (companies
different colors of the filled beams representing streams. of non-overlapping elements) as shown in figure. 39(C) and
by means of adding two constant radio chains per sub-array
A multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) as can be seen in Figure to allow power, as shown in figure 39(D). The route and
37(b), the advanced antenna network simultaneously other houses of the generated antenna array beam may be
transfers multiple layers in separate beams to various users modified on this technique.
utilizing a common time and frequency tool, thereby
increasing the network bandwidth. In order to utilize multi-
user (MU)-MIMO and connection b, the system will accept
two or three users that wish to transmit or retrieve data at
the same time.

5.7.3 Beamforming
Beam formation is the ability to guide wireless energy over a
wireless channel to a specific receiver, as shown in Figure Figure 39: The normal antenna configuration (A)
38(a). Useful addition of the appropriate signals to the EU consisting of rows and columns of dual-polarized antenna
receiver can be accomplished by changing the amplification variables (B) Antenna arrays may be separated into sub-
and phase of the transmitting signals, resulting in a higher arrays (C), with each sub-array (D) attached to two radio
reception signal intensity and also a higher end-user chains, normally one in the polarization process.
efficiency. Similarly, beam shaping is the ability to absorb
signal energy from the transmitter when it is transmitted. In The benefit of the array is defined as the benefit executed
order to achieve high efficiency in uplink and downlink, the while all sub-array alerts are constructively brought (in
beams emitted by the advanced antenna system are segment). The size of the benefit array, relative to the
continuously adjusted to the surroundings. advantage of a sub-array, relies upon on the wide variety of
sub-arrays. By altering the phases of the sub-array signals in
a specific manner, this benefit can be obtained in any
manner as proven in Figure 40(A). Growing sub-array has a
particular sample of radiation that defines the benefit in
distinctive directions. The width of the beam relies upon the
size of the sub-array and the traits of the man or woman
antenna components. There is a trade-off between the gain
sub-array and the width of the projector. The wider the sub-
array, and the narrower the width of the beam, the higher
Figure 38: Beamforming representing streams from [154] the gain, as noticeable in figure 40(B). The total range of
factors determines the overall gain, and the sub-array
In multi-track scenarios where the wireless channel splitting enables high-advantage beams to be directed across
comprises of multiple transmission tracks from sender to the variety of angles. In addition, the sub-array pattern of
receiver by diffraction around angles and reflections against radiation is used to evaluate the boundary of the slender
artifacts, it is desirable to transmit the same data beam in a beams (dashed outline in Figure 40 (C).
variety of different phase and amplitude paths regulated in
such a way as to contribute constructively to the receiver.
This is referred to as generalized beam formation, as shown
in Figure 38(b).

As shown in Part C of Figure 4, the macro situation in the

suburbs or rural areas is defined by the base stations
installed on the roof or the top of the tower. The distance
ranges from one kilometer to several kilometers. The
population density ranges from medium to low. This
situation includes an AAS with a huge antenna nearby and
the ability to help form a horizontal beam. However, due to
the small size of vertical buyers, vertical beamforming has
not brought any of the most important benefits. As a result,
large-scale vertical sub-arrays with limited vertical coverage
are sufficient. Compared with other cases, full beamforming
based on reciprocity can help fewer users, and MU-MIMO
gain is more limited. AAS with 8 to 16 radio links achieves
pleasing stability between failure and efficiency.

2. Deployment Situation #2: Dense urban higher rise

Figure 40: A set of sub-arrays that endorse an As shown in stage A of Figure 5, a compact higher rise urban
unsustainable overall antenna benefit and steerability scene is described by higher rise buildings, a small inter-site
distance (ISD) of 200-500 m, huge traffic flow and huge
5.7.5 Deployment Situations population density, and a strong vertical space to describe
customer distribution. For the described traffic, the key
Delineating which type of advanced antenna system (AAS)
element of community development is improved
configuration is the most suitable and cost-effective for a functionality or equivalent end-user performance. For
given deployment situation, this requires a combination of conventional non-beamform networks used with 2T2R, the
expertise in various situations, functional website vertical distribution of customers and thin ISD can lead to a
boundaries and convenient AAS functions, especially for situation where many customers exceed the vertical base
vertical beams the demand for steering, the effectiveness of beam of the closest base station. Coupled with the large
equivalent beamforming and the advantages of MU-MIMO. number of websites, this creates an environment in which
We selected three common usage scenarios that revealed the indicators from the outage base station are effective and
various factors for installing AAS: dense city higher rise, city serious outage problems may occur. In the case of over-
emergence of densely populated cities, the antenna position
low rise, and rural / suburban conditions, including related
required by the required AAS function should be wide
functions, correct advance antenna system settings and enough to ensure adequate exposure (UL cell edge fact
output capacity, as shown in Figure 41 from [154]. Reference occurrence rate). Furthermore, the vertical exposure
[157] provides a more complete overall performance test category is expected to be large enough to accommodate the
that can be achieved through AAS. vertical distribution of customer. It allows small sub-arrays
with huge beams in the vertical plane. Dividing the antenna
into small sub-arrays will produce a high-precision beam,
which can be controlled through a large number of angles,
thereby effectively solving the problem of interference with
conventional systems. AAS requires a sufficient number of
radio channels to accommodate a considerable number of
sub-arrays. Better insurance and a wide range of customers
mean that the capacity of reciprocal beamforming and MU-
MIMO with a relatively large multiplexing user range is too
large, and these technologies will be guided by AAS. By
managing 64 radio links of a small sub-array, many complex
and high-quality tasks can be completed.

3. Deployment Situation #3: Urban lower rise

The lower rise buildings in the city mentioned in Part B of

Figure 4 reflect the world's largest towns and the edges of
many high-rise cities. The base station is usually installed on
the top of the mountain, and the length between the sites is
Figure 41: Appropriate AAS configuration in special some kilometers. Compared with the crowded high-rise city,
deployment situations, schematic MU-MIMO and SU-MIMO the public transport that fits the location of the unit is
usage range and typical capacity profit smaller. Generally, a set of multi-process distributed
construction styles will be generated between AAS and UE.
1. Deployment Situation #1: Suburban/Rural Enhancing the antenna position is crucial for enhancing the
throughput of UL cells, especially for higher frequency bands

using TDD. Due to the expansion of ISD and the reduction of billion mobile sensors by the end of 2020 and to enable
the vertical distribution of users (decrease of buildings), access to 44 zettabytes (ZB) of data [160]. It extends from
compared with densely populated high-rise urban areas, the smartphones and laptops to smartwatches, vehicles,
scope of vertical publicity can be reduced; therefore, a wider computers, equipment and remote-control devices [161].
vertical sub-array can be used, and the advantages of vertical
beamforming are less. Using a wider sub-array for the Almost all of this should produce a huge quantity of "useful
described antenna area means that fewer radio links are data" that can be evaluated. Scientists predict that this linked
required. Horizontal beam shaping is a completely powerful world would make it possible to use a far higher proportion
function that produces the main gain. Reciprocating of digital data (35 per cent) than before (5 per cent) [162].
beamforming strategies will be suitable for the largest plans, Wireless technology work is currently exploring a series of
but packages with limited insurance will have to rely on developments for a forthcoming wireless network. High-
strategies including feedback-based beamforming. Due to speed connectivity and low-latency specifications should be
the multi-route propagation environment, precise the focus for the upcoming 5G system. With 5G, the output is
connection, and UE pairing capabilities, MU-MIMO is also 40 times higher than 4 G, so you can stream 8 K or ultra-3-D
suitable for heavy loads. The perfect solution between the
problem and the performance is AAS with 16 to 32 radio videos in only a second [163][164].
hyperlinks.
6.2 4K STREAMING
RECOMMENDATION Mobile network usage tends to increase at a very rapid rate
due to emerging smartphone technologies such as high-
In this paper we would recommend a geometrical resolution video sharing, online gaming and virtual reality
adjustment of the geometry parameters of the antennas, in apps [165]. In this sense, the EU 5G PPP SELFNET project
order to obtain a multiband response with a fair gain and to [165][166] has introduced a QoE-aware Self-Optimization
obtain the frequency tuning of the resonant bands. The Use Case for UHD video streams utilizing the Scalable H.265
efficient antennas for the 5G network produce a higher gain programming coding standard. Various forms of broadband
in millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum. The frequency devices that include a large amount of data traffic have been
spectrum from 20 GHz to 80 GHz is typically referred to as launched, such as 4 K extreme high resolution (UHD) video
the mmWave band. The network in this band has 10 times sharing, holograms, and virtual / augmented reality (VR /
greater capacity range than 4 G channels, meaning that this AR). Due to the developments in mobile connectivity
system can have faster download speeds and a far broader networks, ITU-R has revealed the concept of the 5G (IMT-
spectrum to enable future wireless connectivity. 2020) mobile broadband linked business "Enhanced Mobile
Furthermore, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based Broadband”, “Low Latency”, and “Massive Internet of Things”
antennas are recommended for the fastest network [167]. Through 5G vision, a maximum bandwidth of 20 Gb /
operation for 5G. So, all the efficient antennas should be s per device, a maximum throughput of 1 Gb / s per user and
MIMO based developed for the mmWave spectrum for the a low latency of less than 1 ms will be provided [168]. We
future 5G network. The common issue with this mmWave have obtained findings that meet with the specific
spectrum is that, the signal may experience loss due to specifications of the IMT-2020 per-user throughput by
rainfall, fog or snowfall, so necessary steps should be taken achieving a data rate of more than 1 Gb / s in real-time.
to protect the signal loss in this band for the future 5G However, the real-time 4 K video delivery capability was
network. effectively demonstrated by the 5G system and IFoF-based
smartphone fronthaul [168]. AS 5G networks are slowly
6. USES OF 5G being phased out globally, it is anticipated that consumers
will begin using enhanced Mobile Broad Band (eMBB) apps
6.1. Fast data rate (Gigabytes in instants) on their handheld devices. These technologies, e.g., 4 K and 8
Fast broadband speeds and smart networks would define K video sharing as well as virtual or augmented reality
the 5G network. It takes around eight minutes to download a devices, provide far greater virtual environments though
4 G feature film; people will be able to do this in less than consuming much higher data rate to enable their seamless
five seconds with 5G. Network speed can support deployment to user devices. One of the main goals of 5G
technologies such as social networking sites, multimedia eMBB is therefore to maintain the consistency of service
television, high resolution and 3D content, augmented (QoE) of consumers of such apps in complex and demanding
reality, robots, driverless vehicles, advanced manufacturing, network scenarios. Satellite links have recently been
many others. For the billions of computers that would be integrated into 5G networks [169]. Since we have shown in
connected, not all data has to be transferred concurrently. the example use case, the measurement of 4 K material is
Some systems involve immediate communication, whereas actually restricted to virtual LTE networks. Although 4 K
others can be shared at off-peak hours. Getting networks content offers the perfect catalyst for assessing 5G mm wave
that continuously manage data traffic and make split-second technologies, with regard to the number of users per cell and
decisions is essential to the 5G world [159]. The 5G network related transmission speeds needed to assess DASH
is projected to serve 50 billion portable devices and 212 streaming in real-time [169]. As 5G networks are slowly

being phased out globally, it is anticipated that consumers easier for transfers to take place to exchange information
will begin using improved Mobile Broad Band (eMBB) among heterogeneous systems and services [177]. The
applications on their handheld devices. These technologies, tactile internet would offer a forum for calculating,
e.g., 4 K and 8 K video sharing as well as virtual or managing, tracking and scaling smart devices in actual or
augmented reality devices, provide far greater virtual virtual reality in smart cities [178]. Ultra-low latency,
environments though consuming much higher data rate to stability and access quality are the key characteristics of the
enable their seamless deployment to device. The aim of this tactile internet that render it more advanced in 5G [179].
work is to provide DASH dataset content to evaluate
adaptive clients for higher speed networks [170] 6.5 Augmented Reality on 5G
In recent years, augmented and virtual reality has started to
6.3 Smart Mobility Using 5G take advantage of the high-speed capacities of video
In the future, we are planning to merge the MIH paradigm streaming technology and cellular networks. However,
with the DMM approaches in the sense of 5G heterogeneous constraints such as bandwidth and latency also prohibit us
networks, especially vehicle networks. In this type of from reaching high-fidelity telepresence and integrated
network defined by a high agility environment, further interactive and augmented reality applications. Luckily, both
parameters should be carefully considered, such as network developers and architects are conscious of these problems
size, vehicle speed, latency and likelihood of failure to and have built up 5G networks to help us transition to the
produce [171]. Mobility technologies in 5G vary from new phase of software interfaces [180]. Wireless Internet
conventional road / route preparation to new automated and IoT are the two major demand influences for the
driving systems (connected vehicles) and expanded sharing potential growth of wireless connectivity which should have
of smart transport. Smart mobility advantages include road a broad variety of opportunities for 5G. There will be a large
management, secure navigation, avoidance of incidents, fuel range of usage cases in the 5G era, such as augmented
conservation, prices and emission reduction [172][173] We reality, virtual reality, wireless computing, eHealth systems,
plan to analyze the advantages of utilizing existing / car driving, and so on [181[182] Despite the network
emerging mobile connectivity protocols (LTEX2 protocol demands of new technological markets such as AR / VR,
and, most notably, 5G Device-to-Device — D2D) as suitable there is a lot of enthusiasm and expectation regarding the
platforms for providing automotive technologies, with an introduction of 5G network technologies. [183]-[186] 5G
emphasis on autonomous driving (AD)[174]. This paper standards apply to anything from intense connectivity (e.g.
addressed digital mobility technologies delivered in the large-speed trains) to significant improvements in energy
framework of SCOs. As such, it also presented some of the consumption and network capacity, contributing to a hyper-
core concepts in the smart city context, as well as some of connected world in which mobile devices can play an
the core obstacles that cities face while developing SCOs. extremely essential part in our lives [187]. The primary
This then concentrated on smart connectivity, which comes driver of traffic on the network is the market for video
beyond the framework of SCOs, posing its key work streaming services. Asynchronous information reuse
accomplishments and challenges. In addition, it proposed a property is demonstrated by these live streaming demands
system focused on the utilization of 4G and, most notably, of of popular services by internet users that compensate for
5G cell networking infrastructures, with a view to enhancing much of the data traffic. In fact, smartphone Augmented
the quality of vehicle communications [174]. Reality and Virtual Reality (AR / VR) were anticipated to be
among the first group of killer apps in 5G. According to ABI
6.4 Smart Cities Using 5G Research, the global AR industry is projected to hit $114
All through the immediate future, 5G technology will connect billion by 2021, while the global VR industry is expected to
the planet from the biggest megacity to the smallest Internet reach $65 billion during the same timeframe [181]. All
of Things throughout ever-on-line fashion. Such a linked Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) provide
hierarchy will merge smart cities, smart homes and the consumers with interactive content, but need an
Internet of Things into one big cohesive infrastructure [175]. infrastructure capable of offering solid assurances of good
So far, study on Smart Cities and self-organizing networking quality 360° footage, low-latency two-way interactions and
strategies for 5G wireless networks has been considered: the precise localization. Due to 5G, such activities will now be
smart city depends on 5G to enable large M2 M accessed, e.g. on consumer electronics, remote and handheld,
communications, but the actual network is uncertain of the thereby introducing a range of revolutionary educational
data streaming through it. However, stronger collaboration scenarios [188]. 5G infrastructure aims to be able to help a
between the two will result in a shared partnership, as the variety of both conventional and new technologies, such as
information generated by the enormous volume of data device-to-device connectivity and the Internet of Things
obtained by the sensors can be used to enhance connectivity (IoT). The aim of this research is on 5G features and
performance [176]. In addition, 5G is supposed to put functionality that can promote the deployment of advanced
together several various access systems, greatly improving e-learning systems utilizing AR / VR. In this sense, the
the efficiency of the communication network and making it opportunity to promote the exchange of data via the creation

of extemporary classrooms everywhere through user restoration and telemedicine because of its specialized
equipment is also important. To this purpose, an evaluation qualities [190]. Also, we analyzed social insurance as for 4G
of recent – primarily European – 5G trials is provided in and 5G advances and give a review of online interview,
order to determine the viability of e-learning systems online wellbeing checking, remote finding, and versatile
utilizing this technology [188]. automated medical procedure. In view of the writing audit
and basic investigation, we have reasoned that ramble
7. MEDICAL IMPACT OF 5G TECHNOLOGY correspondence for the arrangement and upkeep of basic
foundations is the most testing situation that can be
We have divided the subject in two portions, one is good
conveyed to the following period of our work [191].
medical impacts we termed it as positive impacts similarly
Telemedicine or e-Health will permit scaling up of human
for bad impacts, we used the term negative impacts.
services frameworks to meet a rising populace, particularly
7.1. Positive Impacts in remote, rustic and low-salary regions, by utilizing
advances, for example, remote discussion and medical
The 5G network allows new open doors for human services
procedure. Specialists utilizing telemedicine will approach
with imaging, diagnostics, information investigation, and
haptic input, which will take into consideration the
treatment with its most remarkable availability, savvy
sentiment of touch to be transmitted. Patients will have the
supervision, and data/information abilities. It incorporates
option to quantify their own vitals at a small amount of the
wearable and remote sensors which are associated with the
expense and with incredible accommodation. We accept that
system through the web of things (IoT) gadgets. The
the 5G system will address individual correspondences, yet
wearable gadgets and sensors screen clinical information,
additionally make a completely advanced society where
for example, vivacious signs, individual wellbeing, and
sensors might be installed in tissue (pacemaker), ingested
physical movement and transmit the information
(utilizing ingestible keen pills), imprinted on skin (utilizing
electronically. These gadgets will convey at no other time
epidermal sensors, for example, shrewd skin or
seen tele medicine judgment and treatment administrations.
computerized tattoo) and worn (utilizing wearable
Likewise give video conferencing of high goals, at the same
innovation, for example, savvy attire, brilliant gems or
time conveying greatness care at reasonable charges. These
smartwatch) [192]. 5G empowered social insurance upset
gadgets produce improved information and progressively
that will be driven by 5G remote innovation and completely
precise examination for getting data. 5G will bring steady
bolstered by other related advances. We give a portrayal of
and dependable client experience and an improved clinical
every one of the different included advances and their
consideration and it will likewise help in some basic clinical
potential for medicinal services, while giving pointers to
capacities which require higher unwavering quality and
existing writing and advances. We likewise introduced a
lower idleness [189]. The utilization of computerized
contextual analysis on the monetary beneﬁts that will be
innovation is expanding quickly consistently, the utilization
offered by 5G innovation empowered medicinal services.
of PDAs, sensors and removed checking mechanical
Further, we have featured the energizing examination and
assembly going to develop and it will get gigantic headways
execution openings in building this eventual fate of 5G-
patients accepting imaging, determination, and in the
empowered social insurance while likewise pinpointing the
treatment. To ensure the sum of this transforms into a
considerable difficulties included and the potential traps
reality, be that as it may, the work ought to be done to urge
[192].
an all the way structure. Contraptions must interface with
frameworks and the cloud in habits that are interoperable 7.2 Negative Impacts
and ensure about. That will engage prosperity providers and
Alongside gigantic number of advantages remote innovation
patients to get the benefits of cutting-edge improvement for
has additionally one of the most obliterating ecological and
wellbeing and human administrations. If we can vanquish
wellbeing dangers and dangers to individual freedom at any
these obstacles, both social protection clients and providers
point made. It is turning out to be broadly realized that 4G
will see liberal advances in clinical treatment [189]. Despite
and 5G innovations cause numerous damages to human
concentrated endeavors, there are as yet gigantic difficulties
wellbeing. Malignancy is just a single issue, and one that is
that need to confront while giving social insurance offices to
effectively understood. 4G and 5G cause 720! (factorial)
the quick expanding and old populace [2]. Despite the fact
various illnesses in individuals, and can destroy everything
that the 5G for a great many people implies quicker web, the
that lives yet a few types of microorganisms. A few
effects of 5G on social insurance will be duplicated. The
pathogens and certain parasites are made progressively
computer-generated experience (VR) and expanded reality
harmful by chosen frequencies of RF [193]. Bugs and winged
(AR) are bound to turn into the most straightforwardly
creatures are as of now being murdered by the RF
profited territories and add to insight medication once 5G
communicates. There are different approaches to convey
innovation develops [5]. The 5G will significantly advance
that do not require radio waves, nor wires, which cause no
the mix of virtual and reality, which is basic for far reaching
harm to any type of life [194]. The non-ionizing 5G RF-EMF
recovery preparing, just as compact furthest point
can carry on like high LET ionizing radiations which have the

most extreme vitality affidavit per unit separation [195]. Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. PP, no. 99, pp.
Considering the low infiltration and high vitality statement 1–1, 2018.
per unit separation of 5G, this can prompt age of significant
levels of free radicals in a short separation which thus
[3] N. Panwar, S. Sharma, A.K. Singh, A survey on 5G: The
expands the danger of skin malignancy [196]. It's important
that Yakymenko et al. has mentioned that among 100 friends next generation of mobile communication, Physical
checked on examines with respect to the oxidative impacts Communication 18 (2016) 64-84.
of low-force radio frequency radiation that were accessible
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5G innovation but yet to be mindful of health repercussions
(2019). mmWave CMOS power amplifiers for 5G
and staggering clinical effects of upcoming innovation on the
lives of users. cellular communication. IEEE Communications
Magazine, 57(1), 98-105.
8. CONCLUSION
[6] Khan, R., Kumar, P., Jayakody, D. N. K., & Liyanage, M.
In this paper we have reviewed various aspects of the
(2019). A survey on security and privacy of 5G
upcoming 5G network, we have discussed various segments
technologies: Potential solutions, recent advancements
that are necessary for the deployment of 5G network. 5G
and future directions. IEEE Communications Surveys &
networks would be smarter and more effective to serve huge
Tutorials.
amount of radio spectrum, from a basic sensor to a complex
self-driving vehicle, from embedded sensors in all sorts of
[7] Holma, H., Toskala, A., & Nakamura, T. (2020). 5G
hardware to automated cars, from aircraft to smart
Technology: 3GPP New Radio. John Wiley & Sons.
businesses and towns, 5G networks will link everything to
one another, from a user to the web. 5G network is the next
[8] Navarro-Ortiz, J., Romero-Diaz, P., Sendra, S.,
forthcoming technology and it has very high network
Ameigeiras, P., Ramos-Munoz, J. J., & Lopez-Soler, J. M.
capacity, lower latency and much higher bandwidth in
(2020). A survey on 5G usage scenarios and traffic
comparison to the current network. In other words, 5G
models. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.
would contribute to one of the biggest technical revolutions
in the human history, with infinite use cases. Not only can it
[9] Dragičević, T., Siano, P., & Prabaharan, S. R. (2019).
will change human lives but it also aims to preserve them by
Future generation 5G wireless networks for smart grid:
improved emergency care and rising traffic accidents. Before
a comprehensive review. Energies, 12(11), 2140.
the commercialization of 5G technology it is very important
to keep improvement on the network capability and
[10] Kim, Y. M., Jung, D., Chang, Y., & Choi, D. H. (2019).
flexibility to cope with the various use cases and for business
Intelligent micro energy grid in 5G era: Platforms,
models. It is also important to keep eye on the efficiency of
business cases, testbeds, and next generation
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Overview of Vehicle-to-Everything, Drones, and
Healthcare Use-cases. IEEE Access, 1–1. Mr. Kaleem Ullah is an
doi:10.1109/access.2019.2905347 undergraduate student currently
pursuing his Bachelor’s degree
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Revolution: Internet of Things, 5G, and Engineering from Mehran
Beyond. Communications of the Association for University of Engineering and
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Information Systems, 38(1), 40.
Pakistan.
[email protected].
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5G Wireless (and Concomitant Technologies) Will
Revolutionize Healthcare? Future Internet, 9(4), 93.
doi:10.3390/fi9040093

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Florentin. Wireless technologies (4G, 5G) are very
harmful to human health and environment: A
Preliminary Review. 2019.

[196] Yakymenko, I., Tsybulin, O., Sidorik, E., Henshel, D.,

Kyrylenko, O., & Kyrylenko, S. (2015). Oxidative
mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity
radiofrequency radiation. Electromagnetic Biology
and Medicine, 35(2), 186–202.
doi:10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557

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A Review Of 5G Technology: Architecture, Security and wide Applications

Article · May 2020

Meer Zafarullah Noohani Kaleem Ullah Magsi

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A Review Of 5G Technology: Architecture, Security and wide

Figure 2. Use cases of 5G

Figure 1. 5G multi-layer system engineering. The coming

• The eMBB refers to a much or less simple progression of

Figure 4. Network Slicing Architecture

2.3. vEPC Network Functions

Figure 5. vPEC Achitectuure

forwarding performance. In order to achieve the same data

b. Fixed and mobile convergence after SDN

Since all fixed and mobile networks have implemented SDN

c. Network capability exposure

rest mode [42]. In Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTEA)

Where PLf(r) is the way misfortune at the objective

Figure 10. Graph of deployment density versus the no: of

An advanced sleep mode has been structured in [49] which

Figure 11. 5G design principles from [31]

4.3. 5G Security Architecture Figure 12. Overview of the security architecture.

4.3.2 Network domain security

4.3.3 User domain security

4.3.4 Application domain security 4.4. Security Recommendations by ITU-T

Figure 14. Objectives of 5G Security

4.5. Security Standardization

The monitoring and analysis of massive devices on network

5.1 Three Notch Circular Patch Antenna

Figure 19. Configuration of dual-band MIMO antenna

5.2 Dual-Band Eight-Antenna Array Design for MIMO

Figure 20. Simulated S-parameters of the MIMO antenna

It is necessary to remember that due to the symmetry of the

Figure 18. Dual-band 8 antenna prototype

5.3 Leaky-Wave Antenna

Figure 21. Simulated equivalent surface current

Figure 23. Leaky-wave Antenna Design

Figure 24. Scanned frequency radiation

5.4 Circularly Polarized Magneto- Electric Dipole

Figure 27. Circularly polarized magnet magnetic dipole

Figure 28. Physical layout of the Circularly Polarized

Figure 26. Magneto-electric dipole antenna loaded with a

The radiation schematic of the magneto-electric dipole

5.5 MM-Wave Phased Array Quasi-Yagi Antenna

Figure 30. Schematic diagram of quasi-Yagi antenna;

The antenna in the above figure is fed by microstrip line to

limited to the reverse L-shape, while the other ports are

Figure 32. Efficiency of Quasi-Yagi Antenna

5.6 Flexibly Extensible Planar Self-Isolated Wideband

Figure 35. Photograph of the 8-element MIMO antenna.

Figure 33. (a) Front view of an eight-element MIMO

5.7.4 Antenna array structure

As shown in Part C of Figure 4, the macro situation in the

2. Deployment Situation #2: Dense urban higher rise

3. Deployment Situation #3: Urban lower rise

The lower rise buildings in the city mentioned in Part B of

[12] Brilliantova, V., & Thurner, T. W. (2019). Blockchain

[14] E2E Architecture Overview, available on:

[64] Zhiqiang Wei, et al., A Survey of Downlink Non-

[81] X.Ge, et al. 5GUltra Dense Cellular Networks, IEEE

and Resource Management for 5G. [Online].

2015, eTSI White Paper No. 11, accessed: 10-10-

[139] Y.Li, and K-M. Luk, “60-GHz Dual-Polarized Two-

[149] Jiang,W.; Liu, B.; Cui, Y.; Hu,W. High-Isolation Eight-

[186] National Instruments. “5G: The Internet for Everyone

[187] Sodhi, A. (2020). 5 G & Law. Available at SSRN BIOGRAPHIES

[194] Online available: https://bit.ly/2SRnpWS

[195] Christianto, Victor & Boyd, Robert & Smarandache,

[196] Yakymenko, I., Tsybulin, O., Sidorik, E., Henshel, D.,

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