Style in Language Edited by ‘Thomas A. Sebeok i THE MALT. PRESS Massachusets Institute of Technology ‘Cambridge, Massachusei'sCone © 1960 2H ook an thro at fe mete ant fan ig secon rire Ket, 95 ew 190 ‘nay of Coro Caos Cad Mune: 6-119 Foreword When literary criss of difleren- schools of thowsht come topether to nes hase principles ard thir aplication, thre fen iors ete, even thouph they are speaking te same ers! langage (more ‘or fe). Ahnu their Bos potions may ier iy they have haters The saabon is gute dierent however, the ray Cites are joined by ings, prycholags, sd, Tor food mess, = ‘ew cultural antiopatgists exh speaking fs ow professional ae ‘tase, each starting from atleast somewhat detent tase tha the ‘ters, ‘The problems of cqmmorication Wo begin wih ae manifold nd the dices of developing common understandings re enomous. “This book is. record of such a meting and vets those problems. But abso reflects a genuine tempt by a group of scholars from ever Alnciptines to bring thee spa rwourses of kouledge to bea om oe role the nate and hac oem ere conference was fold at Inara Unicry inthe sping of 1958 to fxplove th posbty of finding a common bas for dicwsing and, hopefuls, understanding. parcusely among linguists. psychos, tnd eray ert, the charters of pei language’ Out of ch ‘cussions, It as oped, might come a leterpoteption af what Tieratre i and wht the constituent elements of ste ae Ht Metre isan spect of eho, there any nay in which these groupe can reach a mecing of inde om the tre of thn tehaior an ple In human care? How cin the undtndings of oe proup be aed4 Foreword {0 ted ligt on those of ther groupe and onthe whole peblem of aye [To ssure as lage & messi of understanding as posite aod to gts much comaon bass for dscusion as posi: eh ofthe ene bets of he conference (xcept some of thon sammy the sane) submited in advance a paper discus sepct of syle that hoeion lary ineresed him, These weve in turn dstuted tothe whole rey wil Btore the conference. However ch o Ite surement ee Imay hve bee, atleast there war 3 lige boy of common maned to neve asa Bass for the dium, As would fe expected, the partipants spoke dierent langugs, 28 they rough Wo ph important ace and basic diferencs of or Broach, Thee wis a car difereace in mth and in undketondey Jn the treatment of the questions whether problem of syle (howe B might be deind) mint be teted quantal ti grocers of “oval behav, wbuther Herre amenable to tly scenic ay is ether the scenic analyses proposad weve really meng op literary rite. Although the group aver anived on someon eee 35 the mature of sy, at leas the diiclty of deition oy soos the wide diversity of detintionscame to be ily seen On a smile but no kes tome scale tte Wer dacon of the "ature ofpotc language and of mets fora. even ofthe mist of satiical aay of presumably sigisant characters And vty there was concern forthe nature ofthe seating rocen Tes reached is high point na deus by TA shards tion of one at his own por, Yard ofthe composi “Haraed Yard i Apeil/Apel in Hasan fo final agreements and perhaps mo common langigso¢ common, purpose came to be recognized by the whole group, noneiiee ae ear that cach patipamt was stmulited ty new aware of hoe ‘uid his ove and ofthe dilerences in moths tnd cats dae fk’ chaps more important sil ste fat tht, pry tog te awareness, new suggestions fr forter rea in he Sane ot te ‘etary prosss and in the fancions of erry eich were pened sup by the fank and vigorous discussions which charters the co fereace and are recorded ia this bok ans W, Astron Acknowledgments sr Edvard Stankiewicr, an Eee Oe oloag feronce a great plessure, at ely ime poi 1 tarmac ad eed calor tec ‘the conference came from th a icknowledge the gencrows a Pinay er Coa nan we acknoubde he eneon see Fat Unerty ch ode abe el ie Se ry en Rl pe areas of Pherae bong afer the confree was cre irda Uns ema a a 2 1 as) che znce materials for this Saar Nincy MacCineck's meses aetion EE bok ding re with a Year's ebue t cAT) pais a reste pepe af is wont es SENS Simm Cacti Sermo “Tyows A. SEERLLL LLL Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics ROMAN JAKOSON By Fortuna scholry an polical conferences nothing como, The sucons of poll convertion depends onthe gener sproonen ‘tthe majority or ttaliy ots parcpams ‘The se of wos an veto Ioncver alent scolay dicaion whore diaprement ones proves 19 be mare productive than agrement Diareemen! icon Eiinomes sad tation win the Held daeisial and eal for ove “ploration, Not pola conference ha rahe exploratory acti ‘Atartien eset an aloe to sehoey meting tration expt {a arou Gieipines tempt to map au unkown epon and nd on Inhee he gente chuace for hc eaplore ae the sumone pty {nd peeiirs, Such mapping wes to have Ben the chief ask owt onferance ad in hi ests work has een ue suse Have we note wt roby te he mt ac an fhe on ‘expound or even to avon im ower to preven misunderstand ith poole wing ferent depatnentl argon’ Sich questions Bees, for tings Pcs deals pinoy vith the qucion, Whot snake Tot messope a work of an? Bau he man sje of pote ‘irra sia of Srl an relation otra ad ao ther Ain of tral behavior, poets entled to the Teng place terry ses Poets dsls ith problems of verbal tract, uta the analysis of ning 8 concer with pisioral suture, Shee linguistic the [Hobal sence of verbal state pestis maybe regarded ta ep Bart of logics. “Arges guns sh Ai mt Be Moros sce He cident hat many devices sted by pacts arena cntned to verbal Su Wecan fer tothe pony of transposing Waherig Heghs in notion picture, redial lends int Trescoxs and. mints 4 Lapetsnih ue fre 99 moss, tale, ant graphic are Howser Iaerows may app he es oft ad wed Oise a coc sean Closing Statement: Lingutes and Postce ss structural Features of thee plot are preserved depite the appearance ff ther herbal shape. The sion whether Bak’ ltstation to he ‘Dena Canned ae or ae no agequnte ea poo ha diferent at te comparable. The proters of baroguc of any other ioral gle trans the Came of a single arc When handing the saree metaphor we cull hardy pas by Max Een pictues o Le Buel {mss The Andon Dog tnd The Golde ager In short, many poe feats belong ot oly tothe science of language but 10 the ie theory of sls that to general Semi. Ths stemet, homer i ‘ald not only Yor sere rt but alo for all vances of langue sine language shares many properties wih same oer systems of iso even Usha of thes parsers festare, Likewise second objection contains nothing tht would be specie for Iiortures the question of tions betwee the mond nd te world oncem not only eral ar bat cual all Kings Sisoune, Ling [Sibel esplore al pose probleme of elation betesndcourse and the “universe of course” what of thisuniere verted by 4 gen Aiscourse and how i i verbuaed. "The tah aly Hoween sat they ste—to sy wih the lgkians—"extaligulsti sie obviously ‘excel the Bounds of pete and of ings sen. ‘Sometines ne hear that poet, in contradstincton to linguistics, i concer with ersluation. Thi sprain ofthe two fds fom ach ‘ther aced on 8 eurent Bit exoncoue interpretation af te conte Between the tract of petty and oh ype of metal stuctre: the Inter ate st to be opp by thir “sn” degen: nature 4 the "oneasia” purposeful character of pot ngage. In point acy eroalBeivie goa-ieted, but the aims are dflret and the eon Fermiy ofthe mane sed the ct it att probit evermore Drewes ingues Ino the diene Lunds of verbal eonmameation, {Theresa lose comespondens, much ser than exis bee, Pewee the quesion of ngise phevomera expand Space and tine a he spatial and temporal spread of teary moet xen such dicta {pansion she erection of eld o forgtten perfor stance, the posthumous discover and subquent eanonation of Gerard Manley pki (4 1859, the tardy Tae of Lastecamont (1570) song surest pocts and he sain nace ofthe bth ignored Cypran Nori 41843) on Plath modern poetry “nd parle nthe History ‘of standard languages which ue prone to revive tated mode, some times lng forgten ay was the sen Itruty Czech which towed the Negiaing ofthe nineeenth century land t0 ssvnt-centry ol Untortunaty the termincogicl confsion of "ieary studi” wih “ris” teste stent fete wo replace te description aa2 Retrospects and Prospects tenes granmatcal orl cate wulibeapled sings Se pets cect Scholarly analysis of verbal are. Thi sateren bot lo be onahon bb asa that part of the literary tradition which for the stage im guestion has emained ital ors een ese. Thay for istater Shespeas oe long to wiable artic values. The wekton of clases and they rm, {ed with star: any stag dsriniacsucen moreso od fempocldyranks an, on he ost ha, the histor! approach ot storie pots or histor) oF langvge a superar to fe but ov speak there cuss unity of langage, ul ths ove cade eprsentey oncurtent pattems which arc each characireed by a diffrent Tuntton Closing Statements Linguistics and Pootice 33 Obviously we mst agree wth Sapir tat, on the whos “detion reigns supreme in lnguage (SH), bet ths soprmtcy does no authrie> Tings to doer the“ecodary factors” ‘The mative cements of spesch which, a Jos is prone to tls, canet be desribed. "with fe mer of absolute sitegriy” are csi ty Bim "at nom linguist cements ofthe ral marl" Hence ow we they sein vagus frotcan, Soetating poenomenn,” he conclaey “which we Tete 0 {Dime in our sonce” QI). Toor inde bint caprt in redton “etineny od is rphatic requirement for am “expuion” of the “moive elements “Tr linguistic scnce” k= radical experiment rlstion rede a era Tanguage must be mvetigatd inal the arity oe functions. Before ‘scuning the pote function me must define place among te other funcions of language. An vine of thee fonctinsdemmunis 3 once tsrvey of he consi factors any spech evel, an ac of verbal ‘ommaniation, The ADD¥ESE ends MESSGE To he ADDRESS To be ‘perv the masz rues cowry fered toe nant, tooutat anos, nomendatre, sabe by the address and ‘iter verbal oe capable of bring verblzd: CODE fly, oe at lest Partly, common to he nidvener and alreses for inet words 0 The encoder and docder of the mage) an finaly,» comvac Bins shunoe and psehlogcal conection Dtwern the adiresier dod {he adress ening oth of then th emer and says emma. Al thse fairs tart inven west communication may Be context ADDRESSEE. MESSAGE, ADDRESSEE contact och of these sie fctors determines diferent fncion of ngs. [Ainough we singh sc Base apt of language, we cul, However, arly find eral sags that mould fall ony one function. TRC ‘dives es mtn a monopoly of some one of Use several functions but Ine diferent hecartcl ender of functions. The verbal stereo sncsage dens pany onthe predominant fancson- But eve hough Loan) tonard the relent, am onantaon toward he CONTEST Shey the socal neuen dentate” ogatne” funtion istheltding wk ofmumerous msgs the ascsoy partition a the ‘ther functions in such tesiger mst be taken ito acount by theSe > Aerospecte and Prospects eli Jette tonne of “apie” fina, fasel or seria ap oe i oe ee Mvcaed by Marty (20) ha proved to fe mete cache item (pecs sound ‘equencs or even ki etre and fy sama ah cna laid bare the nections favors to tome uo a ene Excite to nse hs gy Aa dope Chatmans bold simi). The aera ease Bene emphatic prolongation of the vowel sont woke oo zai [il ov and fis] ows" but the later Pa the terested in phonemic invariant the Eglin ‘to be mere variants of one and th ih metus ee with emotive wnits, the relation between the imariant and warmest otene Sr we na mae siete eae aba reduces th iormaioe ane a on he was hed by the famous neat ay ae es mesg fom the phase Seen efom ‘This wealnge oo its expressive tint. He made list of some forty emotion’l seston ee Shee lel py fon ap es Rockefeller Foundation) this actor aie tee ete Sentence and mde of ity coresponcing menage fora are See io te msg Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poctce as Moxcoviteineners. May Tai that all ich emotive eves ely undergo ‘Grictltion toward the ADOWPSE, the CONATWVE fansion, finds ts pret grammatical expression the vacate and impertine, which Sata, marpologaly, and often even phonemsaly devs fom ‘ther nominal and verbal eegonss The imperative senenescarinally Air trom declaratineseteners the Inter are andthe former a not Table toa eu est When in ONES pay The Fiat, Namo," Sere tone of command)” says "Denk!”the lngeraie cabot be ‘lenge bythe question “iw tte or not?" whith my Be, howe [sty ell asked ir sch sentence one drank vane il den one would dink” In contradiction tothe inperaiveseateoey, te The trina mel of langnge stele partly by Bier (1) was confined to thee the functiohs—emave, conatve, and ‘eferetal and the thes apexes ofthis moose fst poson of the Sarener the scond poron ofthe addres and the "thi prs,” [roperiysomcone or something spaken of Cetin adional terba Functions cn be esl infeed om th ic model "Thus the age tresnatoryfuncon chy wme kind of conversion of ah abet inanimate “third porn” int an arenes ofa emitive mesg. May tity dry up fu tcf (uitanian spe 266.69). “Wate, seen rier, eben” Send gre beyond he Hue se. these het, Uke gry stone never tore rom te su-ottor, may gi veo to burden the ight bert of Cons servant ay grit fe remoed ad ink assay” (North Risin icanaions MO, p. 217). “Sun, stad how "pom Gibson and tho, Moon, In he wey of Aan. And hes bod sll andthe moon thy” oak, 1D 12}. We aves, however enresponing uncon of angus Toe aos ali cab toon ot di Lend me your exrs!"—and on the ote end othe wie “Un hur™ This set fr contact, or iy Malnowshs terms rm Funston (268), smay be dipped by poise exchange of ita! frm yee lalgucs withthe mere purport of protnging communication. Dovothy Parker enue loguont example: "Well the young am sad, “Wall shesnd. "Well ere we are hes, “Hee were: she sd, “Art we? 1 should sty we mere Resi, ‘yop! Hare we ares “Well che ideteospecte and Prospects ‘Well he sid, el” The endeavor oat and sain comm 's typical oftahng brs; thas he phate uncon oflangange we ee they share with human tings It abo the heck teen ‘quis by intuts they ae prone to commune bee amg satin So a ety een a of. speaking of angoge, ot mellangage too only a ncenany meee too uted by logins and gu kPa alia anspor rae ur vetdy ng Lke Mobs’ Journ ‘no ad pose whoa Knowing it We Paice mellanguuge without ling he meulopel ‘ant of or oeaion Whine he addon are salary sete at there adhe you—shit do you mean?” aks the addresee or is Shaken ion, "What thou ays And the adres nace oars eapuring qustions inquires: Do you kaw what Iman?” mua ‘cho Seentng dita, “he sphere war psd And what sophomore pest the introgtorinnaent‘f Sol socbulary. “4 ayphonont oy infomation mores about the eel co iy abou al code of Engh: tt Toncon Sty metaingual. Any proces of nguage rene in eka cat sequstion ofthe mother tongue, makes wie we Sieh eee jprains and aphasia may often Be dened as slot af sain her such fous onthe message for is own sake the race fee at Do you prefer Joan to her twin ster?” “Not at al it just sounds poems ineree, the proedeiceof the shorter nae suits the speaker, Unacountby for him, asa weltrdere shape ofthe mesmge ’A git wed totale aboot "ihe howe Harry" “Why. horse ‘Meane Ute him" "But why ot endive ri di sung? “I-don how why, but href hin beter" Wout Fesiang she lang tothe pote dev of paranoia. The palin slogan“ ie hs ay lyk ay, suctnety strated comit of tice monoylables and cout thee diphthongs fay cach of heat synely followed by ane emonanal phoneme, 1K ‘The make-up ofthe thee words prensa varaions no connantal ‘Phoneme inte firs word, twosroun the eiptithongithe seconde one Enalcomonon inthe thi, A sna dominant use yf was noted ty Hynes in some ofthe sont of Keate Both sla ofthe trac forma" ike | Ik" rhyme with sch other, an the soon of he tno Fiyming words fly nla inthe rat one (coo eye) ay ag 2 farontmate Inge offs which cally emclops ts cj Both alalierte with ach ober, and heirs of he two iterating won it Include i the second lyk 3 paronomants rage of he Lving Sibjectemelopl'y the loved obj. The secondary, pot econ of th cestonal cath plise reiforts Ke improsisence and eeacy fAenesid te linguist sy of the post ton must veep fe limits of pty, and om the oer hand the bngutc satiny of pry ‘annot Hint self to te pote nctinn. The partisan of dee fonts pms imply a diflendy ranked partipaion ofthe other verbal Fancuons alongwith he dominant poste fnction. Epc pty, orsed ‘nthe it pon, stonaly invite referent function fang the ee rete award theft person is ntnatly Hake wath the function and is either supplicatory or exhorttive, depending on whether the Fiat person it subordnatl tothe scvond ane or te seca 10 the Ft ‘Now thi ou cursory deverpion of he nn asc factions of verbal commansation sore or ias amps ema complementou scheme of the fundamental factor by 4 conesponding scheme of the fanetins Pornic CONATIVE38 Retrorpecs and Prospects What th empirical guns citron ofthe pote Faction? In areca hth ndpensaneeatae hr nay st py? Fanos his question ne must reall he ta ae made onpoee din vera behavior etn ad combina, Hecht op ot the mesg, the speaker selects oe song nant, moro os san oun ike chi, td, youngster, fo alo hem equa ina ean ‘pest, andthe, commento this lope Re may see one af te eran cognate versace does nod, rape Bothchoven vos ambi nthe sesh chun, The selon prac onthe hae quale, sian and dsinlaiy.syrotymiy ad anon ‘hlethe combination, the bul pf the sjuence, bad oncontgy The pote fncion jes the gone of equine fase se scecton inthe at of coma, Eve's poate, Eonstatve device ofthe Sequence. In pry one she eqeled Sith any te aio these sen ord tn ste ‘ul nord sts, a5 unstos equa stra: ros ong mahal ‘thong na short with shorts word boumisy ats word baum, 10 boundty eas no boundary syntactic pute eqs smtacte pg, $6 ps eu 0 pS are contre avis of maou ay te obited tat melalngsng ako makes a Sequential wef xan units when combing snymiceapreions set oe na cence: 4 = 4 afer ie oo heh") Pac ond imtnngte tone hi apoton tcc Sh Imetalangoage the sequence ltl an aqeaon, whereas pcty the cqution na obo quence. ei J pty, ato cerain extn nent manifestations of poetic func, sequnees sited by word hundnten bese cose forale whether the are sos at uoeMonc ot Erased, "loud Ming" showed the pos pitcipe of able ation, he wre pile which onthe css of Sebi fk pc as eh aed fo ompulsory law. 248) Without sto dah words thecombinton iment bytnie” would hardly have become hacks pases Theme he dah ts wha ene nil con sn dental nal vowel added spcndo to he acne voy mea Cee? ont cee a Measure of sequcacs dei which oui of peti function, nds 0 appiation language Only n poy wth isu een of uaa nis te time ofthe fc Som expen hts ty Gi ace sem nth meal ie Ct May loplis, an ctstanng sare Inthe sence af. poste Ingen, etn vest “sech hyo partly epaiag We cae nae a Cosing Statement: Linguiutes and Poetics a sound” (179). opin abneuent gestion, “but all ene poetry” {anor defely showed ay soon 9 poetic uncon erste fo be stb any contacd to the domain of posy. Memon inc ced by Mepis tke "Thy cays Bath September), modern advertsng inl a vest edie! Ls melody Lot or aly Ses ‘Sie shinai Une from tro potty hare)all these metal texte make te of poste function wiht, howcte,assging to thi Tunton the omens, detemnig tr carnes in pociys Thus ve actualy exes Time of pty bu atthe sae time vene snays imps pot function. ‘And opprcnlynouman cure gvoesvesemaing, wets here are yi pm es Senet con ‘res which poses th ar soapplel vy the trapper tea Sond, anguetionay” darned prenomeron. The apuaion of fonts meam for sme hecrogeneom purpose oes nl oneal thei ‘rary cazncs jst selene of ce Iangaage, whe tied fect, sl mainain thir ete tings A itstrer may eke Tava tcc o's long. yt pts sll omsins the pear) inten of het lf Svinte exstene of versed musa tna pitonal Commer doc not pra the questions o ce o of ‘tuskal und ptr lo om th ly of pty, me, ad ea “To sm wy the aman olsen etry win he empleo post sade ar ay Be ine ht pat of agus ch Tras ihe poste funcon fn tr rantip 0 the be fonctions of IEnguge. ovis inte ners the nord des withthe pst fineon noel a pty. wich farton ie sopermpond ponte tte ncaa flung, bt soon o post, when some thet {ction i suprinpesa pon te post function, Tic reertne stereo snd wh Hopkins to be he cost tute pimple of en, car fate pce. Such gare slays Cie a at ne (or ior tam en) binary eons of reltiely ph and relly fw prominene elected bythe deren seo of SNE phoneme pee: “iin fei ae pom ae, ya ut on twig the pa ofthe sabe, oor the es promi, ara homie phonemes, Any ible contains sya pons, a he Ina tceen two scene lain son angus nays and Im oer vermhelningy card ost by marital, onic phones. Inte s-cale ylabeerstiation inane af slam amet ‘tic chain tine sre) a constant, wheres the presence of 2 tensaic phoneme or cnr ese vy to yb ofa etal Chain cs ctl ony in lngungs wih Indien ocarens ofa0 Retrospect and Prospects rons esen iis an, ahora were has i prohibited. Another manifestation of tendons tora unicorm sic model isthe avokanceof cased spunea econo ns cs men Sera cpe e ee sa rsthw aon o tease tea Sralpnenenesees eee Shenae mete yet ae eae tase pt oan Te ane i sara fest cute, hea er pe nn ten a dotnet non pom uder anion, word boardanes and syractepeusee ws SOF a Except the vaitics of the so-called vers ibe that are based on itgte intonation: and pans only. any meer tthe sot sa linc a kai es ton of he wea Thn ei pre Summers ns tan optn’ vb he er st by Hopkins) may vary. bt the at in) nay cnr oe he accent pation o rat of sys a Sct pcs ope naw he conta ef lates na 2ymac, phrases, thn wich Win and Bassey ce {27 without sick major cic Pine al gunn Cerna) ves ang and shat es ae Saree ty ble ne phony lng ao hon ar “ty poston” with ength “by nature” te minal nae ee Susie ecm at igi a ane en sylable to shor ones, tat vee bse onthe postin of ent one Gener bought tomy attention anor vary ofonemic veniftaton ihe cene of Ek res sel o he lee str. 19 he ‘Srl by Simmons (39.28, the query andthe sponse form fovecoslaies whan she dation of Mig) and Now) ione ‘SMe: nach eric, moreover, hes thre ofthe fou sabes rset an cal tone ptt: MAAN AMA. Whereas Ghinee serienton appears ar pele vaity ofthe quantitative ere he vrs of he Ete ies sik wih the wl nese vere i oppontion of two dearer of promincrs [rng ok Weal oer Thasa maf este of weateton ca be sed The orpmation of sabe peaks and slopes le vere, on the et Tevet the pats cent ver) anon dhe rele length of hese Peaks or nr sae (hana ver). in textbook of true we sometimes encounter suprstous contapontion of labia as mse mechanical count of slab to ily puleaon of aceniual ves. He eaine, however, th Diary mots the sel sylute and athe sme ie, cee eran eetsrve two homogenous saccson of mvc peaks ad aly Of ten tee anatny cues he spi ne cries naar pronemes {cnt and usaly arpa! poems in he boston tcl curve superpued upon the sai carve aemue stresed and Ansttesed sale the eet ard bottom respecte For comparison with the Engish meer which we have Fenty Sach forthe nt ily oar ne very undergone am ceive vent Eaton (oe perl) 409, The stots ofthe verse ca be sey toro srt nd ert nr ephedra imran! tvougbout all Rusian estes the lei patiern of Rusa Slee aeccnual sone ylabotoni” im native Romer) we ‘haem the along consents: (the muir of lbs the Be from boining tothe at Cownat sabe) hi ey fst dow Dearaluayscuns word tres 0) tesa sabe cao fal on te pte ia Sownbeat i falid by an unsrewed sible of the same ‘word un a haa word srs can coineide witha upbeat only fo ie beloags fou monosyilabie word un). ‘Nong wth thse characters ompulory fr any oe composed in agen meter hee are fetus ha show ph probably cturence *igmlecetin to ssur (probe ttt being conan preent. Be By one igals key to oss C*protblts les han ne”) eterRetrospect and Prospecta ation (2), ne cold uy tht The rear ot ory ebnunly.ay by Betas ar at eae ihe ve spe unig geen bing Tn the Resin binary meters ll 4 slbiss counting back Fo the tut downbeat bri, al the uphets—re wey led by used spl tet some ey iw fringe of teed manda secure are nel isibtedaongecene downto he "ea lwer te ao shown ye ring dovniea‘Snc e without taining the masimamdplayed by the nal dowebeae oos “wnt free toward the ogi ofthe tn, the mount of te test downbest; sade > Thus he aibauon of ord areas th downbeas within heli, the splint srg and we dwn, tion ‘othe rsutnship between Mdownbeste and. hvac The Russian binary a staid arrangement of thie Avision of abe uct int aerating dowacats an opens, So (ON) alternation of song al weak dowaeats For ample, Raion be represen by Figure I, and smo tad pat 4 oresponding Engi for ms men senses Theo do pried of word tes in Shays ambi {Me steer or reader of Rasim vere prepared th a high dec of Closing Statement: Linguists and Poerics Pe roby to aes a word sts in any even yale of ani ines, ut rth very bepning of Paserak’s gota the Toth and, on fot fre wath slab bs nthe Hata i the flog tn, sen hn ak a frated expectation, The dere of uch rs Patiaeirgher when the ses lacking in 4 strong downbeat and / Aw, Noes 1 AAAAAAM carrying wszesed sll. The srletest of two aden down GSE rouble and te mot stig when eras 2 woke Tether nce the some poems *C1by 2 goede er Je bubyepacife pn, ception depends on he eam Ares downbeat inthe poem sod ore grata te whole extant ‘cua anit st vn tO wae ay. Rone eke the sera. ths poem ony 7 of 4 ies have a word trinsic yale Yet in sch ses the nein of the ued SIS Sabi alerting with the unsold syle, rome fle Zapetey ase ao for the skh sbi of the mc une rary it wat Edgar Ala Poe, the post and theoreti of snipe, tho mete snd poole appa ie ‘Ststescmecfraicaion forte expected rs romepectenes af tce, annie wout the opposte, as nl lant ext 1) Here we could el apply Rober Fons oraula Mitton good” i “The figuee is the same as for From "the Figure A Poem Make love" (28. The read shits of wood seu in polsllabic words frome the downbeat tthe upbeat Crevesed fest which are unknown To thst esrospects ond Prospects standard forms of Rusts vere, appear quite usual ia Enplsh pocey ther metnel anor syiactic pase. "A nate cxsople ee ‘til vanaton ofthe ume ate im Mites "atte eat and init despa” tte ine “Nearer ny Cot Tes eet Thee the eased ylabe fone ad the unc Word seas iin he pb ft a the beginning ofthe ie snd scone time te egong Blase. Ti kense, dicuid by Jopenen (2D) and cunt in onany Fangangs i ently explainable by the parenlar impos othe raion between an upbeat and tenes preceding dounieat, Wiese ch somes precedence impeded by an ines ews, the ope ‘eons and ola ams pee ‘Besides te rls wih unde the compaiory features of vn, the ful gversing is ool at ko praia mle, Ne erence ksi sich phenomena ust m the dawnbents nd stat "ptt deviations, but must be emeriberd tat ese ae alowed ercilations, departs within te its tthe lam In Betas puinnen ‘tems sot an opponiton to temajty the meter bu ah opponion ‘the majo. Ast te acti ininge tel ihe sion ofeach iodtions eal Onp Bek, pernape ths Kens of Ravana Femalss, who sed to sy "at pole computor: se ted sad sondemned ony for unsucesl atempsat fre upheval,eceee inthe cae of sccessl coup iis the conspirator whe asune the oe af judg and prosecutors If te violenes agin he te he rat, thy thems Become meth ue. Far from beng an abstract, theta scheme, metet—oe i more let es cere dean the stricture fey tinge ney nog trminsogs any singe vores Design ond istance aes Corinne concept "The Yene die itrnes i lars Fate of the verse stances and 8 wp the hte of aration, A Srhon ‘stan scr of ep poetry mors, performs, and» high exten, fnpovis thousands, somes tons of thousands of end Thc ier fae emia snc in als, he ott oid repute ven the ihe ings ofthese rls, Any oct Son pi cot pain ya an booed t syntiete pase. "There furthermore + compulsory word Pounry thlore the fith splale ands computor abtnee f word boundary efor he fourth and tei yb The vee has moran spent Saminve and acc ater e198, 30), "i Shep be song thn frets ery comparative mews, Is 4 petuasve warming opunst the cones ioticstion of « break with a syotacts pus. Tie obligatory word Boundary must 0: be combined wih pan ad snot ven mean tobe Closing Statement; Linguistics and Poctes 46s ceptible bythe eat. The analy of Sean ei sang phonograph Sy cord proves hat thre no compulsory audible hss 4 he reek and ye ny atump fos he word boundary before the ith 2a Sera in pene ft at haa Sabie pertinent word i sufcentfr the appraisal Giike ocak Thus ves dug gos fr yond the questions a shee ‘Sun shape its much ernie phenomenon, andi ls mo es lagusic phenomenon eventhough Chatnan states that “the ser ss as yim oud helnguage” Yes meterappeatsalsoin ‘ter are seating waht sequence. Thee ate many guste probes ir instane, spnat-which ewe ovrtep the nat of tnguage and are commen tft weno nem We nay speak even about he ranma fae sia There ignat cod, where 2 yl igh hen amine cen warm that es pssage is cost beng, Topped and when combined wih red smoonees the approaching caer ofthe oppo: sch aye sigal ora cone aralogue {he webal compltee aspect Poste: metr, However, hs 50a) isa nga pre ha mo cnet Sore TSE fut bo ingust propery ofthe ver dig should be Atureprded Thu, for canmple Would be an unfortunate mise 10 ‘day the conttune value of tonaton in Englsk meters. Not even Speaking shout ondanenl rol the tof 2 mts of egies wee at Whitman, poss to ignore the metic galleancs of paul intonation Cal fncure"), wheter “eadees eRundenl” G20, in poums ike “The Rape of The Lock” wah i mcmama avouance of ejnbmens Yet een a ekement asc itn of tfambmens never hides thir digrniv, varatins satus; they ays et ofthe norma cinience of syntactic pause and pasa monaton wih the met! He. Whiter the eis ay oreaing ‘tetmononl aint fhe oem aval Te aa “ontorinheret tayo op fo posi schol ison of hemos Stub topes ought to dco by he Rusia formats (9K, 46) “the scrsdoign sembodied vere stances Una thie varia signees instances dente ye somenbat quel label rythm, ‘vation of se sancer wn ven poem rust be sty i igen the varabe deiner ratonce. Te enton “to debe teehee cl psemet nas were chine Sa nora ats of pty tan tir te sy fs etaton theese and pas. Messe th tuth simple and car "Ther en oe366 Herraspects and Prospects are many pormancs of te same poem dieing among themscia inimany wtp A esforance ivan ee ba the emir ty poems te sone tid of eadng Ofc Ths saps moses Ot Wart and Bendy bongs nde Yo he ena af moor in Shakepean’s vnes the son, steed syle of se word svar aay fale om he onsest, ba one inthe thi of ‘oie tae onthe pets "Nov he cand one i snd yma "The rst may sean te word "abun nti neath Inala on tc tabla bree al word sess in an ce ithe stand stent He may a sora te word Stes ofthe ate sor fh sony tt ssf te llomng ha word a ign by His “Nth nda one td pimp” (TA asin Hopi coneption of Englsh antspsts—ept nve(19), Theres aly «possi of emphatic modieations cher fhrowgh *htting mvt” Cc Boe) ees ‘oth syllables or through an exelamational reinforcement of the st sli [Absind. Butwhstne solton te rai choosy he i of tEenord sen om te downbeat tone pct wth wo aneeent pe Scat emcing andthe moment of usened peaion says ate Sherer he cer pte sce he dean Benes the Engh sondern onthe stad yal oar adie dovabet tse tote fin slic prs a constne fenton The eason tec he kis and the sal wan se abet lnc depen is fen inplenencaons fy vrow os and ‘Rade Ar Gerd Maney Hopkins serves the rate this pcm no hth in sense ronnng atone IB). is dseon tachscontapunal ronan besinrptad. The supernving an Sqabalence pence wp the word sequence or note ert ewig the form spon te usta ech form cose teste expcce of «die ongvvs sap wo anjone who & Fear wate gen Lngnp anu ere Both he ommetencet asd the dnergee Senco he Oo form, both th mantel sod fnseste ection, spy exprcnce Tiow the Bven venctance i emened in de gon delivery inane pens on he dates ue a the cer; he faye oa ‘Sionng sie or tnd toner presette pros) oF edly oe terweenthae wo po. We mason gat saintsinplst basta whch redeem ours nt onesngleoppston cer sprog Sait dco tecween ee Sepang wens nance wel Closing Statement: Linguistics and Pootes sar ‘sewcen dlnery devin and dtr sttans) of by an etoneus iden Katona every nstance and dcvery design ith he ese stance and “a medi orc: ht il “Thee tn ines fom "The Huse Hest” by Hope contin = heavy fsjamteat wie pus verse Boundary before the condina mono Sable ofa phase, oa sentence, ofan aerance. The eatin ofthese Penaes ay Be sty metal ih anes pae etc "by Endyou™ anda suppresed pase after the pronoun Or onthe cote, ‘hore maybe played prove-onentd manner mith ay spartion| ‘the word “bay sou” and with» marked pasa intonation atthe end ‘tthe question. None of then way of resation may. Homeve.ile the Intenioaldcspancy between the mre and sytatie division. The oe shape of poum remains compesysndependnt of Hs valle Utvry. whereby T do not inte! to nay the allaing question of ‘rene aod Seiier inched by Skeets (36) ‘No dou eres pinay reurent "figure of sun.” Primary, slvays but iver unucy. Any atlempts o confine ach poets conen tls os meter alteration, or thyme to ie sound eel de speculative atoning without any empialjutiication, The prajetion of the quttonsl prince ist the segeéns hat mich deeper and wider Srucnce, Vale’ ew of potty a6 hesitation hetween IS sound th sense (26) mucocele and sete a any as ‘of phones olaoni, ‘hough riyee by Sinton Is bsed on a regular resurense of quhalent phonemes or phoremie groups, t wold be an unsound ‘Shesimpiexio 4 teat rhyme rcely From the taint of sound Fyne eves involves the scan reatonsip Between rhyming Site rye fellows” ia Hopkins" fomelature). Inthe stiny of Fyne we te faced with the quan of whether 9° not hemoe feutn, which confonte sir” derhationl anorexia fun (congratulations dacoratns, of waeher the Fyming words long tothe same or to dilltent grammatical categories. Thus, for ‘ale, Hopkin’ our hye isan arent of to nouns" End ining” both contesting wth ihe adhe "ind ad wih the feb "find Le there a smande popinguy sof sme between ‘hyming scl wits asin doverlove, hgh, pee spss mame-ame? Dot iymingimemberecaryhesame yntcticfancion? Thedilrene tetwsen the morphological ee and Ihe symlactc application may be Doined out in rhyme This se POs lie, "Wale I nodes, naryxe etvospoct and Prospects napping sunt ther come tapping, As of oreo nl rep" the hes Pyming wor, morphaopealy alike, are all tec syintaly fieren Are otly or pry homie yes pete, tolerated, bor favored? Such fll hamonyms as sonsun, Faye, eva, and on te ‘thr had, eho rym ike Dezmber mb infnnigh,sah-ah Sievmies? Wit about empound ebymee (ch at Hopkin” roy men-toy meant” o¢ “begun someransom), whore a Word ui econ wih 2 word group? ' poo or pote choo may be orienta toward or aint grammatical syne; Ayes must be wih grmmateal or antigraramatials an fgrummatl rhyme, indie fo the seaton betwen sound” and (pammatcal stor, woud, ike ay agrammatiom, tong to yebal Fathology If poet tends to avoid grammatical hymen, for Bi, Hopkins sak, “here are two ckmenis he esuy rye has tthe rind the lense or smencs of sound and he usin oe lees ‘timearing” (199). Whatever he rein between sound and mean Aifren ime weknaut, both spheres are necenarly nvoed. After WWimeat’sMuminaing observations about the memingunes of tyme (448yand he rend modern studies of Slane rye per ate in postincan hardly matin hat rhymes sig meen ey vague 8) ‘gm oly pata, condensed ese of mush more generale may een say the fundamental, problem of pets, namely porte ere sgn Hopkins, in i staen papers of Ie dsp pois inight tote strate of poy Seca ia coast rnin or Eagar oe knds aye ‘aye nt in ho ri parr, cmserned wah the rte ‘of verse—in Ft, the erence 0 cera gue fle, mee fhetenmen on cain sono yt neato, non in Row i fos i saeco eg § neo Parlin sneering teins wr hgh an ean apy and ‘erfor is nist tsnae oasis te mor he pea in'trusue witr of cateze or of sohess tars woe mased [elton tuseg nephrin, fratie,an seam who eect Tiga tenons and accom std so, hse snub in etc rey, equivalence in sound, projested into the ques at onstive the principle estab imoiven semantic equtalency ard on any lng evel any constituent of Suh a sequcae prompls one of te t@ SS Sep RTA Closing Statements Lingustes ond Postes ey correlative experiences which Hopkins aeatly defines comparison for [hemes me” ad "comparion for kena ake Folklore ofl the mow clearcut and stereotyped forms of poets, rly suitable for stacturllstutiny fas Sebeok iastated with {Crem sample) Thos orl triton tht we prammatial rll, to connect comecutive ie, for exampc, Fnno-Ugre pate of verse (See 10, 399) and 1o 4 hgh degree asp Rowan Tok poetry, can Be Feutflly amazed on all ingustic lech phonological, morpho: lege, myntacti, and Texel: we la wat semen ae consved segusslen and how ines om cern fest ie tmperd with con ‘picvoscfrenceon ther onc. Seek forme enale sta very Ransome ‘we sggestion tht "the mceranmeaning proses The orpune act 1 poets and inves al important characte 24). Thse lect teatona statues may ipl Wamat doubte about the post of ‘wig a grammar of the meters nteacion withthe sense ell 6 trammar of the arangemsat of metaphors." As soon ae prac i Promoted lo canon, the interaction feton meter and mesting nd the Erangement of topes cease to be "he Ie an inal a wpe: ‘table parts of the potty = ets taste fw yp fs rom Ruan wedding songs out he apparition ofthe Breer 1 brave flow vas going to the por ‘en mas wating to the mano The trarstion is Hera the verb, however, take the fil postin in oth Rasian causes (Dobroj meade ksniham pvoria | Vas Keema pikiziva. The es holly corepond to eas other sytat sallyand morphologically Both peeve arb ve the ste peice Sod aflen andthe anne vealcalermat in he sto: they are ike i ‘spc, ese, number, and gence: and, moron, hey 2 synonym Both subjects the como noun and the proper are teler to te Same rosa em an pont up, The wo miso la torte sven in syneeoehie elation. "These vers may oct rete by ane ln of ine grammatial (yates and morphs) makeup” Nota bight fleon wa Ayn ‘eyo the ils" o¢"Not eee bone was coming st gallop tothe court” The "bog falcon” andthe “eee hose” thse Yarats ar pa | retaphorkal ration with "bre fellow.” Thi i trations Sse epuine purl the reftation ofthe metaphor state favor of the facia sate The negation ne may, however, Be omitted! “aga soko gory mij” (A bright fale was Aig beyond he bls)m0 Ferraspects and Prospects “Ret ho’ £8 dvoru prs” (Arse horse as coming ata pl tothe cout Inthe sof the wo cuales the etre atom bainnned: a rave alow appere atthe porches bright ies toe behind he ills tn the terns, Howser the senses conneon ‘comes ambiguous. A comparion fxtwcen the appearing wisepoon and the galopmg hoe sugges i. ut at the sam ime th al fe hon at he hurt asally anit th apron theo the noe ‘hs efor nocng the Fd and th uot of hs fame the song cokes the contiguous, ctonimfa! mags ofthe howe nad fe Scurpard: peienion intend of potter, and deers ied ot Ine The epost af the groom may be broken ups tee cones tse moments en wihousubststng tc hone frie bran = bean low was coming ata gllop to te cour Vslf mar walking {9th porch” Thus the “fierce hose erg in the preeiog ie 2 snr metal and space pace athe "hae low tees Sinliancowsy a aHhenis to ands a epee pone ots flow, propery speaking pos pono orth hose The hone image ison orice bwcen etnyny and sree, Fro thee sugetne conrorions ofthe "ers hor thee cms netaptaral Syisdoce: in the wong song and eer acter af Rune seas lor, eh masculine wt hom Resor latent or evn pen lic smi cee ‘As carly a the 1890, Pej, remarkable inguer ito Slvio Pots, pois ou hatin lk pty asym appease materi’ (eet, comer ino an acessry of the ambnsee Si symbol. pat however ina connection with theation, These Prec une the shape ofa tmp sequence” G2). In olen amples trom Stve folkloric ilo under whieh «eet eae fer atthe same tine ah et image hs tee snd the gl ae Bah ‘opr ne sme verbal simular oh lon, Quilt ha ft lve songs remains airy symbol nt ony when the ad ‘eas yh ad he ada an he ld po Tn postry wo only the pono eqns bain the sameway any ssyeenc of semante unt sre to hull an equation, Sarlnty ‘Xperinposed on contiguity inp opocty is oushgnng eee ‘uli, pobsemanr ech mich beuatulysupeesed fy Soees ‘Ales Veggie st na en Olen" (Anyting tse But tees) Said more chica anything sequen fs st pty ersmianiy princes pon contig any etonyny sbi Aeaphorel and ary metaphor laa metenye ne ‘Ambigy isan Inns, iazrale charvcr fan se ous losing Stotements Linguistics and Poetics ” mesg ily corolla etre of pot. Let ws repeat wt ps: "The machinations of ambputy are among the very roots fey (a13), "Not only the meseage it but ako is addrener sa ote come ambiguous Hers the nuthor andthe rede, hee the" a the nal hero oro the tions story and the “you "ho the alge adden of dramatic mowers aplication. sl ei For stance the pom "Wresting leo evs by leh the Saviour and simatinealy acs 368 eijetive msage ote oe Charles Wesley to hs renders” Vitaly any poste mewpe ta quoted couse with all thse pectin. mires pres wha ‘Speck within spose fe fo the nist The nancy of ps ton ht ren so dn hessageingsconespondence na spitareser api addese aa testes in spit rterece as cogsnly exposed i the pre fay talks of sarious poops. or insane, in te wa ean of he Majorca norgtelers: "AVuo cry no era” (Ie anand was mt) 418) “The rpoinerss flied by aparing the egualnee pine we the sequence makes rcterable ot only ths onset stguens th poe erage tthe wie ms 6 wel Th acy thing indced a this tepresents an Hakerent and elecive propery! pot. in sequence, where siniaiy is sepeimpoved on contiguity, imo sitar pene aquenen sear to each her are prone To urn 2 fronomaste function, Words sniar in sound are drawa topetr reaming I tre ht the rt ie of the ast Pos Rave” ‘alah el pn ain ea yy, at primarily othe shay of poetic etiology [Andheri or in reg ts itn Bo, The percha the ave, “hep st of Pll,” mere throng he ‘onorous" paronomasa jptad/—pabx! ito one ongnis bole itarsotirmihieSeupiefon ltr o” lhe sae bit plaid pests pote primate, a them Resrospets and Prospects tnd between the siter and th sot as nar fasten hy prone: til or Beast apn thease birds sing On te pall ‘est of Pas ust above my chamber door.” ané the raven on hs Pech Assit the lovers praise “tak thy ov rom lf ry dor" sued forthe plac ty the words [34s abn both of the Merde st. The neversnding say of te grim guest is expend by a cain of ingenious paronmasit, ply avenge would expt rom sick Aklierat experimen naniiatry ropes mod pera sch taster in “wring backwards" ae Edgar Allon Poe, tt introductory Tne of this conceding stanza, “raven,” contiguous tthe Hak tf tet peser appease te gs es ofthe setting depuis the Rasen ner tng.” tthe hao hts ating onthe foram vl be ited —neesmoe™ revo iii 8 fifa non. The atratons wick Strack alin) bulls poronomastis sing! Is) [sla The meartanc ofthe sroyp& partic ceed te "ery eyes ofthe back oad the asipight throwing “his shadow fr the Hoot” are ewod to ad the glo ofthe whole pare and ‘ate agtn Bound by then let” of paronomasas [I se Closing Statement? Lingultes and Poetics m logical pest of ph sounds oF hy ineitably vain operations wih Sompen phonemic Unie send of ith ther altimate components. But Sie ontting, for example, sch phoneri qppostions as gave vets {cute we ask whether ois aatker, some of hese may respond ‘hates question puke no sms to them, tt hardly one wil ate hat Fist darkest ofthe 0, Pecty ino the only sre whore sound symbolism makes il eh butt iva prone whee the neal nexus btwesn sound and eating ‘hangs itm tent Ho poten and manifests Tlf most palpably and intr, hasbeen noted in Hyer’ stmalating pet The sper ‘erage accumulation of a stain els af phonemes ora conasive fSsenblage of fro appiite cna sn the sun fete of ine, of 3 Sanea, ofa poem ac lke an undercurrent of messing” 1 we Poe's Pieregueepresson, Inivo pols words phonemic reaionship maybe Imaicement ith schante oppsiion as im Russa fen “ay” and hot nia withthe acute vowel snd sharp consonant nthe dia fame and the corcipening pave vowdl Inthe nactrsal mame. A ‘iforcement ofthis cotast hy surtounding the fs word ith cat “ni shaped phones, in contradstinction oa grave phonic nezbor ood ofthe sevnd word, mts the sound inte thorough echo ofthe See. Bat inthe French jury and "night the dstibtion of rave and sate vols i vert so that Mallame’s ications erase fis mother tongue of a decsving pererty for asapaing to day a dark tlt and tonight ht one (2). "Whor stats tht wet iSound Shape “a word ham acoustic soma ote own mang, we cm note itn”, Buywhen the oppo seus nobody noice t.” Potclanguage, towever, an partcliy Frnch poety inthe colon betwen Sound tnd meaing detested by Mlsrn ithe seca ponolgi aeration tt such a docrepancy and drowns the “comets” dirbtion of wea Fears by surounding mt with gave and jar with acte poner, oF resort serif and i agery of day and wight paces the fnngaey of ight and dark hy ote ymesthese corel ofthe phoneme ‘poston grivelsate and for satance, puts the hey, warm ey ‘ontast to fhe iy, ool nigh Baus “human subjects seam to 80+ ‘Sheth experienc of bight, shar, bard, i igh Gn wep). quik, Hak-ptebod, narrow, and fon 3 log seri, ith ech oes and ‘convtsly th experince of rk, warm, ding now, hey, Sows Iowepched, wile etn another lang serie” (47 2577) ‘oweer efter te emphais om rpetison sn pore. the sound texture ll fr from ting conned to numerical comivancs, and a ‘heme hat appears ony ance, balm hey wore prtient postin,Retvospects and Prospects nena i tame tenes Jeon ery ge eee ae © ape he a ae me ‘are exhibited in rect, whereas theit carriers appenr wither bv ablinae hs swore of Anny serra ply those nepndene Tour for som $0" and he fara sil eran i _ teotype = sn eho i"soancsoicin hecofinand ny rst thin of “Eos ot hi ep Antone ! the tops becomes prt poet real Mya in eco tere wit Csr, 2m pty the ner form ofa mas; tht is thesia loud ots sentient rte spree "The “skis” moyen bless kinship wih plumage Thi colne sve tinea Hammons ines" “The ghost of Bons pak lay Wath eae Isai "0. ows Mey) he Se has fecha" Catan Old Fashion Burin hata", Walace Scene poo "am fist trough a dre allon to heaven and thes cage a Pirie conronton snr to Hoping “haven tinces Closing Statement: Lingustcs ond Poctcs 7 ‘Protas Enea ot Now Have sks hr Now He ‘Theft fr han had cata ‘Thee frets or Ne Hime 8 000 ‘The adjectine “New” of the Gly nate i id bre though the concate- ation of opposts ‘The cheonen mph de nat by ‘When in 1919 the Moicow Lingutic Cie dicased how to din and sit the range of pea senna the pot Maakonsi rebuked by Sying that Tor him any adie le pty wae theshy 9 poetic “py, ven etn the Great Bear op and “hl” in sch ae oF Moscow sce as Beli Press and Malai Presa (other Sonds pots i ota suppementation of dscourse wih torial [iors but tal estan of the dour and al Hs com ponents whasoeer "A msonay tse his Afiam Bek fr walking undrsed. “And ‘what aboot yous they poined this vaage "ae not yOW, Tom, emewhare naked?” “Wel, bat tha my fae” “Yet ws" ore the nalivs, “everynhee is face” Sofa poetry any verbal lament nvr ito» figure of oti pec ‘My atempt fondle the ph and duty of gusto diet dhe fnvestigation of cial art inal hs compass and extent can come to 2 ‘nls uth the sare harden whick summarized my rp the 1985 onferece here at Indiana Uniersiy: nga sure agaist She lena puto” (249) I the pot Rassom wright and he ight That poe int hid of langage (326) the ng whose fei any Kin of lngsge my an must alos pty inhi dy The proest ‘conference ht slery shown thal the tine whe oth hag na ray Lnorans ehaed quetions of poet structure now sf behind ue Indeed, a Hollander ated, “ee seems to be no reason Tor ying eparae the ray fom he ovral inguii” Heer are sme cries, seh il dou the eompetecs of inputs to embrace the ldo poetics, Tpvately tlc tha the pote incompetence of some bigoted ngs ‘ns teen itn or am inadeyuaey ofthe linguiicwknce isle Alot ‘sb, however, deftly els tat ling eat othe oct i tom of angsgs and trary wehsar indore olingute problem sn tnconverant with gue mcthods at sual Magn aachronisRetvonpects and Prospects Bele sabann cgi soma een ate li erie ming Senge oat sag cet amin” Asin ts wey tans the acne home HEA Reston oa itn car amb ech ‘onsen corso “Ambianshuld Ema of er ae ths ambidon?™ Brit's appt chcar ef Remain ones a her neo my ean teste Pott suet of ningun acne “Whitcisenitholisyou.™ WhicBrutealyasats 3 smc tat You may the ater jig.” te asc sane © ulation, thow art Dato Poh bss pea spose with ts murderous paronomasin Batis bleh eect ‘of Cosars puting etelamation "Feta, Brie™" Propane Ctl you“ utah eat” hook the) oh oka The ist ines of Antony Seon dp hse am pay th osensindepennse etter gramnatial meio. The steepest nou frsosed andthe ewan stl stccypedaoandso in heotinsndony ears ih nor “gos om ogc pace m tony rapenh oe nay relia wetonyny the tops bosoms pao poole ele My et ei ali ae wih Ges, Sot inert fu duhbes Mogae Nar atratants nr Way Closing Statements Lingustice ond Poetics 7 ‘Protas Enel ot Now Haven ss hr Now He “hen fr hoon ha grt } Trentino th or ew Per, | The aac "New" of the cy ame is id tare dheough the conte sation of opposts i ‘The oldes-nenes dy is the newest alone ‘hehe ones mph de tr by ‘When in 1919 the Moicow Linguistic Cie ducal how to define and int the range of epee ara the pot Maakons rebuked by ying that Tor him any adie we pty wae theshy 9 poetic “pte, ven eatin the Great Bear op apd “hl” in sack ae oF Moscow sce as Beli Press and Moai Prenat other ‘only poetical i ota suppementation of dscouse wih torial [iormoen but tal estan of the dcr and al ts com ponents whasoeer "A misonay Ske his Afiam Boek fr alking undrsed. “And ‘what aboot yous they ined his vaage, "ae not OM, Ton, Zmewbare naked?” “Wel but tha my fae “Yet ws" ered ‘he natives, “everynhee is face” Sofa powry any verbal lament anvertd ito» figure of posi specs ‘My atempt fo wncte the pt and duty of gusto dist dhe lnvetigation of cial art inal hs compass and extent can come to 2 ‘nls ith dhe sare harden which summarized my part he 1985 onference here at Indiana Uniery "nga sure agaist Se lena puto” (249). I the pot Rassom wright and he ight That “poetry it hind of langage (326) the lingust whose fei any Kin of language mayan mst ales pty inhi dy The prwnt ‘conference ht slery shown thal the tine when oth hag a ray norms chad quetions of poe structure now sf behind we Indeed, as Hollander uated, “tee seems to be no reason Tor ying ‘eparae the ray from he ovralinguii” thet are some cries, sh il dou the eompetees fing toembrac the ldo poetics, Tipsy tlc tal the pote incompetence of some bigoted ngs ‘ns been mist or am inayat ofthe lings wcnce sal Alor tnialy realize hat linguist dat to the pote ne tom of angsge and trary wehsar indore olingue robles tnconerant wih gute mcthods at sual Magan anachroni