AS/NZS 1170.

0:2002
(Incorporating Amendment Nos 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
AS/NZS 1170.0:2002
This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical
Committee BD-006, General design requirements and loading on structures. It was
AS/NZS 1170.0:2002

approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 29 March 2002 and on

behalf of the Council of Standards New Zealand on 28 March 2002.
This Standard was published on 4 June 2002.

The following are represented on Committee BD-006:

Association of Consulting Engineers Australia

Australian Building Codes Board
Australian Steel Institute
Building Research Association of New Zealand
Cement and Concrete Association of Australia
Australian/New Zealand Standard™ Concrete Masonry Association of Australia
CSIRO, Building, Construction and Engineering
Cyclone Testing Station—James Cook University
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Housing Industry Association
Structural design actions Institution of Engineers Australia
Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand
Master Builders Australia
Part 0: General principles New Zealand Heavy Engineering Research Association
Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia
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University of Canterbury New Zealand
University of Melbourne
University of Newcastle

Additional Interests:

Monash University
Curtin University of Technology

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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 00904.

 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 2
AS/NZS 1170.0:2002
(Incorporating Amendment Nos 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee BD-006, General Design Requirements and Loading on Structures to supersede,
in part, AS 1170.1—1989, Minimum design loads on structures, Part 1: Dead and live
loads, and, in part, NZS 4203:1992, Code of practice for general structural design and
design loadings for buildings, Volume 1: Code of practice and, in part, AS 2867—1986,
Farm structures—General requirements for structural design.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (January 2003), Amendment No. 2
(November 2003), Amendment No. 3 (April 2011), Amendment No. 4 (April 2005), and
Amendment No. 5 (September 2011). The changes required by the Amendments are
indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against the clause, note,
table, figure or part thereof affected.
Australian/New Zealand Standard™ A4 This Standard is published as a joint Standard (as are also AS/NZS 1170.1 and
AS/NZS 1170.2) and it is intended that it is suitable for use in New Zealand as well as
Australia.
For Australia, this Standard will be referenced in the Building Code of Australia by way of
Structural design actions BCA Amendment 11 to be published on 1 July 2002, thereby superseding in part the
previous Edition, AS 1170.1—1989, which will be withdrawn 12 months from the date of
publication of this edition. AS 1170.1—1989 may be used for structures not covered by the
Part 0: General principles Building Code of Australia, until an Appendix is developed for inclusion in this Standard
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by amendment.
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers with general procedures and criteria
for the structural design of structures. It outlines a design methodology that is applied in
accordance with established engineering principles.
This Standard includes revised Clauses covering load combinations (referred to as
combinations of actions) and general design and analysis clauses. It does not include values
of actions (e.g. values of dead or live loads; referred to as permanent or imposed actions).
This Standard is Part 0 of the 1170 series, Structural design actions, which comprises the
following parts, each of which has an accompanying Commentary published as a
Supplement:
Originated in Australia as part of AS CA1—1933. A4
Originated in New Zealand as part of NZS 1900:1964. AS/NZS 1170.0 General principles
Previous Australian editions AS 1170.1—1989 and AS 2867—1986.
Previous New Zealand edition NZS 4203:1992. AS/NZS 1170.1 Permanent, imposed and other actions
AS 1170.1—1989, AS 2867—1986, and NZS 4203:1992 jointly revised,
amalgamated and redesignated in part as AS/NZS 1170.0:2002. AS/NZS 1170.2 Wind actions
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (January 2003).
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 2 (November 2003). AS/NZS 1170.3 Snow and ice actions
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 4 (April 2005).
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 3 (April 2011). A4
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 5 (September 2011). A5 AS 1170.4 Earthquake actions in Australia
NZS 1170.5 Earthquake actions – New Zealand
The Commentary to this Standard is AS/NZS 1170.0 Supp 1, Structural design actions—
General principles—Commentary (Supplement to AS/NZS 1170.0:2002).
This Standard is based on the philosophy and principles set out in ISO 2394:1998, General
COPYRIGHT principles on reliability for structures. ISO 2394 is written specifically as a guide for the
© Standards Australia Limited/Standards New Zealand preparation of national Standards covering the design of structures. It includes methods for
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by establishing and calibrating reliability based limit states design Standards.
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
(Australia) or the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
Jointly published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001 and by Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439,
Wellington 6140

ISBN 0 7337 4469 9

 3 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 4

A5 Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables are deemed to be requirements

of this Standard. Notes to the text contain information and guidance and are not considered
to be an integral part of the Standard. CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 APPLICATION ........................................................................................................... 6
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................... 6
1.4 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 6
1.5 NOTATION ................................................................................................................. 8

SECTION 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE

2.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES .................................................................................... 10
2.3 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES ........................................................................ 11

SECTION 3 ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE

(FOR STRUCTURES IN NEW ZEALAND ONLY)
3.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 12
3.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................... 12
3.3 IMPORTANCE LEVELS .......................................................................................... 12
3.4 ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE ....................................................... 13
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SECTION 4 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
4.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 16
4.2 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES ..................... 16
4.3 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES ......... 18
4.4 CYCLIC ACTIONS ................................................................................................... 18

SECTION 5 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

5.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 19
5.2 STRUCTURAL MODELS ........................................................................................ 19

SECTION 6 STRUCTURAL ROBUSTNESS

6.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 20
6.2 LOAD PATHS ........................................................................................................... 20

SECTION 7 CONFIRMATION METHODS

7.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 21
7.2 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES .................................................................................... 21
7.3 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES ........................................................................ 21

APPENDICES
A SPECIAL STUDIES .................................................................................................. 22
B USE OF TEST DATA FOR DESIGN ........................................................................ 23
C GUIDELINES FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES ....................................... 27
D ‘Text deleted’ ............................................................................................................ 30
E ‘Text deleted’ ............................................................................................................ 31
F ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE
(FOR AUSTRALIAN USE ONLY—STRUCTURES FOR WHICH
DESIGN EVENTS ARE NOT GIVEN ELSEWHERE) ............................................. 32
 5 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 6

1.2 APPLICATION
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND This Standard may be used as a means for demonstrating compliance with the Requirements
of Part B1 of the Building Code of Australia.
Australian/New Zealand Standard A3
This Standard is intended for citation by New Zealand’s Department of Building and
Structural design actions Housing as a document that contributes towards establishing compliance with Clause B1
‘Structure’ of the New Zealand Building Code (NZBC). Citation of the Standard means that
compliance with the NZBC can be achieved by applying this Standard in conjunction with
Part 0: General principles the appropriate material standards, provided that an engineer with relevant experience and
skills in structural engineering is responsible for interpretation of the requirements.

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
1.1 SCOPE AS
This Standard specifies general procedures and criteria for the structural design of a A3 1170 Minimum design loads on structures
building or structure in limit states format. It covers limit states design, actions, 1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia
combinations of actions, methods of analysis, robustness and confirmation of design. AS/NZS
The Standard is applicable to the structural design of whole buildings or structures and their 1170 Structural design actions
elements. 1170.1 Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions
1170.2 Part 2: Wind actions
This Standard covers the following actions: A1 1170.3 Part 3: Snow and ice actions
(a) Permanent action (dead load). Australian Building Codes Board
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(b) Imposed action (live load). Building Code of Australia
A4
(c) Wind. NZS
A5 1170 Structural design actions
(d) Snow. 1170.5 Part 5: Earthquake actions – New Zealand
(e) Earthquake.
A3 1.4 DEFINITIONS
(f) Static liquid pressure.
For the purpose of this Standard the definitions below apply.
(g) Ground water.
1.4.1 Action
(h) Rainwater ponding.
Set of concentrated or distributed forces acting on a structure (direct action), or deformation
(i) Earth pressure. imposed on a structure or constrained within it (indirect action).
NOTES: NOTE: The term load is also often used to describe direct actions.
1 Where this Standard does not give information required for design, special studies should be
carried out. Guidance is given in Appendix A. 1.4.2 Action effects (internal effects of actions, load effects)
2 Where testing is used to determine data for design or to confirm a design, guidance on Internal forces and bending moments due to actions (stress resultants).
methods is given in Appendix B.
1.4.3 Combination of actions
3 Normal design practice is that all likely actions be considered. Any actions considered in
design that are not in the above list should be the subject of special studies, as they are not Set of design values used to confirm that the limit states are not exceeded under
covered by this Standard. simultaneous influence of different actions.
4 Additional information on other actions such as movement effects, construction loads and 1.4.4 Design action effect
accidental actions is given in the Commentary (see Preface).
5 Movement effects include actions on structures resulting from expansion or contraction of The action effect computed from the design values of the actions or design loads.
materials of construction (such as those due to creep, temperature or moisture content 1.4.5 Design capacity
changes) and also those resulting from differential ground settlement. Serviceability may be
particularly affected by such actions. The product of the capacity reduction factor and the nominal capacity.
6 Guidance on criteria for serviceability is given in Appendix C, which have been found to be 1.4.6 Design situation
generally suitable for importance level 2 buildings. Structures of special importance or
structures where more stringent criteria are appropriate may require the stated criteria to be Set of conditions for which the design is required to demonstrate that relevant limit states
tightened. are not exceeded.

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 7 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 8

1.4.7 Imposed action 1.4.20 Structural element

A variable action resulting from the intended use or occupancy of the structure. Physically distinguishable part of a structure, for example, wall, column, beam, connection.
1.4.8 Limit states 1.4.21 Structural robustness
States beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design criteria. Ability of a structure to withstand events like fire, explosion, impact or consequences of
NOTE: Limit states separate desired states (compliance) from undesired states (non-compliance). human errors, without being damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.
1.4.9 Limit states, serviceability 1.4.22 Special study
States that correspond to conditions beyond which specified service criteria for a structure A procedure for justifying departure from this Standard or for determining information not
or structural element are no longer met. covered by this Standard.
NOTE: The criteria are based on the intended use and may include limits on deformation, NOTE: Special studies are outside the scope of this Standard.
vibratory response, degradation or other physical aspects. 1.4.23 Design working life
A2
1.4.10 Limit states, ultimate Duration of the period during which a structure or a structural element, when designed, is
States associated with collapse, or with other similar forms of structural failure. assumed to perform for its intended purpose with expected maintenance but without major
NOTE: This generally corresponds to the maximum load-carrying resistance of a structure or structural repair being necessary.
structural element but, in some cases, to the maximum applicable strain or deformation. NOTE: In the context of this Standard, the design working life is a ‘reference period’ usually
stated in years. It is a concept that can be used to select the probability of exceedance of different
1.4.11 Load actions.
The value of a force appropriate to an action. 1.4.24 Environmental influences
1.4.12 Permanent action Chemical, biological or physical influences on a structure, which may deteriorate the
Action that is likely to act continuously and for which variations in magnitude with time are materials constituting the structure, and which in turn may affect its reliability in an
unfavourable way.
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small compared with the mean value.
1.4.13 Proof testing
1.5 NOTATION
Application of test loads to a structure, sub-structure, member or connection, to ascertain
Where non-dimensional ratios are involved, both the numerator and denominator are
the structural characteristics of that one item under test.
expressed in identical units.
1.4.14 Prototype testing
The dimensional units for length and stress in all expressions or equations are to be taken as
Application of test loads to one or more samples of structures, sub-structures, members or millimetres (mm) and megapascals (MPa) respectively, unless specifically noted otherwise.
connections to ascertain the structural characteristics of the population that the sample
Unless otherwise stated, the notation in this Standard has the following meanings:
represents.
E = action effect
1.4.15 Reliability
Ability of a structure or structural element to fulfil the specified criteria, including the E = earthquake action
working life, for which it has been designed. Es = serviceability earthquake action
NOTE: Reliability covers structural safety and serviceability, and can be expressed in terms of
probability. Eu = ultimate earthquake action
1.4.16 Serviceability Ed = design action effect
Ability of a structure or structural element to perform adequately for normal use under all Ed,dst = design action effect of destabilizing actions
expected actions.
Ed,stb = design action effect of stabilizing actions
1.4.17 Shall
Fe = earth pressure action
Indicates that a statement is mandatory.
1.4.18 Should Fe,u = ultimate earth pressure action

Indicates a recommendation (non-mandatory). Fice = ice action

1.4.19 Structure Fgw = ground water action
Organized combination of connected structural elements designed to provide some measure Flp = liquid pressure action
of resistance.
Fpnd = rainwater ponding action
Fsn = snow action

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 9 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 10

G = permanent action (self-weight or ‘dead’ action)

kp = probability factor S E C T I O N 2 S T R UC T U R A L D E S I G N
PROC EDUR E
kt = factor to allow for variability of structural units
N = design working life of a building or structure, in years 2.1 GENERAL

P = the annual probability of exceedance Structural design shall be carried out using the procedure given in Clause 2.2 for ultimate
limit states and Clause 2.3 for serviceability limit states.
Pref = reference probability of exceedance for safety
Q = imposed action (due to occupancy and use, ‘live’ action) 2.2 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
Design for ultimate limit states shall be carried out by the following procedure:
R = nominal capacity (based on the fifth percentile strength)
A2 (a) Adopt the importance level for the building or structure and the associated annual
Rd = design capacity (equal to φR) probability of exceedance (P) for wind, snow and earthquake as follows:
Su = ultimate value of various actions appropriate for particular combinations (i) For Australia—
Vsc = coefficient of variation of structural characteristics (A) structures covered by the Building Code of Australia—as given in the
Building Code of Australia.
W = wind action
(B) structures not covered by the Building Code of Australia and for which
Ws = serviceability wind action no design events are specified by the applicable legislation or by other
Wu = ultimate wind action Standards—as given in Appendix F.
(ii) For New Zealand—as given in Section 3.
δ = values of the serviceability parameter determined on the basis of the design
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actions (b) Determine the permanent (G) and imposed (Q) loads in accordance with
AS/NZS 1170.1.
δl = limiting value of the serviceability parameter (the subscript ‘l ’ stands for limiting
value) (c) Determine the ultimate loads for wind (W) in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.2.
A4 (d) Determine the ultimate loads for earthquake (Eu) for Australia, in accordance with
φ = capacity reduction factor
AS 1170.4 as modified by Appendix D of this Standard including the probability
ψc = combination factor for imposed action factor (kp) and the changes to earthquake design category. For New Zealand
A3
determine the ultimate loads for earthquake (Eu), in accordance with NZS 1170.5.
ψE = combination factor for earthquake actions
A1 (e) Determine the ultimate loads for snow (Fsn) and ice (Fice) in accordance with
ψs = factor for determining frequent values (short-term) of actions AS/NZS 1170.3.
ψl = factor for determining quasi-permanent values (long-term) of actions (f) Where such actions are relevant, determine the ultimate loads for liquid pressure (Flp)
ground water (Fgw) rainwater ponding (Fpnd) and earth pressure loads (Fe,u) in
accordance with AS/NZS 1170.1.
(g) Determine combinations of actions in accordance with Section 4.
(h) Analyse the structure and its parts for the relevant combinations in accordance with
Section 5.
(i) Design and detail the structure in accordance with—
(i) Section 6 for robustness; and
A4 (ii) for Australia, AS 1170.4 for earthquake, or
(iii) for New Zealand, NZS 1170.5 for earthquake.
(j) Determine the design resistance using the applicable Standard or other document. The
Building Code of Australia specifies the documents to be used within its jurisdiction.
(k) Confirm that the design resistance exceeds the appropriate action effects in
accordance with Section 7.

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 11 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 12

2.3 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

Design for serviceability limit states shall be carried out by the following procedure as A2
S E C T I O N 3
A N N U A L P R O B A B I L I T Y O F
appropriate:
E X C E E D A N C E
(a) Determine for the whole structure and for individual elements, the type of design ( F OR S TR UC TU R E S I N NE W Z E AL A ND O N LY )
serviceability conditions to be considered.
(b) Determine the design situation including the serviceability load event and 3.1 GENERAL
serviceability limits for the design serviceability condition being considered (see
This Section shall be used to determine the annual probability of exceedance of ultimate
Section 3 for New Zealand).
limit state loads for New Zealand. It does not form part of the Standard for use in Australia.
A2 NOTE: Guidelines for serviceability events and associated limits are given in Appendix C for
loads associated with an appropriate annual probability of exceedance (P). Structures of importance level 5 are outside the scope of this Standard and require the
annual probability of load exceedance (design event) to be determined by a special study.
(c) Determine the permanent loads (G) and serviceability imposed loads (Q) in
NOTE: For buildings within Australia, refer to the Building Code of Australia.
accordance with AS/NZS 1170.1.
(d) Determine serviceability loads for wind (W) in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.2. 3.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
A1
(e) Determine serviceability loads for snow (Fsn) and ice (Fice) in accordance with A structure shall be designed and constructed in such a way that it will, during its design
AS/NZS 1170.3. working life, with appropriate degrees of reliability sustain all actions and environmental
(f) Where such actions are relevant, determine serviceability loads for liquid pressure influences likely to occur. In particular it shall be designed as follows:
(Flp) ground water (Fgw ) rainwater ponding (Fpnd) and earth pressure (Fe,u) in (a) To withstand extreme or frequently repeated actions, or both, occurring during its
accordance with AS/NZS 1170.1. construction and anticipated use (resistance, deformability and static equilibrium
(g) Determine the applicable combinations corresponding to the selected design requirements; that is, for safety).
serviceability conditions in accordance with Section 4. Specifically, for earthquake actions for ultimate limit states this shall mean—
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(h) Model the serviceability response of the structure and its parts for the relevant (i) avoidance of collapse of the structural system;
combinations for each serviceability condition using methods of analysis appropriate
for the serviceability limit state in accordance with Section 5. (ii) avoidance of collapse or loss of support of parts of the structure representing a
hazard to human life inside and outside the structure or parts required for life
(i) Determine the serviceability response using the applicable Standard or other safety systems; and
document. The Building Code of Australia specifies the documents to be used within
its jurisdiction. (iii) avoidance of damage to non-structural systems necessary for the building
evacuation procedures that renders them inoperative.
(j) Confirm, in accordance with Section 7, that the modelled serviceability response does
not exceed the appropriate limiting values for each of the serviceability conditions (b) So that it will not be damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original cause, by
identified. events like fire, explosion, impact or consequences of human error (robustness
requirement).
A3 (k) Serviceability limits applicable to earthquake loading in New Zealand are to conform
with the requirements of NZS 1170.5. (c) To perform adequately under all expected actions (serviceability requirement).
Structural design carried out using the procedures given in Clause 2.2 for ultimate limit
states and Clause 2.3 for serviceability limit states is deemed to comply with this Clause.
A4 NOTE: The design should include consideration of appropriate maintenance and the effects of
environmental influences.

3.3 IMPORTANCE LEVELS

The importance level of the structure shall be determined in accordance with its occupancy
and use, as given in Tables 3.1 and 3.2. The Table describes, in general terms, five
categories of structure and gives some examples of each. For those buildings not
specifically mentioned, the designer will need to exercise judgement in assigning the
appropriate level.
Structures that have multiple uses shall be assigned the highest importance level applicable
for any of those uses. Where access to a structure is via another structure of a lower
importance level, then the importance level of the access structure shall be designated the
same as the structure itself.

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 13 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 14

A2 3.4 ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE A2

TABLE 3.2
3.4.1 Ultimate limit states
IMPORTANCE LEVELS FOR BUILDING TYPES—NEW ZEALAND STRUCTURES
For ultimate limit states for structures of importance levels 1 to 4, the annual probability of
exceedance (P) for wind, snow and earthquake loads shall be as given in Table 3.3. Importance
Comment Examples
level
The design working life of structures that are erected for a number of short periods of use
and dismantled between each, is equal to the total of the periods of use. 1 Structures presenting a low Structures with a total floor area of <30 m 2
degree of hazard to life and
Farm buildings, isolated structures, towers in rural situations
3.4.2 Serviceability limit states other property
Fences, masts, walls, in-ground swimming pools
Serviceability limit states shall include—
2 Normal structures and Buildings not included in Importance Levels 1, 3 or 4
A4 (a) SLS1—the structure and the non-structural components do not require repair after the structures not in other
Single family dwellings
SLS1 earthquake, snow or wind event; and importance levels
Car parking buildings
(b) SLS2—the structure maintains operational continuity after the SLS2 earthquake.
3 Structures that as a whole Buildings and facilities as follows:
For serviceability limit states for structures of importance levels 2 to 4, the annual may contain people in crowds (a) Where more than 300 people can congregate in one area
probability of exceedance (P) for wind, snow and earthquake loads shall be determined as or contents of high value to (b) Day care facilities with a capacity greater than 150
the community or pose risks (c) Primary school or secondary school facilities with a capacity
given in Table 3.3. to people in crowds greater than 250
NOTE: Guidelines for limits associated with serviceability events are given in Appendix C. (d) Colleges or adult education facilities with a capacity greater than
500
TABLE 3.1 (e) Health care facilities with a capacity of 50 or more resident
patients but not having surgery or emergency treatment facilities
CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE FOR IMPORTANCE LEVELS (f) Airport terminals, principal railway stations with a capacity
greater than 250
Consequences Importance
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Description Comment (g) Correctional institutions
of failure level
(h) Multi-occupancy residential, commercial (including shops),
Low consequence for loss of human life, or industrial, office and retailing buildings designed to accommodate
Minor structures (failure not likely to
Low small or moderate economic, social or 1 more than 5000 people and with a gross area greater than
endanger human life)
environmental consequences 10 000 m 2
(i) Public assembly buildings, theatres and cinemas of greater than
Medium consequence for loss of human life, or
Normal structures and structures not 1000 m 2
Ordinary considerable economic, social or environmental 2
falling into other levels Emergency medical and other emergency facilities not designated as
consequences
post-disaster
High consequence for loss of human life, or 3 Major structures (affecting crowds)
Power-generating facilities, water treatment and waste water treatment
High very great economic, social or environmental Post-disaster structures (post disaster facilities and other public utilities not designated as post-disaster
consequences 4
functions or dangerous activities)
Buildings and facilities not designated as post-disaster containing
Circumstances where reliability must be set on a hazardous materials capable of causing hazardous conditions that do not
Exceptional 5 Exceptional structures
case by case basis extend beyond the property boundaries
4 Structures with special post- Buildings and facilities designated as essential facilities
disaster functions
Buildings and facilities with special post-disaster function
Medical emergency or surgical facilities
Emergency service facilities such as fire, police stations and emergency
vehicle garages
Utilities or emergency supplies or installations required as backup for
buildings and facilities of Importance Level 4
Designated emergency shelters, designated emergency centres and
ancillary facilities
Buildings and facilities containing hazardous materials capable of
causing hazardous conditions that extend beyond the property
boundaries
5 Special structures Structures that have special functions or whose failure poses
(outside the scope of this catastrophic risk to a large area (e.g. 100 km 2) or a large number of
Standard—acceptable people (e.g., 100 000)
probability of failure to be
Major dams, extreme hazard facilities
determined by special study)

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A2 TABLE 3.3
A4
ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE
S E C T I O N 4 C O M B I N A T I O N S O F A C T I O N S
Annual probability of
Annual probability of exceedance for
exceedance 4.1 GENERAL
ultimate limit states
Design working Importance for serviceability limit states
life level SLS2 The combinations of actions for use in design of structures shall be as given in this
SLS1
Wind Snow Earthquake Importance level 4 Standard. Other combinations may be required.
only
Construction 4.2 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
equipment, e.g.,
2 1/100 1/50 1/100 1/25
props, scaffolding, 4.2.1 Stability
braces and similar
1 1/25 1/25 1/25 — The basic combinations for the ultimate limit states used in checking stability (see
Less than 6 months
2 1/100 1/50 1/100 1/25 Clause 7.2.1) shall be as follows where the long-term and combination factors are given in
3 1/250 1/100 1/250 1/25 Table 4.1:
4 1/1000 1/250 1/1000 1/25
1 1/25 1/25 1/25 — —
(a) For combinations that produce net stabilizing effects (Ed,stb):
2 1/250 1/50 1/250 1/25 — Ed,stb = [0.9G] permanent action only (does not apply to
5 years
3 1/500 1/100 1/500 1/25 —
4 1/1000 1/250 1/1000 1/25 1/250 prestressing forces)
1 1/50 1/25 1/50 — — (b) For combinations that produce net destabilizing effects (Ed,dst):
2 1/250 1/50 1/250 1/25 —
25 years (i) Ed,dst = [1.35G] permanent action only (does not apply to
3 1/500 1/100 1/500 1/25 —
4 1/1000 1/250 1/1000 1/25 1/250 prestressing forces)
1 1/100 1/50 1/100 — — (ii) Ed,dst = [1.2G, 1.5Q] permanent and imposed action
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2 1/500 1/150 1/500 1/25 —
50 years
3 1/1000 1/250 1/1000 1/25 — (iv) Ed,dst = [1.2G, Wu, ψcQ] permanent, wind and imposed action
4 1/2500 1/500 1/2500 1/25 1/500
A3
(v) Ed,dst = [G, Eu, ψ EQ] permanent, earthquake and imposed action
1 1/250 1/150 1/250 — —
100 years or more
2 1/1000 1/250 1/1000 1/25 — (vi) Ed,dst = [1.2G, Su, ψcQ] permanent action, actions given in Clause 4.2.3
3 1/2500 1/500 1/2500 1/25 —
4 * * * 1/25 *
and imposed action
NOTE: Combination factors for prestressing forces are given in the appropriate materials design
* For importance level 4 structures with a design working life of 100 years or more, the design events are Standard.
determined by a hazard analysis but need to have probabilities less than or equal to those for importance
level 3. 4.2.2 Strength
Design events for importance level 5 structures should be determined on a case by case basis.
The basic combinations for the ultimate limit states used in checking strength (see
Clause 7.2.2) shall be as follows, where the long-term and combination factors are given in
Table 4.1:
(a) Ed = [1.35G] permanent action only (does not apply to prestressing
forces)
(b) Ed = [1.2G, 1.5Q] permanent and imposed action
(c) Ed = [1.2G, 1.5ψ lQ] permanent and long-term imposed action
(d) Ed = [1.2G, Wu, ψcQ] permanent, wind and imposed action
(e) Ed = [0.9G, Wu ] permanent and wind action reversal
A3
(f) Ed = [G, Eu, ψ EQ] permanent, earthquake and imposed action
(g) Ed = [1.2G, Su, ψcQ] permanent action, actions given in Clause 4.2.3 and
imposed action
A3 NOTES:
1 Combination factors for prestressing forces are given in the appropriate materials design
Standard.
2 Refer to AS/NZS 1170.1, Clause 3.3.

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A3 Where impact is a design consideration, and no other Standard sets the manner of (ii) for self-weight of stored liquid, use the factor for imposed action.
calculation, the effect shall be considered as part of imposed action, that is substitute
(d) Su = 1.2 Fpnd for rainwater ponding where the water level is as given in
(Q + Impact) for Q in the relevant combinations.
AS/NZS 1170.1.
TABLE 4.1 (e) Su = 1.2 Fgw for ground water where the ground water level is as given in
AS/NZS 1170.1, otherwise Su = 1.5 Fgw.
SHORT-TERM, LONG-TERM AND COMBINATION FACTORS
(f) For earth pressures:
A3 Character of imposed Short-term Long-term Combination Earthquake
action factor factor factor combination factor (i) Su = 1.0 Fe,u when Fe,u is determined using an ultimate limit states method.
(ψs) (ψl) (ψc) (ψE)
(ii) Su = 1.5 Fe when determined using other methods.
Distributed imposed actions, Q
A1 (g) Su = 1.2Fice for ice determined in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.3.
Floors
Residential and domestic 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3
4.2.4 Combinations of actions for fire
Offices 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 The combination of factored actions used when confirming the ultimate limit state for fire
Parking 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3
shall be as follows:
Retail 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 [G, thermal actions arising from the fire, ψ lQ]
Storage 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 NOTE: Where it is appropriate to consider the stability of remaining walls that may collapse
outwards after a fire event, other ultimate limit states criteria are given in Section 6.
Other 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6
Roofs 4.3 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
Roofs used for floor type 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3
activities Combinations of actions for the serviceability limit states shall be those appropriate for the
(see AS/NZS 1170.1) serviceability condition being considered. Appropriate combinations may include one or a
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All other roofs 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
number of the following using the short-term and long-term values given in Table 4.1:
Concentrated imposed actions (including balustrades), Q (a) G
Floors 1.0 0.6 0.3 (b) ψsQ
Floors of domestic 1.0 0.4 as for 0.3 (c) ψlQ
housing distributed floor
Roofs used for floor type 1.0 0.6
actions
0.3
(d) Ws
activities (e) Es
All other roofs 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(f) Serviceability values of other actions, as appropriate.
Balustrades 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Long-term installed 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 4.4 CYCLIC ACTIONS
machinery, tare weight
When checking structures or elements of structures for fatigue performance under repeated
in-service cyclic actions, the level of repeated loading to be used shall be the actual load
4.2.3 Combinations for snow, liquid pressure, rainwater ponding, ground water and level expected for the design situation.
earth pressure
Where appropriate to the design situation, the basic combinations shall be modified for the
action of liquid pressure, ground water and earth pressure by the use of the following
factored values:
A1 (a) Su = Fsn for snow determined in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.3.
(b) Where the liquid type and density is well defined and design liquid height cannot be
exceeded—
(i) Su = 1.2 Flp for static liquid pressure; and
(ii) for self-weight of stored liquid, use the factor for permanent action
(c) Where liquid type or density is not well defined or design liquid height is not
limited—
(i) Su = 1.5 Flp for static liquid pressure; and

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SE CT I O N 5 M ET H O D S O F A N AL Y SI S S E C T I O N 6 S T R UC T U R A L R OB U S T N E S S

5.1 GENERAL 6.1 GENERAL

The structural analysis used to determine action effects from loads shall be in accordance General detailing of components of the structural force-resisting system and of other
with the principles of structural mechanics. components shall be in accordance with this Section.
Structures shall be detailed such that all parts of the structure shall be tied together both in
5.2 STRUCTURAL MODELS the horizontal and the vertical planes so that the structure can withstand an event without
The structural model shall reflect the behaviour of the structure for the appropriate limit being damaged to an extent disproportionate to that event.
state being considered. Clause 6.2 is deemed to satisfy this Clause.
Structural models, parameters and properties shall be as given in the relevant Australian or
New Zealand Standards for design of material for the appropriate limit states. 6.2 LOAD PATHS
A3 Modelling shall be based on the following: 6.2.1 General
(a) Static or dynamic response, or both. The design of the structure shall provide load paths to the foundations for forces generated
by all types of actions from all parts of the structure, including structural and non-structural
(b) Elastic or non-elastic (plastic) response, or both.
components. The minimum actions shall be as given in Clauses 6.2.2 to 6.2.5.
(c) Geometrically linear or geometrically non-linear response, or both.
6.2.2 Minimum resistance
(d) Time-independent or time-dependent behaviour, or both.
A3 The structure shall have a minimum lateral resistance equivalent to the following
percentage of (G + ψ cQ) for each level, applied simultaneously at each level for a given
direction:
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(a) For structures over 15 m tall .................................................................................. 1%.
(b) For all other structures ........................................................................................ 1.5%.
The height shall be the height of the top of the structure above the level where the structure
is coupled with the ground for lateral resistance.
The direction of application of the lateral load shall be that which will produce the most
critical action effect in the element under consideration, except that the application of this
load in more than one direction simultaneously need not be considered in the design of any
element.
6.2.3 Minimum lateral resistance of connections and ties
All parts of the structure shall be interconnected. Connections shall be capable of
transmitting 5 percent of the value of (G + ψ cQ) for the connection under consideration.
6.2.4 Diaphragms
Floor and roof diaphragms shall be designed—
(a) to resist required horizontal forces; and
(b) to have ties or struts (where used) able to distribute the required wall anchorage
forces.
6.2.5 Walls
A3
Walls shall be connected to the structure to provide horizontal resistance to face loads. The
connection between the wall and the structure shall be capable of resisting the forces of 5%
of G.

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S E C T I O N 7 C O N F I R MA T I O N M E T H O D S APPENDIX A
SPECIAL STUDIES
7.1 GENERAL
It shall be confirmed that all limit states are complied with by consideration of the relevant (Informative)
design situations and load cases, in accordance with Clauses 7.2 and 7.3. Where changes are made to a part or all of the design processes detailed in Clauses 2.2
NOTE: Appendix B gives guidance on testing as a means for confirmation. and 2.3 or new information or methods are introduced, they should be established by special
studies.
7.2 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES NOTE: Generally, design situations to be considered are covered by the clauses in Sections 2
and 4. However, actions other than those specified in the Standard and design considerations
7.2.1 Stability specific to the structure being designed may require special studies to be carried out.
When considering a limit state of static equilibrium or of gross displacements or Special studies should be used for the following:
deformations of the structure, it shall be confirmed that—
(a) To establish information or methods for design not given in this Standard, or to define
Ed,stb + Rd ≥ Ed,dst . . . 7.1 more accurately the information or methods used, or where more accuracy is
where considered necessary.
Ed,stb = design action effect of stabilizing actions (see Clause 4.2) NOTES:
1 For example, to determine a design parameter such as a wind pressure coefficient, to
Rd = design capacity (equal to φR) establish values for an action or to confirm a structure or population of structures.
Ed,dst = design action effect of destabilizing actions 2 Methods for performing tests and analysing test information are given in Appendix B.
7.2.2 Strength (b) To evaluate loads for actions other than those specified in this Standard. Where they
are considered a possibility, special studies should be used to determine values for the
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When considering a limit state of collapse, rupture or excessive deformation of a structure,
following actions:
section, member or connection it shall be confirmed that—
(i) Foundation movements.
Rd ≥ Ed . . . 7.2
(ii) Dynamic effects.
where
(iii) Time-dependent movement of materials.
Rd = design capacity (equal to φR)
(iv) Differential axial shortening.
Ed = design action effect (see Clause 4.2)
(v) Shrinkage and expansion of materials.
7.3 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES (vi) Temperature changes and gradients (including those caused by fire).
When considering a serviceability limit state, it shall be confirmed that— NOTE: Care is needed in determining material properties for use in these design-loading
conditions.
δ ≤ δl . . . 7.3
Where a study is used to establish design values for an action, the factors for appropriate
where
combinations should be determined as part of the study. The variability of the loads derived
δ = value of the serviceability parameter determined on the basis of the design should be taken into account when determining the factors used in the combinations.
actions (see Clause 4.3)
A special study should include appropriate documentation to show the source of all data.
δl = limiting value of the serviceability parameter. Any documentation should demonstrate that the study is appropriate in the context of the
NOTE: The limiting value of the serviceability parameter should be determined based on particular evaluation of structural performance and should include the following, where
accepted information, unless specific limits are specified for the particular structure being relevant:
designed. Guidance on acceptable serviceability limits for some typical situations are given in (A) A complete report similar in scope to that set out in Appendix B.
Appendix C.
(B) Reference to other national or international Standards.
(C) Comparison with other data.
(D) Analytical methods used.

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Apparatus should be appropriately calibrated.

APPENDIX B The testing procedure and any analysis methods to be used should be established and
documented.
USE OF TEST DATA FOR DESIGN B1.5 Report
(Informative) The test report should include the following:

B1 GENERAL (a) Scope of information required from the test data.

B1.1 Scope (b) Description of conditions that could influence the behaviour under consideration.

The use in design of data from observation and testing (experimental models) should be as (c) Details of the testing arrangement and measurement methods.
given in this Appendix. Methods for testing and for evaluation of the results are given. (d) Details of the testing procedure (including the methods established for analysis).
More specific methods for each type of action can be found in the relevant Part of this
series of Standards. (e) Environmental conditions of the test.

Testing may be carried out as part of a study, where— (f) Materials tested (including number of samples, all relevant properties of samples,
e.g., nature and size of characteristics in timber).
(a) more accurate information is required for use in structural design;
(g) Measurements of relevant properties.
(b) specific design parameters are not included in the relevant Standard; or
(h) Results (including modes of failure if relevant).
(c) the situation is sufficiently unusual to require that limit states be checked by methods
other than calculation. (i) Evaluation of the data and conclusions.

Specific methods for proof testing and prototype testing of structures or parts of structures (j) Any unusual aspects of the testing.
are covered in Paragraphs B2 and B3. Checks on material properties or other control tests (k) The name and location of the testing laboratory or testing organization.
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are not considered to be part of this Appendix.
(l) The number of this Australian/New Zealand Standard, i.e. AS/NZS 1170.0.
Examples of information to be determined using this Appendix include—
(i) values for an action at a particular site (including reliability parameters); B2 PROOF TESTING

(ii) design parameters (e.g., wind pressure factors); B2.1 General

(iii) structural response under loads; and This test method establishes the ability of the particular unit under test to satisfy the limit
state that the test is designed to evaluate. The relevant parts of Paragraph B1 should be
(iv) reliability of a structure or population of structures. followed.
B1.2 Reliability B2.2 Test load
The use, in design, of data determined in this Appendix should be carried out in such a way The target test load should be equal to the design action effect for the relevant limit state.
that the structure, as designed or tested, has at least the same reliability with respect to all NOTE: The design action effect may need to be factored to account for the effect of duration of
limit states, as structures for which the design is based on calculation only. load on the strength and serviceability of the structure.
B1.3 Use of test data B2.3 Criteria for acceptance
The general design procedure should be in accordance with Section 2 of this Standard. The criteria for acceptance should be as follows:
Where test data is required for some part of the procedure, all variables relevant to that part
of the procedure should be considered. (a) Strength limit state The item should be deemed to comply with the strength limit
state if it is able to sustain the target test load for that limit state for at least 15 min. It
The unknown coefficients or quantities to be evaluated from the test data should be clearly should then be inspected to determine the nature and extent of any damage incurred
indicated and the supporting test information provided. during the test. The effects of the damage should be considered and, if necessary,
The evaluation of the data should be based on statistical methods consistent with the aim of appropriate repairs to the damaged parts carried out.
Paragraph B1.2. The statistical approach used in the evaluation of the test data should be NOTE: For materials with time-dependent properties, the load should be removed within a
described. reasonably short period of time after completion of the test. For example, reduce the design
load by 25 percent within 15 min, and 50 percent within the following hour. Further guidance
Separate account should be taken of those variables or conditions that are not covered by should be given in the relevant materials Standards.
the test procedures.
B1.4 Modelling
The test arrangement should be modelled taking into account the circumstances affecting
the real situation being modelled. The differences between reality and the testing conditions
should be accounted for by a suitably determined modification factor.

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(b) Serviceability limit state The maximum deformations of the item should be within TABLE B1
the specified serviceability limits when subjected to the target test load for that limit
VALUES OF kt TO ALLOW FOR VARIABILITY
state. Where the residual deflection exceeds 30 percent of the deflection at the target
OF STRUCTURAL UNITS
test load, the item should either be reloaded to the target test load to ensure that it has
not sustained serious permanent damage, or other measures should be taken to Number of units Coefficient of variation of structural characteristics (V sc ), percent
determine the level of damage. to be tested 5 10 15 20 25 30 40
1 1.20 1.46 1.79 2.21 2.75 3.45 5.2
B3 PROTOTYPE TESTING
2 1.17 1.38 1.64 1.96 2.36 2.86 3.9
B3.1 General
3 1.15 1.33 1.56 1.83 2.16 2.56 3.3
This test method establishes the ability of a population of items to satisfy the limit state that 4 1.15 1.30 1.50 1.74 2.03 2.37 2.9
the test is designed to evaluate. The method is not applicable to the testing of structural
5 1.13 1.28 1.46 1.67 1.93 2.23 2.7
models, nor to the establishment of general design criteria or data.
10 1.10 1.21 1.34 1.49 1.66 1.85 2.1
Sampling should be carried out so that samples are representative of the population they are
drawn from. NOTE: For values between those listed in the Table, interpolation may be used. Extrapolation is not
permitted.
The test load should be applied at as constant a rate as practicable. Load-deflection curves
should be plotted during each test on each unit. Deflections should be measured appropriate
to the material being tested and should include values before the commencement of the test, B3.5 Criteria for acceptance
after the test load has been applied and after removal of the test load. The criteria for acceptance are as follows:
B3.2 Design capacity of specific products and assemblies (a) Strength limit state The unit is deemed to comply with the strength limit state if it is
The design capacity of a specific product or a specific assembly may be established by able to resist the target test load for that limit state.
prototype testing of that product or assembly. The design capacity should not exceed the (b) Serviceability limit state When subjected to the target test load for the serviceability
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minimum value of the test results divided by the appropriate value of kt as given in limit state, the maximum deformation of the unit (or other serviceability criteria)
Paragraph B3.4. should be within the serviceability limits specified. After the completion of the test,
B3.3 Units for testing the residual deflection or deformation of any part of the unit should not exceed
5 percent of the acceptable amount under short-term loading or such other limit as
The units used in testing should be manufactured using the materials and methods that will
may be specified.
be used in production. Where the units are sampled from a defined population they should
be a representative sample. If the materials or methods of production change then the
results of the testing may not be applicable to the new production without further
investigation.
B3.4 Test load
The target test load should be equal to the design action effect for the relevant limit state
determined in accordance with this Standard, multiplied by the appropriate factor kt, given
in Table B1 to allow for variability of structural units.
Other appropriate factors should be applied depending on the materials from which the unit
is manufactured, including factors covering the effect of time-dependent properties. See
materials design Standards for appropriate values.
The distribution and duration of forces applied during the test should represent those forces
to which the unit is deemed to be subjected. For a short-term test, the test load should be
applied at a uniform rate such that the test duration is not less than 5 min.
The coefficient of variation of structural characteristics of the parent population of the
production units (Vsc) should be established taking into account variation due to fabrication
and material.

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TABLE C1
APPENDIX C SUGGESTED SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE CRITERIA
A3
GUIDELINES FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES Element
Phenomenon Serviceability Applied Element response
controlled parameter action (see Notes 1 and 2)
(Informative) Roof cladding
Metal roof cladding Indentation Residual deformation Q = 1 kN Span/600 but <0.5 mm
This Appendix gives guidelines for the serviceability limit states resulting from
De-coupling Mid-span deflection [G, ψ sQ] Span/120
deformation of complete structures and members of structures under load.
Concrete or ceramic roof cladding Cracking Mid-span deflection [G, ψ sQ] Span/400
Except where absolute limits are required, it is generally best to deal with deflection design Roof-supporting elements
in terms of the individual loads being applied (for example, it is usually preferable to deal Roof members (trusses, rafters, etc.) Sag Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] Span/300
Roof elements supporting brittle Cracking Mid-span deflection [G, ψ sQ] or Span/400
with the effects of permanent loads separately from the deflection effects of transient or
claddings [W s ]
short-term loads). Unlikely combinations of actions need not be considered and total
Ceiling and ceiling supports
deflection usually only needs to be considered where absolute clearance limits must be Ceilings with matt or gloss paint finish Ripple Mid-span deflection G Span/500 (see Note 3)
maintained. Ceilings with textured finish Ripple Mid-span deflection G Span/300
Suspended ceilings Ripple Mid-span deflection G Span/360
Guidance on limits for the design of members for serviceability is given in Table C1. This Ceiling support framing Sag Mid-span deflection G Span/360
Table identifies deflection limits related to actions with an annual probability of exceedance Ceilings with plaster finish Cracking Mid-span deflection [G, ψ sQ] or Span/200
A2 of 1/25 (i.e., P = 0.04) beyond which serviceability problems have been observed. Such [W s ]
boundaries for acceptance are imprecise and should be treated as a guide only. These limits Wall elements
Columns Side sway Deflection at top Ws Height/500
are not applicable in all situations.
Portal frames (frame racking action) Roof damage Deflection at top [W s ] or [E s ] Spacing/200 (Note 4)
Table C1 is arranged into building elements that could be affected by the structure. For each Lintel beams (vertical sag) Doors/windows jam Mid-span deflection Ws Span/240 but <12 mm
(see Note 5)
element several possible control phenomena are prescribed, each of which detail—
Walls—General (face loaded) Discerned movement Mid-height deflection Ws Height/150
Impact: soft body Mid-height deflection Q = 0.7 kN Height/200 but <12 mm
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(a) the serviceability parameter for which the control is intended;
(neighbours notice) (see Note 6)
(b) the action that is to be applied to the structure; and Supported elements Mid-height deflection Ws Height/1000
rattle
(c) the acceptable response of the element to that action.
Walls—Specific claddings (see Note 7):
Different deflection limits may apply depending on the phenomenon controlled, and the Brittle cladding (ceramic) face loaded Cracking Mid-height deflection Ws Height/500
most stringent appropriate limit should control the design. The environment of the observer Masonry walls (in plane) Noticeable cracking Deflection at top [W s ] or [E s ] Height/600
influences the tolerance of people to sensory deflection. Where a lot of movement is (face loading) Noticeable cracking Deflection at top [W s ] or [E s ] Height/400
occurring, the stated sensory limits can often be exceeded without complaint. Plaster/gypsum walls (in plane) Lining damage Mid-height deflection Ws Height/300
(face loading) Lining damage Mid-height deflection [W s ] or [E s ] Height/200
Further information is given in the commentary to this Standard.
Movable partitions (soft body impact) System damage Deflection at top Q = 0.7 kN Height/160
A2 For farm structures of low human occupancy, serviceability criteria should be as follows: Glazing systems Bowing Mid-span deflection Ws Span/400
Windows, facades, curtain walls Facade damage Mid-span deflection [W s ] or [E s ] Span/250
(i) Deflection criteria may be relaxed provided that, taking note of appropriate use of the Fixed glazing systems Glass damage Deflection [W s ] or [E s ] 2 × glass clearance
structure, deflections do not— (see Note 3)
Floors and floor supports
(A) weaken or damage the structure, cladding or lining material and their fixings; or
Beams where line-of-sight is along Sag Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] Span/500 (see Notes 8,
(B) produce unacceptable cracking. invert Sag Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] 9)
Beams where line-of-sight is across soffit Span/250
(ii) Deflection criteria for flat or near-flat roofs should take into account the possibility of Flooring Ripple Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] Span/300
ponding of rainwater. Floor joists/beams Sag Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] Span/300
Floors Vibration Static midspan Q = 1.0 kN less than 1 to 2 mm
The design should make adequate provision for any hazards affecting the life of the farm deflection (see Note 10)
structure that may arise from its use (e.g., typical movement of animals in farm structures Normal floor systems Noticeable sag Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] Span/400
designed for animals). Specialist floor systems Noticeable sag Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] Span/600
Floors—Side-sway (acceleration) Sway Acceleration at floor W s (P=5) <0.01g (see Note 11)
Floors—Supporting masonry walls Wall cracking Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] Span/500
Floors—Supporting plaster lined walls Cracks in lining Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] Span/300
Floors supporting existing masonry Wall cracking Mid-span deflection [G, ψ l Q] Span/750
walls—Underpinning floors
Floors—For access for working by Sag Midspan deflection Q = 1 kN Span/250
operators and maintenance
Handrails—Post and rail system Side sway Mid-span system Q = 1.5 kN/m Height/60 + Span/240
deflection

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NOTES: A3
1 Long-term creep, when present, needs to be included in assessing the long-term deflection of members that are prone to
creep. In such cases, the long-term factored occupancy load, G + ψ l Q, should be considered for the creep component and the APPENDIX D
difference between the short-term and long-term factored occupancy load, ( ψ s − ψ l )Q added to account for the incremental
short-term deflection.
2 The span or height ratios used in the deflection criteria are the clear spacing between points of support.
‘Text deleted’
3 The deflection limits for ceilings or floors are strongly influenced by the surface finish. Glass is an extreme example where
the reflective surfaces amplify apparent bowing as the reflected images move with the surface distortions. Observers are
often disturbed by such movements. Ripple effects appear more pronounced when the surface is flat (and has a reflective
gloss finish). Textured surfaces tend to disguise ripple effects. Surfaces that extend over a wide expanse reveal both ripple
and sag effects when light is reflected from the surface. Where the texture of the surface is unknown, the more stringent
criteria of highly reflective surfaces will be conservative.
4 The limiting deflection for portal frame knee deflections is related to the behaviour of the cladding between the ‘free portal’
and a more rigid plane (typically the end wall of a structure). The deflection limit of such portals is based on the bay spacing
and ability of the cladding to withstand in-plane shear distortion.
5 Problems with visually sensed deflections are frequently dependent on the presence of a visual cue for the observer to gauge
linearity. Deflection limits are therefore a function of the line of sight of the observer.
6 Walls and partitions require stiffness control to minimise disturbance of elements or people often on the reverse side of the
wall or partition (e.g., neighbours beyond inter-tenancy walls). The response of the wall to soft-body impact is greatly
influenced by the nature and characteristics of the impacting body. The deflection criteria stated (height/200 from a
concentrated load of 0.7 kN at mid-height) has been simplified for ease of application by designers. It is based upon a
running person falling against a wall. Internal partitions may be subjected to differential pressures, which result from wind.
A net coefficient of 0.5 may be considered appropriate when used in conjunction with the serviceability wind pressures.
7 Often different wall claddings have different tolerances to movement. Some of these have been specifically listed.
8 Where members are pre-cambered, the pre-camber present can be deducted from assessments of sag. Where construction
progresses in stages, the incremental permanent action only needs to be considered for sag.
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9 Floor sag may result in furniture that rocks or is not firmly seated or drainage surfaces that do not function adequately.
Specialist floors are those upon which trolleys may move, sensitive equipment may be installed or special activities (e.g.
bowls, etc.) may be undertaken. More restrictive deflection limits may be appropriate is such cases.
10 Floor vibration problems are very complex. Problem floors usually have low levels of elastic damping present. The limiting
criteria stated (between 1 and 2 mm under a 1 kN point load) should give a guide as to whether the floor may have vibration
problems. When the criterion is not satisfied, a more detailed examination of the dynamic behaviour of the floor may be
merited. Where a floor system may be used for group rhythmic activity, such as marching, dancing, concerts, jumping
exercises or gymnastics, and has a fundamental frequency of vibration less than 8 Hz, then a specific study of the resonant
response should be considered, to demonstrate that the building remains functional.
A3 11 The criteria of 0.01g relates to a frequency range of 0.05 to 1 Hz. It is a first test to determine if further investigation is
required. The sensitivity of people to motion in tall buildings varies widely and further research is being conducted.

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 31 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 32

A1
APPENDIX E APPENDIX F
A2
A5
ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE
(FOR AUSTRALIAN USE ONLY—STRUCTURES FOR WHICH
‘Text deleted’ DESIGN EVENTS ARE NOT GIVEN ELSEWHERE)
(Normative)

F1 GENERAL
This Appendix specifies minimum design events for safety (ultimate limit states design), in
terms of annual probability of exceedance for wind, snow and earthquake, for the design of
structures in Australia that are not covered either by the Building Code of Australia or by
other Standards (such as that for transmission line structures). This Appendix does not
apply to structures in New Zealand; for those structures, Section 3 of this Standard applies.
NOTE: Structures covered by this Appendix may include industrial structures, mining and oil and
gas structures, and communication structures.

F2 IMPORTANCE LEVELS
The importance level of a structure shall be determined in accordance with Table F1.
Structures that have multiple uses shall be assigned the highest importance level applicable
for any of those uses. Where an adjacent structure provides access to another structure with
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a higher importance level, then the structure providing access shall be designated the same
importance level as the structure to which it provides access.
NOTE: Structures that have very low frequency fundamental modes of vibration should be
considered for special study of their earthquake design event and structural response (e.g. very
long conveyors).

TABLE F1
STRUCTURE TYPES FOR IMPORTANCE LEVELS
Consequences Importance
Description Comment
of failure level
Low consequence for loss of human life, or
Minor structures (failure not likely to
Low small or moderate economic, social or 1
endanger human life)
environmental consequences
Medium consequence for loss of human life, or
Normal structures and structures not
Ordinary considerable economic, social or 2
falling into other levels
environmental consequences

High consequence for loss of human life, or 3 Major structures (affecting crowds)
High very great economic, social or environmental Post-disaster structures (post-disaster
consequences 4
functions or dangerous activities)
Circumstances where reliability must be set on
Exceptional 5 Exceptional structures
a case by case basis

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 33 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 34

F3 DESIGN EVENTS A2 TABLE F2

A2
A4
A5 Design events (in terms of annual probability of exceedance) shall be as given in Table F2 ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE OF THE DESIGN EVENTS
A5
for use in determining the actions affecting the structure. Structures whose failure might FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
result in loss of human life shall not be designed for less than a 25 year life.
Design events for safety in terms of annual probability
Importance Level 4 structures shall not be designed for less than a 25 year life. For Importance of exceedance
Design working life
importance Level 4 structures with design working life of 100 years or more, the design level Earthquake
events shall be determined by a risk analysis but shall have probabilities less than or equal Wind Snow
(see Note 1)
to those for importance Level 3. Construction
The design working life of structures that are erected for a number of short periods of use, equipment (e.g. props, Not required
2 1/100 1/50
scaffolding, braces (see Note 3)
and dismantled between each, is equal to the total of the periods of use.
and similar)
NOTE: The design life for normal structures is generally taken as 50 years. For further guidance
5 years or less
on the use of Table F2 see AS/NZS 1170.0 Supp 1, Structural design actions—General
(only for structures 1 1/25 1/25
principles—Commentary (Supplement to AS/NZS 1170.0:2002.) Not required
whose failure presents 2 1/50 1/50
(see Note 3)
no risk to human life, 3 1/100 1/100
see Note 2)
1 1/100 1/25 Not required (see Note 3)
2 1/200 1/50 1/250
25 years
3 1/500 1/100 1/500
4 1/1000 1/250 1/1000
1/100 (non-
1 1/100 1/250
cyclonic)
1
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1/200 (cyclonic)
50 years 2 1/150 1/500
1/500
3 1/200 1/1000
1/1000
4 1/500 1/2500
1/2500
1 1/500 1/200 1/250
2 1/1000 1/250 1/1000
100 years or more
3 1/2500 1/500 1/2500
4 (see Paragraph F3) (see Paragraph F3) (see Paragraph F3)
NOTES:
1 Design for earthquake is not required for structures for primary produce with low human occupancy.
2 For a design working life (L) between 5 and 100 years that is not listed in Table F2, the annual
probability of exceedence (1/R) for wind and earthquake events is calculated as r/L, where the lifetime
risk (r) is given in the following table:

Risk of exceedance of
Importance level
design load (r)
1 0.20 to 0.25
2 0.10 to 0.125
3 0.04 to 0.05
4 0.020 to 0.025
3 Earthquake loads for these annual probabilities are low and design for robustness or other actions will
provide sufficient resistance.
4 Structures in wind Regions C and D (i.e. cyclonic regions, as defined in AS/NZS 1170.2) that are
erected and remain erected, only during the period of May to October, may be designed for regional
wind speeds given in AS/NZS 1170.2, for Region A, or alternatively from a specific analysis of
non-cyclonic wind events for the site. A structure not designed for cyclonic wind speeds shall not
remain erected during the months of November to April inclusive.

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 35 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 36

NOTES
AMENDMENT CONTROL SHEET

AS/NZS 1170.0:2002

Amendment No. 1 (2003)

REVISED TEXT
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the Clauses 1.3, 2.2, 2.3 and 4.2.3, and Appendix E.
Published on 8 January 2003.

Amendment No. 2 (2003)

REVISED TEXT
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the Clauses 1.4, 2.2 and 2.3, Section 3, and Appendices C
and F (new).
Published on 28 November 2003.
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Amendment No. 3 (2011)

REVISED TEXT
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to Clauses 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 2.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 5.2, 6.2.2 and 6.2.5,
Table 4.1 and Appendices C and D.
Published on 11 April 2011.

Amendment No. 4 (2005)

CORRECTION
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the Preface and Clauses 1.3, 2.2, 3.2, 3.4.2, Table 3.3 and Table F2.
Published on 28 April 2005.

Amendment No. 5 (2011)

REVISED TEXT
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to the Preface, Clause 1.3 and Appendix F.
Published on 22 September 2011.
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