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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
116 views212 pages216 1-Himija - 8klass Rudzitis-Feldman 2016-207s
Uploaded by
IgorCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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cere canes icsciieeee? = cava GP see ce sees
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u_ ON (ent ot Nieto | neat | comin ta) &
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VESSUSTHAW VT SOLHSIWALE X“NOSHVINX YILSVL BYXOSHUTONdaL ©,, Oc
T.E.PYQ3UTUC ®.1. OEbOAMAH
XMM
8 knacc
YYEBHUK
JIA OBLJEOBPASOBATEJIbHbIX
OPFAHUSALINA
PekomeHA0BaHO
Munuctepctsom o6pasoBanya uv HaykKu
Poccuitckoi Penepaumn
4-e nggaHne
Mocksa
«[pocBeujeHne»
2016 YOK 373.167.1:54
BBK 24.1872
P83
Ha yue6uuk mnomysentt nosoxKHTeMbHBIe oKcHepTHbIe 3aKOYeHUs
no pesybraraM Hay4Hoi (3aknioueHHe PAH No 10106-5215/131 or
07.10.2011 1), meaaroru4eckoii (saxtiovertis PAO Ne 337 or 29.01.2014 r.,
Ne 401 or 05.02.2015 r.) 1 oGmectBenHO! (saKm04eHHA PKC No 307 or
07.02.2014 r., Ne 1071 or 01.04.2015 1.) skcneprna,
P83
Pyasutuc T. E.
Xumusa. 8 Kaacc : yse6. Axa oOmeoGpazoBat. oprannsauniit /
T. E, Pygsuruc, ®. T. Denbaman. — 4-e usn. — M. : Mpocremenne,
2016. — 207 c. : ut. — ISBN 978-5-09-037746-
YaeSunk — ocHoBHo# snemerT HiHopMannonHo-o6pasopaTenbHOi cpemtbt
npeamerHoit annum YMK no xunuw sit 8-9 Kiaccos astopos I. E. Pyasursica,
©. T. Menamania. On mossorAet oGecnesuTE AocTIKeHME NpemMeTHEIX, MeTanpen-
METHBIX H JUNHOCTHBIX pe3y.bTATOB OPAsOBAHII B COOTRETCTBKH ¢ TpeGoBAHHAMH
WexeparbHoro rocysapcrseHHOr OGpAsOBATeNbHOTO cTarLlapra OCHOBHOTO ObuLe-
ro OGpasosaus. Marepuat yeOHHKa OpraHiz0naH B COOTBETCTBUM © pazHBIMit
copmamnt yueGHoil JesTeABHOCTH, 4TO aéT BOSMOKHOCTS OTPAGATSIBATs WHPOKHIt
Chektp HeOGXOmHMbIX yMcHiit M KoMMeTeHUB, D>bexTBHbiii caMOKOHTPOM y4a-
muMecs OCYILECTRAMOT C TOMOMIIO PYOPHKH , 2014
Bee npana sammmersi AOPOrME APY3baA!
Tipuctrynaa K v3y4eHHio HOBOTO Mia Bac MpewMeTa — XHMHM, NOMHHTe,
YTO 3HAHMA, MOMYYEHHBIe Ha YPOKAX, HYXHBI HE TOKO JUIA Cad 9K3aMeHOB.
XUMMYecKas TPaMOTHOCTh KUSHEHHO HeEOGXONMMa COBPeMeHHOMY YesOBeKY.
XMMUMIO Hano M3yIaTb MocnenoBaTeTbHO. TIpexne BCerO BbI NOIKHBI XO-
POLIO YCBOMT OCHOBHBIE 3aKOHBI 1 BAXKHCHUIMe XMMMYECKHE NOHATHA,
KoTopble CocTaBaT (pyHIaMeHT BalUMX 3HaHHii 10 XMMMH.
Bpl HayauTech MIpuMeHATE XUMUYECKYIO CUMBOAUKY, COCTABIATh XUMU-
ueckue @opMynvt UW ypaskenua peakuuit, peuldth 3adauu, TIpOBOAMTb
xumuueckuii 9Kcnepumenm. A 910 BaKHO, Tak Kak XMM — 9KcHepH-
MeHTasbHad HayKa.
Yepoenne vi 3anoMMHanne yue6uoro Matepnasa Gynet Gonee acbbeKTHB-
HBIM, €CIM TIpHepkKMBaTECA OMpenenéHHOH CMCTeMbI IPH ero M3y4eHHH.
Cxayana nosHakoMsrecb c TeM, KaK rlocrpoen naparpad:
© Kak BbLICCHbI OCHOBHOM M AONOHHTeNbHBI TeKCTEI;
© KakoBa CHCTeMa HaBMrallMM (JIA Vero CIYKAT pyOpPHKH M 3HauKH);
© Kak BBUeeHbI B TeKCTe NOHATHA;
© KaKHe HMCTpalMH ecTb B Maparpade;
@ mle UCKaTb JOMOAHUTeEIbHYIO MHOpMallnw.
OchosHbie noHsrHst B KOHL Maparpada HYKHO 3anOMHMTS HM yMeTb
ux oGpacusats. Mx xe yoGHO Ucnom30BaTb, Kora HYKHO HaiitH HHdbop-
Maunio B MntepHete.
TpeSosaHua K OCBOCHMIO MaTepmaia KaxkorO raparpada ccopmyMpo-
BaHbI B pyOpuke «JIMaHbiit pesyubTaT>. OpventTupyscb Ha HUX, BbI CMO-
2X€TE OCYLIECTBUTh CAMOKOHTPONb M OLCHHTS CBOM 3HaHHA.
Vmewourmeca B yueOHHKe cxeMbI M TaGJMIbI MOryT MOcTyKUTb BaM
MHOFOKpaTHO — HM IIpH M3yYeHHM M yCBOeHHM HOBOrO MaTepuala, M MIpH
TOBTOPeHHH HM OGOGUIEHMM yxe H3y4eHHOrO.
Ques BaxkHO MpaBHJIbHO OpraHW30BaTb caMocTosTeNbRYIO yueGRYIO pa-
Gory. Toropacb K ypoKaM, OHOBPeMeHHO C YTEHHEM MaTepHasia yaeOHHKa
aenaiire cBov 3aMeTKH. STO SyseT Ball AMYHbIM MHOpMaLLMOHHbI pecypc.
3apeauTe nanky ¢ (baiimamu WIM UcromB3yitre G1oKHOT (oOBraHyIO GyMaxk-
Hylo Terpaib). K KaxkIOMY YpoKy cocTapuaiite KpaTKyIO CXeMy-KOHCTICKT.
BpImMuIMTe TaBHYIO Wel, OCHOBHEI€ NOHATHA, Te3McbI. 3anmucpiBalite Xu-
MuueckHe (OpMYII, ypaBHeHMA peaKuMii, O6pasubl PellleHHA 3ama4, 10-
Ne3HbIC CCbLIKM MT. TI, B TeTpadM WIM KOMMbIOTepe.
Crapaiitecb oTBeTHTb Ha Bce BOMPOCHI, BHINOMHUT yNpakHeHMA H peuITb
3ala4uH, HMewoUlMecsA B Naparpacdbe. Kontponupyiire cBoii 1HUHbIi pesysBraT.
2Keaaem yenexa! FIABA |
NEPBOHAYAJIbHbIE
XMUMUYECKUME NOHATUA
© Kakue cbusuyeckue mena BbI sHaeme?
© M3 Kakux Bewjecms cocmoam amu mena?
® Ba>kHas untopmauun )
XuMuA BNAETCA OAHOM us HayK, NayYaioU\Hx npupopy. BMecte c 6uonornelt
v1 @MSMKOH XMMMF _NPHHAQNEKUT K YicHy ECTECTBEHHLIX HayK.
Puc. 1. Mocyaa, usro-
TOBNeHHAA M3 PasHbIX Be-
wects
oO ‘Onpedenenue
Ha ypoxax bu3ukM BbI Hicriomb30Bbam ToHsTHA
«cbu3v4ecKoe Teo» Ui «BelltecTBO>. UTOOBI BEISIC-
HHTb, YM pazIMyaloTcA 9TH NOHATHA, BCTOMHH-
Te, H3 4Yero COCTOHT, HalpHMep, Takoe (u3sHyecKoe
‘Teno, Kak mmeHH4HOe 3epHo. Ha ypoxax 6uosorMn
BbI BDIACHMAIM, YTO B COCTaB 3epHa BXONAT Kpaxman,
GenoK mt pacrutenbubie xKMpBt. Kpaxmam, Geox, pac-
THTeNBHBIE KUPBI — 9TO BeulecTBa. A TaKoe ¢HsH-
YecKoe Te10, KaK CTakaH, cocTouT M3 creKna, Cyle-
HOBATETHO, u3MYeCKHe Tea (TIpenMeTEI) COcTOsT
3. BeUeCTB.
Onn 1 Te Ke MpeAMeTbI MoryT COcTOATS M3 pa3-
HBIX, BeulecTs. Tak, HarlpuMep, 14 M3roTOBIeHMA
TOCYJIbI HCTIOMB3YIOT KaK cTeKIO, TaK H @apdhop,
(basic, crane, epeso (puc. 1).
VispecrHo Gonee 1BalaTH MHJIMOHOB BeLIeCcTB,
HM KaxlOe BeLeCTBO XapaKTepH3yeTc CBOHMH
onpexenénneimm cBoficrsamn.
CBOUCTBAMM BELIECTBA Ha3bisaioT npy3Haku, NO KOTOPbIM BeLeCTBA
oTmuyaiorca “pyr OT Apyra un cxopHbI Mexay co6oi. V3 xypea cbw3uKm Bam w3Bect-
HO, 4TO KaxOe BellecTBO OGlalaeT
onpenenéHHBIMM @usuueckumu céoli-
cmeamu. Baxueiiume dusnyeckue
cBOHcTBa BellecTBa CyledyloulMe: arpe-
TaTHOe COCTOAHMe, UBeT, 3aMax, TLIOT-
HOCTb, PaCTBOPHMOCTS B BOE, TeTLTO-
M 9NeKTPOMpOBOAHOCTb, TeMMmepaTypsi
TaBIeHHA M KuMeHMA.
Hanpumep, BceM M3BeCTHOe BeLle- }
MpoucxoxdeHue — mepmuHa
_HbIe cyumatiom, 4mo 3mom
| cnoBa «KXeM» («KxaM3»), O3HA'
CTBO @QJIIOMHHHit MOXKHO OxapakTepH- | seqnqy amy Hayky anxumuedl.
30BaTb Tak. ATIOMMHMH — Metal ce- |
peOpucro-Genoro uBeTa, CpaBHHTe/IbHO
aérkuit (p = 2,7 r/c), miasurca mpi temneparype 600°C. Amiomn
xu
| mo4HO HeusBecmHo. Hekomopwie yue- .
mepmun :
© npoucxodum om dpesHeezunemcKozo
MaBWEZO
| euépibiii», «4epHo3ém». Tozda cnogo
| @XUMUR» MOXHO Nepesecmu KaK «UCKyC-
cmeo 4épHoli 3emnu» (m. e. Apesrezo
| E2unma). Moke apa6ckue yuéHble Ha-
Hn
oueHb macTH4eH. Ilo sfekTpHyecKOli MPOBOAMMOCTH YCTYMaeT JIMLb 30/10-
ty, cepe6py u Mea. W3-3a nérkocTu amOMHHHii B Be CIaBOB LIMpoKO
HCTIOMb3y10T B CaMonéTO- M pakeTocTpoeHHH. Ero TakxKe MCHOJb3yIOT
H3POTOBICHHA 31CKTPMYeCKMX MPOBOLOB M MpedMeTos Opita.
- HM Cepbi
PaGory BbinomHsitte coBMecTHO ¢ coceoM Mo napre.
© PacckaxkuTe apyr apyry 0 ¥3HYeCKHX cBOHcTBAX caxapa HM Cepbl
ana
Jla6opatopxupm onprr. Hayyenne usnuecKuMx cBoiicTB caxapa
(Janueie o Temmepatypax MaBIeHHs M KHMeHHs caxapa M CepBl
HaiiMTe B CripaBOdHMKax.)
© Tlposepste HeKoToppie yTRepxKAeHHA OMBITHLIM MyTéM. [las sToro
co6moraiire cilenyioune npasyna:
a) If O3HAKOMJICHHA C 3aMaXOM BelllecTBa DemaioT aOHbIO OBH-
2XCHH OT TOBEPXHOCTH BeleCTBA K HOCY;
6) m1 ompemeneHHsa pacTBopuMocTM BeulecTBa B BOE HasMBaioT
B MpoOMpKy HeMHOFO BOIBI HM TOGaBNsIOT BelecTBO, 3aTeM mepeme-
IIMBAIOT CONePKMMOE C MOMOUIbIO CTEKMAHHOM MalO¥KH, He Kacasicb
cTeHoK mpo6upku. EcnM 4acTH4kH BeleCTBa MC¥e3HYT WIM ero Top-
UMA YMeHBLIMTCA, TO BeLeCTBO pacTBOpHMo;
B) WIA OfpeleieHMaA IMIOTHOCTH oMycKaloT TBépyoe BellecTBO
B cTakaH ¢ BOMOH (TMOTHOCTS Bomb! paBHa | r/cm*). EcnM BeLlecTBO
TOHET B BONE, TO ETO TMIOTHOCT SONbUIe TWIOTHOCTH BOB; CCIM Mia-
BaeT Ha MOBEPXHOCTH, TO CFO ILIOTHOCTb MeHbLIe TLIOTHOCTH BOA.
fe
NE (© Baxnan watpopmanun)
Onva us sanay xuMnn — nay4eHne BeLIeCTS, Mx CBOlicTe W nporHosMpoBaHHe
UCNONbSOBAHUA BELIECTB B NPOMbIWEHHOCTH, CeNeCKOM XO3AlicTBe, MeAMUN-
He, Obst.
Ewé ogva sanava xumun — nony¥eHne pagnmnbix Beuects, Hanpumep
nnactMacc, MuHepanbHbix yno6peHHil, neKapcTs 1 7. A. STH BeulecTsa Nony-
yaioT nyTéM XUMMNECKHX NpespaUleHHii.
CroiicTBa, NpOABAAeMbIe BEIECTROM B MpOlleccax, IIpH KOTOPBIX OHO MIpe-
BpallaeTcA B ApyrMe BeLECTBA, Ha3bIBaIOT ero XUMUYeCKUMU CéolicmeaMU.
CyrledopaTembHo, XMMMM MOXHO JaTb Takoe onpenemeHne:
(PD onpedenenue
XVIMMIA — 90 Hayka 0 BeleCTBaX, ux CBOlicTaaX, NPeBpAL\eHMAX HM ABNEHUAX,
CONPOBOxKAaIOWUMX BTM NpeBpalweHna.
XuMusa MpOHHKaeT BO Bce OGTACTH Hamel xKW3HM, OHa OGecneyMBaeT
NepepaGorky nonesHbIX MCKOMaeMBIX B LICHHBIe MPORYKTI: METAB, UX
criaBbl, TOMMIMBO. [pouyKTHBHOCTh CeIbCKOXO3AMCTBEHHOFO MpOH3BOICTBA
BO MHOTOM 3aBHCHT OT TOrO, KaK XHMMYECKAd MPOMBILWICHHOCT O6ecre-
4MBaeT €TO MMHEPAIbHbIMH YLOOPCHUAMH HM CpeCTBAMM 3aLMTbl pacTeHHii
or ppenuteneii. He MeHee B&KHa POAb XHMMM B TIPOM3BONCTBE CTPOHTeTb-
HbIX MaTepHaioB, CHHTeTHYeCKHX TkaHell, TLIaCTMacc, KPaCOK, MOIOLLMX
CpelcTB, Me¢MKaMeHToB.
- B To Xe BpeMa HeyMesloe, HeKOHTpomMpyemoe
pc ope a MCTIONbIOBAHHE XMMMYECKMX BELECTB YACTO MIPHBO-
Apyran TouKa speHHn PD
Ha 3T0T Bonpoc? JIMT K 3arpa3HeHUMO OKpyxalollel cpenbl, YTO OTPH-
UaTeIbHO BIMACT Ha XMBbIe OpraHu3Mbl. TostTomy
COBPeMCHHOMY YeIOBCKY OYCNb BAKHO 3HATb M MPaBHJbHO MCTONL30BaTb
JOCTWKeHHA XHMHH.
C Xumus. Teno. Beuyecmeo. Ceoiicmaa seumecme )
© Nodymaii, omgemb, BbInonHU... al
1. Uro usyuaer xunua? Kakopsr eé paxneliume sanaun? Cocrapsre cxemy,
WUIKOCTPHpYWLIy!O 3HavYeHHe XHMMM, H OGcynMTe e€ c cocenOM Mo mapTe.
2. Yem paziMualoTca NOHSATHA «BeleCTBO» H «Teno»? [Ipupemute npHMepsl. 3. 3 cnenyiouero nepeyHsa BBITMMIHTe OTJeIbHO Ha3BaHHA BeLIECTI
M Tipemmetos (cpu3v4ecknx Ter): KeTe30, TEPMOMETP, MC/Ib, KalIpOH, PTYTb, a
HAmWIbBHHK, HO, caxap.
4. KakvMm CXOIHBIMM 1 OTIMUHTeABHEIMH CBOMCTBAMM OOsaLaAIOT ceLy-
JOUlHe BeLlecTBa: a) TOBapeHHas cob H caxap; 6) yKcye M Boma?
5. Ha ocnope xu3HeHHOrO ONbITa H MCMONb3yA JOMOTHMTeENbHYWO JIH-
Tepatypy, cpaBHuTe @u3H4ecKHe cBOlicTBa MeIM M cepbl. OrseT ocbopmuTe
B Bue TAaGTHUbI.
OE A RL TTS
Tecmoabie sadanusa
1. B Kakom paay HaxOs#TCA Ha3BaHHA TOKO BelIeCcTB?
1) Memb, MemHad MpososoKa, cTeKno, Kom6a
2) >ene30, caxap, comb, ykcye
3) BHMIKa, HOXHHUBI, capcboposas Basa, cTaKaH
2. B KaKoM pally HaxXOMATCA Ha3BaHHA TONBKO Tes?
1) Kpaxmas, 6enoK, comb, mecoK
2) MOMCOHeYHOE MaCiO, 2ee30, OUKU, NOKKA
3) Kona, cTakaH, bykep, cTeKnaHHad GaHKa
rere
‘ mory pasnvyate BeecTBa NO ux dusu4eckum CBOlCcTBAaM. © C KAKUMU Hay4HbIMU MemodaMU BbI y>Ke 3HAKOMbI?
Npusedume npumepel.
B nosceaesHoit 2XH3HM MbI MOCTORHHO cTanKMBaeMca c pa3iH4HBIMH
BeulecTBamu. [1a Toro ¥TOGbI OTAMYATh BeLeCTBa Mpyr OT Apyra, MpaBHib-
HO C HMMM O6pallatbcs, HaiiTH HM MpMMeHeHHe, HeOGXOMMMO 3HaTb MX
cpoiictsa. [ia u3y¥eHMa CBOMICTB BellleCTB XMMMKM MCHOAb3yIOT pasan4u-
HbI¢ HaydHble MeTOMBI.
(7) Onpedenenue
METOQ — sto cnoco6 noctwxkeHna Kakoli-nu6o Yenv, peleHHA KOHKpeTHOI
sagan.
OcHoBHbIe MeTOAbI MO3HaHHA B XHMMH — 9TO HaGslomeHHe, onMcaHne,
XMMHMeCKMii 9KCMepHMeHT M M3MepeHHe, C MOMOLLbIO 3THX MeTOOB HeTIO-
CpelCTBeHHO M3yYaI0T BellecTBa M XMMHMYeCKHe ABIeHHA.
YTo6bl NOHATb OKpyxaloulMii Hac Mp, HYKHO YMeTb ero HaGsOMaTb.
HayuHoe xa6siodenue Bcerda ueneHalipaBieHHoe. Tepel Tem Kak MpoBecTH
Takoe HaGmIOleHHe, BbI (OpMyIMpyeTe Web — HaiiTH OTBeT Ha MOcTaBIeH-
Ht Bonpoc. FIpH 9TOM BaxKHO OMPeMeNUT H OTMETHTS YCAOBMs, B KOTOPEIX
nipopouwiocb HaGogzeHne.
Omxako HaGmojeHue B HayKe GeccMbICIeHHO 6e3 TWATeIbHOTO OnucaHUA
ypumeHHoro. Teppoe, YeMy Bbl NOJDKHbI HayYHTbCA, — 3TO OMHCbIBaTb
cpojicTBa BemecTs. IIpu 3TOM BEI MepeducaseTe HX cBOiicTBa, KOTOpBIe
Ha6monanH (arperaTHoe cocrosHHe, uber, 3anax MT. a.). Yerex pameit
pa6oTbI 3aBHCHT OT TOTO, HaCKObKO TOUHO M TOHO CieaHbI M OMMCaHbI
HaOmozeHMs.
OweHb YacTO HeneHanpawieHHoe HaOJIOLeHHe CBA3AHO C MOCTAHOBKOH
XMMHYECKOFO OFIbITa (9KCIePHMCHTA).
oO Onpedenenue
9KCNEPUMEHT — sto metog uccnegosaHna Kakoro-n“460 Apnea B onpe-
BeNéHHbIx yonoBuAXx,
OKcMepuMeHT OTIMYaeTCA OT HaGIONeHHA TeM, YTO MpesnosaraeT cne-
UMANbHYIO OpraHM3aMI0 CHTYALMM, KOTOpyIO Halo UccHeqOBATb, M AKTHBHOe
BMeUIATEIbCTBO HCCHELOBATeIA BOTY CHTYALIHIO. Ha ypoxax pam mpunérea
MHOTO pa3 TIPOBONMTS XHMMHye-
cKuit 9xcnepuMent. Uro6er omsrt
npowié yta4Ho, 9KcnepHMeHTa-
TOp MOIKeH 3apariee COCTaBHTb
IulaH ero mpopeqenns (mpaByib-
HO BbIOpaTb ycOBMA, NoLOGpaTS
HeOGXOIHMOe OGopynoBaHHe, co-
6parb ycraHOBKy HT. 71), B Xone
OMbIta MpOBOHTh HadmoueHHA
M TWATENbHO 3aMMcbIBaT TOmy-
ueHHEIe pesymsrarst (pyc. 2).
B HeKoTOpEIX skcrepuMeH-
‘Tax OcyUlecTBIMOTCA U3MepeHuA Puc. 2. XuMMueCKaA naGopaTopnA
Takux (u3MYeCKHX BeTMIHH,
Kak Macca, OObéM, TeMMepaTypa KHMeHHA, TeMMepaTypa mlapieHua,
maoTHocTs. U3mepeHua HeoGxoquMbI W8 OMMCAHMA KOMM4ECTBEHHBIX xa-
PpakTepucTHK BeUlecTB.
Ja Toro wro6sr paGorars c BeLeCTBAMM i CTABMTb OMIBITHI, OCHS BaxKHO
HeYKOCHMT@IbHO BBINIOHATL MpaBHla TeXHMKH GesonacHocTH. STo cBA3aHO
© TeM, 4TO MHOTHe XMMMYCCKHe BELECTBA C1KHE (MOFYT BbISbIBATb OXKOTH) WIM
siosursre. HeKoTopsle Ben[eCTBa JETKO BOCTLIaMeHSIOTCA WIM B3pIBOOTIACHEI.
[USE ase
ee re enemies!
1. Hens3a tporatp Bemectsa, nocysy m npH-
cTynaTb K paGote 6e3 paspellieHua yunTens.
2. Beuecrsa Hem3a 6pars pykaMu uM n1po-
BepsaTb WX Ha BKyc.
3. Tipu BbiacHeHMM 3anaxa Bemects Hema ©
TIOMHOCHTS cocym 6M3KO K AMY, Tak KAK BIIbI-
XaHHe MapoB M Ta30B MOXeT BBISBATb pazipa-
KCHHE NbIXATENBHBIX NyTeii. Lit OsHaKOMICHHA
© 3aflaXOM HY:XHO JaOHBIO PyKH CilevaTb ABH-
2KeHHE OT OTBepCTHH cocyza K Hocy (puc. 3).
4. He Hanwpaiite uw He nepemenmmaiire
peakTHBsI BOIM3M aMua. [IpH HarpepaHun
HyXHO HallpaBIATb OTBepcTHe MpoOMpKM HAM = Puc. 3. Tak Hy%KHO HIOXaTb
KONObI B CTOpoHY OT ce6A H cocenelt. ‘HesHaKOMBIe BeWyeCTBA 5. Be3 yka3aHua yunTena He CMelIMBaliTe HeH3BeCTHbIe BaM BeLecTBa.
6. TIpH BEINOTHeHHM OMBITOB ToNBsyiiTech HeOONbIIMMM 103aMM Be-
tects. Bepvite BetlecTBa TOMBKO AOXEYKO! MB TeX KONMYECTBAX, KOTOpBIE
YKa3aHbl B OMMCaHHH paGoTbl; ec TakKHX yKa3aHHii HeT, TO OObEMBI Be-
MeCTB He JOMKHBI Npepnuars 1 cM.
7. Oco6yi0 ocropoxHocts coGmozatite npu paGore c KHcIOTaMM HM Le-
mowamu. Ecau cayuativo Kucnoma uau wégo4ue nonadém na pyku uau
na odexdy, Hemedaenno cmoiime eé Gonvuum Koaunecméom 60db1.
8. [pu pas6abieHHM KHCHOT BOUOl Bcerwa NOMHMTe cHemyioulee Mpa-
BUNIO: Kucaomy caedyem MedaeHHO, moHKoii cmpyéli npu nepemewusanuu
Haaueam @ Body, a He naobopom.
9. Bceraa nomb3yiTecb TOMbKO YMCTON naGopaTOpHOl Mocyzoit.
10. OctaTKm BeulecTB He BbICbIMafite M He BAMBaiiTe OGpaTHO B cocy—
© 4HCTBIMM BellecTBaMn.
ll. Topauyio nocyy 10 BHELIHeMy BMY H€BOSMOXHO OTIMYHTb OT XO-
nomHoit. TIpexae vem n3ath rlocyay pyxoii, yGenuTecb, uTO Ona ocTBLTa.
B cayuae TepMM4eCKOTO OKOFa HY:KHO OXTALMTb O6OAXKEHHYIO MOBepXHOCTh
(xoN0MHOM BONOM, Ab1OM M3 XOOIMJIbHUKa) M OGpaGoTaTb NpoTMBOOXxKOrO-
Boil Ma3bIO WIM a9pO30reM; ecIM OXOF CHIbHBIIt, OOpaTHTech K Bpayy.
12. He Opocaiite B pakopuny (bwibTpoBatbHyio Gyary, Baty, cTéKia
or pa36uTol mocysbI.
13. Tlepem pa6otoi c omacHbIMH XHMWYeCKMMM peakTHBaMH (IeTO4aMH,
KMCHOTaMM M Ap.) COCTABBTe aH 9KcnepMMeHTa, HaleHBTe MepyaTKu,
3ALMTHBI WMTOK WIM O4KH.
14. TIpu paGote co crmprosKoli coGmomaiire cnenyioume mpaByia:
1) He 3axnraiire oMHy CIIMpTOBKy OT Apyroi, Tak KaK CIMpT MOxkeT
MPOMMTECA M BO3HMKHCT Moxap.
2) YroOsI noracuTs miaMa CHMpTOBKH, 3aKpoiiTe e& KoNTaIKOM.
15. TIpu paGore c anextponarpepatenem coOmouaiire cnenyroume npaBwa:
1) Tlepen skmovenvem snexrponarpesarena 6 certs mponepsre, He T0-
BpexLeHa JM M3ONALIMA QeKTPMYeCKOTO MpoBowa HarpeBatesa.
2) Ecam npv BKIIOYeHHM 31eKTPOHaTpeBaTeaA He MpOMcxoMMT HarpeBa-
He, CooOuMTe OG 3TOM yunTemD.
3) Hocne okoHyaHna paGorsl OTWUOYNTe sNeKTpoHarpeBatenb oT ceTH.
B coppeMeHHEIX YCHOBHAX MOABMTACh BO3MOKHOCTh MCCIEMOBATE CIO%K-
HBI€ XHMHYECKHE MPOUeCChI C MOMOLIbIO KOMITBIOTepHOTO SKCTepHMeHTa,
MOSBOHWLUETO MOdeAUpOsamb ToBeeHMe AaTOMOB M MOJeKYI, a TakxKe Ha-
XOMMTb ONTHMAIbHbI€ CHOCOObI MOYYeHHA HOBBIX BeLIECTB C OMpeeEHHbI-
MM CBONCTBaMH. 1
E
€ Hay4Hbie Memodbi:
ModenupoBaHue
© noaymaii, omaemp, avinonsu...
1. Kaxve ocHOBHBIe MeTOIBI MO3HaHMA, Mcromb3yemble B XHMMM, BAM
w3BecTHEI? KpaTko ommuite ux.
2. Onvumte dusnueckue cBoiicrBa: a) Men; 6) BOMB; B) COMM.
Tecmosbie 3adaHua
1. YcraHoBHTe coorBeTcTBHe MexKIy BellecTBaMM M MX CBOMCTBAMH.
1) mopoutox >eme3a A. Xopoulo npoBouuT aneKtpH4ectBo |
2) nopomiox cepsi B. uMeer xénTerit user
B. Meet TémHo-cepbiit UBeT
T. He cmaynpaetcs Bono
J. umeer Metasmueckult Geck
E, He MpoBouMT 21eKTpuuecKHit TOK
2. Uro6nr 136exKaTb pa3s6pbI3rMBaHHA CMeCH MIpM pasOaBeHMM KOH- |
UCHTPHPOBaHHOM CepHOM KMCIOTEI BOLOM, HYKHO
1) Bony B KMCHOTY 06aBIATh 110 KamiaM }
2) Bony B KMCIOTy HOGaBIATb cTpyiiKoii
3) KMcHOTY MOGaBIATS B BONY HeGOMbIIMMM TOpuMIMH
4) onHoppeMeHHO BIMBaTb BOY M KMCAOTY B ONMH cocya
3. Beput 2M cnenyiomme cykneHusa? |
A. Tipu pa6ote co cmMpToBKoli HeNb34 3axKMTaTb OXHY CMMpPTOBKy
oT Apyroit.
B. Bes yka3aHvad yunTeiaA Hewb3A CMeIIMBaTb HCM3BECTHBIC BELECTBA. —
1) BepHo ToNbKO A 3) 06a cyxkIeHHA BepHBI
2) BepHo TombKo B 4) 06a cyxKieHHA HeBepHbI
Ucnonb3ya aneKmpoHHoe npunoxeHue K yyebHUKy (§ 2), O3HAKOMbmecb
¢ domous06paxeruamu xumureckoz0 na6opamopHoz0 oGopydoBaHua.
Per
‘| sHalo npasuna GesonacHoi paborTe! B XMMM4eCKOM KaGuHeTe. @ Neped sbinonHeHuem npakmureckol pa6omb! ewe pas O3HaKOMbMeCb
¢ npasunamu mexHuKu GesonacHocmu (cm. § 2).
1. [ipwémer oGpamenua c aadoparopHeim urraTHBom (puc. 4). L1Ta-
TUB CAYKMT 1A 3akperLIeHMA NPMOOPOB MPH BEITIOTHEHMM OMbITOB. OH co-
CTOHT M3 MaCCMBHO/i YyryHHOM MoMcTaBKH, B KOTOpylO BBMHYeH CTepxeHb.
Ha crepxkHe Mp MOMOUIM 3axKHMOB 3aKpeIIMOT Wanky WIM KONBIUA.
Tipu 3akpermmenun B wtaTuBe Mpo6upKa JoOuKHAa GbITb 3axKaTa B JalKe
TaK, UTOGbI OHa He Bbillafaia H BMecTe C TeM 4YTOGbI eé MOXHO GbLIO Mepe-
apuratb. Kpenko 3axkaTad mpoOupka MOxeT JorHyTb. [Ipo6upKy 3axHMaloT
He Ha cepeaMHe, a oko0 oTBepcTua. Ia Toro yToObI BBIHyTb MpoGupKy
M3 UITATHBa, HYKHO ocqa6MTb BHHT.
Tipu 3akperenuu Ha WiTaTHBe CTaKaHa ero
CTaBAT Ha CreuMabHyl0 CeTKy, MOMeLUéHHYIO
Ha KONbUO WTaTHBa. Dapopopylo yaliiKy 10-
MeLUAIOT Ha KOAbLO WTAaTHBa 6e3 CeTKH.
CHvMute co mtaTHRa manky M1 KombuO, 3aTeM
cHoBa 3akpervte WX. 3akpenvtTe B Janke mpo-
OupKy B BeprHKaIbHOM NMOOXCHMM OTBePCTHEM
spepx. Ha O0HO KOJIbUO WITaTHBa MOOKHTE CeT-
Ky, Ha Heé Tloctaspte ctakan. Ha Bropoe Konb-
MO yoTaHOBHTe chapdoponyio vamiKy Ges ceTKH.
2. Tpuémer oOpaujenna co cnuprosKoil.
Cnmpropka cocrouT m3 pesepsyapa co crup-
TOM, (HTH, yKperLIeHHOTO B MeTAZLIMYeCKON
qpyOKe ¢ AMCKOM, M KosMa4Ka (pc. 5)
(CHMMHTe KOuIMAYOK CO CIMMpTOBKH, MpoBepb-
Te, TMIOTHO JIM AMCK Mpuneraer K OTBEPCTHIO pe-
3epByapa, MHaye CIIMpT B H€M MOXeT 3aropeTEcs.
Puc. 4. SlaGoparopHbii wra-
Twa: 1 — nopctaeka; 2—crep- 3@XTHTe CIIMpTOBKY CrMYKOH (HebIA 3axkuTaTh
-xeHb; 3 — KonbyO; 4 — 3axnm; e& OT Apyroli ropameit cnuprosKn!). Moracute
5 — nana CIMpTOBKY, HaKpBIB Tams KONTMAayKOM. Puc. 5. Crunprosxa: 1 — uTune: Puc. 6. Crpoenne
_2 — xonnayox; 3 — pesepsyap nnamenn |
3. Mayaenne crpoenua maiamenn. 3axrute crmprorKy u paccmorpute,
KaKoe crpoenme uMeet eé mama.
TIpv BHAMaTeIbHOM PacCMOTPeHHH B TWIaMeHM MOXHO pa3zIMYHTb TPM 3OHBI
(puc. 6). B nmxneit ero vaca (3) npovcxouuT cmeunpanue oSpasyloMnxcst
HpH ropeHuH ra3z0B c BosmyxoM. Eo ObICTpO BHeCTH B STY YaCTb TuTaMeHit
TOMOBKY CIMYKH Wi Mowepxarb e& HeKOTOPOe BPeMs, TO CHMYKa 3aropaeTcA
He cpazy. CyleqopaTenbHo, B 3TO#H YacTH TMaMeH TeMMepatypa HeBbICOKas.
Cpenuaa “acts miaMeHH (2) aBaseTca camoii ApPKOii. STO OGbaACHAeTCA
TEM, YTO 3NCCb MOM BIMAHMCM OTHOCHTEbHO BbICOKO! TeMMepaTypbI TIpo-
MCXOQMT paiOXKeHMe yMieposcosepxKallMXx NPOLYKTOB H OOpasyioutvecs 4a-
CTHUbI YN CHJIbHO HakayaiorcsA M M3uy4aloT cBerT.
Bo BHemnHeii yacTH niamenu (J) MpoMcxogHT MoMHOe cropaHHe ra30B
¢ o6pa30BaHveM ymekHicioro ra3a M BOB. BeneacTBHe 3TOrO TIaMsA B 3TON
waCTH HeCBeTALIcecA. 3uecb CaMad BbICOKas TeMMepatypa.
3apucyiire B Terpann crpoenue miamenu cumproBKu. Ha pucyHKe oGo-
3HAYBTe PaSIMYHBIe 3OHbI TIaMeHH.
@ Aa6opamopubii wmamus. Chupmoska. Npo6upKu. apioposaa yauiKa
Ucnonb3ya aneKmpoHHoe npusoxerue K yueHuKy (§ 3), paccmompume
pomous06paxxeHua HazpesamenbHbix npubopos.
JIMS
od
S| ymeto O6pauyateca c na6opaTopHbim uiTaTHEOM Mi cnMpToRKOl. © C KaKoii Yenbio Beujecmsa BbidenmIiom uz cmeceii?
© Kakue cnoco6b! pasdenenun cmeceii BaM usBeCmHbI? B KaKUX cny¥anx
ux npumenaiom?
Kaxktoe BeljecTBO MMeeT CBOM, XapakTepHEIe HMCHHO JIA HeTO CBOit-
crea, KOTOpHe B HanGouDUel CTeneHH NPoOABTAOTeA, TONBKO eciH Belle
CTBO SIBIAeTCA MPAaKTHYeCKM 4“UCMbIM, T. &. COMePKMT Mano Npumeceit.
B mpupose 4McTbIxX Be”eCcTB He ObIBaeT, OHM BCTPeyaloTcA MpevMylle-
cTrBeHHO B Bue cMecelt, Bo MHOrHX cHy¥adx CMeCH HeyerKO OTMYNTD
or uncrsix Beuecrs. Hanpumep, caxap, pacrropssach B Bole, oOpasyer
OMHOpoaHylo mo BHeWHeMy Buy cMecb. JlaxKe C MOMOLIbIO MHKpocKora
HeNb3A OGHAPYUTH YACTHLIbI BELMCCTB, BXOMUHX B 9TY CMecb. TakHe cMecn
Ha3bIBalOT 2OMOZEHHbLMU (ODHOPOMHBIMH).
Monoxo Ha nepBbili BSI TOKE KaKeTCA OAHOPOAHBIM BellecTBOM. Ox-
HAKO, €C/IM PACCMOTPETb KANO MONOKA TOA MUKPOCKONIOM, MOXHO YBUIeTb,
470 B Heli MlaBaeT MHOxKeCTBO MembuaiiuMx KaneteK %KMpa. EcnM DaTb Mo-
JIOKY MOCTOATb, TO 3TH KallenbKH COGbepyTcA B BEPXHeM Cjloe, OGpa3sys CAMB-
KH. Tloxo6rine HeoMHOpoNHBIe CMeCH Ha3bIBAIOT zemepozeHHoIMU cMecAMU.
Jlia xumuyeckwx s1aGoparopuii H MpoMBILUIeHHOCTH YacTo TpebyloTes 4H-
cTbie BeectTBa. Jia MOsyYeHHA YHCTbIX BEILECTB MCHO/L3yIOT pasyIMYHble CiO-
coGsI pasileneHus cMeceii. O3sHaKOMUMcs C STHMH crlocoGaMH Gonee TOpOGHO.
CI cnem ea
Src mate
Orcranpanne
a) OTcTavBaHHeM MOXHO pa3UeIMTb CMeCb HepaCTBOPHMBIX B Bose
BeeCTB, XapakTepH3yIOWIMXcA pa3sHolt MioTHOCTHIO. HanpyMep, *ee3HbIe
ONMIKH OT JpeBeCHbIX MOXHO OTMEHTb, CCAM HX CMeCb B3GOuTaTb C BOLOH
M TaTb oTcTosTEcs. XKene3sHble ONMAKM OMyckKaloTcA Ha HHO cocyma, a ape-
BECHBIC BCIUIBIBAIOT, H MX BMeCTe C BOOM MOXHO CAMTb (pHc. 7).
Ha 9ToM xe [IpHHUMMe OCHOBaHO pa3yeseHHe cMeceii mMasopacTBopu-
MBIX pyr B Apyre xHM—KocTei. Cmecn GeH3HHa C BONO, HET C BOLO,
PACTUTeMBHOTO Macia c BONOit 6LICTPO pacctanBaloTes, MOSTOMY UX MOKHO
Pa3MeETMTb C MOMOMIbO JeMMTeIbHOM BOPOHKH WIM KOOHKH (pH. 8). MHo-
Ta XHIKOCTH C pa3IMYHOH MIOTHOCThIO pasielAloT LeEHTpMdyrMpoBaHiem
(Tak OTMeHIOT CHMBKM OT MOJIOKA). a 6 8
Puc. 7. Otaenenie xKenesHbix onunok (1) oT ApeBecHEIx (2): 2 — BbICEINA-
Hue CMecn XeNesHbIX 1 APEBECHEIX ONMNOK B BOAY; 6 — pasneneHue cmecu
‘sone; 8 — cnusaHne BOMB! ¢ BCNAbIBWMMM APeBeCHLIMM CnUNKaMM B COCYA
6) OrctamBaHveM Takxe MOXHO pa3{CMMTb BCIICCTBA, KOTOPbIe OCaxK-
aawTcs B Bowe C pasMH4HO cKopocTEW. Ecam B3001TaTb B BOLE TIMHY
¢ MIpHMecbiO MecKa, TO MeCOK OcelaeT 3HAYMTebHO GLIcTpee (puc. 9).
TOT cnoco6 MCMOMb3YIOT WIA OTMeMeHMA MecKa OT TIMHEI B KepaMHye-
CKOM IIpOH3BOuCTBe (MPOH3BOCTBO KpacHbIX KMpMMYelt, MIMHAHOM MocyAb
M ap.).
@unerponanve. WPyiLTpoBAaHeM MOXHO pa3ieIMTb HeOAHOpO-
HY CMeCb paCTBOPHMBIX HM HepacTBOPHMbIX B Bose BeLecTB. Tak, Mt
a 6
Puc. 9. Boicbinaxve cmecu necka c ru-
Puc. 8 er rcTanganne sTolt cMecn
uc. 8. flenutenbHan BO} BbILeIeHHA MOBapeHHOH comm cMech eé
¢ TecKoM B3GanTbIBaloT B Boue. TosapeHHast
cob pacTBopsetca, a MmecoK ocemaeT.
Yro6sl OTIEIUTh HepacTBOpUMbIe YaCTHLLbI
OT pacrBopa, cMecb duubrpyiot (puc. 10).
Tlecok octaétea Ha dHaBTpoBambHOi Gy-
Mare, a Mpo3payHbiii pacTBop nmoBapeHHoli
COMM MIpoxozMT+4epe3 dusmETp. (PactBopéH-
HYIO MOBaPCHHY!O COub M3 BOI BbILETAIOT
BpINApHBAHHeM, cM. HVDKe.)
Jleiicrave Marnutom. C noMmollbio Mar-
HHTa BbUIeIAIOT M3 HeOMHOponHOl cMecn
BellecTBa, CNOCOGHBIe K HaMarHHwBaHHIo,
Hanpumep, Tak MOXHO pasieNMTb CMecb TO-
Puc. 10. Punstposanue POLIKOB 2Keyle3a M Cepbl.
eal
Jla6opatopupii ompit. PaszeneHue cMecu, cocTosuei m3 mo-
POLIKOB 2eNIe3a Hi CepbI
1) Ha oamn anctouex Gymaru Hacpinste mpuMepHo | cm? nopoul-
Koo6pa3Hoi cepbl, a Ha Apyroii — cToAbKO xe NMopoLKOOGpa3sHoro
2keme3a (HIM >KeNIeSHBIX OTIHIOK).
2) OrMmetTe UBeT 9THX BeLIeCTB.
3) Cmemaiire mopourku cepbl HW 2xxee3a, OTMeTBTe UBeT STON
cmecn.
4) [[popepste geiicTaMe MarHuta Ha nmonyyeHHylO CMecb. E
© Ha ochosannn HaGmonenuii cnenaitre BEIBOM: Ha KAaKOM CBOicTBe —
2Kee3a MH Cepbl OCHOBaHO pasueyleHHe HX CMecH? A
Cnoco6b! Bbigenenva BeWWeCTB M3 OAHOPOAHOM (romoreHHoOii) cmecn
Bsmapusanne. Kpucrasan3zauns. Ur06s1 pacrropéHHoe BeutectBo, Ha-
TIPHMep MOBapeHHyW COM, BLUIEIMTE M3 pacTBopa, NociewHHii BLINapHBalwT
(pe. 11). Bona ucnapsetes, a B cbapdoposoit yamiKe octaéres TlopapeHHaa
comb. Anoria NpHMeHAIOT yilapMBaHHe, T, €. YaCTHYHOe HcMapeHMe BOB.
B pesyabrare oOpa3yetca Goulee KOHIEHTPHPOBaHHBIM pacTBop, NpH OxsaxK-
AeHMM KOTOPOrO pacTBOpéHHOe BellIeCTRO BEITeNAeTCA B BHe KPHCTALIOB.
Sror mpouecc noryaM HasBaHMe Kpucmanausayuu. Puc. 11. BiinapugaHue Puc. 12. Quctunnayna
Aluctuansauna (neperoHKa) — 970 cnoco6 pa3iieeHHA OJHOPOMHBIX CMe-
celi nyTém ucnapeHHa eTyYMx XMIKOCTe/ ¢ MoceLylouleli KOHZeHCaUMeH
WX MlapoB. OH OcHOBaH Ha pa3iHYMH B TeMMepaTypax KuMeHMa pacTBopH-
MBIX pyr B pyre KOMMOHeHTOB.
Takum cnoco6om nonyyaior AMCTWUIMpoBaHHylo Boy. Mia sToro Bony
© pacTBOpéHHBIMM B Hei BeLeCTBAMM KHIATAT B cocyne (puc. 12). O6-
PA3yIOUHeCA BOLAHbIE Mapbl KOHMeHCHpyIOTCA MPM OXTWKICHHM B ApyroM
cocyilé B BAe AMCTWLIMpOBAaHHO! BOLE.
OdHopodHbie U HeOOHOpOdHbie cmecu. Yucmble BeuyecmBa. OmcmauBaHue. )
unpmposanue. Bbinapusanue. Aucmunnayua
® Nodymau, omsems, BbINOAHU..
1. Tipu urenuu rexcra © pasueneHHM cMeceii B TerpamM cocTaBsre cxemy
Xee3HbIX OMWIOK; fr) BOLI H GeH3MHa. Kak pasienuTh 9TH cMecn? To-
sICHMTe, Ha KAKMX CBOVCTBAX KOMIIOHEHTOB CMECH OCHOBaHO HX pa3meTeHHe.
3. MoxkHO 1M QubTpOBaHHeM BbLICAMTh M3 pacTBOpa NOBapeHHy!O
comb? Touemy?
4. TIpemtoxute croco6 BbieeHHA TIMHBI M3 e€ CMecH C BOLO.
5. Kak, He ucnomb3ya Kakux-nu60 mpucnoco6ieHHii, MOXKHO OTICIHTb
CAMBKM OT MomOKa? Haiiaute B Mntepnete onpedenenve TepMMHa «LleH-
rpucbyruposanne>. Tecmosbie sadanua : = ao
1. BaiGeprite cxembi, H30Gpaxaloule COCTaB YMCTBIX BeLIeCTB.
»|ee% eo 28g RRB
2
eo ee ee|”
2. DurETpoBaHHeM MOXHO pa3ieIHTh CMeCh
1) Boul H caxapa
2) Bombl H NOBapeHHO! com
3) BOI MH yroMbHOM MbUIM
4) Boas MH cTOMOROTO yKcyca
3. Cmecb nopourkos xeNe3a H cepbl ABMACTCH
1) romorenHoit
2) rereporeHHoii
4, OuNcTHTb BOY OT MPHMecH NozCONHeYHOTO Maca MOXKHO
1) Bbinapupannem
2) cbusTpopannem
3) neperoHKoit
4) orcrampannem
5. YcraHoBuTe COOTBeTCTBHe MeXxily CMecbIO M criocoGoM eé pa3zicIcHHs.
1) pacrsop nospapeHHoii comm B BOT A. geiicrBe MarHuTOM
2) pacTBop Mesa B Boze B. c momo menmTebHON
3) cMecb xeNe3a H Cepbi BOpOHKH
4) cmecb BolbI H GeH3HHa B. sbinapnBanne
I. uastposanne
Vcnonb3ya anekmpoHHoe npunoxenue K y4e6HuKy (§ 4), o3HaKombmecb
C OCHOBHbIMU noHAMUAMU (pasden «CnoBaps») U ee C OdHUM cnocoboMm
pasdeneHua u akanuza cmeceli — xpomamozpacbueli (pasden «3mo UH-
‘mepecto»).
5] sHavo OCHOBHBIe CNOCOGEI pasneneHuA CMecel M Ha KaKMXx CBOMCTBAX KOM-
NOHEHTOB CMecK OCHOBAHO Ux pasneneHne. ®@ Kak MoxKHO O4UCMUMb OM NpuMeceli NOBapeHHyt COnb?
© fe ucnonsayiom dbunempe
© Kakue KomnbiomepHbie npozpammbl BaM U3BeCMHbI?
1. Pacrsopenne 3arpa3Hénnoi noBapeHHoi
coum (cMecb comm ¢ mecKoM). B crakan ¢ 3arpa3-
HéHHOM combo HaseiiTe mpuMepHo 20 Ma BOMbI.
Yro6s! ycKoput pacrsopenue, cozepxuMoe cra-
KaHa nepememlaiite CTeKIAHHOM matO4KO (OCTO-
POXHO, He Kacadcbh CTCHOK cTaKaHa). Ecan cob
He pacTBopmach, 0GaBAAiiTe NOHeMHOTY Boxy 10
TeX MOP, MOKA CONb HE pacTBOpHTCA.
2. Ounerka noayyennoro pacrBopa mpu m0-
Mou dbwibrpopanna. Jia w3roTopienua cumb-
pa .McTOK (yq.srpoRanbHOi SyMarn IMpHHOl
B Ba pa3a GombIe AMaMeTpa BOPOHKH ABAXKAbI
CHOKHTE MOMOaM, MIpHMepbre K BOPOHKe HM OT-
pexbre m0 Ayre Tak, 4ToObl Kpaii 6ymarn ObuL
Ha 0,5 cM HwxKe Kpad BOpoHKH (prc. 13). PacKpbi-
Tb CUABTp MOMecTHTe B BOPOHKY M CMOUHTE BO-
noi, pacnipaBete ero, YTOGKI OH MLIOTHO MPHMbIKaT
K BopoHKe. BopoHky BCTaBbTe B KOMBO UITaTHBA.
Koneu e€ fOuDKeH KacaTbCad BHYTpeHHei CTeHKH
cTaKaHa, B KOTOpOM coOupaetca OT*PHbTpOBAaHHBI
Puc. 13. Visrotos-
“Tene dunbTpa
pactnop. MyrHprii pactsop Haleiire Ha (HIBTp NO cTeKIAHHOM manouKe
(cm. puc. 10). B ctakaH creyét npospayHbtii dbwierpat.
3. Bemapupanne pacrsopa. [lonyuenupiii cbuab-
qpar peutelire B capdoposylo vaulKy HM MoctasbTe e&
Ha KoubuO uTaTHBa (cM. pric. 11). Harpesaiite vauiky
B TLMIaMeHH CHMpTOBKH, MepHoMuecKK MepeMeLIHBAA —\y, Gesonachoctn!
wawrpar s0 NomHOro Hcnapenns Bomb. Ha aHe yaLIKH
He 3a6pisaiite
© npasunax TexHy-
ocTaloTes KpHcTamHKH comm. MomyyeHHyo comb cpaB-
HHTe C MCxOnHOi. 4. Orgér o paGore ocbopmute B Bue TaOmMLbI.
5. Ocymiectavte qomMammuii 9KCHepHMeHT — BbIPacTHTe KPMCTAamIBI 0-
BapeHHO COJM WIM MeAHOrO KyMopoca, coGm01aa MpaBHsia TeXHHKH Gesorac-
Hoctu. Koncysibrauvio 0 DeTAAX MOCTaHOBKM OfbITa MOMyUHTe y YUHTe/LA.
6. Tlonrotopste mpesenTamMro cBoero MOMalITHero SkcriepHMeHTa.
‘On, enue
NPESEHTAUMA — ato AeMOHCTpauMOHHbie MaTepvanbI ANA ny6nm4HOrO BbI-
ctynnexna (coobweHus, AoKnana, neKun ut. 2.).
Tipexue 4em genaTh mpeseHTauuio, nogroToBKTe TeKcT cBoero coobuIe-
HMA M ompenenute, KakHe WLOCTpanMM (hororpadun, pucyAKu, rpadbuKu,
TaGNHUEI) BAM MOHATOGATCA WIA Toro, YTOOBI paccKa3aTb O xXoNe BalleTo
9KCIIepMMeHTa M 3aMHTepecoRaTh cmyiiateneit.
TlpeseHtauv0 MOXHO BBITIOJHHTb Ha KOMMbiOTepe HAH pa3MeCTHTb Ha
crenue. Komnoiomepxaa npezenmayua — 310 (palin, B KOTOpbIii BI CO-
OupaeTe MaTepuambt In BLICTYTNeHMA nepex aymuTopuelt. Dain npesen-
TalMM COCTOMT M3 NMOCHeMOBaTeIBHOCTH KalpoB, WIM craiidos. Cnaiiapi
MOXHO BBIBODHTb Ha 9KpaH KOMIMbIOTepa WIM CIIeIIMaTbHOTO MpoeKTopa TO
XOMY BBICTYILICHMA WIM Ke HarevaTaTs Ha OyMare MAM MpospayHoit néH-
ke. Tua cosmauma KoMnbiorepHblx npeseHTauMit cyulecTByIOT cneuMabHBIe
TiporpaMMEI. OgHa u3 Hux — PowerPoint u3 naketa Microsoft Office.
Ecam mpeseHtanmio Balllero BBICTYTUICHHA Bb pa3MelllaeTe Ha CTeHIe,
TO HasBaHHe paGorTbl M Apyrve 3arooBKK caenaiite vérKMMM M OCTaTOU-
Ho GONBUIMMM, YTOOKI HX MOXHO GbUIO MPOUMTAT ¢ paccTosHUs MpuMepHO
1M. But Moxere MpvknevTb BpIpesaHHble M3 GyMarn GyKBbI WIM HancaTh
BCe 3afONOBKH Mo Tpacbapety. Tom Ha3sBaHHem paGoTEI MOXKHO pacioloxKHTh
KOpOTKoe pesioMe TMpuMepHo u3 100 cioB, OOSACHAIOLIee CYTS BBICTYIUICHHA.
ee ea
S| MOry U3rOTOBUTb dunbTp, OTuNbTPOBATe PACTBOP, BbINApUTb PAcTBOp.
‘Sl ymeto nogroTosutb npesexTaunio coe paGotol. © BcnomHume U3 Kypcos zeozpaduu u cbusuku, Kakue u3MeHeHUA
Mozym npoucxodump c Bewecmsamu.
C BellecTBaMH MpOMcxOaaT pasIMYHble M3MeHeHMA, HaMpwMep: Boma HC-
Tapsietes, CTeKNO TLABHTCs, TOMIHBO cropaeT, MeTAIWIbI PKABeIOT MT. 1.
OTM W3MCHCHHA BeLIeCTB MOXHO OTHECTH M60 K (u3H4eCKHM, 1100
K XHMVYCCKHM ABIeHHAM.
oO Onpedenenue
SABNeHMA, NPM KOTOPbIX OObINHO VSMEHAETCA TONbKO arperaTHoe COCTOAHMe
BewecTs, HasbiBaioT DUSUYECKMMM ABIEHUAMU.
Tipumepsi (bu3vyeckux aABAeHM — TWlaBieHMe CTeKia, McMapeHue WAM
3aMep3aHHe BOIBI.
JlaGoparopupiit onwrr. [pumeps: uaiveckux spnennit
1) Tlomecrute B apcboponyio vameuky HeGombIOM KycoueK Tra-
paduna., Uaureyxy c mapacbuHoM Harpeiite B MlaMeHM CIMpTOBKH.
Tlocne pacrmapieHua napaduna MoryumTe mama crmprosKu. Korma
yallledKa OCTbIHeT, paccMOTpHTe Napabun.
© Yro npou3zoumi0 c napadbunom? K Kaku saBieHMAM caeqyeT OT-
HecTH W3MeHeHMs TlapadbuHa mpu Harpesanun? Orser oGocHyitre.
2) Bo3ssMuTe cTeKnaHHy!0 TpyGouKy (aMaMerp mpHMepHo 5 MM)
MW MoMectTHTe e€ cpegHIOlO YaCTb B TIaMa criMpToBKH. Tlocne Toro
KaK CTeKIO HaKAIHTCA, Nonbitaiitecb TpyGouky corHyTb mM pacTa-
HyTb. Bymbre ocTopoxHst ¢ TopayHM cTeKIOM!
© K KakuM SBACHHAM MOXHO OTHECTH TO, YTO MpOM3ONI0 co cTe-
KAAHHOM TpyOOIKOH? OrBeT oGocHytiTe. |
@O ‘Onpedenenue
SsneHvs, B PeaynbTaTe KOTOPHIX U3 AAHHbIX BeeCTS OOpasyioTcA Apyrne Be-
wectea, Hasbieaiot XMVYECKVMM SBSIEHMAMM: TIpM XHMHMECKHX ABJICHHAX MCXOMHIC BeLeCTBa TipeBpallaioTca B Opy-
THe BellecTBa, OGjalalouwMe ApyrMMM CBOiicTBaMH.
Tipumepsi xuMwruecKux sBneHMit — cropaHHe Toma, rHMeHMe opraHH-
YeCKHX BeIIECTB, PKABIEHHE >KEe3a, CKMCAHMe MouOKA.
EEEEEL
____ Jla6oparopuerii onpit. Mpumeppt xumuseckux aBileHnit
1) Hakanmte B miaMeHM cmMproBKH MedHyI0 IWIacTHHKy Wi
- mpososoxy. Buinere eé M3 IWIaMeHM M CHMCTHTe HOXOM 06pa30-
abuuniica yépHetit Hanét Ha KNO4OK GyMarM. OneiT noBTopuTe He-
/ CKOIbKO pas.
© Cpapunte cpoiicrsa o6paz0BaBlueroca 4épHOro MOpoOulKa HM MeTal-
sm4ecKoii Menu. Kakoe apieHme bbl HaGmioqaiM B 9TOM omEITe?
2) Haneiite B npo6upky | M1 mepoKcuma Bomopoma (anTeyHo! me-
PeKMCH BOLOpola) HM HaCbINIbTe HEMHOTO MapraHUOBKH (XMMHKH Ha3bl-
Bator eé MepMaHTaHaToM Kana). Mpoucxogut 6ypHoe BblleIeHHe ra3a.
Onycrute B npoGupxy Teuyio nyyMHKy. Oxa 3aropaerca.
© Kaxoii ra3 Bbidenmica? Kakne fmpv3HaKM MOLTBepxMal0T, ITO TIpo-
V30WWIM XMMHYeCKHe peak?
XVMMVYeCKe ABNEHVA UH@4e HaSbIBaIOT XAMMYECKMMM PeakunaMn.
Linea
Tipw3nakw xMMHyecKHx peaKuHii. O TOM, 4TO NpH XHMHYeCKHX peaK-
UMSX OHM BELUECTBA IIpeBpAlllalOTCA B MPYrHe, MOXHO CYAMTb MO BHEIHHM
TIpM3HakaM: 6oidenenuIo menaomel (UHOeda Ceema), U3ZMeHEHUIO OKpacKU,
nosenenulo 3anaxa, o6paz0eanuto ocadKa, abidenenuo 2a3a.
Muorue 43 yKa3aHHbIX NPH3HaKOB XMMM4ECKMX PeaKUMii BaM XOPOLIO
3HAKOMBI 13 MOBCeAHeBHOH %H3HH. HanpHMep, Takad XMMMYecKad peaKUMs,
Kak TOpeHMe, COMpoBoxMaeTCA BULEEHMeM TeIIOTEI HM CBeTa. PeakuMa ra-
WeHHA MMTbeBO COMBI YKCYCHOI KHCTOTOM COMpoBOxuaeTCH BbUeeHMeM
yrieKnesoro ra3a.
YenoBuA BOSHMKHOBeHHA M TeYeHHA XHMMYeCKHX peaKUHii. Bcem
M3BECTHO, YTO MOsCHO TpyiHee MOMKeYb, YeM NyaMHKy. Ewé Tpyanee 3aro-
PaeTCH KYCOK IIA, YFOAbHAM XKe TUT BOCTIAMeHseTCH AeTKO M MHTCHCHB-
HO cropaeT, HHOTZa CO B3pbIBOM. YeM 3TO MOXHO OGBACHUTH? OxKasbiBact-
cA, 4TO JIA Ha¥ana MHOTMX XHMMYCCKUX peakUMii HeEOOXOAMMO NPHBeCTH
B TecHoe COMpHKocHoBeHHe pearnpyioume BewectBa. [ix sToro ux M3-
MeJbYaIOT H MepeMeMIMBalOT; TIAL CONMPHKOCHOBEHHA pearHpyloulUx BeLECTB TPM 3TOM yBenMuMBaeTcs. HanGorzee TOHKOe ApoONeHMe BerlecTB
NpOUCXOLHT Mp MX pacTBOpeHHM, NOSTOMy MHOTHE peakUMH NpOBOAT B
pacTBopax.
VisMenbuenue i nepeMeniMBaHHe BellecTB — TOKO OHO M3 yerOBHit
BOSHUKHOBeHH XMMHYecKOii peakuMM. Tak, MpH COrpHKOCHOBeHHM Ape-
BECHLIX OMMJIOK C BO3LYXOM MPH OGBISHOIi TeMrepatype OMHTKH He 3aropa-
jores. [lta Toro uToGpr Havalack XUMHMYeCKA PeaKIMs, BO MHOFUX cIyYasx
HeOOXOMMMO HarpeBaHHe BeLIIECTB 10 OMpeteréHHOM TeMrepatypbl.
Cnenyer pa3iWyaTb MOHATHS M . Tak, HanpuMep, YTOGBI Hayaroch ropeHue,
HarpeBAaHHe HYKHO TONbKO BHAYATe, a 3aTeM PeaKIMA MpOTeKaeT C BbUIEIC-
HMM TerLIOTBI M CBeTa, M ManbHeiiiee Harpepanne He Tpeyetca. A B ciy-
yae pa3TOXCHMA BOMB MIPHTOK SeKTPHYECKO 3HEPrHM HEOGXOMMM He TOBKO
WWI Havala peaKUMM, HO i Ut NambHeiimero e& npoTeKanna.
(© Bancian unopwayua)
Baxkveiiwue yonosua BOSHUKHOBeHMA XUMMYeCKMX peakLIMA — STO:
1) TuWlaTenbHOe UsMenbYeHHe V nepeMeWMBaHie BeLWeECTS;
2) npensapvTenbHoe Harpepaine BeWecTs NO onpenenéKHON Temneparypbl.
3uauenne cbuswueckHx WH XHMHYeCKHX ABAeHHI. M3 Kypca %*KM3HEMEATEBHOCTH.
C usuyeckue ABneHUuA. XuMUYeCKUe ABNeHUA (XUMUYECKHe peakYUU) ) © oaymaii, omsemb, svinonnu... a"
1. Cpapnure dusnueckue u xuMHuecKHe ABieHus. OrBeT mpowuuocrpH-
pylite KONKpeTHBIMH MpHMepamn.
2. 3anomHute TaGmMny, wcnompaya Balt xXV3HeHHDII obit. Pesymsrar
o6cyauTe ¢ cocefom mo nape.
3. KakoBbl ycOBH4 BO3HHKHOBeCHHA HM TeYeHHA XMMHYCCKHX peaKUMii?
Tlonb3yach 3HaHMAMM M3 KypCoB (PU3MKM M reorpadMM M Ha OCHOBe CBOeTO
2XU3HeHHOTO onbiTa mpuBeauTe 3—4 MpuMepa XHMHYECKMX ABIeHM MH OMH-
IUMTe Mpw3HaKM MX MpoTeKaHMs.
Tecmospie sadaHun é Peers
1. K @usnueckum aBnenuaM He oTHocHTca
1) 3aMep3aHMe BODBI 3) ropenne GeH3HHa
2) miaBnenne alioMHHna 4) ucitapenne BomBI
2. K xuMiueckuM ABIeHHSIM He OTHOCHTCH
1) pkapnenne >xee3a 3) ropenue 6eH3HHa
2) mouropanne nun 4) ucnapenve Boubr
Vchonbaya anexmpoxHoe npunoxeHue (§ 6), npowumalime 8 pasdene «3mo
uKMmepecHo» Cmambi0 06 anxumuu. Npocmompume Budeomamepuanbl, un-
AOCMpUpyIowjUe MpUsHAKU XUMUYECKUX peaKMUil.
te
eau
‘A mory no BHEWHUM mpvsHakaM onpemenvTb, npousouNna nu xumMuyeckan
peakuus. © Mosmopume no yue6HUKy cpusuKU pasden «MepsoHayanbHbie eth
cBedeHUuA Oo CmpoeHUU BeWjecmBar.
© KaKumu onbimamu MorxKHO BoKazamb, umo cywjecmeyiom amombl
uw monexynvi?
BosHuKHOBeHHe MpedcTaBienHit oO aTomax H MoueKysax. J[peBHe-
Tpeyecknii dunoco Temoxput 2500 net Ha3say MpeaMoMOXM, YTO Bce Tema
COCTOST H3 MeNbYAHIIMX, HEBMIMMBIX, HeTeIHMbIX, BeTHO DBMKyUIMxcA da-
cTmm — aToMos. B mepesone «aToM» o3HavaeT «HenenHMBlit».
YueHve 0 MoseKyslax U aTOMaX B OCHOBHOM 6bUIO pa3paGoTaHo B XVIII—
XIX Bs. Benuknit pycckuit yuéupii M. B. JIomonocos yrsepxklal, YTO Tena
B Mpupome cocTosT M3 Kopmycky1 (MovleKy), B COCTAB KOTOPBIX BXOJAT
geMeHTBI (aTOMBI). MHoroo6pa3ve BellecTB yuéHbIit OGbaAcHAN coemMHe-
HMeM Pa3HBIX aTOMOB B MOJeKYaX M pa3IMYHBIM pactionoxKeHHeM aTOMOB
B HMX. YIMBHTeIbHO BepHO MU CMeNOM 118 TOTO BPEMEHM OKa3AaCb MBICIIb
M. B. JloMoHocopa 0 TOM, 4TO HeKOTOpbIe KOpmycky/bI (MOseKyIbI) MOryT
COCTOATh H3 ONMHAKOBBIX 3/1eMeHTOB (aTOMOB).
OcHoBonosIOXHHKOM aTOMHO-MOueKyIAPHOTO yueHHA
MPHHATO CYMTATb U3BeCTHOTO aHTIMiicKoro yaéHoro JbKo-
Ha Jlansrona. Tem He MeHee HekoTOpbe MpescTaBIeHHA
06 aToMax M MONeKyaX, BbICKa3aHHbIe JIOMOHOCOBbIM 3a
TlomBeka 40 JlanbroHa, OKa3aiMcb Gomee ZOcTOBepHEIMH,
HayuHbimu. Hanpumep, axmuiickui yuénsiii orpnuart
BO3MOXHOCTb CYLIECTBOBAHHA MomeKy1, O6pa30BaHHEIX
OJMHaKOBBIMH aTOMaMH.
ATOMHO-MOIeKyIAPHOe YYeHHe OKOHYATeIbHO GBUTO
MIpH3HaHO TObKO B 1860 ©. Ha BceMHpHOM cbe3le XH-
MHKOB B Kapsicpy9.
Arompt uw MoseKymbt. Moocxo au onsimieim nymém
dokazamb, 4MO MojeKyAbl cocmoam u3z amomoe?
To, 4TO aTOMbl AciicTBMTeIbHO cyllecTByIoT, nog-
TBepxJalOT MHOrMe XHMHYeCKMe peakuMH. Tak, Harpy-
Mep, IIPH MponyckaHHM MOCTOAHHOTO 371eKTpHYeCKOrO
Toka yepe3 Bomy* (puc. 14) B tpy6Ke 7 mpuopa coou-
paeTcs Ta3, B KOTOPOM Te1OUlad JTYYMHKa APKO BCIIBIXH-
Puc. 14. Annapat ana
RBRIOOHMR, BOREL 6 2 os
* Tan siekrpwuecKoit MpOBONMMOCTH B BOTY NOGABIAWT HEMHOTO WENOYH WIM KMCOTSI. BaeT. Sto kuclopox. B tpyGKe 2 coOupaetca BuBOe Gombille rasa, KOTOpbIii
3aropaeTca OT 3axXX€HHOM AyYMHKU. DTo Bogopon. [pouecc pasioxenua
BOLL CIOKHEI. B ympouéHHOM Bue ero MOKHO MpelcTaBuTh Tak. Mo-
Jekys1a BOW OGpa3zonaHa JBYMs ATOMAMM BOOPOlla H ONHMM aTOMOM KHC-
mopona. [pu nponycKaHH MOCTOAHHOPO SJICKTPHYeCKOrO TOKa Yepe3 BOY
MOJIeKyJIbI BODbI paciadaiorca. M3 mByx MONeKysI BoOMbI OOpasyeTcA ona
ABYXATOMHAd MOMEKY1a KHCIOPOMa HM ABE ABYXATOMHBIC MOJEKYIbI BOLOPOa:
Pr-ss &
Monekynbi Bone! monekynbi = Monekyna
Bonopona —kicnoponia
(Ha 3TOM pHcyHKe aTOMbI KHCNOpola ycNOBHO W306paxcHbI B BHA Kpy-
>KOUKOB romy6oro UBeTa, ATOMbI BOLOpOda — B Be Cepo-romyObIx KPyXO4KOB.)
TakvM 06pa30M, MOJIeKY!IbI MOTT COCTOSTh KaK M3 OMMHAKOBLIX aTOMOB
(HanpHMep, MoNeKyIBI KMCTOpora, MOmeKy.bI BOOpOa), TAK H M3 pasHbIx
aTOMOB (HalIpHMep, MOJICKYJIbI BOLbI).
Kaxknoe oTmes1bHo B39T0e BEWeCTBO COCTOHT M3 OMMHAKOBBIX MomeKy.1. Ha-
MIPUMEp, BELECTBO BOA COCTOHT H3 MONeKYZ BOI. PasMepbl MOJIeKY. BOI
OYeHb MaJIbI, MOSTOMY MaKe M@JICHbKas KallevbKa BOMbI COePKUT OrPOMHOe
KOMMYECTBO MONeKY.I, KOTOPbIe MMCIOT OUMHAKOBIe COCTaB M CBOMICTRA.
(D onpedenenue >
MONIEKY/IbI — sto Menbyaiiue YacTuubl MHOrMXx BeLYWeCTB, COCTaB U XuMU4e-
ckue CaoicTBa KOTOPbIX Takue Xe, KaK y MAHHOTO BeLIECTBA.
BaokHaa unbopmayun -
Monekynbi np xnmnueckinx peakunax pacnanaiores, 7. @. OHM ABNsIOTCA XMMM-
4ecki AenMMbIMM YacTuyaMM. Monekynbl COCTOAT 43 aToMoB.
Cuenyer uMeTb B BMAY, UTO CyleCTRYIOT TAKXKE BeIeCTBa, COCTOSIIMe 3
OTAeABHBIX OAMHAKOBLIX aTOMoB. MenbyalilIMMM YacTHuaMH, CoxpaHsIouln-
MM XapaKTepHbIe XUMHYCCKMe CBOHICTBA TAKHX BeIIECTB, ABIIOTCH aTOMLI.
Tak, M3 OTICMbHBIX aTOMOB CocTosT OnaropogHble ra3zbi — reli, HeOH, ap-
TOH 1 Ap. ATOMBI B OTTHUMe OT MOueKY B XONe XHMMYCCKMX peaKIMit He
nenrtca Ha Gomee MesKMe YacTH.
(OD onpedenenue >
ATOMbI — 970 menbyaiiwue xuMu4eCcKH HeAeNvMble YaCTMUbI BeLeCTBA. Zlonroe BpeMa C4YHTAIH, YTO ATOMbI ABIAIOTCA MpeLeOM HEMMMOCTH Be-
uiecTBa HM 4TO B Mpupone Gonee MenKHX YacTHU He cyulecTByet. OnHaKO
B konue XIX—nauane XX B. Gbi10 OGHapyxeHO, YTO ATOMbI COCTOAT M3
emé Gonee MeIKHX YaCTHU. STH YaCTHUbI GbLIM Ha3BaHbl a2emenmapHoimu
yacmuyamu.
B ueHTpe aTOMa HaXxO{HTCA NMONOKMTeETbHO 3apsDKeHHOe
20p0, BOKPYT KOTOPOTO HaXoAsTCH OTPHLATENBHO 3apsKEHHBIE cm. §52
yaCTHIbl — a21eKmponol. 3apA 9eKTPOHa MIPHHATO CYMTATb
paBHbim —l.
SLIpo atoMa, B CBOIO O4epeNb, TAKKE COCTONT 3 S1eMeHTapHBIX YaCTHLL.
B cocTaB sep aTOMOB BXOAAT MOMOKUTEBHO 3apsXKEHHbIC YaCTHUbl —
npOMoHxb! Mi YACTHLUbI, MMeIOULMe MOUTH Takylo %e Maccy, Kak MIPOTOHDBI,
HO He MMcIOUlMe 3apalla,— Helimponol. 3apad MpoTOHa YMCeHHO paBeH
3apaly QI€KTPOHA, HO MMCCT MPOTMBOMONOXKHbIM 3HakK (+1).
(OD Bancian undopmayaa)
B HeitpanbHom aTOMe 4UCNO NPOTOHOB pasBHO 4UCHY SNeKTPOHOB.
Hanpumep, atom Boopona cocTowT M3 spa, B KOTOpOM HaxOuHTCA
TONKO OHH MPOTOH, M OAHOFO SNeKTpoHa. ATOM Tema cocTOMT m3 spa,
B KOTOPOM HaXOMATCsH Ba TIpOTOHa
HM Ba HeiiTpoHa, M AByX ameKTpOHOB.
ATOM JIMTHA COCTOMT M3 ALpa, B KOTO-
POM HaXOMaTCA TPH MpoToHa H YeTEIpe
HeiitpoHa, mM Tpéx aneKTpoHoB. Crpo-
eHMe ApyrHx, Gomee ciOx%KHBIX aTOMOB
MBI PpaCCMOTPHM T103xKe.
Vionsi. Oxun atomst, Baanmoneii-
cTBya C JpyrMMM aTOMaMM, MOryT Te-
PATh WIM, HaoGopor, mpHooperars
OMMH WIM Gonee oeKTpoHoB. B pe-
aymbraTe 9NeKTpwuecKH HefirpamDHbrit
aTOM Mpeppalllaercs B 3aps>keHHYIO Ya-
cruuy — von. Ecnu atom Teper ome
WIM HECKOJIbKO 93/IEKTPOHOB, ero Ha-
SbIBAIOT NOAOKCUMEALHO 3apAWEHHoLM
uoHOM. ATOM, HOTIOJHMTeNbHO TIpHico-
CIMHMBUIMi ONMH WIM HECKOIbKO 9/ICKTPOHOB, Ha3bIBAIOT ompuuamenbHo
3apAMKCHHbIM UOHOM, TIPOTHBOMIONOXHO 3aps2xKCHHBIC MOHBI NPHTATMBAIOTCH
apyt K Apyry. € Amombi. Monekynbi. Vorbi. Npomoxbi. Heiimponbi. Jnexmpoubi e
® Nodymaii, omeems, BbINOAHU. 2
1. Tlonroropsre KoMmbiorepHy! mpeseHTaumwo (cm. §5) lo Teme «Poms
M. B. JIoMonocopa vw Jk. JlambToHa B co3aHHM aTOMHO-MoyeKyApHOroO
yueHHs».
2. Kakwe omits, M3BeCTHbIe BaM H3 KypcoB ()H3MKM M XMMHH, TOn-
TBEPKMAOT CHeTYOUIMe MOAOKeHMA: a) BEIECTBA COCTOAT 3 MOMeKYII;
6) MoaekysbI O6pa30BaHbI aTOMaMit?
3. Wem pasimuaiotca NOHATHA «ATOM» M «MOseKysa>?
4. OGbacHuTe du3syecKHe ABICHMA MCXONA M3 NpencTaBreHHit 06 aTOM-
HO-MOMeKYAAPHOM CTpoeHMM BeuLecTBa. [IpuBeauTe mpuMepsi.
5. O6pacnvte c mo3sMuMii aTOMHO-MomeKyIApHOTO yueHHs: a) HcnapeHHe
BOUbI; 6) pasioKeHMe BOTbI Od AeicTBMeM MOCTOAHHOTO 3/leKTPHYECKOTO TOKA.
6. Kakue 2ieMeHTapHble 4YaCTHLbI BXOLAT B COCTaB Apa aTOMa?
7. B KaKOM cmyyae aTOM 3meKTpoHelirpaneH?
8. Kak o6pa3yloTcd MOOKMTENbHO M OTPULAaTeIbHO 3aps2KeHHbIe MOHEI?
eu soup sth nse nna
Tecmosbie 3adanua ‘ itech A
1. Bepxsi 2 cnremyroulme cyxmeHHa 0 MomeKynax? i
A. Monexyzbl sBI910TCA XHMMYCCKH AeMMBIMH YaCTHUaMH. i
5B. Monekystbt cocrost 43 aToMos.
1) BepHo TomBKO A 3) Beprt o6a cyxnenus
2) BepHo TombKo B 4) 06a cyxkieHMa HeBepHEI j
2. YeraHopure coorseTcTBHe MexMY Ha3BaHHeM 3eMeHTapHOit waCTHUBI |
Me 3apsmom.
1) mpotox A. -1 |
2) Heiirpon B. +1 |
3) omexrpon : B.0 |
Mpoyumatime kHuezy B, UW. Acmadyposa «M. B. JomoHocos: Ona cAaBbi
Hapoda pocculickozo» (M.: Npocsewerue, 2001).
rT
SI stato, Kak yoTpoeH atom. © BcnomHume, 8 KaKUX azpezamHbix cocmonHuAx Mozym
cyuyecmBosamb sewecmea.
BeulecrBa MOryT CyleCTBOBaTb B Tpéx Gepeeamubix cOCMOAHUAX: Ta30-
o6pa3HOM, XMIKOM H TBépnoM. Hampumep, cyulecTByeT BOnAHOH Map (Bona
8 ra3006pa3HOM arperaTHOM cocToaHHM), KWIKaa Bola Hq (Bona B TREp-
JOM arperaTHOM COCTOSHHH).
B 2a3006pa3HoM COCMOAHUU BEICCTBO CyUleCTBYeT B BHC OTICIbHBIX
wacTH (MoseKys1, ATOMOB WIM HOHOB). PaccroaHMe Moxy YacTHUAMH B ra-
3aX HAMHOFO ipeBbIllaer pa3Mepbi 3THX YacTHU. B 9TOM cuy¥ae CHIBI B3a-
HMHOTO MIPHTKEHMA MEXMY YACTHUAMM HaCTONbKO caGbI, ITO MMH MOKHO
mpeHe6peyb. Yactuubl B ra3006pa3HbIX BelleCTBaX JBMXKYTCA C O4CHb GOsb-
WIMMM CKOpOCTAMHM H Heyropaso4eHHoO (xaoTHyecKH).
B oeudkocmax paccTosHie Mey OTICIbHBIMM YaCTHUaMH HaMHOTO:
MeHBLUC, MOSTOMY CHJIbI B3aMMHOTO MPUTSDKeHMA MexXIy HMMM cylecTBeH-
HO Gombule, 4eM B ra3ax. CKOpocTb XaOTH4eCKOrO NepeMeLeHHs YacTHL
B XXHJIKOCTAX HaMHOTO MeHbule, 4eM B Ta3aXx.
YacrTHlbl, cocTraBlaloune meépdoe meno (aTOMbI, MOJKYIbI HIM MOHBI),
TUIOTHO yiaKOBaHbI HM CoBepulaloT KONeGaTeMbHBIe TBMKeHHA. Pa3smMyaioT
KpHcTammMueckve WM aMopdubie TREpable Tesla.
Kpucrasmueckne semectsa. Jia KpHcTaimm4eckuXx BelllecTB XapaK-
TepHO yMOpAOYeHHOe PactionoOxeHHe YACTHIL, M3 KOTOPBIX OHH COCTOAT.
Hanpumep, cHeXHHKa MMeeT CoBeplleHHylo opMy Grarouapa TOMy, ¥TO
MOJIEKYbI BOAbI, M3 KOTOPbIX OHA COCTOHT, pacriovaraioTes ynopsO¥eHHO
lO OTHOWeHMIO Apyr K apyry. Kpuctamabi comm, caxapa, cepbl, ropHoro
XpycTaia, aIMa3a TaKKe MMeCIOT TEOMETPHYCCKH TpaBHJIBHYIO (popMy.
TIpasunpuan dopma Kpuictanios oGycnopteHa ocobeHHOCTAMH MX BHY-
TpeHHero crpoeHua. B KpHcTamax MOHBI, aTOMbI WIM MOmeKYIbI pacrio-
AOX€HBI B ONpevereHHOM nopsuke, Ha onpeaenéHupixX paccroaMMax apyr
oT apyra. Sto HalloMMHaeT pellérky C YepelyIOWIMMMcA ya1aMn.
(D onpedencnue >)
COBOKynHocTb TOYeK NpPOCTPaHCTBa, B KOTOPRIX pacnonaraloTcaA YaCTUUBI,
o6pasyiowme KpucTann, HasbisaioT KPACTASIIMYECKON PEWETKON. B saBvcMMocTH OT TOrO, KaKHe YACTHIIbl HaXOMATCA B y3aX 9TO! pe-
WETKH, pasTHyaloT amomnbie, MoAeKyARpHbIe Mi UOHHDIe Kpucmanauueckue
pewémKu. Vispectust 1 Memanauueckue Kpucmanauueckue pewémxu (Bb
6ynere w3yuarb ux B 9 Kuacce).
Aromubie Kpuctasumueckue pemérkn. B y31ax
ATOMHBIX KPHCTaJWIMYeCKMX pelléTOK HaXxO_ATCH OT-
.
Puc. 15. Pacnonoxe-
Hue atomos yrnepona
8 KpucTannax anmasa—
Puc. 16. Pacnonoxe-
Hie aToMos yrnepoga
B KpucTannax rpaduTa
Puc. 17. Kpuctannu-
veckan pewérka vona
ebHbI¢ aTOMbl. STM aTOMbI MOryT pacnoyaraTEca
B MpoctpaxcTse m0-pa3sHomy, nosTomy u dopma KpH-
cTammo0B 6biBaeT pa3zmM4HoH. Hanpumep, B y3lax KpH-
cTauM4ecKMx pewléToK amma3a (pic. 15) u rpaduta
(puc. 16) HaxoasTes aToMsI yriepoma, HO 13-3a pa3-
JMYHOPO pacnoIOKeHHA aTOMOB KPHCTALIbI aMasa
Mt rpacbuta uMelor pasnyio dbopy.
Monexyaapusie Kpcranmmueckne pemérkn. B y3-
Jax MONeKYNAPHBIX KPHCTALIMUECKUX pelIeTOK HaxomsT-
ca Mostekysit. Hanpvmep, B yalax KpHcTarumtyecKolt pe-
WETKM Hola HaxogATcH Mo/eKyIbI Moma (pc. 17).
Vonme xpucranimueckue peuérxu. Taxne pe-
weTKM XapakTepHbI WL MOHHEIX coemmHennii. B y3nax
HOHHBIX peléTOK HaXOLATCA MPOTHBONOMOXHO 3apsrKeH-
HBI¢ HOHBI. THIMUHBIMH TIpenCTaBHTeAMM HOHHBIX CO-
enuHeHuit senuores com. Hanpumep, B yaiax Kpucran-
aMueckoli pewérkm XIOPHJa HaTpHsA (MOBapeHHOHt comm)
HaXOUATCA MOHBI HaTPMA M XTOpPHA-HOHBI (pyc. 18).
B xmopuae HatTpia KaxkIbIii MOH cBa3aH (B Tpéx
MePMCHAMKY.APHBIX TLIOCKOCTAX) C INECTBIO TIPOTHBO-
TIOOKHO 3apsPKCHHBIMH HOHAMH, OTH HOHbI HaXOLATCA
Ha ODMHAKOBBIX paccTOAHMsX Apyr oT Apyra, oGpasys
Kpuctanmbt Ky6uyeckoit cbopmEl. B KpvcTaiax moBa-
PeHHOH COMM OTMENbHBIX MOJICKY XJIOPHa HaTpHA He
cyutecrByer.
Amopupie seuecrBa. CyulecrsyeT socTaTouHO
MHOrO TBEpAbIX BeLCCTB, YACTHLbI KOTOPBIX, MOOGHO
WaCTHUaM B Ta3aX M XXMMIKOCTAX, pacnomoxeHbl Heyrio-
panoyeHHo (xaoTM4eckH). Takve BellleCTBa Ha3bIBaloT
amopdnomu. Ceoiictsa KPHCTALIMYeCKUX 1 aMOp@HbIX
BellecTB cyulecTBeHHo paziuaiotca. Hanpumep, ecam
mo60e KpHCTAUIMYecKoe BelLeCTBO MMeeT onpenenéH-
Hylo TeMMepatypy M1aBieHHa, TO aMOp*HEIe BelllecTBa
eé He MMcIOT. Pa3iM4HTb KpHCTaIMYecKHe H aMOp@HBIe BeleCTBa MOXHO, eCIM
MOMBEPrHYTb MeXaHMYeCKOMY BO3IevICTBHIO: HaNpHMep, YlapHTb MOJOTKOM.
EciM akkypaTHO pa3OUTb KyCONKU MoBapeHHoli comM, cepEl WH rpadu-
Ta, TO MOXHO 3AMeTHTb, YTO OHM pacKaTbIBalOTCA Ha MeJIKHe KPHCTAIIBI,
vMelollve onperenéHHyo cpopmy. Tak BeayT ceGa KpHcTaIMyecKue BeLe-
cTBa. AMOpdHbie BelIeCTBa, HANPHMep CTeKIO, Np ylape paccbilaiwTca Ha
OCKOIKH, He MMeIOUIMe oNpeZeNéHHO cbopMbl.
Bewecrsa MoueKyiapHoro MH HeMOeKyIApHoro cTpoenus. Bce Be-
W€CTBA MOXHO pa3iCITb Ha Be GONbIIMe rpyribl: BeLeCTBAa, MMeIOUMe
MONIEKYIAPHOC CTPOCHHe, M BeIIeCTBa C HEMOMCKYAAPHEIM CTpOeHHeM.
(@ onpedenenie >
Bewjectga, KoTOpbie COCTOAT M3 MoneKyn, — 9TO BeLecTBa MOJIEKYIAPHOTO:
CTPOEHMA.
(A onpedenenue >)
Bewectsa, KOTOpble COCTOAT M3 ATOMOB WIM MOHOB, OTHOCAT K BeLECTBAM
HEMONIEKYNAPHOrO CTPOEHMA.
BeulectBa ¢ MOJKYIAPHEIM M HEMOJEKYIAPHBIM CTPOCHHeM CYLIeCTBCH-
HO paaiMuaioTcs IO cBoMM cBoiicTBaM. Urobb! paciiaBuTb BeLeCTBO, He-
oG6xonMMO pa3pyIVTb ero KpucTanmmueckyo peuléTky. Oxa3bIBaeTca, YTO
B KDPHCTaIMecKOH pelléTKe CBA3H MexKy MOJIeKyJlaMH ropa3l0 ciaGee,
4eM CBA3M M@KIY aTOMaMH WIM HoHaMH. [losromy,
aK MpaBW10, BeIeCTBa C MONeKy:IpHBIM CTpoeHH-
eM MMeIOT HU3KHe TeMMeparypbl TiaBleHMa H KMITe-
Hwa, Takue BelecTBa YacTO NeTyaH M MMeIT 3amax.
BeulecTBa © HeMOJCKYIAPHbIM CTpoeHHeM MMeIOT
BBICOKHe TeMMepatypbI TWIaBNeHMA M KUNeHHs. STH
BemlecTBa TREpable, HeNeTyYHe M He MMeIOT 3araxa.
Mookno au no dusuueckum ceolicmeam eewe-
cmea onpedeaumb, Kakoe cmpoentte ono umeem —
moneKyaspHoe unu HeMoneKyaapHoe? BeulecTBa
C MONEKYIIPHBIM CTPOCHHeM TIpH OOBITHEIX ycTOBH-
aX — 9TO ra3bl (KUCHOpOM, BOMOPO, a3z0T HM Ap.),
XKWIKOCTH (Bola, CIMpT, 2bMp M Op.) WIM jerkKo-
IaBKue TBEpabe BeUlecTBA, TAKE, KAK KPHCTAUI- ye, 4g, Kpncrannive-
yeckas cepa (Temmepatypa ruianieHHt OKOTO 113°C) — cxam peusérKa xnopuna
wan Genii bocdbop (remmepatypa mapnenua 44°C). HaTpus Kpucmannuyeckue Bewjecmea. Kpucmannuseckue pewémKu: amomubie,
MONEKYAAPHBIe, UOHHbIe. AMOppHbIe BeWMecmBa. BeuyecmBa MoneKynAapHozo
u HeMoneKynApHozo cmpoeHun
© Tlodymaii, omBemp, BbINOnHU...
1. [Ipueeante mpuMepsi BellecTB C MOJIeKYAPHbIM HM HEMOJIEKYJIAPHbIM
ctpoeHvem. Kak 91H BellecTBa pasMyalorca 10 CBOicTBAaM?
2. OGcynute ¢ cocexom mo Napte BONpoC, MOXHO JM NO :bu3HYecKHM
cBoiicTBaM BelllecTBa ONpeneNMTb, KaKOe CTPOeHHe OHO MMeeT — MOrIeKy-
AspHoe WIM HeMoseKynApHoe.
3. Kakue Tumbi Kpuicramimueckux peuétoK Bam M3BecTHI? Tpupeaute
TIPMMepbI BeLecTB, HMeIOMIMX COOTBeTCTBYIOUIMe KpHCTamaMuecKHe peléT-
ku. Coctappre cxemy «Tumbl KpHCTauinyecKHXx peLleToK>.
4, Yrnexncnptit ra3 Mp HOpMasbHOM AaBeHMM MepexonMT B TBepIoe
cOcCTOAHMe Mp TemMnepatype oKoNO —70°C, a peyHoi MecoK (KpemHe3ém)
TIaBHTCA Tp TeMrepatype OKONO 1700°C. Kakwe BbIBOMbI O CTPOCHHH 3THX
BelleCTB B TBEPIOM COCTOAHHM MOXHO CielaTb?
Tecmosbie sadaHua
1. Jlna yruekucnoro ra3a XapakTepHa KpucTamimueckad pewérKa
1) MonekynapHast
2) atomHast
3) HOHHaa
2. YcraHosute coorBeTcTBHe MexKLy THOM KpMcTaiMyeckoii peueT-
KM BellecTBa M ero CBoicTBAaMH.
1) MonekynspHas A. TBépioe, TyrommaBKoe, He pacTBopseTca
2) MoHHast B Bole
3) aTomHaa B. xpymkoe, Jlerkonapkoe, He MpoBO_MT
-aleKTpHuecKHit TOK
B. Teépgoe, Tyrom1aBKoe, XOpowlo
pacTBopsercs B Bone
rer ea aacuad
1 mory onpenenuts Tn KpucTannm4eckon peweTkn BeUecTsa, sHan ero
ceoiicrea. © Yem omauyaromca cmecu om 4ucmbIX BeUyecmB? i
MBI ye BLIACHMAM, YTO VU3BECTHBI BELIECTBa, KOTOPbIe CIIOCOOHbI pa3-
JlaraTbcst C OOpa30BaHMeM AByX WIM HeCKOJIbKMX OpyrMx Beulects. Takue
Bell€CTBa OTHOCAT K CIOKHBIM BellecTBaM. HanpuMmep, Boma pazlaraeTcaA Ha
Bomopox HM KucHOpor (cm. §7). CrenORaTeTbHO, BOA — CHOXHOE BeUIeCTBO.
Omuako He BCe CIOXHEIe BeleCTBA B YCHOBHAX WKOJbHOH MadopaTopun
MOXHO pa310x%KMTb Ha Mpoctbie BewlecTBa. K TakHM BCIeCTBaM OTHOCHTCS,
HalIpHMep, cyb(pH 2e1e3a — C/OXKHOE BELIECTBO, COCTOALee U3 aTOMOB
xKeuIe3a MH Cepbl.
BosHuKkaeT BOMpoc: Kak onbimuoim nymém
dokazame, umo cyaspud sKeneza ABAAEMCA
caowcHeim eeluecmeom? MoxHo mpopecTu
o6paTHyio peaKumio, 7. €. nonyunT cymEbun
xKele3a M3 2xKeNe3a U cepbl. Jia 9TOrO cMe-
UIAeM >2KENe3HBI€ OMMIKH C TIOPOUIKOM cepBl
B MAaCCOBBIX OTHOWMeHHAX 7:4 (Ha 7 Mac-
COBBIX YacTeii 2%ele3a BO3bMEM 4 MaccoBLIe
yacTH cepsi). YOenmcs, uTo xene30 HM cepa
B CMECH COXpaHsIoT cBOM cBOlicTBA (KeTe30
TIpHTsrMBaetca MarHHTOM, cepa He MpHTArH-
BaeTCH; MPM BBICHINAaHMM CMeCH B BOY cepa
BCILIBIBaeT, a 2eNe30 TOHET). Tocne store To-
MecTHM cMech B MpoGupKy uM Harpeem 10 Ha-
yaa xumuyecKoli peakunu (puc. 19). 3aTem Fe. 18. Nonyenve cyneduna
HarpeBaHMe MpeKpalllaeM, Tak Kak HavaBllas-
ca peaKUMA mporekaer slaiee 6e3 Harpesanus.
Tlocne okoHyaHMs peakuMM aauM MIpOOMpKe OCTBITS, M3MeTBIMM B CTYTI-
ke e& couepXUMOe MC OOPas0BABIIMMCH BeLECTROM MposenaeM TakHe 2e
OMBITBI, KaKMe ObLIM TIposemaHbI CO CMeCbIO XesIesa M Cepbl. B nowyyeHHOM
BeLeCTBE XeN30 OT CepPbl HELIA OTICIHTL HM MarHHTOM, HM C MOMOMIBIO
BOMB. TO AOKasIBAeT, 4TO B pesyLTaTe PeaKUMM OGpasoBaTOcE cIOKHOE
BeLlecTBO — cysbpwt xKeNe3a CO CBOMMH CBOHCTRAMH.
(D onpedenenue
CNOXKHbIMM BELLECTBAMU nasbisaioT BewectBa, KOTOpbIe OGpasoBaHb! aTo-
MaMmu pasHoro Bia. Hampumep, Takoe cioxkHOe BeLIeCTBO, KaK BONa, COCTOMT H3 aTOMOB KHC-
nopona M Boxopona, yrmekucnbili ras — M3 aTOMOB yrlepowla M KMCOpoa.
Taxve BeIlecTBa, Kak, HalpuMep, cepa, Xe1e30, Ta3bI KUCTOPO HM BOTO-
PpOl, Herb3 HH MoAyYHTS M3 Gouee MpocTsIX BeMIeCTB, HM pastoxHTb. OTH
BeU€CTBA OTHOCAT K MIPOCTSIM BeLIeCTBAM.
(D onpedeneinie >)
NPOCTbIMM BELIECTBAMM xastisaioT BeujectBa, KOTOpbIe OOpasoBaHb! aTO-
Mamu opHoro Buaa.
Hanpumep, mpocroe BelllecTBO KHCMOpO COCTOHMT TOJbKO M3 aTOMOB
KHCIOpOMa, MpOcToe BellecTBO rpadbuT — TONbKO U3 aTOMOB yiiepona.
BakHan uHcpopmayuA ; at
Cnoxrbie BeujecTea M npocTble BeLeCTBA MONeKyAApHOrO CTPOeHMA YacTO
Ha3bIBaioT XMAMU4ECKMMH COeAMHeHMaMN,
Conocrapienme cBOHcTB MpOCTEIX WM CIOXHBIX BELICCTB MpHBeleHO
Ha cxeme 1.
Cxema 1
TL Battccrms 7}
cocTosT H3 aToMoB coctoaT M3 aToMoB
| ogHoro Bua pasHoro Bua
| oh if és
B xmmuseckux peakitiix MO-
B XMMMYecKHX peaKUMix He
MOryT pasmaraTbca c_ o6pa3o- TyT pasmaratsca c o6pa30pa-
BaHWeM HECKONSKHX pyTux HEM HECKOWBKHX pyFHX Be-
peuects mlecT HM MOTYT OGpazoBaTEcA
(M3 HeCKONBKHX MeHee CIOX- |
HBIX BeLecTB
|
Kricnopon, Bonopor, cepa, >Ke- Boma, cympdun >kev1e3a, XTOpH
e30, Meith M Ap. Hatpua (1loBapeHHas covb).
Op. | Tipogenas onbit B3aMMogelicTBus xese3a C Cepoit, Mbl 4aCTHYHO BBLACHH-
JIM, YeM pagiMMaloTca MOHATHA «cMeCb» M «XHMMYECKOe CoemMHeHHe>. STH :
MOHATHA B XMMHM MCKIMOYNTEIBHO BAXKHBI. OTIMYMA CMeceit OT XHMMGeCKHX
cociMHeHHi npuBenenbi B TaGrnue |.
E
Ta6auya 1
CpasHenne cmeceii H XHMHYCCKHX COeIHHEHHIL
Conocrap.ienne
Bonpocsi
AIA conocraBlel 1 Xwmuueckne
Cmecu
1. Conocrapsre coctas
cMeceit HW XMMHYeCKHX
cocnmHeHHit
Beiectsa MoxxHo cme-
lath B TOGBIX Macco-
BBIX OTHOUICHHAX, T. e.
cocras cmeceit mepe-
MeHEEIt
Cocras xumurieckHx co-
enMHeHMit = OCTOAHHBIit.
Hampmep, cocras Bossi
TIOCTOAHHBIM, TaK KaK BO-
AOpOR © KHCIOPONOM co-
emuHmoTcA 6e3 OcTaTKa
B MACCOBBIX OTHOMIEHHAX
1:8
2. Conocrasste cBoii-
cra cMeceli M XHMH-
MeCKUX cOcIMHeHMi
Bemtecrsa, —Bxonsmnne
B cocTaB cMecefl, cO-
xpaHinioT Bon cBoit-
crpa
Bemecrsa, o6paayioune
CoeuMHeHWA, CBO cBOIi-
cra He COxpaHior, Tak
Kak mlomyyaeTcst xHMIye-
ckoe coemMHeHHe © smpy-
THMM cBoiicTBaMM
3, Kakumu cnocoGamn
MOKHO. paslennTs Ha
cocrapnsioume sacTH
(KommoreHTst) cmecn
Hi XHMITIeCKHe coemM-
HeHHA?
Bemtecrsa, sxonsmne
B COCTaB CMeCH, MOx-
Ho patents duswie-
cKUMH crioco6aMit
Xummyeckne coemHHeHHst
MOXHO Pa3/IOKHTb TOJIbKO
© MOMOMIBIO XHMHMECKHX
peakuntit
4. Moxro am cyaurs
nO BHEMIHHM MIpH3Ha-
Kam 06 oGpasoBanun
CMeCH M XHMMYECKOTO
coenmnenHs?
Mexanmieckoe cmenm-
BaHHe He COMPOBO-
xxqaeres BhULeTeHHeM
TemmoTel WK ApyTHMH
MpwsHaKaMm — xHMAve-
cKHX peaKunit
06 oGpasopaHHM xHMH-
WeCKHX coemHHeHHit MOX-
HO CYHTb no mMpy3itaKaM
XHMHECKUX peaKLMit (CM.
§ 6)
_Mipocmoe sewecmso. Chorkioe seiyecmso. Xumuveckoe coeduneHue © Nodymaii, omsemb, BbINONHU...
1. Kak MOXHO JOKa3aTb, 4YTO KMCOpO, xXKeNe30 M BOOPOA — Mpoctsie
BellecTBa, a Boa MU cyAbtM xene3a — CHOKHIC BellecTBa? KakoBbl
YCIOBHA BOSHMKHOBCHHA H TeYeHHA peakUMM OOpa3x0BaHHA cysb(pHa 2KeIe3a?
2. Yem ormmuaiorca mo cocTaBy HM CBOMCTBaM CMeCH OT XHMM4CCKHX CO-
equHennit? Mpusequre mpumepsi.
3. Tipu momoum Kakwx crocoGos m3 cMeceii MOXXHO BBIIEIUTb BeLle-
cTBa, BXOM*LIMe B Hx cocTaR? [IpuBeqHTe mpHMepsl.
Tecmosbie sadaHua
1. Ha pucyHkax ycuoBHO M306paxKeHBI MpocTBle M COxKHBIC Bellle-
ctBa. IIpoctoe BeulecTBo u306paxkeHO Ha pucyHKe
°©® ?@O GD °CO
2. Ha pucyHkax ycnoBHO u306paxeHbI MpocTBle W CIOXHBIC BeLIe-
cTBa. CioxkHOe BeLIeCTBO H306paxeHO Ha PHCyHKe
St ROO = 0
3. Ha pycyHkax ycnopHo u306paxeHbI XMMMYeCKHe CoewMHCHHA
uw cmecu. CMecu noKa3aHbi Ha ee
SReNR eee
Vcnonb3ys anekmponHoe npunoxeHue (§ 9), O3HAKOMbMeCb C xapaKme-
pucmukamu npocmbx u cioxkHbIx sewecms. Mpocmompume ux como-
u306paxenus.
aed
SI suai, YeM OTNMYaeTCA NpoCTOe BeU\eCTEO OT CNOxHOFO BeUlecTBA. © Mpusedume npumepbi npocmozo u croxwKHOzO Bewecms, B COCmaB —
Komopbix BxodAm amomb! odH0z0 u mozo Ke Buda.
© Yem omnuyaiomca cmecu om xumuyeckux coeduHeHUl?, F
B XMMHM O4CHb BOKHBIM AWIACTCH NOHATHE *.
YroG6bi MOHSTb ETO CYLIHOCTh, BCOMHMTe, YEM pa3zIMYaloTCsH CMeCH MH XH-
MHYecKHe coenMHeHHA. :
MbI BBIACHHIM, 4YTO %*ee30 HM Cepa CBOM CBOiicTBa B CMeCM COXpaHs-
ior. MosToMy MOXKHO YTBEpXaTb, YTO CMeCb MOpOUIKa Xeye3a C MOPOLIKOM
cepbl COCTOHT H3 ABYX MpocTsIX BeLecTB —
xel1e3a M Cepbl. Tak KaK XHMHYECKOe COcIM- — gasennNNNNNNNNNN NTS
HeHMe cynbdbua %ene3a OGpasyeTca u3 Mpo- .
CTBIX BeIlIeCTB — Xee3a M CepbI, TO MOXKHO — POGepm olin’ (1627—1691)
YTBEPKMATh, YTO CyMb*PM xKeTe3a TOKE co- — AHaNUtICKU yHeHbI. B 1661 2.
cTOWT M3 >keNIe3a MH Cepbl. OOHaKo MomHO 8 ceoell KHUze «XUMUK-cKenMUK»
au ymeepxdame, 4mo xumuueckoe coedu- Bole onpedenun anemeHmbt
Henue cyargud weneza cocmoum uz deyx _ Kak «nepsoHatanbHble npocmpie
npocmbix eemecme — sKenexa u cep? —mena>,
3Haxomsck co crolicTaama cynowa xee- —$—<——
3a, BbI YOeAMIMCh, YTO ITOTO YTBepKIaTb HEb3A. DTO CAO%KHOE BeLIeCTBO,
oOpasoBaBlliceca B pesy/lbTaTe XAMHYECKOTO BIaHMOLelcTBUA, OOAaLaeT CO-
BepUICHHO UpyrHMU CBOICTBaMM, HEXCIM MCXOJHBIC BeLICCTBA.
Ba>kHasi UncpopmayuA
B coctaB CNOxHbIX BELUECTB BXOAAT He NPOCTbIE BeELECTBA, a ATOMbI ONpe-
AenéHHoro Bupa.
Tak, B COCTaB CyNbcpHa %Kee3a BXOMAT ATOMBI ABYX BUOB: aTOMBI >Kee-
3a M ATOMbI Cepbl. ATOMbI TeX 2K€ BHIOB COOTBETCTBEHHO BXOMAT MB COCTAB
MPOCTBIX BeUCCTB: aTOMbI XKese3a — B COCTAB X*eNe3a, a ATOMBI Cepbl —
B cocTaB cepBI.
(O onpedenenne
XVMUYECKUIM SNEMEHT — oto onpepenéHHeit Bug aTomos.
* CnoBO «a1eMeHT> MO-rpeyeCKH O3HaYACT *COCTABHAa YaCTb». Tak, HalipHMep, BCe aTOMbI KHCHOpoma HE3aBHCHMO OT TOrO, BXOAT JM
OHM B COCTaB MOJeKYA KHCIOpoua WIM B COCTaB MONeKYI BOI, — 3TO
XUMMYeCKM QIeMeHT KUcIOpoN. Bce atToMsI BOnOpoma, KeTe3a, cepsr —
9TO COOTBETCTBEHHO XHMMYCCKHe SIeMeHTHI BONOPON, xeMe30, cepa MT. A.
B nactostiee BpeMa W3BeCTHO 118 pa3IM4HBIX BHIOB aTOMOB,
te. 118 xuMuyecKHx anementos. M3 atoMos sToro cpaBHMTestb-
HO HeOOMbUIOrO YHCAa BWIeMeHTOB OGpa3yeTcA OrPOMHOe MHO-
roo6pa3ve Bemlects. (TlonsTHe «xuMu4eCKH SeMeHT»> GyneT
B asibHefleM YTOUHEHO UW paciIMpeHo.)
Tlomb3ysacbh NOHATHEM «XHMM4eCKHIi 9IeMeHT>, MOXKHO YTOUHMTE orpene-
JHMS MPOCTHIX HM COKHBIX BELIECTB:
cm. §50
Sects sea Rey ran NE
“APOCTBIMM HaabisaioT BewecTsa, “KOTOpbIe COCTOAT M3 aTOMOB OAHOrO
XWMM4eCKOrO aneMeHTa.
Sencha 1a INR To RMA GIST TT OTE TOTS
“CHO>KHBIM Ha3bIBaIOT BELIECTBA, KOTOPbIe COCTOAT U3 ATOMOB pasHblx
XWMMHECKUX EMEHTOB.
CnenyeT pa3iM4aTb MOHATHA «IpocToe BeLeCTBO> HM «XHMM4eCKH 971e-
MeHT>, XOTA MX Ha3BaHHA B GoxDMIMHCTBe cryyaeB coBmamatoT. TlosToMy
KaKUbIi pa3, KOIa MBI BCTpeyaeM CIOBA «KUCHOPON», «BOLOPON», “KeIe30»,
«cepa» Hi T. J., HYKHO MOHMMaTb, 0 YéM HJET pedb — O MpOCTOM BeLecTBe
‘WIM © XMMHYeCKOM auleMeHTe, Ecim, HalipHMep, ropopsT: «PacTBopéHHbiM
B BONE KHCNOPOIOM ABUT pHIOLI>, OKene30 — 9TO MeTaILT, KoTOpBIit TIpH-
‘TALMBACTCH MAFHHTOM>, 9TO 3HAYHT, YTO pedb WET O MIPOCTHIX BerecTBAX —
Kucmopore uM xKenese. Ecmu xe TOBOPAT, UTO KUCIOPOR WIM %KeTe30 BXOAMT
B COCTaB KaKOTO-J1M60 BeLeCTBa, TO UMeIOT B BUY KMC/OpO M XesIe30 KaK
XMMMYeCKHe 9s1eMeHTBI.
@® BakHas undopmayun ) a a oa
Xummyeokne onementb! u O6pasyembie UMM NpocTbie BeUeCTBa MOXKHO-
pasnenvtb Ha ABe SonbuMe rpynnbI: meTanb u HEMeTasnel.
TlpMepaMu Metasi0B culyxkaT >Ke1e30, aJIOMMHHi, Melb,
307070, cepe6po u ap. Merauisr macrH4HEr, uMeror MeTamIH-
Cm. §49 4¥ecKHit GeCK, XOPOLIO MpOBOLAT aiekTpHyecKHit TOK. IIpume-
paMH HeMeTaI0B CcayxaT cepa, doctop, BoxOpor, KHCIOpoL,
a30T HM Op. CBoiicrBa HeMeTaIoB pa3Hoobpa3HEl. OxpyKaloliMx Hac CIIOKHBIX Bel€CTB ropa3i0 Goubille, YeM MpOCTHIX.
K ciOxXKHBIM BeleCTBAM OTHOCATCH HCMOMb3yeMBIC B IIMIULy MOBapeHHaA COB,
caxap, MlOMcomHeyHOe Maco, KpaxMall HW Op. PesuHa, pasimunbie miactmMac-
cbl, CTeKNO, UpepecuHa, a TakKXKe 3HAKOMBIe BaM M3 Kypca «Oxpyxaronmmit
MMp> MMHepalibl MH TOPHBIe MOpoAbl — 3TO TOE CHOXKHBIe BeTeCTBA.
PEELE]
JlaGopatopubiii onbit. OsHakomieHue c o6pa3lamMu mpocTBIx
MW cHOxHBIX BeUIecTB
g anvil noanucannple o6pa3ubl MpocTbix MW COKHBIX BellecTB. Pac- —
TloJOXUTE OTHEMBHO B ONMH pA MpocTsle BellecTBa, a B Apyroit —
cnoxkHbIe Bellecrsa. [Ipocrsie BellecTBa pa3qennTe Ha MeTAaJUIbI
Ht Hemera. Orper oopMute B Bue Ta6aMUDI.
_ Xumuveckuii anemeHm. Memannpl. Hememannbt )
© Todymaii, omsemp, BbINOMHU... PaRER my eee
1. Uo Ha3prBaioT XMMMYeCKMM 371IeMeHTOM?
2. Kak BbI RyMaeTe, MOXHO JH TOBOPHTH O (usHyecKHX cBOliCTBAX
xMMMYecKoro SeMeHTa? A 0 dbu3H4eCKHX CBOFCTBAX MIpocToro BeulecTBa?
3. Coctapbre M HalMLIMTe 13a TpeMOXeHHA, B OAHOM M3 KOTOPBIX pedb
ula GLI © KMcHOpoe KaK 0 MpOcTOM BeUlecTBe, a B ApyroM — KaK O xu-
MMYeCKOM 9371IeMeHTe.
ask eceelaei
“Tecmonbie 3a0aHUA
1. O Bogopoxe Kak 0 MpocToM BellecTBe pedb WET B yTBepKIeHHH
1) BomOpon BXOAMT B COCTAB BONE
2) Boopon Mere BOsMyxXa
2. YcraHoBuTe COOTBeTCTBHe MeXIY MOHATHEM M eTO OMpemeneHHeM.
1) xuMuueckuii aeMeHT A. BeLIeCTBO, COCTOAIee M3 aTOMOB
2) Mpoctoe BellecTBO OMHOTO XMMHYECKOTO oeMeHTa
3) cmoxHoe BellecTBO B. onpesenéuneiit Bu, aTOMOB
B. BetyectBo, cocTosilee M3 aToMoB
PaSHBIX XMMHYCCKHX 9/Ie¢MCHTOB
rrr
Sl MOry PASAMYMTS NOHATHA «KUMMYECKHIi SNEMEHT» 4 «npOCTOe BELLLECTEO>. @ Nosmopume eduHuub! U3MepeHUA MaccbI.
PasMepbi HM MaCCbI MOJICKyJI OUCH MaIIEI.
Pa3mMepbl H Maccbl aTOMOB elllé MeHDbIlle.
Macca camoéro 1érkoro aToMa — aToMa BO-
jopona papxa 1,67375 + 10-4 r, Macca aroma
Kucaopona — 2,656812 « 1072 r, a Macca aTo-
Ma yriepona — 1,9927 + 10-* r. [poussoanTp
pacuérbt c TaKMMH YHCaMH Heys00HO. To-
9TOMy WIA M3MepeHHA Macc aTOMOB M MOvIeKy1 Opula BBeeHa amomuan
edunuua Maccet (a. e. M.).
Bakar unopmayun
AToMHaA enVHMUa Maccb! — STO '/,. MacCbI aToma yrnepoga, Macca KOTOpOrO
pasHa 12 a.e.M.
1a.e.m. = 1,99265 + 10°? r : 12 = 1,66054 + 10°" r
Ha 3emae BcTpeyalorca TpM pa3HOBMHOCTH aTOMOB yrle-
pomla, paamuvaiouinecs Maccoii. Take pa3HOBAMHOCTH aTOMOB
ciyyae peub uéT © pasHOBMAHOCTH, Macca aTOMOB KOTOpO!t
B aTOMHbIX e/MHMWax Maccbl paBHa 12.
Pa3qemuB Maccy aToMa Kakoro-s1M60 XMMUYeCKOrO SeMeHTa Ha |/;. Mac-
CbI aTOMa yIviepoda, MOyYalOT BeIMYHMHY, KOTOPy!O Ha3bIBalOT OMHOCUMeAb—
Holi amomnoti maccoii Mu oGosHauatoT A,
Hanpumep, OTHOCHTeIbHYKO aTOMHYH Maccy BOMOpOa M KHCOpoOwa BbI-
YUCIAIOT cremyouIHM O6pa30M:
AH) = 1,67375 + 10- r : 166054 - 10° r = 1,0078 (~ 1)
A(O) = 2,656812 + 10- r : 1,66054 + 10-™ r = 15,999 (~ 16)
‘On enue
OTHOCMTENIbHAA ATOMHAA MACCA snemexta (4,) noKasbisaer, 80 CKONBKO pas
Macca ero aToma 6onbule '/;9 MaCCbI aToma yrneponfa, Macca KOTOporo paBHa
12aem.
* A — ot copa «arom», r — oF naTHHcKOTO croBa relatives — oTHocuTenbHBIl Tleppyi0 Ta6THUy OTHOCHTEIBHEIX ATOMHBIX MaCC psa 3eMEHTOB COCT:
BH anrMitcknit yséupmit D>xon Jarsron 6 1803 r. B namsith 0 ero Tpynax
XHMHKH HMHOMa Ha3bIBalOT aTOMHY1O eCAMHHUY MaCCbI JaQIbTOHOM (COKpa-
miéHHo Da).
3HaYeHHe OTHOCHTEABHOM aTOMHOH Maccbl Ka2xkZOTO
XMMHYeCKOPO 9IeMeHTa MIPHBeLeHO B Nepuoduueckou zi
ma6auye JI. H. Mendeaeeea. Ha mpaxtuxe 9TH aHa- itil eeomen,
4eHHA OGLIMHO OKPYMIAIOT 10 WeMbIX HHMceT. OKpyriéH- yue6uukal
HBI¢ 3HAYCHHA OTHOCHTENbHBIX ATOMHbIX Macc HEKOTO-
PHIX SMeHTOB MpUBeLeHbI B TaGAMUe 2 (cM. § 12).
Macca amoma. AmomHaa eduHuYa maccbI. OmHOCUMenbHaR amomHaA )
acca
: Serene a aS
© Nodymaii, omBemb, Bbinonnu..
1. Onpegenute, BO CKOIbKO pa3 Macca aTOMa cepbl GoubLe Macchi aTOMa
BOMOpOa M MaccbI aTOMa KUCHOpoa.
2. [laiite ompeneneHue MOHATMA ?
3. Ucnonp3ya mepwoanyeckyro ta6nmuy J. MW. Menseneesa, Halinute
3HAY€HHA OTHOCHTELHBIX ATOMHBIX Macc Q@MeHTOB HaTpHa, Gapusa, cepbl,
sulopa, Gpoma Hi aproxa.
Tecmoabie 3adaHua
1. YctaHoButTe COOTBeTCTBHe M@XKy XMMHYCCKMM 3CMCHTOM H cro
OTHOCHTEILHOH aTOMHOH Maccoll.
1) Bomopoa A. 32
2) cepa B. 16
3) KMcHOpoL B. 1
4) yrepon, fm 12
m 14
2. B coctas MoneKysbl Kakoro-1MGO BelecTBA MOXKeT BXOAHTb
9leMeHT KHCHOpom Maccoi
a) 8 ae.m. B) 6 ae.M. 6) 16 acm. 1) Maem.
Ere aa
S| Mory onpenenuts oTHOCHTenbHy!o ATOMHyIO Maccy XHMUYECKOrO aneMeHTa
No nepwoaneckoit Ta6nuue (1. V. Mexgeneesa. @ Kakue xumuueckue anemeHmbI BAM U3BeECmHbI? (eC) outta
Kaxkabiii xAMM4eCKHIi aeMeHT HMeeT CBOE
Wienc Akos Bepyenuyc j Ha3BaHHe. Mia ynpoméHHoro oGosHayeHna
(1779—1848) | XHMHYECKHX 9/eMeHTOB McrONb3yIoT xumu-
ueckyio cumeonuxy. Xumuseckuit s1emenT
cospementiie o6osnayenua xu. COO3HAIAIOT HaYaTBHO!L WIM HayaNbHOI H
muyeckux SnemeHmos. B nepu- OAH v3 TlocnenyIoMMx GyKB saTHHCKOTO
00 c 1807 no 1818 2. onpedenun #@3BAHMA HaHHOrO saeMeHta. Tak, BonOpot
mombie maccts 45 xumuvecux (aT. hydrogenium — ruaporenuym) oG0-
Saco aHauaioT Gyknoi H, pryts (war. hydrargy-
“rum — rwpaprupyM) — 6yksamu Hg u T. a.
WeedcKuit xuMUK. B 1814 2. een
‘Onj enue
CoxpawéHibie GykBeHHule OGosHa4eHKA XMMMYECKMX anemeHToB — 910 SHAKM,
van CVIMBONIbI, XMMMYECKUX SsIEMEHTOB.
Tlpeanoxwa coppeMeHHy10 XHMMYeCKyIO CHMBOJHKY UIBeEICKMH XHMHK
M1. A. Bepueanyc.
XvMM4eCKHA CHMBON (KHMMHECKHiA 3Hak) OGosHavaeT OAMH ATOM AaHHOTO xu
Muveckoro anemeHta.
Tpumepot
1. XwMuecknit cHmpon ° H Fe
2. Hasarine aanioro Kuctopox | Boxopox 2ees0
XUMHecKOTO avIeMeHTa
3. Oann atom zanHoro Onan arom | Oamn atow | Onun arom
xuMMecKOTO SeMerTa xucnopoza | _nosopona xenexa
Bce u3BecTHbIe B HACTOSLUee BpeMs SIEMEHTHI MpH-
Nocmotpure BeNleHBI B nepHonMuecKoit TaGnuue J]. HU. Menteneesa.
na x opt bopsa = Xymvueckwe 3HaKM HeKOTOPLIX QIeMeHTOB, HX Ha3Ba-
ctl HHS, OTHOCHTEILHbI€ AaTOMHBI€ MaCChI MH MpOM3HOUIe-
HMe XMMMYCCKHX 3HaKOB MpHBeseHbI B TaGIHUe 2. HeKOTOPBIX 3/1eMeHTOB
N Su
Al Amomnnnit
Ba Bapnit
Br Bpom
H Au
Fe @eppy
I Yon
K Kannit
Ca Kanpunit
° °
Si (Ciumunym
Mg Marawit
cu Kynpym
Na Harpuit
Hg Tuapaprupym
Pb Tnoméym
s 3c
AS Aprentym
Cc Ue
P Ts
F ®rop
a Xop
Zn Unk
Taéauya
Haspanua, XMMHYeCKHe 3HaKH M OTHOCHTEIbHbIe ATOMHBIC MACCHI
35,5
65
peerieiaieianeiaieenieiaein
SHaKU XUMUNECKUX aneMeHMmos (KUMUYECKe CUMBOME!) © Nodymaii, ‘omsemb, BbINONHU.
1. Uto oGo3HayaeT xuMuecKuit 3HaK, WIM CHMBOI?
2. 3anMumMte XMMMYECKHE 3HAKH CIIEZYILWINX 9/1eMCHTO)
apni, cepeOpo, cepa, drop, 6pom, hocdop.
3. 3anmummte pyccKHe Ha3BaHHa 9eMeHTOB, O6O3HaYeHHEIX CjeMyIOUIH-
Mu cumpomamu: Na, Cl, Ba, P, Cu, Zn, S, Al.
4. Haiiaute B UntepHete um cnopape MHOCTpaHHbIX COB aTHHCKMe
Ha3BaHMM CepbI, CyPbMbI MH MBILbaKa.’ 3arMuuMTe XMMHYeCKMe 3HakKH STHX
ayeMeHTOB.
Tecmosbie 3a0aHUA i Es |
soil
; HaTpHit, UMHK,
1. Xumuyeckuli 3Hak oeMeHTa KabLIMA — 39TO |
DK 2) Ca 3) Se 4) Cr
2. YetaHoBHTe COOTBETCTBHE MEXJY CHMBOOM XHMHYCCKOTO SleMeHTa
Mi ero HasBaHHeM.
1) Al A. Melb |
2) Cu B. cepe6po |
3c B. xanpunit |
4) Ag Pr. amiomunuii
ZI. xaop
3. YcTaHoBUTe COOTBETCTBME MEY CHMBOJOM XMMUMYECKOLO 3/eMeHTa
M YO AaTHHCKMM Ha3BaHHeM.
1) Cu A. dbeppym |
2) Ag B. kyripyM |
3) Fe B. raipaprupyM |
4) Hg T. aprentym |
(2) “cnoneaya MHmepHem, osHakompmect C 0603Ha4eHUAMU XUMUYECKUX 3v1e-
MeHmos, KoMopbiMu nonb3oBanUCe anxUMUKU.
re td
‘A Mory HaiiTH SHAK, HaSBAHVe M SHAYEHMe OTHOCHTENbHOM ATOMHOM MaccbI
suoGoro xumuyeckoro anemeHTa B NepwogAMyecKo Ta6nuue. © Yem pasnuyaiomca BeujecmBa MoneKyAApHOZO U HemoneKynapHozo
cmpoenun?
@ Pasnuyaemca nu cocmaB Monekyn npupoeHoli BOdbI U BOdbI, Nony-
4eHHOW B XuMU4eCKO Na6opamopuu?
Zia nomysexus Bowbl HyKHO cMe-
maTb BOLOPO H KHCIOPO B Macco-
som cooTHoweHHH 1:8, Ecan xe
=X CMCLIaTb B ApyroM coorHouleHHit
acc, Hampumep, 3 r Bomopona cme- |
ose Ayu Npycm (1754-1826)
no 1806
AUMHBIX OKCUBOB, cynbCpul
giaTb c 8 r KMcOpoua, TO XAMM4ECKat
peaks mpowsoiinér, Ho 2 r Bonopoma
B peakumio He BcTynaT. B onpemenéH-
HBIX COOTHOUICHHAX Macc pearMpyloT
mM apyrme Bemectsa. Touemy >%Ke Ha-
GmomaeTca Takai 3aKOHOMepHOcTL?
Bam M3BecTHO, UTO B MOJIeKye BOI Ha Ba aTOMa BOLOPOla MpHxo-
ZNTCA ONMH aTOM KHCOpoma. YUMTIBAT 3TO H 3HAYCHHA OTHOCMTEJIbHbIX
ATOMHBIX MaCC, MOXHO JerKO BbIYHCAMTh COOTHOUIeHMe Macc BomOpoma
mM KMCHOpoma B MONeKyse BOABI:
2A,(H) : A(O) = (2+ 1): (1+ 16) = 1:8
| ace2da 6ydem nocmonHeH».
HerpyZHO NOHAT, YTO TAaKHM Xe AODKHO GbITh COOTHOUIEHHe Macc BO-
gopolla H KHcHOpoda B JHOGOM KONMYECTBE BOALI, T. e. COCTaB BOUbI BCeTTa
moctosHeH. TocTosHHbIM cocraBoM O6jadaeT SombIIOe HicTO XUMHYeCKHX
coeaHHeHHii,
3aKoH NocTosHeTBa cocTaBa BeulecTB Obl OTKpHIT bpaHuy3cKHM
yuéHbi OK. [pycrom 8 1799—1806 rr. 3akoH but chopmysmpopan Tak:
@ Kaxaoe xumuueckn unctoe Beujectso HesaBMcMMo oT MecTa HaXxoxK-
Aenws W cnocoGa nony4eHMA MMeeT OAMH H TOT Ke NOCTORHHBI cocTas.
(© Barnes unbopmanun)
3akoH noctosHcTsa coctasa BellecTe He aBnseTca aceobumm. OH cnpa-
Bennve TONKO AA BeU\eCTB, VMeIOWWNX MOneKynspHoe cTpoeHHe. CocTas
BeUeCTE HEMOneKyAAPHOrO CTPOeHHA YaCTO SaBucuT OT cnocoGa Ux Nony-
vena
| Opanuy3ckuli xumuk. B nepuod c 1799
uccnedosan cocmas pa3-
BU Opyeux
BewecmsB. OH nucan: «He3aBucumo om
/ mozo, 6ydem nu xnopud Hampua nony-
| 4eH 8 Mepy unu 8 Cu6upu, e20 cocmas Ha ockose sakora moctosricTpa coctana MOKHO mpowsnomuTe pasmH-
wpe pacuérer.
Sanaya 1. Onpeyennre maccy cepbl, pearupyiouleli Ge3 ocraTKa c 5 Tr
MeIHBIX OTIMJIOK, ECM Melb M cepa B TaHHOM ciyyae COeMMHsIOTCA B CO-
oTHOUIeHHM Macc 2: 1.
Pewenune. 24 mMequ coequnsorca c | r cepi
5 r Mew coeqHHAIOTCA c x TP cepbl
2riSrelrixr
x=(5+1):2=2,5 r ceppr
Ha ocHope 3akoHa TOCTOsHCTBa COCTaBa BeILECTB MOXKHO PellHTb 3aza4H,
B KOTOPbIX OJHO H3 BelleCTB JaHO B M3ObITKe.
Banaua 2. Cmemanu 2 r nopomKoo6pa3Hoit menu m 2 r mopouKo-
o6pasHot cepbi. CMecb HarpeuiM 20 Hayayia XMMMYeCKO peakiMu. HaiimmTe
Maccy O6pasylOuleroca cyib(Ha MeIM, CCIM M3BECTHO, YTO Melb C Cepoii
B JaHHOM ciydae COeIMHAIOTCH B MaccoBBIX oTHOMIeHMAX 2 : |.
Pemeuwne. Paccyxkiator Tak: eC Melb C Cepoit pearupyloT B MaCcOBbIX
oTHOWeHHAX 2: 1, TO 270 O3HadaeT, ¥TO 2 Fr MeN BCTYMAT B peaKuMio c 1 Fr
cepbl M Momysnted 3 r cyb(pHta MewM. | Fr cepbl B peaKUMIO He BCTYTHT.
C 3aKOH nocmonHcmBa CocmaBa BeWWecmB 3)
(nr ec eee eR
© noaymaii, omsemp, svinonuu... ASLAA Sines
1. Kem m Korma 6bu1 OTKpBIT 3aKOH MocTosHcTBa cocrasa? Jaiire onpene-
JICHMe M MOACHHTe CYLHOCTb TOPO 3aKOHa C TOUKM 3peHHA Mpencraprenuit
06 aTomax mt MovieKys1ax.
2. VispectHo BelllecTBo, B KOTOpOM Ha 2 aTOMa Men TipuxomuTca | aTOM
cepst. B KaKWX MACCOBEIX OTHOII€HHAX HYKHO B34Tb Me HM Cepy, TOOT
06a BellecTBa MONHOCTbIO BCTYNMAM B peaKUHiO?
3. Kakoe mpaxTwyeckoe 3HaueHMe MMeeT 3aKOH TOCTOSHCTBa cocTaBa
BeLecTB?
us
Pre ual
‘Sl MoOry npovsBo0guTb pacuéTbi Ha OCHOBe 3aKOHa MOCTOAHCTBa COCTaBa Be-
wecTB. @ B KaKUX eQUHUKaX MOXKHO UsMepAMb Maccy amoMoB?
© 4mo makoe omHocumenbHaA amomHaA Macca? "
Bol yxke 3HaeTe, 4TO B MOJeKy7e BOI ONMH aTOM KHCIOpoga CBASaH
© ABYMs aTOMaMH BogOpoaa. C MOMOUILIO 3HaKOB XHMHYeCKHX 91eMeHTOB
cocraB Bob! MOXHO BHIPAIHTe XUMUYeCKOit opmynoit HO.
XUMUYECKAA DOPMYNA — ato ycnoBHaa 3anucb cocTaBa Be”eCcTBa NO-
CPeACTBOM XWMMYECKMx 3HaKOB M MHpeKCOB.
Lndpy 2, croautyio B dopmyze BOLI CipaBa BHH3y y 3HaKa S1eMeHTAa
Bogopora, Ha3biBaioT undexcom. UnzeKc o603Ha¥aeT 4MCiIO ATOMOB 371e-
MeHTa, BXONAIMX B COCTaB LaHHoro BemlectBa (pc. 20).
Ecau tpe6yetca o603HauHTb He OHY,
a HECKONbKO MOMeKyI (WH OTAEbHBIX
aToMoB), TO Mepe XMMMYeCKO dop-
Mynoit (vm 3HaKoM) cTaBaT coorser-
cTByloulyio UuMdpy, KOTOpyiO Ha3biBa-
wor Koagmbuyuenmom. Hanpumep, Tpu
MOJIeKyIbI BONB OGO3HauaIoTcA 3H,O,
MATb aTOMOB x%xee3a — SFe wT. a. (cM.
puc. 20). Muaexc 1 p xuMuyecknx dop-
Mynax 1 KoabdbuuMeHT 1 mepea xHMH-
4eCKHMH CHMBOTaMH HM cbopMylaMH He
TmryT.
Koadouunentot
3CuCl, 5Al,0, 3FeCl,
Wupexcet
Puc. 20. Xnmneckne opmynti
TipeacrasnenHbte Ha pucyHke 20 dopmyzbi 4nTaIoTcA TaK: TpH-KympyM-
Xo1Op-4Ba, TsITb-alIOMMHMit-1Ba-O-TPU, TPH-dbeppyM-x10p-Tpu.
3anucb 5H,O (natb-aull-aBa-0) cneayeT MOHMMATb TaK: IiTb MOueKy
BOLbI O6pa30BaHbl JECATbIO ATOMaMH BOTOPONa HM MATbIO ATOMaMH KHCIOpona.
(OD taxear wpopmaian
Xumuyeckan MopmyNa NOKasbIBAaeT, U3 ATOMOB KAKUX SNEMEHTOB COCTOUT
BeUjecTBO (T. @. KAYECTBEHHbI COCTaB BeLYeECTBa) M KaKOBO COOTHOWeHHe
@TOMOB STMX SNeMeHTOB (T. &. KONMYECTBeHHbI COCTaB BeLecTBa). Maccy MomeKys, TaK xe KaK MACCy ATOMOB, NPHHATO BbIpaKATb B ATOM-
HBIX @MHMUaX Macchi. PagzemMB Maccy MOJeKyibl KaKoro-1MG0 BelecTBa
Ha '/,, Maccbl aToMa yrvlepowa, MOyYalOT BeMMYHHY, KOTOpy!O Ha3bIBaloT
OTHOCHTeNbHOM MomeKysIpHOl Maccoli BemIecTBa.
(CD onpedenenue
OTHOCUITENBHAR MONEKYNAPHAA MACCA gewiecTsa noKasbiBaeT, 80 CKO
Ko pas Macca Monekymb! AaHHOro Bewectea Gonbule '/,. MaccbI aToMa yrne-
pona, Macca KoToporo pasHa 12 a.e. M.,
OrnocutembHaa MosekyaspHan Macca M, — GespasmepHaa Benmunna.
Ona ckKnambiBaeTcA M3 OTHOCHTEMbHBIX ATOMHBIX MACC 9JIEMeHTOB, COCTaB-
JAIOUIMX MoJIeKysy, HanpuMep:
M(H,O) = 2A,(H) + A,(0) = 2-1 +
16 = 18
M(CO,) = A,(C) + 24,(O) = 12 + 2+ 16 = 44
Kaxyio oe unbopmayuro 0 eeuecmee momxcHo noay4ume no ez0 Xumu-
ueckolt bopmyne? Tlo xuMMYecKoit (POpMYse Mbl MOXKEM j1aTb BeIeCTBY Ha-
3BaHHe, OMpeAeMMTb eTO KaveCTBEHHbIii M KONMYECTBEHHbIit COCTaB, a TAKKE
NOMCHHTATS €TO OTHOCHTEABHYIO MONIeKYJIAPHYIO Maccy.
H,0
co,
Bona
‘Yraekucapiit ra3
M(H,O) = 18
M(CO,) = 44
B coctap noabt pxonsT
XMIMIMIeCKHe — 971eMeHTSt
Bosopoa HM xitcx0-
pox O
B coctan_ yrseKHcoro
rasa BXONaT XHIMHYe-
ckue SuleMenrer yrnepon
C w xweropor O
Mosexyna Bost o6pa-
30BaHa ;AByMa aToMaMH
ponopona H mM omHHUM
aTOMOM KHcHOpona O.
2m(H) : m(O) = 2: 16 =
8
=i:
Monexyna_yreknestoro
raza o6pa30BaHa on-
HMM aTOMOM yriepoma
C m aByMa aToMaMH
xvicopoita O.
m(C) : 2m(O) = 12 : 32 =
= 378 Ba@kHaa undopmauuA
Xumuyeckne opmynbl BeUeCTB, VMeIOLIMX HEMONeKyNAPHOe CTPOeHMe, Ha-
npvmep FeS, He onncpisaioT coctas MomeKymbi, a TONbKO NokasbiBaloT COOT-
HOWWEHVe afleMeHTOB, OOpasyioulMx MaHHOe BeLECTEO.
Tax, Kpuctanimueckas peuérka nopapenHoi comm — xTOpuma HaTpus
COCTOMT He H3 MOJIeKy.I, a M3 HOHOB. Ha KaxkAbIii MOMOXMTEABHO 3apAxKeH-
bli HOH HATPHA B Heli MPHXOAHTCA OHH OTPHUATeAbHO 3apwMKeHHBI HOH
xiopa. Hoayyaeres, to ornouenve uiseKcos B 3amucn NaCl copmamaet
¢ OTHOLIEHHeM, B KOTOPOM XMMMYeCKHe QIEMEHTbI CoCMMHAOTCA Mexy CO-
Goii, o6pasya BeuecTBo. Ilo OTHOMIeHHI0 K BeLIIECTBaM, MMCIOLMM HeMO-
JekyNapHoe CTpOeHHe, Taky!0 3alIHcb MpaBMAbHee Ha3biBaTb He (OpMyOH,
a dopmyasnoii edununeit.
B 970m cayyae Benmunna M, noxoKHa Ha3bIBaTBCs He OTHOCHTCIbHO! MO-
“IeKynApHoit Maccoit, a omnocumensxoit bopmyabxolt maccoil. Ho acto 10
TPAMMUMM BIPAKCHHE
