UDK 902

ISSN 1330-0644
VOL 34/2017.
ZAGREB, 2017.

Pril. Inst. arheol. Zagrebu

Str./Pages 1-247, Zagreb, 2017.
Pril. Inst. arheol. Zagrebu, 34/2017 Izdavač/Publisher
Str./Pages 1-247, Zagreb, 2017. INSTITUT ZA ARHEOLOGIJU
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

Adresa uredništva/Address of the editor’s office

Institut za arheologiju/Institute of archaeology
HR–10000 Zagreb, Ulica Ljudevita Gaja 32
Hrvatska/Croatia
Telefon/Phone ++385/(0)1 61 50 250
Fax ++385(0)1 60 55 806
e-mail: [email protected]
http://www.iarh.hr

Glavni i odgovorni urednik/Editor in chief

Marko DIZDAR

Uredništvo/Editorial board
Marko DIZDAR, Snježana KARAVANIĆ, Viktória KISS (Budapest, HUN) (prapovijest/Prehistory),
Goranka LIPOVAC VRKLJAN (antika/Antiquities), Katarina Katja PREDOVNIK (Ljubljana, SLO),
Natascha MEHLER (Wien, AUT), Juraj BELAJ, Tatjana TKALČEC (kasni srednji vijek i novi vijek/
Late Middle Ages and Modern era), Predrag NOVAKOVIĆ (Ljubljana, SLO) (metodologija/
Methodology)

Izdavački savjet/Editorial advisory board

Dunja GLOGOVIĆ (Zagreb), Ivor KARAVANIĆ (Zagreb), Laszlo KÓVACS (Budapest, HUN),
Kornelija MINICHREITER (Zagreb), Mladen RADIĆ (Osijek), Aleksandar RUTTKAY (Nitra, SK),
Ivančica SCHRUNK (Minneapolis, USA), Željko TOMIČIĆ (Zagreb), Ante UGLEŠIĆ (Zadar)

Prijevod na engleski/English translation

Katia Francesca ACHINO, Ana ĐUKIĆ, Marija KOSTIĆ, Vladimir KUSIK, Marko MARAS,
Ognjen MLADENOVIĆ, Meta OSREDKAR, Barbara SMITH-DEMO

Lektura/Language editor
Ivana MAJER (hrvatski jezik/Croatian, slovenski jezik/Slovenian, srpski jezik/Serbian)
Caitleen BREEN, Marko MARAS (engleski jezik/English)

Korektura/Proofreads
Katarina BOTIĆ
Marko DIZDAR

Grafičko oblikovanje/Graphic design

Roko BOLANČA

Računalni slog/Layout
Hrvoje JAMBREK

Tisak/Printed by
Printera Grupa d.o.o., Sv. Nedelja

Naklada/Issued
400 primjeraka/400 copies

Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu uključeni su u sljedeće indekse/

Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu are included in following indices:
DYABOLA – Sachkatalog der Bibliothek – Römisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen
Ovaj rad licenciran je pod Creative Commons
Archaeologischen Instituts, Frankfurt a. Main
Attribution By 4.0 međunarodnom licencom /
Clarivate Analytics services – Emerging Sources Citation Index
This work is licenced under a Creative Commons
CNRS/INIST – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que/L’Institut de l’Information Scientifi
Attribution By 4.0 International Licence
que et Technique, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy
EBSCO – Information servises, Ipswich
ERIH – European Reference Index for the Humanities, European Science Fundation, Strasbourg
SciVerse Scopus – Elsevier, Amsterdam
 Pril. Inst. arheol. Zagrebu, 34/2017
Str./Pages 1–247, Zagreb, 2017.

Sadržaj Contents

Izvorni znanstveni radovi Original scientific papers

5 BRUNISLAV MARIJANOVIĆ BRUNISLAV MARIJANOVIĆ

Pokrovnik – primjer ograđenoga neolitičkog naselja Pokrovnik – An Example of an Enclosed Neolithic
Settlement

45 KRISTINA HORVAT KRISTINA HORVAT

DARIO VUJEVIĆ DARIO VUJEVIĆ
Pokrovnik – materijalna kultura neolitičkog naselja Pokrovnik – The Material Culture of the Neolithic
Settlement

83 KATIA FRANCESCA ACHINO KATIA FRANCESCA ACHINO

BORUT TOŠKAN BORUT TOŠKAN
ANTON VELUŠČEK ANTON VELUŠČEK
Potentiality of intra-site spatial analysis and post- Potencial znotrajnajdiščne prostorske analize
depositional processes: a Slovenian case study za razumevanje poodložitvenih procesov v
Resnikov prekop nadzorovanih okoliščinah: študija s kolišča
Resnikov prekop (Slovenija)

101 LUCIJA GRAHEK LUCIJA GRAHEK

Iška Loka in grob iz Matene – nova odkritja o pozni Iška Loka and the Grave from Matena – New
bronasti dobi na Ljubljanskem barju Findings on the Late Bronze Age in the Ljubljana
Marshes

123 MARTINA BLEČIĆ KAVUR MARTINA BLEČIĆ KAVUR

Mala tijela u velikom svijetu: antropo-ornitomorfni Small bodies in a big world: anthropo-
privjesci željeznog doba Caput Adriae ornithomorphic Iron Age pendants from Caput
Adriae

143 VOJISLAV FILIPOVIĆ VOJISLAV FILIPOVIĆ

OGNJEN MLADENOVIĆ OGNJEN MLADENOVIĆ
Prilog proučavanju članaka astragalnih pojaseva sa Contribution to the Study of Astragal Belt Segments
teritorije centralne i jugoistočne Evrope from the Territory of Central and Southeastern
Europe

185 DOMAGOJ PERKIĆ DOMAGOJ PERKIĆ

Crkva sv. Jurja u Mateškom Selu: nalazi iz grobova The Church of St. George in Mateško Selo: the finds
kasnoga srednjeg i novog vijeka from the graves from the Late Middle Ages and the
Modern Age
 Prethodno priopćenje Preliminary communication

227 SLAVICA FILIPOVIĆ SLAVICA FILIPOVIĆ

VLADIMIR KUSIK VLADIMIR KUSIK
Mjesto štovanja Silvana u Mursi Place of worship of Silvanus in Mursa

241 Upute autorima Guidelines for contributors

Crkva sv. Jurja u Mateškom Selu: nalazi iz grobova kasnoga srednjeg i novog vijeka
The Church of St. George in Mateško Selo: the finds from the graves from the Late Middle
Ages and the Modern Age

Izvorni znanstveni rad DOMAGOJ PERKIĆ

Novovjekovna arheologija Dubrovački muzeji
Arheološki muzej
Original scientific paper Pred dvorom 3
Modern Age archaeology HR–20000 Dubrovnik
[email protected]
UDK/UDC 726:904(497.5 Mateško Selo)”11/18” [email protected]

Primljeno/Received: 20. 12. 2016.

Prihvaćeno/Accepted: 20. 06. 2017.

U okviru obnove crkve sv. Jurja u Mateškom Selu, jugoistočno od Generalskog Stola, obavljena su zaštitna arheološka iskopavanja i
istraživanja u razdoblju od 1999. do 2001. Otkrivene su i definirane brojne faze crkve čija je jedna od osnovnih karakteristika da je sagrađena
od brojnih sanduka i poklopaca rimskih kamenih urni, koji su ovdje poslužili kao veoma pogodan i prilagodljiv građevinski materijal. Tijekom
istraživanja iskopano je 170 grobova, od čega 29 unutar, a 141 izvan crkve. Najraniji grobovi datirani su u kraj 12. i početak 13. st., pa se u to
vrijeme ili nešto ranije datiraju i najstarije faze crkve. Najmlađi grobovi datirani su u početak 19. st. kada ova crkva postaje župna te se prestaje
sa sahranjivanjem. Uz grobove i uokolo njih kao preostaci starijih, uništenih grobova, nađeni su brojni grobni nalazi koji predstavljaju nabožne
predmete (medaljice, križevi, zrna krunice), dijelove nošnji (dugmad, kopče, metalni konac) i nakita (prstenje, perle, igle, naušnice). Upravo
ovakvi nalazi, sveukupno njih 158, predstavljaju okosnicu rada. Istraživanje ovakvih grobova iz kasnoga srednjeg i novog vijeka iznimno
je bitno zbog datiranja pojedinih faza crkve kroz sagledavanje odnosa grobova i arhitekture, ali i upoznavanja nošnje i pogrebnih običaja
stanovnika ovog dijela karlovačkog kraja.

Ključne riječi: Sv. Juraj, groblje, medaljice, prstenje, ukosnice, križevi, perle, dugmad

The renovation of the Church of St. George in Mateško Selo, southeast of Generalski Stol, included archaeological rescue excavations and
research from 1999 to 2001. They discovered and defined many phases of the church, characterized by the fact that it was built with numerous
recipients and lids of Roman stone urns, which served as very suitable and flexible building materials. 170 graves were uncovered: 29 inside
the church and 141 outside it. The earliest graves were dated to the late 12th century and the early 13th century, which is why the oldest phases
of the church were dated to the same period or a little earlier. The youngest graves were dated to the early 19th century, when the building
became a parish church and the burials were discontinued. Numerous finds around and near the graves turned out to be the remains of older,
destroyed graves: devotional objects (medals, crosses, rosary beads), parts of clothes (buttons, buckles, metal thread) and jewellery (fingerings,
beads, pins, earrings). These finds, 158 in total, are the main theme of this paper. Exploration of such graves from the Late Middle Ages and the
Modern Age is exceptionally important for dating the particular phases of the church by analysing the relations between graves and architec-
ture, but also for gaining knowledge about costumes and funerary rites of the inhabitants of this part of the Karlovac region.

Keywords: St. George, cemetery, medals, fingerings, hairpins, crosses, beads, buttons

Crkva sv. Jurja nalazi se na blago uzvišenom brežuljku The Church of St. George stands on a gentle hill in the
u samom središtu Mateškog Sela, oko 4 km jugoistočno od very centre of Mateško Selo, some 4 km southeast of Ge-
Generalskog Stola, u Karlovačkoj županiji (karta 1).1 U geo- neralski Stol, in Karlovac County (Map 1).1 Geographically
grafskom smislu ovo je područje Korduna koje podrazumi- speaking, this is Kordun, a historical Croatian region around
jeva hrvatsku povijesnu regiju oko rijeke Korane. Pruža se the River Korana. It stretches from the Mountain Plješevica
od planine Plješevice, odnosno ličkih planina na jugu do and the mountains of Lika in the south to the River Kupa
karlovačkog Pokuplja na sjeveru, te od granice s državom valley around Karlovac in the north, and from the state

1 Koordinate položaja po Gauss–Krügeru, a u odnosu na Greenwich jesu: 1 Site coordinates according to Gauss–Krüger and in relation to Greenwich:
50 20 321 N, 55 34 005 E, Z = 216 m. n. v, k.č. 1038/3, čest. zgr. 35, k.o. 50 20 321 N, 55 34 005 E, Z = 216 m a.S.L, c.p. 1038/3, cad. b. 35, c.d.
Mateško Selo. Mateško Selo.

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 DOMAGOJ PERKIĆ, CRKVA SV. JURJA U MATEŠKOM SELU: NALAZI IZ GROBOVA KASNOGA SREDNJEG I NOVOG VIJEKA, PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 34/2017, STR. 185–225

Karta 1 Crkva sv. Jurja – položaj na karti 1 : 25000 (računalna obrada: D. Perkić, 2010.)
Map 1 The Church of St. George – position on the 1 : 25000 map (digital work: D. Perkić, 2010)

186
DOMAGOJ PERKIĆ, THE CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE IN MATEŠKO SELO: THE FINDS FROM THE GRAVES FROM THE LATE MIDDLE AGES AND THE..., PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 34/2017, P. 185–225

Bosnom i Hercegovinom (bosanska Unska krajina) na istoku border with Bosnia and Herzegovina (the River Una region
do rijeke Mrežnice na zapadu (Ranogajec 1996: 7–9; Cvita- in Bosnia) in the east to the River Mrežnica in the west (Ra-
nović 1974: 183). U doba borbi s Osmanlijama, ova su pod- nogajec 1996: 7–9; Cvitanović 1974: 183). These lands were
ručja teško stradala i nikad više nisu postigla onaj prosperi- devastated in the Turkish wars and never recovered the me-
tet koji su imala, u odnosu na srednjovjekovne prilike, prije diaeval prosperity that predated the war.
ratnih razaranja. The Church of St. George is the oldest known and pre-
Crkva sv. Jurja najstarija je poznata i sačuvana crkva na served church in the county and, as tradition has it, the only
području ove županije, jedina koja je prema predaji preži- church that survived the Ottoman invasions and occupati-
vjela osmanlijske upade i okupaciju u kasnom srednjem i on in the Late Middle Ages and the Modern Age. The alma-
novom vijeku. U spomenici župe Brest Mrežnički, podaci- nac of the parish of Brest Mrežnički includes this narrative
ma iz 1903., opisuje se sljedeći događaj: u 16. st. turski paša from 1903: In the 16th century, the Turk Gjorgjić Pasha came to
Gjorgjić Paša, kada je došao pred crkvu i vidio kip sveca, rekao the church and saw the statue of the saint. He said that the sa-
je kako taj svetac, njegov imenjak, mora da je bio dobar junak, int – his namesake – must have been a great hero and that he
te njegovu crkvu neće rušiti (Mužar 2005: 22). Upitna je pot- would not tear down his church (Mužar 2005: 22). This story
puna istinitost ovakvog događaja, no upućuje na starost i may or may not be based on facts, but it does indicate the
važnost crkve. great age and importance of the church.
Osim zbog svoje starosti, spomenička vrijednost crkve The church is a precious monument not only because
ogleda se i brojnim rimskim spolijama koje su kao građevin- of its age, but also because of the numerous Roman spolia
ski materijal ugrađene u ziđe i temelje crkve. Stoga je bila i that were used as building materials for its walls and foun-
razumljiva potreba za obnovom i zaštitom crkve. dations. This gave rise to the need to renovate and protect
Do sada je predmetna crkva u više navrata privlačila po- the church.
zornost znanstvenika i bila obrađivana u raznim tekstovima The church attracted the attention of several scholars,
(Horvat 1964: 29; 1986: 153; Kruhek 1993: 143–144; Stošić who wrote about it (Horvat 1964: 29; 1986: 153; Kruhek
1994: 120–121). Kroz sve se, s pravom, uglavnom provlači te- 1993: 143–144; Stošić 1994: 120–121). They all rightly claim
za da je crkva građena na prijelazu romanike na gotiku, te se that the church was built in the transition from the Roma-
ističu rimske spolije. U izvorima se crkva sv. Jurja spominje nesque to the Gothic style and make note of the Roman
kao crkva sancti Georgii de Colechane već 1334. i 1501. (Rački spolia. The sources first mention the Church of St. George
1872: 226), a većina autora smatra da je riječ o istoj crkvi, te as the church sancti Georgii de Colechane in 1334 and 1501
da ne postoje dvije crkve istog titulara na relativno malom (Rački 1872: 226). Most authors believe it is the same church
području. Naime, i danas postoji toponim Kolečaj ili Kolečaj because there could not be two churches dedicated to the
brdo na kojem je položaj Crkvina, no probna istraživanja same saint in such a small area. There is a toponym Kolečaj
koja bi potvrdila postojanje crkve nisu provedena zbog mi- or Kolečaj Brdo with a site called Crkvina, but there has be-
niranosti toga područja. Zanimljivo je spomenuti i moguć- en no trial trenching to look for a church because the area is
nost koju je prva iznijela Anđela Horvat (Horvat 1964: 29), mined. Anđela Horvat (Horvat 1964: 29) was the first to put
kako se kameni spomenik za koji se drži da je riječ o stećku, forward the interesting possibility that a stone monument,
a koji prikazuje jahača na konju (sv. Juraj ?), prvotno nalazio considered to be a stećak and showing a rider on a horse
kod crkve sv. Jurja u Mateškom Selu. Danas se taj spomenik (Saint George?), originally stood next to the Church of St.
nalazi u gliptoteci Hrvatskoga povijesnog muzeja u Zagre- George in Mateško Selo. The monument now stands in the
bu. Muzeju ga je darovao župnik iz Generalskog Stola. Pre- glyptotheque of the Croatian History Museum in Zagreb. It
ma nekim drugim, usmenim izvorima, spomenik se prvot- was donated to the museum by the parish priest of Gene-
no nalazio uzidan u prag obiteljske kuće Lauš, Erdelj 127, a ralski Stol. Some oral sources claim that the monument was
navodno potječe s lokaliteta Crkvišće u Valima (Lauši) kod originally walled into the entrance of the Lauš family house,
Generalskog Stola. Ni ova druga mogućnost nije isključena Erdelj 127, and that it came from Crkvišće, a site at Vali (Lau-
jer se na širem prostoru Lauša nalaze brojni antički nalazi s ši) near Generalski Stol. This possibility cannot be ruled out,
izvjesne nekropole na tom prostoru, a u tom slučaju „jahač since the wider area of Lauši contains numerous ancient
na konju” ne bi bio stećak, nego dio rimske nadgrobne stele finds from a local necropolis. In that case, the “horse rider”
ili nekoga drugog rimskog spomenika. would not be a stećak, but a part of a Roman grave stela or
Postojeća crkva sv. Jurja jednobrodna je građevina s some other Roman monument.
izduženom pravokutnom lađom i užim pravokutnim sveti- The present-day Church of St. George is a single-nave
štem s blagim otklonom prema sjeveru u odnosu na lađu, building with an elongated rectangular nave and a narrower
te preslicom na zapadnom pročelju (sl. 5). Ukupna vanjska rectangular sanctuary, turned slightly northwards in relati-
dužina crkve je 13,95 m, od čega lađe 9,55 m, a svetišta 4,30 on to the nave, and a distaff belfry on the west façade (Fig.
m. Širina lađe je 5,60 m, a svetišta 4,5 m. Crkva je ošteće- 5). The total external length of the church is 13.95 m, which
na tijekom Domovinskog rata, međutim zub vremena kao includes the length of the nave (9.55 m) and the sanctuary
i zapuštenost uradili su svoje, te je ovu crkvu bilo nužno (4.30 m). The nave is 5.60 m wide and the sanctuary is 4.5 m
obnoviti i zaštititi. Da bi se moglo pristupiti adekvatnim wide. The church was damaged in the Croatian War of Inde-
konzervatorsko-restauratorskim radovima pri zaštiti, bilo pendence, but there were also damages caused by age and
je potrebno obaviti probna arheološka istraživanja na os- neglect, so it had to be renovated and protected. In order to

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 DOMAGOJ PERKIĆ, CRKVA SV. JURJA U MATEŠKOM SELU: NALAZI IZ GROBOVA KASNOGA SREDNJEG I NOVOG VIJEKA, PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 34/2017, STR. 185–225

Sl. 1 Crkva sv. Jurja u Mateškom Selu – geneza gradnje (crtež: M. Perkić, crtež doradio: D. Perkić, 2010.)
Fig. 1 The Church of St. George in Mateško Selo – construction development (drawing: M. Perkić, finishing: D. Perkić, 2010)

novi kojih bi se predvidjela eventualna daljnja arheološka start adequate conservation and restoration works to pro-
istraživanja, potom drenažni iskop, a dobili bi se i podaci za tect the church, it was necessary to make a trial archaeologi-
statičku sanaciju objekta. Arheološka istraživanja obavio je cal evaluation to be able to plan any further archaeological
Konzervatorski odjel u Karlovcu, voditelj istraživanja bio je research, a drainage trench, and also to obtain information
autor ovog rada, a na iskopavanjima su sudjelovali tadašnji for the structural restoration. Archaeological excavations
apsolventi arheologije Marta Bezić, Nela Kovačević, Marija- were made by the Conservation Department of Karlovac,
na Martinec, Jasmina Osterman, Nataša Pokupčić i Slađana they were led by the author of this paper, and included
Latinović koje su nacrtale svu terensku dokumentaciju.2 those who were graduate students of archaeology at the
Cjelokupna obnova crkve povjerena je Hrvatskom restau- time: Marta Bezić, Nela Kovačević, Marijana Martinec, Jasmi-
ratorskom zavodu, a voditeljica programa bila je Vladanka na Osterman, Nataša Pokupčić, and Slađana Latinović, who
Milošević. Prva sondažna arheološka istraživanja započeta drew the entire field documentation.2 The whole renovati-
su tijekom svibnja 1999. u obliku pet sondi veličine 2 × 1 m. on of the church was entrusted to the Croatian Conservati-
Zbog iznimno vrijednih nalaza i spoznaja, već iste godine on Institute, with Vladanka Milošević as program manager.
istraživanja su nastavljena, da bi tijekom 2000. bila iskopana The first five archaeological trenches, sized 2 x 1 m, were
cijela unutrašnjost crkve i prostor do 1,5 m uokolo crkve, a started in May 1999. Since the obtained finds and informati-
2001. rubni prostor brežuljka gdje se definirao izgled i polo- on were exceptionally valuable, the excavations continued
žaj zida cinkture. Prije početka iskopavanja cijeli je prostor in the same year. During the year 2000, the excavations re-
uokolo i unutar crkve podijeljen na sonde jer se u početku vealed the whole interior of the church and a space of 1.5 m
nije znalo koji će se sve dijelovi iskopavati, ali i zbog pove- around the church. In 2001, they revealed the edge of the
zivanja pokretnih nalaza uz pojedina uža područja. Zbog hillock defining the character and position of the perime-
metodoloških razloga iskopavanje je započeto prema stra- ter wall. Before the start of the excavations, the entire spa-
tigrafskim jedinicama (SJ), odnosno pojedinim slojevima, ce around and within the church was divided into trenches

2 Iscrtavanje („tuširanje") terenske dokumentacije koja je poslužila za sve 2 The field documentation that was used for all the reports including this
izvještaje kao i ovaj rad napravila je Marta Perkić. paper was inked by Marta Perkić.

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DOMAGOJ PERKIĆ, THE CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE IN MATEŠKO SELO: THE FINDS FROM THE GRAVES FROM THE LATE MIDDLE AGES AND THE..., PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 34/2017, P. 185–225

Sl. 2 Crkva sv. Jurja u Mateškom Selu – položaj grobova (crtež: M. Perkić, crtež doradio: D. Perkić, 2010.)
Fig. 2 The Church of St. George in Mateško Selo – positions of graves (drawing: M. Perkić, finishing: D. Perkić, 2010)

međutim već se nakon prve sonde utvrdilo nepostojanje because it was initially not known which parts would be
stratigrafije jer su višestoljetna sahranjivanja pokojnika na excavated, but also to associate portable finds with specific
istom mjestu u potpunosti uništila sve stratigrafske jedinice, narrower areas. For reasons of methodology, the excavati-
a preostao je samo humus, sloj u kojem se sahranjivalo, te ons were started by stratigraphic units (SU), i.e. by specific
zdravica. Stoga su svi pokretni nalazi vezivani uz pojedine layers, but the first trench already revealed that there was
sonde, te grobove ako su bili in situ. Dokumentirana arhitek- no stratigraphy: the centuries of burying the dead at the sa-
tura vezivala se uz postojeću crkvu. Zbog velike brojnosti me place completely destroyed all the stratigraphic units;
kostura kao i nedovoljnih financijskih sredstava, nažalost, what remained was only the humus, the burying layer, and
nisu obavljene antropološke i 14C analize skeletnih ostataka. the subsoil. For this reason, all the portable finds were asso-
ciated with specific trenches and with graves if they were in
FAZE CRKVE situ. The documented architecture was associated with the
Iskopavanjem cjelokupnog prostora unutar crkve, pro- current church. Because of the great number of skeletons
stora neposredno uz crkvu (uglavnom do 1,5 m od posto- and insufficient funding, unfortunately, there were no ant-
jećih zidova te 6 m ispred crkve) te prostora uz rub brijega hropological or 14C analyses of skeletal remains.
utvrđeno je više faza crkve, odnosno: postojanje triju apsida
(uključujući postojeću), produženje pročelnoga zapadnog THE PHASES OF THE CHURCH
dijela i dogradnja preslice, postojanje lopice (potrijema) The excavations of the whole interior the church, its
immediate vicinity (mostly up to 1.5 m from the current
ispred ulaza u crkvu, te postojanje zida cinkture koji je ome-
walls and 6 m in front), and the space along the edge of
đivao prostor crkve i groblja (sl. 1). Međutim, i prije pred-
the hill, identified several phases of the church, namely: the
metnih arheoloških iskopavanja pretpostavljalo se kako je
existence of three apses (including the current one), the
postojeća crkva u više navrata pregrađivana i dograđivana, extension of the west front and the construction of the dis-
o čemu su svjedočile vidljive dilatacije na prijelazu apside u taff belfry, the existence of a lopica (portico) in front of the
lađu, te dilatacija između preslice i lađe crkve. church entrance, and the existence of a perimeter wall that

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PRVA FAZA surrounded the church and the cemetery (Fig. 1). However,
Od prve faze sačuvani su samo dijelovi temelja apside it was assumed even before these archaeological excava-
(apsida 1). Riječ je o ostacima polukružne apside, na polo- tions that the current church was modified and expanded
žaju i u dužini današnje apside, s tim da su njezini temelji several times, as testified by the visible dilations at the joint
sačuvani samo u svojim najdonjim dijelovima. Nažalost, ni of the apse and the nave and the dilation between the dis-
takvi ostaci temelja nisu vidljivi u cijelosti jer je postojeća taff belfry and the nave.
pravokutna apsida (apsida 3 iz 4. faze) sjela na nju. Naime,
apsida 3 u odnosu je na lađu izgrađena s blagim pomakom THE FIRST PHASE
prema sjeveroistoku, a s obzirom na to kako je apsida 1 bila The only remains from the first phase are parts of the ap-
bez takvog pomaka, dio južnog temelja apside 1 ostao je u se foundations (apse 1). They are the remains of a semicircu-
potpunosti pod temeljom pravokutne apside. lar apse in the position and length of today’s apse, but only
Ostaci temelja lađe crkve iz prve faze nisu sačuvani, osim the deepest parts of its foundations have been preserved.
samog ramena lađe na prijelazu u apsidu na osnovi kojih Unfortunately, not even these remains are fully visible, sin-
se može pretpostaviti kako je lađa bila šira od apside oko ce they are covered by the current rectangular apse (apse 3
60 cm. Temeljenjem lađe iz druge faze, kao i kasnijim uko- from the 4th phase). In fact, apse 3 stands at a slight northe-
pavanjima grobova, u potpunosti su uništeni temelji lađe ast angle to the nave; since apse 1 did not stand at an angle,
prve faze. part of the southern foundations of apse 1 is completely co-
Na osnovi najstarijih nalaza u okviru groblja (S-karičica) vered by the foundations of the rectangular apse.
može se pretpostaviti datiranje ove faze u kraj 12. i početak No remains of the first-phase nave foundations have be-
13. st. Naime, S-karičice koje su karakteristične za bjelobrd- en preserved, except for the shoulder of the nave at the jo-
sku kulturu datiraju se od sredine 10. st. do prvih desetljeća int with the apse, which indicates that the nave was around
13. st. (Tomičić 2000: 293). Međutim, usamljeni, pojedinačni 60 cm wider than the apse. The laying of the second-phase
nalazi uglavnom se javljaju krajem egzistiranja kulture, od- nave foundations, and the later digging of graves, comple-
nosno krajem 12. i početkom 13. st. Tako nam ovaj nalaz mo- tely destroyed the first-phase nave foundations.
že poslužiti kao terminus ante quem za najstariju fazu crkve. Pursuant to the oldest finds from the cemetery (S-
circlets), this phase can be tentatively dated to the late 12th
DRUGA FAZA and early 13th century. In fact, S-circlets that are characteri-
Od ove faze definirani su ostaci temelja lađe i apside (ap- stic for the Bijelo Brdo Culture are dated from mid-10th cen-
sida 2). Zbog određenih razloga očigledno dolazi do grad- tury to the first decades of the 13th century (Tomičić 2000:
nje sasvim nove, kraće apside, a temelji lađe ove faze crkve 293). However, isolated finds usually belong to the end of
u potpunosti poništavaju raniju, prvu fazu. Riječ je o polu- the culture’s existence, i.e. the late 12th and the early 13th
kružnoj apsidi, širine temelja 100 do 110 cm. Nije sačuvana century. Therefore, we can use this find as the terminus ante
u cijelosti, odnosno nedostaju sami spojevi s lađom crkve quem for the oldest phase of the church.
koji su u potpunosti uništeni sahranjivanjem unutar crkve
iz četvrte faze. Središnji, sačuvani dijelovi apside 2 poslje- THE SECOND PHASE
dica su gradnje oltarne menze neposredno iznad nje, tako This phase contains the defined remains of the founda-
da su temelji sačuvani u punoj visini, odnosno zbog oltara tions of the nave and the apse (apse 2). For some reason,
nije bilo kasnijih sahranjivanja na tom položaju. U tom vre- a completely new shorter apse was clearly built, and the
menu trajanja kraće apside očigledno je bilo sahranjivanja foundations of the nave of this phase completely effaced
izvan crkve, uz apsidu. O tome nam svjedoči postojanje sa- the earlier first phase. It is a semicircular apse, with founda-
čuvanih grobova koji se nalaze neposredno nad temeljima tions between 100 cm and 110 cm wide. It has not been fully
apside 1. Te iste grobove presjekla je apsida 3, tako da su oni preserved; more precisely, the connections with the church
sačuvani samo u gornjim dijelovima. To nas upućuje na za- nave are missing, as they were completely destroyed by the
ključak da su ti grobovi stariji od apside 3, a mlađi od apside fourth-phase burials inside the church. The central parts of
1, odnosno mogli su egzistirati samo u vrijeme postojanja apse 2 have been preserved because the altar stone was
apside 2. U prilog takvog zaključka ide i sam položaj nave- built directly above it; the foundations have been preserved
denih grobova. to their full height since there were no burials there after
Možda se ovoj fazi može pripisati i manji, uski prozorčić, the altar was built. In the period of the shorter apse, there
ponešto zašiljenog oblika koji predstavlja prijelazni roma- were obviously burials outside the church, along the apse.
ničko-gotički tip. Nalazi se na istočnom zidu današnje ap- It is testified by the preserved graves located directly abo-
side (apsida 3) koja je zasigurno znatno mlađa, no može se ve the foundations of apse 1. Since these graves were cut
pretpostaviti kako je iskorišten isti otvor s ranije crkve, od- by apse 3, only their upper portions have been preserved.
nosno s apside 2. Takvi romaničko-gotički prozori mogu se This leads to the conclusion that these graves are older than
okvirno datirati u 14. st. (Horvat 1986: 153), što bi upućivalo apse 3 and younger than apse 1; in other words, they could
i na dataciju cijele faze u to vrijeme. have existed only in the period of apse 2. This conclusion is
Temelji lađe crkve ove faze zapravo predstavljaju i teme- corroborated by the location of the graves.
lje narednih faza crkve, s tim da je u odnosu na kasnije faze, Another element that might be ascribed to this phase is
lađa bila nešto kraća. Temelji su građeni od nepravilnog ka- the smaller and slightly pointed narrow window of a transi-

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menja povezanog žbukom, a na vrh temelja poslagani su tional Romanesque-Gothic type. It is located on the eastern
poklopci i sanduci rimskih kamenih urni. Svi poklopci urni wall of today’s apse (apse 3), which is certainly much youn-
okrenuti su naopako, odnosno vrh krova i akroteriji su okre- ger, but we can assume that they used the same opening
nuti prema dolje, a unutrašnji svod prema gore. Sanduci from the older church, i.e. from apse 2. Such Romanesque-
urni nalaze se na istočnim uglovima lađe, iznad poklopaca, Gothic windows can be generally dated to the 14th century
gdje se naizmjence pružaju do pod krovište, dok je jednaka (Horvat 1986: 153), suggesting that the whole phase can be
situacija i na zapadnom dijelu, s tim da nisu na uglovima da- dated to that time.
našnje lađe nego na uglu izvorne dužine lađe što je 240 cm The foundations of the church nave from this phase
prema istoku od današnjega zapadnog pročelja. Upravo na are also the foundations of the later phases of the church,
tom mjestu vidljiva je i prva dilatacija koja se može pratiti u but the nave was a little shorter than in the latter phases.
temeljima i nadgradnji. U temeljima je vidljiva promjena u The foundations were built of irregular stones bound with
dubini (naredni, zapadni dio temelja plići je za 40 cm), a u mortar, with lids and recipients of Roman stone urns set on
nadgradnji se može pratiti slijed slaganja sanduka urni do top. All the urn lids are upside-down, i.e. the top of the lid
pod krov crkve. Tragove starijega zapadnog pročelja može- roof and acroteria are turned downwards, while the interior
mo pratiti i u temeljima bočnih zidova s unutrašnje strane. dome is turned upwards. The urn recipients are located in
Tu je vidljivo mjesto gdje se nekada nalazio zapadni pročel- the eastern corners of the nave, above the lids, where they
ni zid koji nakon produživanja lađe biva doslovce iščupan alternately reach up to the roof; it is the same in the western
zajedno s temeljima. Na mjestu nekadašnjega zapadnog part, except that they are not in the corners of today’s nave
pročelnog zida ukopavaju se novi grobovi iz četvrte faze but in the corner of the original length of the nave, which is
koji su u potpunosti uništili i tragove temelja (preostao je 240 cm eastwards from today’s western façade. This is the
samo jedan kamen koji je ostao između raka). Širina unu- location of the first dilation, which can be followed in the
trašnjosti lađe je 370 cm. Dužina unutrašnjosti lađe u prvot- foundations and the superstructure. The foundations show
noj fazi bila je 560 cm, a danas je 700 cm. a change in depth (the subsequent western part of the fo-
Slijedom navedenog, možemo zaključiti kako je jedna undations is shallower by 40 cm), and the superstructure re-
od glavnih karakteristika ove faze korištenje rimskih spolija veals the stacking order of urn recipients up to the roof. The
kao pogodnoga građevinskog materijala koji u smislu ga- traces of the older western façade can also be followed on
barita i definiraju veličinu lađe. Na osnovi povijesnog kon- the interior side of the foundations of the side walls. There
teksta ali i intenzivnog korištenja rimskih spolija kao građe- is the visible location of the old western façade wall, which
vinskog materijala može se pretpostaviti kako se ovoj fazi was literally pulled out with the foundations after the nave
može pripisati i gradnja zida cinkture. Naime, tijekom ar- was elongated. The new fourth-phase graves were dug at
heoloških istraživanja nastojao se utvrditi i izgled cinkture, the location of the old western façade wall, completely de-
odnosno veličina groblja i crkvenog posjeda. Većim dijelom stroying even the traces of the foundations (with a single
to se i uspjelo, s tim da je zid cinkture u nekim dijelovima stone remaining between the grave pits). The interior width
u potpunosti devastiran. Dio nekadašnjeg izgleda cinkture of the nave is 370 cm. The interior length of the nave was
vidljiv je i na katastarskoj mapi s početka 20. st. (k. č. 35k). 560 cm in the first phase, but it is 700 cm today.
Otkriveni temelji zida mogu se pratiti na zapadnoj, južnoj i Pursuant to the above, we can conclude that one of the
većem dijelu istočne strane cinkture, dok je sa sjeverne stra- major features of this phase is the use of Roman spolia as
ne gotovo u potpunosti uništen, te ga se nije moglo defini- suitable building materials, which also defined the dimen-
rati i dokumentirati. Naime, na sjevernoj strani izgradnjom sions of the nave. The historical context, but also the inten-
današnje ceste koja vodi k zapadnim dijelovima Mateškog se use of Roman spolia as building materials, leads to the
Sela, zid je u cijelosti nestao. Na istočnoj strani utvrđen je assumption that the perimeter wall was also built in this
izgled i veličina nekadašnjeg ulaza na prostor groblja i crkve phase. In fact, it was attempted during the archaeological
s glavne ceste. Cjelokupni zid ima ovalni oblik i zapravo pra- excavations to determine the layout of the wall – that is,
ti okolnu konfiguraciju terena, ukupna dužina je 70 m. Širina the size of the cemetery and the church property. This was
varira od 100 do 130 cm u zapadnom dijelu gdje je bolje largely successful, but some portions of the perimeter wall
sačuvan, dok je u preostalom djelu nepravilan i ide od 30 were completely destroyed. A part of the former layout of
do 190 cm, što je posljedica čupanja i odnošenja kamenja iz the wall can be seen on the land registry map from the early
ziđa i temelja, koje je iskorišteno kao pogodan i već pripre- 20th century (c. p. 35k). The revealed foundations of the wall
mljen građevinski materijal za okolne profane objekte. Na can be followed on the western, southern and most of the
dva mjesta u temeljima cinkture nalaze se i poklopci urni u eastern side of the wall, but its northern side was almost
obliku krova na dvije vode s ugaonim akroterijima, koji su completely destroyed, so it could not be defined and docu-
ovdje iskorišteni kao pogodan građevinski materijal. To nas mented. It was the construction of today’s road to the we-
na izvjestan način upućuje na datiranje gradnje zida u vrije- stern parts of Mateško Selo that obliterated the northern
me starijih faza crkve, odnosno u vrijeme kada je građena i side of the wall. At the eastern side, excavations determi-
lađa u kojoj se nalazi najviše spolija. Funkcija ovakvog zida ned the layout and size of the old entrance to the cemetery
nesumnjivo je ograđivanje crkvenog i grobnog prostora, no and church from the main road. The entire wall has an oval
imajući u vidu debljinu temelja cinkture ali i vrijeme njezi- shape, following the surrounding terrain in a total length
ne izgradnje (predosmanlijsko vrijeme) ne treba zanemariti of 70 m. Its width varies between 100 and 130 cm in the

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Sl. 3 Crkva sv. Jurja u Mateškom Selu – profili temelja s antičkim spolijama (crtež: M. Perkić, 2010.)
Fig. 3 The Church of St. George in Mateško Selo – profiles of the foundations with antique spolia (drawing: M. Perkić, 2010)

ni fortifikacijski aspekt takvog zida. Zid više nije u funkciji western part, where it is better preserved, while the rest is
početkom 19. st. kada se gradi lopica, ali i župni stan koji irregular, varying between 30 and 190 cm, which is the con-
ga presijeca u njegovu sjeveroistočnom dijelu, dok ga u sje- sequence of tearing out and taking away stones from walls
vernom dijelu u potpunosti uništava lokalni put koji vodi and foundations, which were used as suitable and ready-
prema zapadnom dijelu naselja. made building materials for nearby secular buildings. Two
Što se tiče datiranja cijele druge faze, nije moguće uže places in the wall foundations also contain urn lids in the
kronološko određenje. Kao donja granica mora se uzeti po- shape of a sloping roof with corner acroteria, which were
četak 13. st., dakle neupitno vrijeme egzistiranja prve faze, used here as suitable building materials. In a way, this indi-
a kao gornja granica može se okvirno uzeti vrijeme prema cates that the construction of the wall should be dated to
kraju 15. st., odnosno vrijeme koje prethodi češćim osman- the earlier phases of the church, which was the time of the
lijskim upadima na ova područja. To je razdoblje nakon construction of the nave with the most spolia. The purpose
pada Bosne 1463. i bitke na Krbavskom polju 1493. kada of the wall was certainly to enclose the space of the church
prostori između Korane i Mrežnice zapravo predstavljaju and cemetery, but considering the thickness of its foundati-
ničiju zemlju te gotovo da bivaju u potpunosti nenaseljeni. ons and the period of its construction (before the Ottoman
Relativno čvrsta granica prema Bosni jest na Korani, a pre- wars), we should not disregard its fortification aspect. The
ma Hrvatskoj na Mrežnici. Nakon pada Bosne 1463. godine wall had become obsolete by the early 19th century, which
srednjovjekovna Hrvatska našla se na izravnu udaru i pr- saw the construction of the portico, but also the parsonage,
voj crti obrane kraljevstva, te zapadnog kršćanstva uopće cutting across the northeastern segment of the wall, while
(Goldstein 1996). Početkom 1468. i kasnije u više navrata the local road leading to the western part of the settlement
1469. godine Osmanlije provaljuju sve do Senja i Furlanije completely destroyed its northern segment.
opustošivši krajeve koji su im bili usput. S obzirom na to da As for dating the entire second phase, it is not possible
je druga faza crkve predstavljala jedan zahtjevan, dugotra- to determine a more precise chronology. The earliest date
jan i sigurno skup zahvat (gotovo cijela crkva u potpunosti must be the early 13th century, when the existence of the
je iznova sagrađena), teško se može očekivati da je izvedena first phase is unquestionable, and the latest date can be
u vrijeme čestih osmanlijskih upada, sukoba i depopulacije generally set into the late 15th century, the time preceding

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na ovim prostorima. Dakle, okvirno datiranje ove faze jest frequent Ottoman incursions into these lands. It is the pe-
od početka 14. st. do sredine 15. st., s tim da se ne mogu riod after the fall of Bosnia (1463) and before the Battle of
oteti dojmu sredine 14. st. u prilog čemu idu i paralele s Krbava Field (1493), when the area between the rivers of
crkvama sličnog tlocrta (pačetvorinasta lađa s užom polu- Korana and Mrežnica was virtually a no-man’s land, almost
kružnom apsidom) koje su nastale pod utjecajem romanike, completely deserted. The relatively strong Bosnian border
odnosno predstavljaju odraze mediteranskog graditeljstva was on the Korana, and the Croatian border was on the
u kamenu, npr. crkva sv. Ivana u Hresnom kod Topuskog Mrežnica. After the fall of Bosnia in 1463, medieval Croatia
(Horvat 1986: 153–154). was directly threatened as the first line of defence of the
kingdom and of western Christianity in general (Goldstein
TREĆA FAZA 1996). In the early 1468 and on several occasions in 1469,
Ova se faza ogleda samo u produženju lađe prema za- Ottoman incursions reached Senj and the Friuli, devastating
padu. Naime, iskopavanjem cijele temeljne zone, s vanjske the regions they went through. Since the second phase of
i unutrašnje strane crkve, utvrđena je dilatacija u zapad- the church was a demanding, lengthy, and certainly expen-
nom dijelu lađe, a koja se može pratiti i na vanjskom ziđu sive undertaking (almost the entire church was completely
crkve (sve do pod krovište). Osim toga, u unutrašnjosti lađe rebuilt), it is improbable that it took place in a period of
utvrđeni su i ostaci nekadašnjega zapadnog pročelja koji frequent Ottoman incursions, clashes, and depopulation
se podudaraju s prvom dilatacijom vidljivom na vanjskom of the area. Therefore, this phase is roughly dated to the
ziđu i temeljima (linija gdje su sanduci urni u cijelom ziđu, period from the early 14th century to mid-15th century, but
neposredno nad temeljima). Neupitnost produženja la- it gives the distinct impression of mid-14th century, which
đe ogleda se u još dvije činjenice. Utvrđena je promjena u is supported by the parallels with churches of a similar
layout (a parallelogram nave with a narrower semicircular
dubini temelja (za oko 40 cm temelji produženja su plići) i
apse) created under the influence of the Romanesque, as
znatno lošijoj kvaliteti temelja produženja (sitnije kamenje s
a reflection of the Mediterranean stone structures, such as
primjesama zemlje, manje kompaktno i krhko). Druga činje-
the Church of St. John in Hresno near Topusko (Horvat 1986:
nica jest što su pod temeljima produženja utvrđeni uništeni
153–154).
ostaci grobova iz druge faze.
S obzirom na to da opisano produženje lađe prema za- THE THIRD PHASE
padu iznosi svega oko 140 cm s unutrašnje strane, teško se This phase is represented only by the westward exten-
može govoriti o funkcionalnom produžetku, nego prije o sion of the nave. The excavations of the entire foundation
sanaciji izvjesnih oštećenja zbog kojih je zapadno pročelje zone, in the exterior and the interior of the church, identifi-
popravljano i neznatno produženo. ed a dilation in the western part of the nave, which can be
Datiranje treće faze moguće je samo opet okvirno, više followed in the outside walls of the church (up to the roof).
u relativnom odnosu između druge i četvrte faze. Međutim, Moreover, it was discovered that the interior of the nave
treba uzeti u obzir vrijeme kada su osmanlijski upadi i su- contained the remains of the old western façade, which co-
kobi bili svakodnevica. Iako je prema predaji crkva sv. Jurja incide with the first dilation, visible on the exterior walls and
jedina koja nije srušena u osmanlijskim upadima, ipak nisu foundations (the line where urn recipients are in the entire
isključena veća ili manja oštećenja. Dapače, logičnije ih je wall, directly above the foundations). It is certain that the
očekivati. U prilog tomu ide i činjenica loše izvedbe (obično nave was extended, since it is reflected in two other facts.
u vrijeme kriza), pokušaja konstruktivne sanacije zapadnog The excavations identified a change in the depth of the fo-
pročelja gdje im je bilo jednostavnije srušiti postojeći i sa- undations (the foundations of the extension are shallower
graditi novi pročelni zid ispred starog. Jedno od najtežih by around 40 cm) and a significantly lower quality of the
razdoblja, što se tiče osmanlijskih upada, jest vrijeme oko foundations of the extension (small rocks with earth mixed
1543. do 1557. kada je Malkoč-beg teško opustošio krajeve in, fragile and less compact). The other fact is that destroyed
oko Korane i Mrežnice (Horvat 1964: 29). To je vrijeme pe- remains of second-phase graves were identified under the
te vojne sultana Sulejmana kada su 1543., među ostalim, foundations of the extension.
opljačkani Bosiljevo, Novigrad na Dobri i Ribnik na Kupi Since the described westward extension of the nave
amounted to only 140 cm on the internal side, it can hardly
(Horvat 1924: 233–234). Godine 1557. sklopio je kralj Ferdi-
be described as a functional extension, but rather as a con-
nand I. petogodišnje primirje s Osmanlijama, s tim da im je
sequence of certain damages because of which the western
morao plaćati danak u iznosu od 30 000 dukata. Upravo u
façade was repaired and slightly extended.
tom vremenu poznato je kako se brojne utvrde obnavljaju
Again, the third phase can be dated only in general, and
(Sv. Križ, Kloštar Ivanić, Zagreb, Gradac kod Križevaca, Hra- relative to the second and fourth phases. However, we sho-
stovica i dr.), a brojni se kmetovi vraćaju iz Ugarske u Hr- uld take into account that it was a period of regular Otto-
vatsku. Osmanlije u međuvremenu zaista nisu upadale u man incursions and clashes. Tradition holds that the Church
Hrvatsku (Horvat 1924: 237). Slijedom navedenog, logično of St. George was the only church not destroyed in Otto-
je pretpostaviti datiranje treće faze u vrijeme nakon 1557., man incursions, but this does not exclude major or minor
odnosno u drugu polovinu 16. st., možda u vrijeme peto- damages. In fact, it is more logical to expect them. This is
godišnjeg mira. supported by the evidence of bad workmanship (usually a

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Sl. 4 Pogled na crkvu sv. Jurja sa sjeverozapada (foto: D. Perkić, 1999.)

Fig. 4 The Church of St. George seen from the northwest (photo: D. Perkić, 1999)

ČETVRTA FAZA sign of crisis) and the attempt to reconstruct the western
Ova je faza predstavljena većom obnovom crkve koja façade, where they found it easier to tear down the old faça-
podrazumijeva gradnju nove apside i novoga pročelnog de wall and build a new one in front of it. One of the most
zida s preslicom. Nova apsida (apsida 3) jest zapravo da- difficult periods of Ottoman incursions was between 1543
našnja, pravokutna, u istoj dužini i širini kao i prva apsida and 1557, when Malkoč-beg devastated the areas around
1. Kako je nova apsida samo prislonjena uz postojeću lađu, the rivers Korana and Mrežnica (Horvat 1964: 29). It was the
vidljiva je dilatacija na prijelazu lađe u apsidu, a napravljen period of the fifth campaign of Sultan Suleiman, when the
je i manji otklon apside prema sjeveroistoku (možda sim- towns plundered in 1543 included Bosiljevo, Novigrad na
bolizam nagnute glave Isusa na križu). Zapravo je veći dio Dobri and Ribnik na Kupi (Horvat 1924: 233–234). In 1557,
temelja prve faze iskorišten za četvrtu fazu. Potvrdu da je King Ferdinand I agreed a five-year ceasefire with the Otto-
prošlo duže razdoblje između prve i četvrte faze nalazimo u mans, under which he had to pay a tribute of 30 000 ducats.
činjenici kako je apsida četvrte faze (apsida 3) presjekla broj- It is known that numerous fortifications were renovated at
ne grobove iz vremena egzistiranja druge, kraće apside, ka- that time (Sv. Križ, Kloštar Ivanić, Zagreb, Gradac kod Križe-
da su ti grobovi bili s vanjske strane apside 2. Ti su grobovi vaca, Hrastovica etc.), and many serfs came back to Croatia
nemarno presječeni i gurnuti pod temelje sadašnje apside. from Hungary. In the meantime, the Ottomans actually re-
To znači da su grobovi iz druge faze crkve legli na ostatke frained from incursions into Croatia (Horvat 1924: 237). The-
temelja prve faze koji su već tada gotovo u potpunosti bili refore, it is logical to assume the dating of the third phase to
počupani (osim najdonjih dijelova temelja koji su i nađeni u the years after 1557, i.e. to the second half of the 16th centu-
predmetnim istraživanjima). ry, maybe during the five-year peace.
U ovoj se fazi dograđuje i postojeće zapadno pročelje
sa zvonikom na preslicu za dva zvona, koje na neki način THE FOURTH PHASE
učvršćuje nekadašnje loše temeljeno pročelje. U tom smislu This phase is represented by the major renovation of the
možemo gledati i posebna pojačanja u temeljima današnje- church, which means the construction of the new apse and
ga zapadnog pročelja. Ovakva dogradnja jasno se uočava the new façade wall with the distaff belfry. The new apse
na južnom i sjevernom ziđu i temeljima lađe kao druga di- (apse 3) is today’s rectangular apse, with the same length
latacija. and width as apse 1. Since the new apse is just leaning aga-
Što se tiče datiranja ove faze, relativno je moguće pre- inst the old one, there is a visible dilation at the joint between

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ciznije kronološko određenje na osnovi više parametara. the nave and the apse, and a slight northeast angle of the
Naime, iz ove faze sačuvan je najveći broj grobova koje je apse (which might symbolize the angle of the head of Je-
moguće na osnovi nalaza točnije datirati, a riječ je o drugoj sus on the cross). In fact, most of the first-phase foundations
polovini 17. st. i 18. st. Primjetno je naglo povećanje broja were used for the fourth phase. The confirmation that a lon-
ukopa koji su većim dijelom uništili ranije ukope. Dakle, naj- ger period elapsed between the first and fourth phases can
starije grobne nalaze ove faze datiramo od druge polovine be found in the fact that the fourth-phase apse (apse 3) cut
17. st., a trebamo tražiti i povijesni kontekst kada dolazi do through numerous graves from the age of the second, shor-
naglog povećanja broja stanovnika i mogućnosti korištenja ter apse, when those graves were on the outside of apse
crkve kao grobne. Opet dolazimo do sredine 17. st., odno- 2. Those graves were carelessly cut and pushed under the
sno vremena nakon 1643. kada Osmanlije bivaju poražene foundations of the current apse. It means that the graves
kod Perjasice od strane Gašpara Frankopana (Horvat 1924: from the second phase of the church lay over the remains of
400). U tom smislu postoji i tradicija, zapisana u spomenici the first-phase foundations, which had already been almost
župe Brest Mrežnički iz 1892. koja je tada bila župna crkva completely torn out (except for the lowest parts of the foun-
za Mateško Selo, kako je crkva sv. Jurja izgrađena upravo dations which were discovered in the excavations).
nakon pobjede kod Perjasice (Mužar 2005: 18). Osim nave-
This is also the phase of the reconstruction of the old
denog, i sam izgled zvonika s preslicom ulazi u sliku sakral-
western façade with the distaff belfry for two bells, which
nih spomenika frankopanskog kruga građenih na njihovim
somewhat strengthened the older, badly founded façade.
posjedima od Modruša do Ribnika na Kupi u vrijeme druge
The same aspect applies when considering the special rein-
polovine 17. st. (Kruhek 1993: 143–144).
forcements in the foundations of the current western faça-
Prema tome, nakon prestanka osmanlijske opasnosti,
de. This reconstruction is clearly visible on the southern and
ljudi se vraćaju na ove prostore, crkva se obnavlja i počinje
northern walls and foundations of the nave as the second
koristiti kao glavna grobljanska na širem predmetnom pro-
storu. Svi sačuvani grobovi unutar lađe i apside upravo su iz dilation.
ove četvrte faze. As for dating this phase, it is relatively possible to make
a more precise chronological identification on the basis of
PETA FAZA several parameters. This phase includes the largest number
Ova je faza predstavljena dogradnjom potrijema (lopi- of graves that can be dated more precisely on the basis of
ce) ispred zapadnog pročelja. S obzirom na veličinu i dubinu finds; they are from the second half of the 17th century and
temelja za pretpostaviti je laganu, možda drvenu nadgrad- the 18th century. There was a noticeable sudden increase in
nju. Vrijeme izgradnje potrijema možemo tražiti u vremenu the number of burials, which destroyed the earlier graves
kada Sv. Juraj postaje župna crkva i kad se povećava broj for the most part. Therefore, the oldest grave finds from
vjernika. Prema podacima iz spomenice župe Brest Mrežnič- this phase are dated starting from the second half of the
ki za 1903., župni stan sagrađen je za vrijeme župnika Jurja 17th century, and we should look for a historical context
Strižića između 1798. i 1808., a crkva ostaje župna sve do where the number of inhabitants suddenly rose and where
1892. kada se zbog trošnosti čak zabranjuje služenje mise u the church could be used for burials. This leads us again to
njoj (Mužar 2005: 22). mid-17th century, or rather the period after 1643, when the
Što se tiče izgleda i veličine potrijema utvrđeno je kako Ottomans were defeated at Perjasica by Gašpar Frankopan
je bio 545 cm širine (dakle u širini crkve) i dužine 500 cm. Te- (Horvat 1924: 400). A related tradition, recorded in the 1892
melji su izrazito plitki, u prosjeku 40 cm, širine do 50 cm. Go- chronicle of the Brest Mrežnički parish, which had the parish
tovo na cijelom prostoru lopice pronađeni su i ostaci pod- church for Mateško Selo at the time, claimed that the Chur-
nice koja je izgrađena od opeke, a na ulazu je jasno vidljiv ch of St. George was built right after the victory at Perjasica
kameni prag. Pod temeljima i cijelim prostorom potrijema (Mužar 2005: 18). Aside from the above, the design of the
nađeno je više grobova iz 17.–18. st., što nam potvrđuje nje- distaff belfry fits into the style of the sacral monuments of
govo kasnije datiranje. Osim toga, i sam spoj temelja potri- the Frankopan sphere, built on their lands from Modruš to
jema sa ziđem i temeljima zapadnog pročelja pokazuje da Ribnik na Kupi in the second half of the 17th century (Kruhek
je potrijem naknadno dograđen. 1993: 143–144).
U ovu fazu pripisuju se i pronađeni ostaci župnog stana Therefore, when the Ottoman threat was over, people
koji su utvrđeni na sjeverozapadnom, najistaknutijem dijelu came back to this region, the church was renovated and be-
platoa. Međutim, ni oni nisu u cijelosti sačuvani jer su pre- came the main cemetery church in the wider area. All the
sječeni današnjim putom koji vodi prema zapadu. Širina sa- preserved graves within the nave and the apse are from the
čuvanih dijelova temelja iznosi 70–80 cm, a ukupna dužina fourth phase.
je 6,4 m.
THE FIFTH PHASE
ŠESTA FAZA
This phase is represented by the construction of the por-
Riječ je o fazi u kojoj dolazi do uklanjanja potrijema,
tico (lopica) in front of the western façade. Considering the
očito zbog njegove trošnosti. Vjerojatno je riječ o samim
počecima 20. st., odnosno 1903. kada, prema spomenici iz size and depth of the foundations, we can assume a light,
iste godine, crkva biva obnovljena zahvaljujući prilozima possibly wooden superstructure. Its construction can be
mještana, a 1904. na blagdan sv. Stjepana kralja ugarskoga i situated in the period when St. George became the parish
blagoslovljena (Mužar 2005: 22). church and when the congregation increased. According to

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Sl. 5 Pogled na južno pročelje crkve sv. Jurja s antičkim spolija- Sl. 6 Pogled na sjeverno pročelje crkve sv. Jurja s antičkim spoli-
ma (foto: D. Perkić, 1999.) jama (foto: D. Perkić, 1999.)
Fig. 5 The south façade of the Church of St. George with antique spo- Fig. 6 The north façade of the Church of St. George with antique spo-
lia (photo: D. Perkić, 1999) lia (photo: D. Perkić, 1999)

ANTIČKE SPOLIJE3 the information from the 1903 chronicle of the Brest Mrež-
U okviru istraživanja definiran je velik broj antičkih ur- nički parish, the parsonage was built when Juraj Strižić was
ni koje su ugrađene u temelje i ziđe crkve (sl. 5–6), oltarne the parish priest, between 1798 and 1808, and it remained
menze, zida cinkture, a jedan je primjerak (sanduk urne) i the parish church until 1892, when it was even forbidden to
danas u upotrebi kao krstionica unutar crkve (Perkić 2000; hold mass inside it because of its state of disrepair (Mužar
2012: 176–178). Pojedini su autori već ranije prepoznali spo- 2005: 22).
As for the layout and size of the portico, it has been de-
lije pravilno ih atribuirajući u rimsko razdoblje, međutim
termined that it was 545 cm wide (as wide as the church)
nisu ih prepoznali kao urne, pa su čak vidjeli i mogućnost
and 500 cm long. Its foundations are exceptionally shallow,
drvenog nadgrađa lađe zbog udubina u spolijama s gornje
40 cm on the average, and up to 50 cm wide. Almost the
strane (Stošić 1994: 120–121). To se pokazalo pogrešnim jer
entire space of the portico includes the remains of a brick
je utvrđeno više faza apside (sve tri u kamenoj gradnji), a floor, with a clearly visible stone doorstep at the entrance.
definirane su i spolije koje predstavljaju poklopce i sanduke Several 17th and 18th century graves were found under the
rimskih urni, gdje udubljenja predstavljaju samo unutrašnji foundations and the entire space of the portico, confirming
svod poklopaca urni. Sveukupno je nađeno 40 cjelovitih its later dating. Furthermore, the joint between the foun-
ili ulomaka sanduka i poklopaca urni (sl. 3), s tim da je taj dations of the portico with the walls and the foundations
broj zasigurno i nešto veći jer dio spolija nije vidljiv zbog of the western façade indicates that the portico was added
prekrivenosti žbukom. Svi su primjerci jednostavne izrade, later.
neukrašeni, a na dva sanduka urni nalazi se kružno polje s This phase includes the remains of the parsonage, fo-
natpisom, nažalost, oba nečitka. Veličina sanduka varira od und at the northwestern, most prominent part of the pla-
3 Za detaljnije podatke o kamenolomima antičkih sarkofaga i urni, njima teau. However, they have not been completely preserved
kao spolijama, te okolnim antičkim lokalitetima i pojedinačnim nalazima either, because they were cut by the current road leading
vidi u: Perkić 2012.

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100 × 160 cm do 90 × 130 cm. Poklopci su izrađeni u obliku west. The width of the preserved parts of the foundations is
krova na dvije vode s ugaonim akroterijima. Nalaze se na vr- 70–80 cm, and the total length is 6.4 m.
hu temelja gotovo duž cijele lađe crkve, okrenuti su naopa-
ko, odnosno vrh krova i akroteriji okrenuti su prema dolje, a THE SIXTH PHASE
unutrašnji svod prema gore. Sanduci urni nalaze se na istoč- The portico was removed in this phase, obviously be-
nim bočnim uglovima lađe, iznad poklopaca, gdje se naiz- cause of its state of disrepair. It was probably at the very
beginning of the 20th century, or more precisely in 1903, as
mjence pružaju do pod krovište, dok je jednaka situacija i
that year’s chronicle recorded that the church was renova-
na zapadnim bočnim dijelovima, s tim da nisu na uglovima ted with the contributions from the locals, and it was con-
današnje lađe, nego na uglu izvorne dužine starije faze lađe. secrated on the day of St. Stephen, the Hungarian king, in
Poklopci i sanduci kamenih urni, iskorišteni kao po- 1904. (Mužar 2005: 22).
godan i već obrađen građevinski materijal, vjerojatno su
doneseni s neke obližnje antičke nekropole. Takva pretpo- SPOLIA FROM ANTIQUITY3
stavka temelji se na činjenici da su svi primjerci urni zavr- The archaeological works identified a large number of
šeni (nema neobrađenih), a dva imaju epigrafske natpise u urns from antiquity that were built into the foundations and
kružnom polju. Položaj nekropole, nažalost, do danas nije walls of the church (Fig. 5–6), the altar stone, the perime-
ter wall, and one specimen (urn recipient) that is still be-
utvrđen. Jedan od razloga je i otežano rekognosciranje ši-
ing used in the church as the baptistery (Perkić 2000; 2012:
reg područja zbog zaostalih minsko-eksplozivnih sredstava 176–178). Certain authors recognised the spolia even earlier,
iz Domovinskog rata. Slijedom navedenog možemo pret- correctly attributing them to the Roman period, but they
postaviti kako je antička nekropola s urnama iz 2. i eventu- did not identify them as urns – in fact, they were conside-
alno početka 3. st. devastirana u vremenu druge faze crkve, ring the possibility of a wooden superstructure of the na-
dakle između početka 14. i početka 15. st.. Možemo samo ve because of indentations on the upper side of the spolia
pretpostaviti kako se nalazila negdje u blizini, vjerojatno uz (Stošić 1994: 120–121). This turned out to be wrong after the
komunikaciju koja je vodila između manjih rimskih naselja identification of several phases of the apse (all three built
na uzvisinama današnjeg Bakić brda i Zidina na Bosiljevcu, of stone), and the definition of the spolia, which consisted
of lids and recipients of Roman urns, with the indentations
a prema centralnom naselju na području današnjeg Svojića
being just the interior domes of urn lids. All in all, 40 urn re-
(Perkić 2002: 119). U blizini toga prostora nalazi se i položaj cipients and lids or their fragments were found (Fig. 3), but
Mavrovac s kojeg je prema zapisima župnika Ignjata Peraka there are surely more of them since a part of the spolia is
iz 1892. u spomenici župe Brest (Mrežnički), prema predaji, covered by mortar. All the specimens have a simple design,
srušen neki stari objekt od čijeg je ziđa sagrađen Sv. Juraj u without decorations, and two urn recipients have a round
Mateškom Selu. field with an inscription, but unfortunately, both are illegi-
Opisane kamene urne poznate su na širem području ble. The size of the recipients varies from 100 × 160 cm to 90
rimskih provincija Norika, Gornje Panonije i Dalmacije tije- × 130 cm. The lids are shaped like a slanted roof, with corner
acroteria. They are located on the top of the foundations
kom 1. do sredine 3. st. (Jovanović 1984: 8–10). U Hrvatskoj
along almost the entire church nave, turned upside-down,
su npr. poznati iz Šćitarjeva (Andautonija) (Vikić Belančić
i.e. the top of the lid roof and acroteria are turned downwar-
1981: 132), ali i obližnjih lokaliteta u Točku kod Dudukovića, ds, while the interior dome is turned upwards. The urn reci-
te Vujaškovićima kod Ponorca (Šarić 1992: 111–120). Vode pients are located in the eastern corners of the sides of the
podrijetlo od kamenih urni četvrtastog oblika koje su ital- nave, above the lids, where they alternately reach up to the
ska forma, posebno česta u zapadnim provincijama carstva, roof; it is the same in the western parts of the sides, except
pa se pretpostavlja kako su na naše prostore dospjele s do- that they are not in the corners of today’s nave but in the
seljenicima s tih prostora (Srejović 1965: 78–79). U Panoniji corner of the original length of the older phase of the nave.
su znatno češće nego kamene urne cilindričnog oblika, za Urn lids and recipients, used as suitable and ready-made
building materials, were probably brought from a nearby
razliku od Dalmacije gdje prevladavaju cilindrične (Jovano-
ancient necropolis. This hypothesis is based on the fact that
vić 1984: 42).
all the urn specimens are finished (none are unprocessed),
and two have epigraphs in a round field. Unfortunately, the
ISKOPAVANJE GROBLJA UOKOLO I location of the necropolis has not been found. One of the
UNUTAR CRKVE reasons is that the reconnaissance of the wider area is made
more difficult by the mines and explosives that remain from
GROBOVI the Croatian War of Independence. Pursuant to the above,
Sveukupno je istraženo 170 grobova, od čega 29 unutar, we can assume that the ancient necropolis with urns from
a 141 izvan crkve (sl. 2). Pretpostavlja se da je ukupan broj the 2nd and possibly the early 3rd century was devastated
during the second phase of the church, that is, between
grobova znatno veći. Međutim, svako naknadno ukopava-
the early 14th and the early 15th century. We can only assume
nje devastiralo je prijašnje nivoe ukopa, pri čemu se nije that it used to stand somewhere near, probably along the
vodila posebna briga o kostima, sanducima i sl. Uglavnom
bi se stariji kosturi odgurnuli u stranu, a ponekad je zabilje- 3 For more detailed information about the quarries of antique sarcophagi
ženo i slaganje kostiju uz rub rake čime bi se stvorila kosti- and urns, about their status as spolia, and about the surrounding antique
sites and individual finds, see: Perkić 2012.

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ma flankirana raka. Pojedine dislocirane lubanje namjerno road connecting the small Roman settlements on the hills
su stavljane uz lubanju ili karlicu mlađeg ukopa. Najviše of today’s Bakić Brdo and Zidine na Bosiljevcu, towards the
kostura pronađeno je u neposrednoj blizini i uz samu apsi- central settlement in the area of today’s Svojić (Perkić 2002:
du, što je uobičajeno, jer su svi htjeli biti sahranjeni što bliže 119). Mavrovac, in the vicinity of that area, was the site whe-
svetištu. Zbog toga su najveća preslojavanja, devastacije i re, according to folk traditions noted by the parish priest
Ignjat Perak in the chronicle of the Brest (Mrežnički) parish
dislociranosti kostura upravo na ovom dijelu. Orijentacija
from 1892, there was an old structure that was torn down
grobova u većini je slučajeva pravilna, odnosno zapad – and its walls were used to build St. George in Mateško Selo.
istok (glava na zapadu), rijetko sjever – jug (8 slučajeva, gla- The described stone urns were used in the wider area of
va na sjeveru), a samo u jednom slučaju jug – sjever (glava the Roman provinces of Noricum, Upper Pannonia and Dal-
na jugu) i istok – zapad (glava na istoku). Blage su oscilacije matia from the 1st to mid–3rd century (Jovanović 1984: 8–10).
u orijentaciji zapad – istok primjetne kod apside, no to je In Croatia, for example, there are specimens from Šćitarje-
vjerojatno posljedica htijenja da pokojnici budu glavom što vo (Andautonia) (Vikić Belančić 1981: 132), but also from the
bliže svetištu. nearby locations at Točak kod Dudukovića and Vujaškovići
Sahranjivanje na ovom položaju možemo pratiti od kra- kod Ponorca (Šarić 1991/92: 111–120). They originated from
the rectangular stone urns which are the Italic form that was
ja 12. / početka 13. st. sve do početka 19. st. kada ova crkva
particularly frequent in the western provinces of the empire,
postaje župna, a negdje se u to vrijeme prestaje i sa sahra- so it is assumed that they were brought to our lands by the
njivanjem u crkvi (naredba potekla od Napoleona i širi se settlers from those regions (Srejović 1965: 78–79). In Panno-
paralelno s njegovim osvajanjima). nia, they are much more frequent than the cylindrical stone
urns, which dominate in Dalmatia (Jovanović 1984: 42).
GROBNI NALAZI
Uz grobove i uokolo njih nađeni su brojni grobni nala- EXCAVATIONS IN THE CEMETERY AROUND
zi koji predstavljaju nabožne predmete (medaljice, križevi, AND INSIDE THE CHURCH
zrna krunice), dijelove nošnji (dugmad, kopče, metalni ko-
THE GRAVES
nac) i nakita (prstenje, perle, igle, naušnice i sl.), a nađeno
In total 170 graves were uncovered: 29 inside the church
je i osam primjeraka novca, uglavnom izvan grobnog kon- and 141 outside it (Fig. 2). It is assumed that the total num-
teksta. ber of graves is much bigger. However, each new burial de-
Svi nalazi koji su pronađeni in situ kao takvi su nacrtni vastated the previous burial levels without taking any par-
i fotodokumentirani te signirani uz grob u okviru kojeg su ticular care about bones, coffins etc. In general, older skele-
pronađeni. Sveukupno je pronađeno 158 posebnih nalaza tons would be shoved aside. Bones were sometimes placed
s tim da treba razlikovati pojedinačne (prstenje, ukosnice, along the edge of the grave pit, creating a bone-flanked
igle, fibule, pređice, križevi, medaljoni i sl. – 106 komada) od pit. Certain dislocated skulls were deliberately placed along
more recently buried skulls or pelvises. Most skeletons we-
skupnih nalaza (dugmad, perle, kopčice od nanogvica i sl. –
re found in the immediate vicinity of the apse or along it,
52 skupine).
which is normal, since everyone wanted to be buried clo-
Primjetno je kako su samo pojedini grobovi imali nalaze, se to the shrine. Therefore, this part contains the greatest
pa tako ih, od 170 grobova, ima samo njih 57 (oko 33%). Isto disturbances of layers, devastations and dislocations of
tako, primjetno je da prevladavaju grobovi s jednim ili dva skeletons. Most of the graves are oriented regularly, in the
nalaza, dok su rijetki oni s više njih. Grobovi koji se mogu west-east direction (head to the west), some have a north-
izdvojiti po brojnosti nalaza uz pokojnika jesu npr. grob 17: south orientation (8 cases, head to the north), and there
dva prstena, medaljica, križ, dva ukrasna zrna i kopčice (T. are single instances of south-north (head to the south) and
7); grob 21: prsten, novac, križ, devet zrna krunice, dugmad east-west (head to the east) orientations. The apse contains
slight variances in the west-east orientation, but it is proba-
i kopčice (T. 8); grob 47: dva prstena, medaljica, križ, alkica,
bly a consequence of the desire to place the heads closer to
pet zrna krunice i dugmad (T. 9); grob 81: dva prstena, fibula,
the shrine.
križ, igla i 75 zrna krunice (T. 10). Moguće je da su grobovi Burials on this site can be followed from the late 12th and
s brojnim nalazima pripadali pobožnijim ili imućnijim poje- early 13th century to the early 19th century, when the buil-
dincima, jer su ti grobovi, čini se, izdvojeni prema položaju ding became a parish church and stopped being used for
ukopa, odnosno svi se nalaze u blizini svetišta. Dva su unu- burials inside (it was an order from Napoleon, which spread
tar crkve (grob 21 i 47) i dva izvan (grob 17 i 81) (vidi sl. 2). along with his conquests).
Potencijalni odraz socijalne diferencijacije možemo vi-
djeti i po načinu ukopa gdje su oni nešto bogatiji sahranji- FINDS FROM THE GRAVES
There were numerous finds around and near the graves:
vani u drvenim sanducima, a ostali u golu zemlju. Od dr-
religious objects (medals, crosses, rosary beads), parts of
venih sanduka preostali su samo željezni čavli, a drvo je u clothes (buttons, buckles, metal thread) and jewellery (rin-
potpunosti istrulilo (moguće posljedica kisele zemlje). gs, beads, pins, earrings etc.); there were also eight coins,
Najvrjedniji nalaz u kronološkom smislu jest tzv. S-ka- but mostly outside the funerary context.
ričica koja je karakteristična za bjelobrdsku kulturu, ali su Everything found in situ was drawn as found, photo-
poznati i njezini importi u južne dijelove središnje Hrvatske graphed, and marked together with the grave where it was

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DOMAGOJ PERKIĆ, THE CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE IN MATEŠKO SELO: THE FINDS FROM THE GRAVES FROM THE LATE MIDDLE AGES AND THE..., PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 34/2017, P. 185–225

zrna krunice / rosary beads

crucifix with decorations
praporac / globular bell
ukrasna traka oglavlja /

aplika mrtvačke glave /

decorative headband
NALAZ

alkica / pendant ring

raspelo s aplikama /
S-karičica / S-circlet

izdužena kopčica /

dugmad / buttons
naušnica / earring
medaljica / medal
prsten / fingering

decorative beads

beads / necklace
skull decoration
elongated clasp

kopčice / clasps
decorative pins

perle / ogrlica /
/ FIND

ukrasna zrna /
broš / brooch

ukrasne igle /
novac / coin

križ / cross

žica / wire
GROB /
GRAVE

9 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10 - 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - 1 -
11 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - -
15 - - - - - - - 5 - - - - - - - - - - - -
17 2 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1
20 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
21 1 - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1
24 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -
28 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2
40 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - -
47 2 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - 1 -
48 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2
52 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
61 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 -
62 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 2 -
80 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
81 2 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - -
88 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -
90 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
94 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
95 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1
103 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
105 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
108 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
109 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
111 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
115 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
119 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - -
123 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - -
126 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
129 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -
133 - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1
140 1 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
141 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 -
142 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
144 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
145 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
147 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
148 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 1
149 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
150 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
153 - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
159 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
161 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
162 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
168 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
izvan
groba /
14 4 - 1 6 - - - 1 1 - - 3 - - - - - 1 2
outside of
grave
UKUPNO
43 13 1 7 8 1 8 7 7 1 2 1 4 1 1 7 5 3 15 22
/ TOTAL
Tab. 1 Odnos vrste grobnih nalaza prema grobovima
Tab. 1 The relation between the types of grave finds and the graves

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 DOMAGOJ PERKIĆ, CRKVA SV. JURJA U MATEŠKOM SELU: NALAZI IZ GROBOVA KASNOGA SREDNJEG I NOVOG VIJEKA, PRIL. INST. ARHEOL. ZAGREBU, 34/2017, STR. 185–225

(Kordun, Lika, područje Knina i sl.) (Petrinec 2009: 235–236; found. There was a total of 158 particular finds, which can
Filipec 2012: 114–115). Koristile su se od sredine 10. st. do pr- be divided into individual finds (rings, hairpins, pins, fibu-
vih desetljeća 13. st. Tako nam taj nalaz može poslužiti kao lae, belt buckles, crosses, medallions etc. – 106 pieces) and
terminus ante quem za najstariju fazu crkve, odnosno datira group finds (buttons, beads, anklet clasps etc. – 52 groups).
It is notable that only some graves contained finds: just
crkvu najkasnije na početak 13. st.
57 out of 170 (around 33%). Moreover, it is notable that gra-
ves with one or two finds predominate, while graves with
PRSTENJE more finds are rare. The graves that can be singled out be-
Najveći broj grobnog fundusa predstavljaju nalazi prste- cause of numerous finds with the deceased are e.g. grave
nja – 43 komada. Izrađivani su lijevanjem i kovanjem lime- 17: two rings, a medal, a cross, two decorative beads, and
nih traka, a ukrašavani umetanjem staklene paste i raznim clasps (Pl. 7); grave 21: a ring, coins, a cross, nine rosary be-
oblicima žlijebljenja i urezivanja. Kao sirovinski materijal ads, buttons, and clasps (Pl. 8); grave 47: two rings, a medal,
korištena je uglavnom bronca (u različitim omjerima bakra i a cross, a pendant ring, five rosary beads, and buttons (Pl.
9); grave 81: two rings, a fibula, a cross, a pin, and 75 rosary
kositra, te različite čistoće, o čemu ovisi izgled i kvaliteta). S
beads (Pl. 10). It is possible that the graves with numerous
obzirom na kontekst nalazišta većina se prstenja može da-
finds belonged to more religious or better situated persons,
tirati od kraja 17. do u početak 19. st., iako je jednostavno, since these graves seem to stand out in terms of position
neukrašeno prstenje nemoguće kronološki odrediti. – they are all close to the shrine. Two are inside the church
Prema načinu ukrašavanja možemo izdvojiti dva os- (graves 21 and 47), and two are outside (graves 17 and 81)
novna tipa prstenja: prstenje s ukrasima od staklene paste (see Fig. 2).
i prstenje ukrašeno urezivanjem na limenoj traci te različi- A potential reflection of social differentiation can be se-
tim oblicima tijekom lijevanja. Svaki od navedenih tipova en in the burial method: wealthier individuals were buried
zastupljen je u raznim inačicama, odnosno podtipovima in wooden coffins, while others were simply covered with
earth. Only iron nails remain from the wooden coffins, as
prstenja.
wood rotted completely (perhaps because of acid soil).
Prstenje s ukrasima od staklene paste:
The most valuable find, chronologically speaking, is an
– gema gema od staklene paste u sekstagonalnom kru- S-shaped circlet, which is characteristic for the Bijelo Brdo
ništu ukrašeno cik-cak i vertikalnim urezima na kruništu, te culture, but there are also its imports into the southern par-
trokutastim urezima na ramenu obruča (T. 1: 1–12), ts of central Croatia (Kordun, Lika, the Knin area etc.) (Petri-
– s plastičnim kugličastim ukrasom na glatkom obruču nec 2009: 235–236; Filipec 2012: 114–115). They were used
(T. 1: 13), from mid-10th century to the first decades of the 13th centu-
– bez dodatnih urezanih ukrasa na obruču (T. 1: 14), ry. Therefore, we can use this find as the terminus ante quem
– gema od staklene paste u kružnoj ili kvadratnoj kaloti, for the oldest phase of the church – in other words, it dates
the church to not later than the early 13th century.
obruč prstena grube i neukrašene površine, izrađeni vjero­
jatno od kositra (T. 1: 15). FINGERINGS
Ukrasi od staklene paste izrađivani su u različitim bo- Among the finds, fingerings are the most numerous –
jama (crvena, plava, zelena) ili su prozirni. Veličina varira, a 43 pieces. They were made by casting and forging tin strips
kod onih smještenih u kruništa sastavljeni su od dvije kon- and decorated by inserting glass paste and using various
veksne leće. Prstenje s ukrasima od staklene paste gdje je kinds of grooves and incisions. The raw material was mostly
staklena gema u kruništu ili kaloti, u različitim varijacijama bronze (with various ratios of copper and tin, and various
nalazimo od kasne antike, Bizanta, starohrvatskih, pa sve do degrees of purity, resulting in different appearance and qu-
suvremenih razdoblja. Datiranje je moguće samo na osnovi ality). Considering the context of the site, most fingerings
can be dated to a period between the late 17th and the early
konteksta unutar groba i cijelog groblja. Takvo prstenje kori-
19th century, but it is impossible to assign a date to simple
šteno je na širem prostoru Pokuplja, Korduna i Like od druge rings without decorations.
polovine 17. do početka 19. st., a gotovo identični primjerci According to the decorating style, we can distinguish
nađeni su u grobljima uz crkve sv. Duha u Mušaluku (Perkić two basic types of fingerings: rings with glass paste decora-
2015: T. I) i pavlinskom samostanu s crkvom Blažene Djevice tions, and rings decorated with incisions on the tin strip and
Marije Snježne u Kamenskom (Perkić 2005; 2010: 227–288, T. various forms during casting. Each of these types is repre-
I: 3, 7, 10, 12a–c, 14, 19–22; T. II: 1, 6a–c, 11–12). Posebno je u sented by several variations or ring sub-types.
kronološkom smislu indikativno groblje u Mušaluku gdje se Fingerings with glass paste decorations:
može govoriti o zatvorenoj cjelini, odnosno groblju koje se – a hexagonal bezel with a glass paste inlay decorated
with zigzag and vertical incisions in the bezel, and with tri-
datira isključivo u 18. st. U isti kronološki kontekst datirani
angular incisions on the shoulder of the shank (Pl. 1: 1–12),
su i kod istraživanja crkve sv. Nikole biskupa u Žumberku – with a sculpted spherical decoration on the smooth
(Azinović Bebek 2009c: 472, T. 4: 9–15). Međutim, ovakvo pr- shank (Pl. 1: 13),
stenje nalazimo i na znatno širem prostoru Hrvatske gdje je – with no additional decorating incisions on the shank
različito datirano sve do u 15. i 16. st., no uglavnom s nepo- (Pl. 1: 14),
znatih lokaliteta, dakle izvan arheološkog konteksta (Piteša – a round or square shell with a glass paste inlay, ring
2009: 179). Stoga pretpostavljam kako ovako rano datiranje shank with a rough and undecorated surface, probably ma­

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od 15. st. nije utemeljeno i posljedica je isključivo datiranja de of tin (Pl. 1: 15).
na osnovi tipoloških karakteristika te nedostatka istraživa- Glass paste decorations were made in different colours
nja i objavljivanja novovjekovnih groblja. (red, blue, green) or transparent. Their size varies, but those
set in bezels consist of two convex lenses. Fingerings with
glass paste decorations, where glass paste is set in a bezel
Prstenje ukrašeno urezivanjem te različitim oblicima ti-
or shell, can be found in many variations from Late Antiqu-
jekom lijevanja: ity, Byzantium, early Medieval Croatia, up to contemporary
– lijevano prstenje s urezanim inicijalima i florealnim periods. Dating is possible only on the basis of the context
mo­tivima, within the grave and the entire cemetery. Such fingerings
– lijevani prsten gdje se tijelo obruča proširuje prema vr­ were used in the wider area of Kupa Valley, Kordun and Lika
hu i tvori zaravnjeni vrh s urezanim inicijalima, na prijelazu from the second half of the 17th century to the early 19th cen-
obruča u zaravnjeni dio nalazi se ukras niza plitkih zareza tury; almost identical specimens were found in cemeteries
(T. 2: 1–3), of the Church of the Holy Spirit in Mušaluk (Perkić 2015: Pl. I)
and the Pauline monastery with the Church of the Blessed
– lijevani prsten gdje se na zadebljani obruč, ukrašen
Virgin Mary of the Snow in Kamensko (Perkić 2005; 2010:
na­suprotnim kosim urezima, nastavlja kružna pločica obru­
227–288, Pl. I: 3, 7, 10, 12a–c, 14, 19–22; Pl. II: 1, 6a–c, 11–12).
bljena kružnim žlijebom unutar kojeg su inicijali te dva flo­ From the aspect of chronology, the cemetery in Mušaluk is
realna motiva (T. 2: 5), particularly interesting, since it is a unified whole – the enti-
– na plosnati obruč nastavlja se kružna pločica u sredini re cemetery is dated to the 18th century. They were dated to
koje je urezani florealni motiv, a uokolo sigle (T. 2: 4), the same chronological context during the excavations of
– lijevano prstenje s punim lijevanim kruništem, the Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop in Žumberak (Azinović
– lijevani prsten s punom lijevanom kalotom na vrhu, iz­ Bebek 2009c: 472, Pl. 4: 9–15). However, such fingerings ha-
među kalote i tijela obruča jesu dva paralelna žlijeba, a na ve been found in a much wider area of Croatia, variously da-
ted up to the 15th and 16th centuries, but usually in unknown
vrhu kalote plastični kuglasti izbojak (T. 2: 6),
locations, outside the archaeological context (Piteša 2009:
– lijevani prsten s punom lijevanom kalotom na vrhu, iz­
179). Therefore, I assume that such early dating, which starts
među kalote i tijela obruča je žlijeb (T. 2: 7), from the 15th century, is unfounded and caused by dating
– jednostavno prstenje od limene trake s jednim ili dva only on the basis of typological characteristics and a lack
plitka usporedna žlijeba, of excavations and publications of modern age cemeteries.
– prsten na limenoj traci s dva plitka usporedna žlijeba
na vanjskoj površini obruča prstena, bez dodatnih ukrasa (T. Fingerings decorated with incisions and various forms
2: 8), during casting:
– prsten na limenoj traci s jednim žlijebom po sredini, – cast rings with incised initials and floral motifs,
– a cast ring with the body of the shank widening towar-
bez dodatnih ukrasa (T. 2: 9–10).
ds the bridge, which is a flat surface with incised initials; the
crossing of the shank into the flat part is decorated with a
Jednostavno prstenje ukrašavano samo dvama plitkim series of shallow notches (Pl. 2: 1–3),
usporednim žljebovima na vanjskoj površini obruča prstena – a cast ring where the thickened shank, decorated with
najprisutnije je u gotovo svim starohrvatskim, kasnosred- opposed diagonal incisions, leads to a round plate framed
njovjekovnim i novovjekovnim grobljima, pa ih logično mo- by a round groove containing initials and two floral motifs
žemo pripisati proizvodima lokalnih radionica (Jelovina, Vr- (Pl. 2: 5),
salović 1981: 120, T. I: 4; T. II: 34, 50; Petrinec, Jakšić 1996: 21, – a flat shank leads to a round plate with a floral motif in
27, 29, 34, 37, 39–40; Piteša 2009: 186; Azinović Bebek 2009c: the centre, surrounded by sigla (Pl. 2: 4),
– cast rings with fully wrought bezels,
479, T. 4: 25). U sjevernoj hrvatskoj možemo ih pratiti još od
– a cast ring with a fully wrought shell on top; there are
bjelobrdske kulture 10./11. st. (Bojčić 2009: 37, 43). Većinu two parallel grooves between the shell and the shank, and
inačica ovakvog prstenja nalazimo na kronološki uspored- a sculpted spherical protrusion on top of the shell (Pl. 2: 6),
nim grobljima u spomenutom Mušaluku (Perkić 2015: T. I: 1, – a cast ring with a fully wrought shell on top; there is a
5–7, 9–10, 13–16, 18–21) i Kamenskom (Perkić 2005; 2010: T. I: groove between the shell and the shank (Pl. 2: 7),
1–2, 4–5, 8–9, 11, 13; T. II: 3–5, 10, 13, 15–18), a i ostalim loka- – simple rings with tin shanks and one or two parallel
litetima gdje se obratila pozornost na ovakve novovjekovne shallow grooves,
nalaze (Gudelj 2006: 85–89; Božek, Kunac 1998: 209–210). – a ring with a tin shank and two parallel shallow groo-
Pokojnici su najčešće nosili po jedan prsten, rijetko dva, ves on the outer surface of the shank, with no other deco-
rations (Pl. 2: 8),
a prisutna je pojava nošenja triju prstena. Takav običaj pri-
– a ring with a tin shank and a single groove along the
mijećen je i kod drugih kasnosrednjovjekovnih i novovje- middle, with no other decorations (Pl. 2: 9–10).
kovnih groblja, kao što su spomenute u Mušaluku, Mateš-
kom Selu te iskopavanja crkve Presvetog Trojstva u Slunju,4 Simple fingerings, decorated with only two parallel
Sv. Spasa u Vrh Rici (Petrinec, Jakšić 1996: 34–35, 40) i Bego- shallow grooves on the outer surface of the shank, are the
vači u Biljanima Donjim (Jelovina, Vrsalović 1981: 74, 76–77). most frequent in almost all early Croatian, late medieval
and modern cemeteries, so they can be logically conside-
4 Neobjavljena iskopavanja Konzervatorskog odjela u Karlovcu.

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S obzirom na kontekst nalazišta većina ovakvog prste- red products of local workshops (Jelovina, Vrsalović 1981:
nja može se datirati od druge polovine 17. st. do početka 120, Pl. I: 4; Pl. II: 34, 50; Petrinec, Jakšić 1996: 21, 27, 29, 34,
19. st. iako je jednostavno, neukrašeno prstenje nemoguće 37, 39–40; Piteša 2009: 186; Azinović Bebek 2009c: 479, Pl.
kronološki odrediti. 4: 25). We can follow them in northern Croatia ever since
the Bijelo Brdo culture of the 10th and 11th centuries (Bojčić
2009: 37, 43). Most variants of these fingerings were found
MEDALJICE in cemeteries from the same period: the one mentioned in
Svetačke medaljice jesu privjesci, uglavnom manjeg for- Mušaluk (Perkić 2015: Pl. I: 1, 5–7, 9–10, 13–16, 18–21), in Ka-
mata, kružnog, ovalnog, srcolikog ili poligonalnog oblika. mensko (Perkić 2005; 2010: Pl. I: 1–2, 4–5, 8–9, 11, 13; Pl. II:
Sadrže reljefne prikaze na objema stranama, a uglavnom su 3–5, 10, 13, 15–18), and in other locations where attention
to motivi s likovima Isusa, Gospe, svetaca, ukazanja, čudo- was paid to such modern age finds (Gudelj 2006: 85–89; Bo-
tvornih kipova ili slika te hodočasničkih mjesta. Najčešće su žek, Kunac 1998: 209–210).
izrađene od neplemenitih metala (bronce, bakra), a rijetko Those buried usually wore a single ring, sometimes two,
and there were occurrences of three fingerings. This custom
od zlata ili srebra (Krnjak 2004: 113). Izrađuju se kovanjem
was also noticed in other Late Medieval and Modern Age
na kotaču (tanke, lagano svinute), datirani od kraja 17. st., cemeteries, such as those mentioned in Mušaluk, Mateško
ili lijevanjem (teže, čvršće) (Azinović Bebek, Pleše 2010: 10). Selo, and the excavations of the Church of the Holy Trinity in
Uglavnom ih nalazimo u grobovima jer su vlasnici medaljica Slunj,4 the Church of the Holy Saviour in Vrh Rika (Petrinec,
bivali s njima i sahranjivani (Dobrinić 2001). Ovakve medalji- Jakšić 1996: 34–35, 40) and Begovača in Biljani Donji (Jelovi-
ce spadaju u nabožne predmete s naglašenim simboličkim na, Vrsalović 1981: 74, 76–77).
značenjem koje neki vjernici nose ili čuvaju kao oblik oso- Considering the context of the site, most such fingerin-
bite pobožnosti. Prvi su ih počeli nositi hodočasnici u sveta gs can be dated to the period from the second half of the
17th century to the early 19th century, even though it is im-
mjesta kao dokaz posjećivanja takvim mjestima (grobovi i
possible to identify the chronology of simple undecorated
crkve mučenika i ostalih svetaca, posebice Gospe). Njihova fingerings.
primjena i širenje počelo je u 15. st. (Azinović Bebek 2007:
393), međutim, najveća produkcija jest u 17. i 18. st. kao reak- MEDALS
cija na reformiranu, protestantsku crkvu. Vrlo često nema- Saints’ medals are pendants, which are usually small,
ju nikakvu umjetničku vrijednost, ali povijesnu i kulturno- with a round, oval, polygonal or heart shape. They have
povijesnu zasigurno imaju (Mirnik 1996: 361). Medaljice su sculpted images on both sides, which are usually the fi-
uglavnom skromne, sitne i slabije kakvoće, a proizvodnja im gures of Christ, Mary, saints, apparitions, miraculous statues
or paintings, and pilgrimage sites. They are usually made
je bila masovna (Mirnik 1992: 501). Krajem 17. st. započinje
of non-precious metals (bronze, copper), and rarely of gold
njihova masovna proizvodnja kada su korištene kod dava- or silver (Krnjak 2004: 113). They are made by forging on a
nja oprosta ili posvete, kod raznih zavjeta i uspomena s ho- wheel (thin, slightly bent; dated from the late 17th century
dočašća, a masovnost je reakcija na jačanje protestantizma. onwards) or by casting (heavier, firmer) (Azinović Bebek,
Prisutno je i bacanje medaljica u zemlju za vrijeme oranja, Pleše 2010: 10). They are mostly found in graves because
ali prije sjetve. To se najčešće radilo na oranicama gdje su they were buried with their owners (Dobrinić 2001). These
nalaženi ostaci iz ranijih razdoblja (Krnjak 2004: 113). medals are religious objects with a prominent symbolic si-
U okviru iskopavanja unutar i izvan crkve nađeno je 13 gnificance, carried or kept by believers as a form of intense
piety. They were first carried by religious pilgrims as eviden-
primjeraka različitih medaljica. Prema mjestu nalaza na ko-
ce of visits to holy sites (graves and churches of martyrs and
sturu može se pretpostaviti da su nošene oko vrata ili su se other saints, especially the Virgin Mary). Their use started
vješale na krunicu. Zastupljeni su razni sveci i svetice, a naj- spreading in the 15th century (Azinović Bebek 2007: 393),
češće Gospa i sv. Benedikt. but the periods of their greatest production were the 17th
and 18th centuries, when they were a reaction to the refor-
Medaljice s prikazom Gospe med Protestant Church. They almost never have any artistic
Na najvećem broju medaljica (7 komada), na licu ili na- value, but they certainly have historic and related cultural
ličju, nalaze se različiti prikazi Gospe u kombinaciji s drugim values (Mirnik 1996: 361). Medals are usually humble, tiny,
low quality, and mass produced (Mirnik 1992: 501). Their
prikazima. Znatno češće Gospa je na licu jer je riječ o hodo-
mass production started in the late 17th century, when they
časničkim medaljicama, a i inače se smatra kako je Gospa na were used for absolutions, consecrations, various vows, and
licu zbog svoje važnosti u kršćanskom svijetu (osim ako je pilgrimage souvenirs, and their huge numbers were a reac-
u kombinaciji s Isusom kada je na naličju) (Azinović Bebek tion to the rise of Protestantism. Medals were also thrown
2007: 393). into the soil when ploughing before sowing. This was done
most often on the fields where remains from earlier periods
GOSPA LORETSKA I SVETA OBITELJ (T. 3: 3) were found (Krnjak 2004: 113).
Na licu je prikaz Gospe Loretske na nazaretskoj kući, a The excavations inside and outside the church uncove-
red 13 specimens of different medals. According to the loca-
na naličju prikaz Svete obitelji. Gospa iznad crkve uglavnom
tion of the finds on the skeletons, it can be assumed they
je poznata na loretskim medaljicama (Knez 2001: 57, 68, 76,
were worn around the neck or hung on the rosary. They
86, 98, 112) zbog legende kako su anđeli zbog opasnosti od
4 Unpublished excavations of the Conservation Department in Karlovac.

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muslimana u 13. st. prenijeli Svetu kuću iz Nazareta u Lo- show various saints, but most often the Virgin Mary and Sa-
reto. Gospa Loretska dobila je ime po hodočasničkom mje- int Benedict.
stu Loreto kod Ancone u Italiji, a njezino štovanje u Hrvata
javlja se već u 15. st. (Krnjak 2004: 122), no najizraženije je Medals showing the Virgin Mary
nakon 1632. kada je papinskim odobrenjem prijenos Svete The greatest number of medals (7 pieces) has various
images of the Virgin Mary on the obverse or reverse, com-
kuće postao blagdanom (Badurina 1979: 384). Prikaz Svete
bined with other images. In the majority of cases, the Virgin
obitelji uobičajen je na medaljicama 17. i 18. st. (Knez 2001: can be seen on the obverse, since they are pilgrimage me-
43). Obično je sv. Josip zdesna, dijete Isus u sredini dolje, sv. dals, but also because the Virgin is on the obverse in gene-
Marija slijeva, Duh Sveti u obliku goluba u sredini. Nalazi- ral because of its importance in the Christian world (but it is
mo ga i na medaljicama u Kamenskom (Perkić 2010: PN 4b, on the reverse when combined with Christ) (Azinović Bebek
85f), Brkaču kod Motovuna (Krnjak 2004: 135). Najčešće je 2007: 393).
upravo u kombinaciji s prikazom Gospe na licu, npr. iz sve-
tišta Mariazell nađenih kod crkve Blažene Djevice Marije u OUR LADY OF LORETO AND THE HOLY FAMILY (Pl. 3: 3)
The obverse shows Our Lady of Loreto on the house
Remetama (Mašić 2011: 211–212; 2014: 34, 57, 89–90, 94, 96).
from Nazareth, while the reverse shows the Holy Family.
The Loreto medals usually show the Virgin above the chur-
GOSPA BEZGREŠNA (T. 3: 1) ch (Knez 2001: 57, 68, 76, 86, 98, 112) because legend has
Na licu stoji Gospa Bezgrešna iznad polumjeseca, u zvo- it that the angels moved the holy house from Nazareth to
nolikom plaštu, sa sklopljenim rukama, dok je na naličju Loreto in the 13th century to save it from Muslims. Our Lady
izvjesni svetac u habitu, s konopom oko pasa i adorantski of Loreto was named after Loreto, a pilgrimage site near
postavljenim rukama u zraku, ispred njega je križ. Na licu je Ancona in Italy, and its cult among the Croats appeared in
natpis nečitak, nazire se VIT SION, a na naličju TOR M, ispod the 15th century already (Krnjak 2004: 122), but it was most
linije dolje jest natpis ROMA. prominent after 1632, when the papal approval for the re-
location of the Holy House became a church holiday (Badu-
Ovakvi prikazi Gospe karakteristični su za Bezgrešnu (Kr-
rina 1979: 384). The image of the Holy Family appears frequ-
njak 2004: 123), a slične prikaze nalazimo i na drugim lokali-
ently on the medals from the 17th and 18th centuries (Knez
tetima u grobnom kontekstu: Brkaču kod Motovuna (Krnjak 2001: 43). The usual setting has St. Joseph on the right, baby
2004: 132), Košljunu na Krku (Lipovac Vrkljan 1993: 129, F18). Jesus in the lower middle, the Virgin Mary on the left, and
the Holy Spirit in the shape of a dove in the middle. We also
GOSPA ČUDOTVORNA (T. 3: 4) find it on the medals in Kamensko (Perkić 2010: SF 4b, 85f),
Na licu je prikaz Gospe s Isusom u naručju, na tronu, is- Brkač near Motovun (Krnjak 2004: 135). It is most often com-
pod polumjesec, u desno ruci žezlo, oko okrunjene glave bined with an image of the Virgin on the obverse, such as
svetokrug od zvijezda te natpis IMAGO MIRACULOSA (čudo- the ones from the holy site of Mariazell, which were found
at the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Remete (Mašić
tvorna slika). Na naličju je prikaz crkve sa zvonikom te natpis
2011: 211–212; 2014: 34, 57, 89–90, 94, 96).
ECCLESIA AVPKVRO*ENSIS. Ovakav oblik medaljice s četiri
kružna izbojka nalazimo na sličnim medaljicama, ali i dru- THE IMMACULATE VIRGIN (Pl. 3: 1)
gim prikazima iz 17. i 17./18. st. iz Slovenije (Knez 2001: 70, On the obverse, there is the Immaculate Virgin above
80). Natpis Imago Miraculosa često se javlja kao dio natpisa the crescent moon, in a bell-shaped cloak, with clasped
na trsatskim medaljicama (Mirnik 1992: 502), međutim ovdje hands; on the reverse, there is a saint in a habit, with a rope
to, čini se, nije slučaj. around the waist and hands raised in prayer, and a cross in
front of him. The inscription on the obverse is illegible, but
GOSPA IZ WESSOBRUNNA I SRCE ISUSOVO I MARIJI- the letters VIT SION can be seen; on the reverse, one can
read TOR M, and ROMA under the line below.
NO (T. 3: 5)
These images of the Virgin are characteristic for the
Na licu je Gospa iz Wessobrunna, s vijencem od ruža i Immaculate version (Krnjak 2004: 123), and we find similar
svetokrugom od zvijezda, medaljon s Kristovim monogra- images at other sites in a grave context: in Brkač near Mo-
mom (IHS), natpis: IMAG CONC BVM I WESS (Imago imma- tovun (Krnjak 2004: 132), and in Košljun on Krk (Lipovac Vr-
culatae conceptae Beatae Mariae Virginis Wessobrunn). Na na- kljan 1993: 129, F18).
ličju su plamteća srca Isusa i Marije, okolo zrake svetokruga,
lijevo IHS, desno MAR, natpis: SS COR DA (sanctissima corda THE MIRACULOUS VIRGIN (Pl. 3: 4)
Iesu et Mariae). Wessobrunn je benediktinski samostan u On the obverse, there is the Virgin with little Jesus in her
Bavarskoj gdje je pored ostalog štovana slika Marije lijepe arms, sitting on a throne above the crescent moon, with a
sceptre in the right hand, a crown on her head, surrounded
ljubavi s početka 18. st. (Azinović Bebek 2012: 174–175, 291),
by a halo of stars, with the inscription IMAGO MIRACULOSA
što se direktno može dovesti u vezu s prikazom na našoj (miraculous image). On the reverse, there is a church with
medaljici. Prikaz Srca Isusa i Marije čest je na medaljicama i a belfry and the inscription ECCLESIA AVPKVRO*ENSIS. This
gotovo identične nalazimo od 17. st. i dalje u Sloveniji (Knez kind of medal with four round protrusions can be found in
2001: 63–64), a kod nas u Brkaču kod Motovuna (Krnjak other variants, but also in Slovenia in the 17th/18th centuries
2004: 134) i dr. U 18. st. kao pandan Srcu Isusovu, počinje (Knez 2001: 70, 80). The inscription Imago Miraculosa is fo-

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se iskazivati pobožnost prema Srcu Marijinu, koja sudjeluje und often as a part of the inscription on Trsat medals (Mirnik
u mukama Kristovim (Krnjak 2004: 123). Od 16. st. počinje 1992: 502), but it does not seem to be the case here.
se nad simboličkim znakom srca javljati karakteristični pla-
men kao ikonografska oznaka pojma ljubavi (Badurina 1979: THE WESSOBRUNN VIRGIN AND THE HEART OF JE-
542–543). Gotovo identične medaljice pronađene su u Re- SUS AND MARY (Pl. 3: 5)
On the obverse, there is the Wessobrunn Virgin with a
metama (Mašić, Pleše 2008: 227; Mašić 2014: 22, 55) i crkvi
rose wreath and a halo of stars, a medallion with the Christ’s
Uznesenja Majke Božje u Rijeci (Azinović Bebek 2012: 174, T.
monogram (IHS), the inscription: IMAG CONC BVM I WESS
34: 470–471). (Imago immaculatae conceptae Beatae Mariae Virginis We-
ssobrunn). On the reverse, there are the burning hearts of
GOSPA (T. 3: 2) Jesus and Mary surrounded by halo rays, with IHS on the left
Na licu poliedarske (u obliku čaške cvijeta) medaljice pri- and MAR on the right, and the inscription: SS COR DA (sanc-
kaz Gospe u zvonolikom plaštu, s Isusom u naručju, a nose tissima corda Iesu et Mariae). Wessobrunn is a Benedictine
je heraldički postavljeni anđeli. Na nečitkom naličju nazire monastery in Bavaria, where there is a sacred painting of
se izvjesna svetačka figura s kapom, s njegove desne strane Mary of Beautiful Love from the early 18th century (Azinović
krilati anđeo, a s lijeve klečeća figura. Bez natpisa na licu i Bebek 2012: 174–175, 291), which can be directly associated
naličju. S obzirom na nepostojanje natpisa kao i nečitkost with the image on our medal. The Hearts of Jesus and Mary
is a frequent image on medals, and we find almost identi-
prikaza teško ju je uže odrediti.
cal images from the 17th century onwards in Slovenia (Knez
2001: 63–64), and in Brkač near Motovun (Krnjak 2004: 134)
GOSPA (T. 3: 7–8) and elsewhere in Croatia. In the 18th century, as a counter-
Nalazimo dvije medaljice gdje su oslikani prikazi Gos- part to the Heart of Jesus, there appeared the adoration of
pe na papiru između dvije staklene leće. Leće su povezane the Heart of Mary, participating in the Christ’s suffering (Kr-
tankim brončanim okovom. Na PN 148 (T. 3: 7) vjerojatno je njak 2004: 123). In the 16th century, the symbolic image of
prikaz Navještenja Gospina, arhanđeo Gabrijel lijevo, golu- the heart was first accompanied by the characteristic flame
bica i Marija desno. Na drugoj medaljici (T. 3: 8) nazire se Isus above it, which is an iconographic representation of love
u lijevom naručju (vjerojatno Gospinom), Isus u lijevoj ruci (Badurina 1979: 542–543). Almost identical medals were fo-
drži krunicu. Ovakvi prikazi česti su na medaljicama i dru- und in Remete (Mašić, Pleše 2008: 227; Mašić 2014: 22, 55)
and in the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God
gim svetačkim predmetima gdje imamo Kraljicu sv. Krunice.
in Rijeka (Azinović Bebek 2012: 174, Pl. 34: 470–471).
Slične medaljice od dvije staklene leće nađene su u okviru
kasnosrednjovjekovnog groblja u Strožancu kod Gospe od THE VIRGIN (Pl. 3: 2)
Site gdje je okvirno datirano u 17./18. st. (Gjurašin 1997: 172, On the obverse of the polyhedral medal (in the form
175), u Kamenskom iz 18. st. (Perkić 2010: PN 100, T. IV: 4), of a flower calyx), there is the image of the Virgin in a bell-
kod Sv. Nikole biskupa u Žumberku i Sv. Marije Magdalene u shaped cloak, with little Jesus in her arms, carried by angels
Čazmi (Azinović Bebek 2009c: 469–470, sl. 4). in heraldic positions. On the indistinct reverse, one can ma-
ke out the figure of a saint with a cap, accompanied by a
Slijedom navedenog možemo zaključiti kako su prisut- winged angel on the right and a kneeling figure on the left.
ne razne inačice ikonografskih prikaza Gospe, a većina ih There are no inscriptions on either the obverse or the rever-
potječe s nekog od hodočašća (Loreto, Wessobrunn), odno- se. The lack of inscriptions and the indistinct images make it
hard to identify the medal more precisely.
sno da je Gospin kult kroz 18. st. jedan od najjačih i najpri-
sutnijih na širem području Hrvatske.
THE VIRGIN (Pl. 3: 7–8)
We find two medals with the image of the Virgin on pa-
MEDALJICE SV. BENEDIKTA (T. 3: 9–11) per between two glass lenses. The lenses are linked with
Vrlo česte su i tzv. benediktinske medaljice (3 primjerka). a thin bronze chain. SF 148 (Pl. 3: 7) probably shows the
Imaju široku religioznu primjenu. Korištene su za tjeranje Annunciation, with archangel Gabriel on the left and Mary
sotone, vještica, obrane od kuge, protiv uroka i čaranja, za and the dove on the right. The other medal (Pl. 3: 8) has an
poboljšanje davanja kravljeg mlijeka, stavljane su u teme- indistinct image of little Jesus holding a rosary in the left
lje kuća i zakapane u polja (Azinović Bebek 2007: 391–392). hand and lying on the left side of a bosom (probably the
Javljaju se u crkvenim grobljima srednje Europe već u 15. Virgin’s). Such images appear frequently on medals and
st. (Knez 2001: 37), no kod nas nešto češće sredinom 17. st. other objects of saintly devotion with the Queen of the Holy
Rosary. Similar medals with two glass lenses were found
i pogotovo u prvoj polovini 18. st. Obično je na licu prikaz
within the late medieval cemetery in Strožanac at Our Lady
sv. Benedikta u haljini, sa štapom i čašom otrova u drugoj of Sita, which were generally dated to the 17th/18th century
ruci, prema legendi po kojoj je predvidio pokušaj trovanja. (Gjurašin 1997: 172, 175), and the 18th century in Kamensko
Na licu uz rub teče natpis CRVX. S.(ANCTI) P.(ATRIS) BENE- (Perkić 2010: SF 100, Pl. IV: 4), at the churches of St. Nicholas
DICTI (križ svetog oca Benedikta) ili S. BENEDICTE ORA P.(RO) the Bishop in Žumberak and St. Mary Magdalene in Čazma
N.(OBIS) (sveti Benedikte, moli za nas). Na naličju je benedik- (Azinović Bebek 2009c: 469–470, Fig. 4).
tinski grb u kojem je benediktinski križ sa siglama koje pred- Pursuant to the above, we can conclude that there are

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stavljaju benediktinski zaziv, prema prijevodu dr. A. Baduri- various versions of iconographic images of the Virgin, most
ne (Pavičić 1994: 44): of them originating from a pilgrimage (Loreto, Wessobru-
– u kružnom polju: V R S N S M V S M Q L I V B – Vade nn), and that the cult of the Virgin was one of the strongest
Retro, Satana, Numquam Suade Mihi Vana / Sunt Mala Quae and most widespread cults in the wider Croatian region in
Libas, Ipse Venena Bibas (Odlazi, Sotono, nikad mi ne savje- the 18th century.
tuj što je isprazno, zlo je što mi pružaš, sam pij svoj otrov),
MEDALS OF ST. BENEDICT (Pl. 3: 9–11)
– u vertikalnom dijelu križa: C S S M L – Crux Sacra Sit The “Benedictine” medals are also very frequent (3
Mihi Lux (Križu sveti, budi mi svjetlo), specimens). They had many religious purposes. They were
– u horizontalnom dijelu križa: N D S M D – Non Draco Sit supposed to keep away Satan, witches, the plague or the
Mihi Dux (Ti zvijeri, ne budi mi vođa), evil eye, to make cows give more milk, to be buried in the
– u četvorinama: C S P B – Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti foundations of houses or in the soil of fields (Azinović Bebek
(Križu sveta oca Benedikta). 2007: 391–392). They appear in Central European church ce-
Javljaju se u dva osnovna oblika: osmerokutni (T. 3: 11) meteries in the 15th century already (Knez 2001: 37), but they
i ovalni (T. 3: 9–10), s tim da gotovo nema promjena u pri- are more frequent in Croatia in mid-17th century and espe-
cially the first half of the 18th century. On the obverse, there
kazima. Slične medaljice nalazimo na brojnim lokalitetima
is usually an image of St. Benedict in a robe, with a stick in
Slovenije (Knez 2001: 36–37, 39–42, 45–47 i dr.); Čazmi (Azi- one hand and a cup of poison in the other, alluding to the
nović Bebek 2007: 397–398), Novom Mjestu (Azinović Be- legend where he foresaw an attempted poisoning. Aro-
bek, Pleše 2009: 10–11), Prozorju (Belaj 2006: 274–275), Ka- und the edge of the obverse, there is the inscription CRVX.
menskom (Perkić 2010: 242), Brkaču kod Motovuna (Krnjak S.(ANCTI) P.(ATRIS) BENEDICTI (the cross of our Holy Father Be-
2004: 125–126), Žumberku (Azinović Bebek 2009c: 469), Puli nedict) or S. BENEDICTE ORA P.(RO) N.(OBIS) (Saint Benedict,
(Krnjak 2010: 44), Remetama (Mašić, Pleše 2008: 226–227; pray for us). On the reverse, there is the Benedictine coat of
Mašić 2011: 206; 2014: 26, 30, 32, 37, 40–42 i dr.), Košljunu arms with the Benedictine cross with sigla representing the
Benedictine invocation (Pavičić 1994: 44):
(Lipovac Vrkljan 1993), Senju (Glavaš, Glavičić 2012: 52), Sve-
– in the circular field: V R S N S M V S M Q L I V B – Vade
ticama (Azinović Bebek 2010: 26–27, 29–30) i drugim.
Retro, Satana, Numquam Suade Mihi Vana / Sunt Mala Quae
Libas, Ipse Venena Bibas (Step back, Satan, never tempt me
OSTALE MEDALJICE (T. 3: 6) with vain things, what you offer me is evil, you drink the po­
Nađena je samo jedna medaljica koja ne pripada Gospi- ison yourself),
nim ili benediktinskim, a vjerojatno je riječ o medaljici gdje – in the vertical crossbar: C S S M L – Crux Sacra Sit Mihi
na licu nalazimo raspetog Krista, dok je naličje nečitko. Slič- Lux (Let the Holy Cross be my light),
nu medaljicu nalazimo u Ljubljani, s Hrvatskog trga, barem – in the horizontal crossbar: N D S M D – Non Draco Sit
što se tiče lica (Knez 2001: 102). Mihi Dux (Let not the dragon be my guide),
– in the squares: C S P B – Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti
(the cross of our Holy Father Benedict).
KRIŽEVI They have two basic shapes: the octagonal (Pl. 3: 11)
Križevi nađeni u okviru grobova korišteni su kao privje- and the oval (Pl. 3: 9–10), with almost no layout variations.
sak oko vrata ili dio krunice. Kao i ostali nalazi prema okol- Similar medals were found on numerous sites in Slovenia
nom arheološko-kronološkom kontekstu datirani su od (Knez 2001: 36–37, 39–42, 45–47 etc.); Čazma (Azinović Be-
sredine 17. do početka 19. st. Sveukupno je nađeno devet bek 2007: 397–398), Novo Mjesto (Azinović Bebek, Pleše
primjerka križeva. Svi su izrađeni od bronce ili bronce s ve- 2009: 10–11), Prozorje (Belaj 2006: 274–275), Kamensko (Per-
ćim primjesama kositra. kić 2010: 242), Brkač near Motovun (Krnjak 2004: 125–126),
Žumberak (Azinović Bebek 2009c: 469), Pula (Krnjak 2010:
Latinski križevi s trolisnim završecima greda 44), Remete (Mašić, Pleše 2008: 226–227; Mašić 2011: 206;
2014: 26, 30, 32, 37, 40–42 etc.), Košljun (Lipovac Vrkljan
Javljaju se u dvije osnovne inačice, ovisno o tome kako
1993), Senj (Glavaš, Glavičić 2012: 52), Svetice (Azinović Be-
im stoji ušica te prikazima: bek 2010: 26–27, 29–30) and others.

Jednostavni latinski križ s trolisnim završecima gre- OTHER MEDALS (Pl. 3: 6)

da i paralelnom ušicom (T. 4: 1–2) Only one medal was found outside the cult of the Virgin
Izrađeni su od lijevane bronce, prilično rustične izrade, or St. Benedict, with the obverse that probably shows the
s nemarno vidljivim ostacima lijevanja i jednostranog pri- crucified Christ, while the reverse is illegible. A similar me-
kaza. Horizontalni krakovi završavaju u obliku trolista, a na dal was found on the Croatian Square in Ljubljana, at least
gornjem je kraku okrugla rupica za vješanje. Na prednjoj regarding the obverse (Knez 2001: 102).
strani jest prikaz raspetog Krista, pognute glave, a zbog izli-
zanosti se ne vidi prikaz u gornjem kraku (titulus INRI ili neki
CROSSES
The crosses found within the graves were used as a neck
od simbola), u donjem se kraku nazire mrtvačka glava, tzv. pendant or as a part of the rosary. Like the other finds, they
Adamova lubanja. Prema srednjovjekovnoj legendi, Kristov were dated from the archaeological/chronological context
golgotski križ bio je usađen iznad Adamova groba, pa je to the period from mid-17th century to the early 19th century.

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Kristova krv kapala na Adamovu lubanju, što poslije posta- A total of nine specimens of crosses were found. They are all
je čest ikonografski simbol (Pavičić 1994: 43). Slični križevi made of bronze or a bronze-tin alloy.
nađeni su u Novim Banovcima, datirani u 17./18. st. (Pavičić
1994: 79), crkvi sv. Duha u Mušaluku, datirani u 18. st. (Per- Latin crosses with trefoil endings of crossbars
kić 2015: T. III: 18), groblju oko pavlinskog samostana i crkve They have two basic variants, depending on the positi-
Blažene Djevice Marije Snježne u Kamenskom (Perkić 2005; on of the loop and the images:
2010: T. V: 4), Sv. Martinu na Prozorju (Belaj 2006: 278), crkvi
sv. Marije Magdalene u Čazmi (Azinović Bebek 2009a: 278, Simple Latin cross with trefoil endings of crossbars
283, T. 4) i Sv. Ilije na Meraji (Rapan Papeša 2012: 204–205). and a parallel loop (Pl. 4: 1–2)
Najčešće su datirani u 17. i 18. st., a s obzirom na velike slič- They are cast bronze, quite rustic, with visible traces of
nosti kod brojnih primjeraka u grobljima sjeverne Hrvatske negligent casting, and a one-sided image. Horizontal cro-
možemo pretpostaviti i neku lokalnu radionicu. ssbars end in trefoils, and the upper crossbar has a round
hole for hanging. The obverse has the image of the cru-
cified Christ with the head down; since the cross is worn
Latinski križ s trolisnim završecima greda i okomi-
out, the image in the upper crossbar is indistinct (titulus
tom ušicom (T. 4: 4)
INRI or a symbol); the skull in the lower crossbar is “Adam’s
Na prednjoj je strani prikaz Krista u plitkom reljefu, rav-
skull”. According to the medieval legend, Christ’s cross on
nih nogu, krajevi greda završavaju glavama kerubina. Na Calvary was planted above Adam’s grave, so that Christ’s
stražnjoj je Gospa Bezgrešna, na polumjesecu, svetokrug i blood dripped on Adam’s skull, which would later beco-
zrake, krajevi greda završavaju glavama kerubina. Izrađen me a frequent iconographic symbol (Pavičić 1994: 43). Si-
lijevanjem, bronca. Prema grobnom kontekstu datira se od milar crosses were found in Novi Banovci and dated to the
druge polovine 17. do u 18. st. Slični križevi nađeni su u Ma- 17th/18th century (Pavičić 1994: 79), the Church of the Holy
karskoj (Božek Kunac 1998: 207) i Novim Banovcima (Pavičić Spirit in Mušaluk, dated to the 18th century (Perkić 2015: Pl.
1994: 72), a s manjim razlikama i u Kamenskom (Perkić 2010: III: 18), the cemetery near the Pauline monastery and the
265, T. V: 1). Inače se javljaju i na drugim europskim groblji- Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Snow in Kamensko
ma ovog vremena, npr. u Sloveniji (Knez 2010: 13) ili Italiji (Perkić 2005; 2010: T. V: 4), St. Martin on Prozorje (Belaj 2006:
(Ciampoltrini, Spataro 2011: 44, no. 25). 278), the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Čazma (Azinović
Bebek 2009a: 278, 283, Pl. 4) and St. Elijah on Meraja (Rapan
Latinski križ s trolisnim završecima greda, ušica ne- Papeša 2012: 204–205). They are most often dated to the
dostaje (T. 4: 8) 17th and 18th centuries, and considering the great similarities
Izrađen je od kositra, pa je u vrlo lošem stanju. Riječ je between the numerous specimens from the graveyards of
o križu latinskog oblika, s prikazom Krista u plitkom reljefu, northern Croatia, we can assume there was a local works-
samo na prednjoj strani. Prema kontekstu datiran je u 18. st. hop.

Vitam praesta križevi (T. 4: 3, 7) Latin cross with trefoil endings of crossbars and a
Pronađena su dva ovakva križa, jedan od bronce (T. 4: 3) perpendicular loop (Pl. 4: 4)
i jedan od kositra (T. 4: 7). Ovakvi križevi na licu imaju prikaz On the obverse, there is the image of Christ in low relief
raspetog Krista, malo savijenih nogu u koljenima. Krist ima with straight legs, and cherub heads as crossbar endings.
On the reverse, there is the Immaculate Virgin on a crescent
zrakastu krunu, a iznad je titulus (nečitak), ispod nogu mu
moon, with a halo and rays, and cherub heads as crossbar
je Adamova lubanja. Na stražnjoj strani vjerojatno je prikaz
endings. Cast bronze. It is dated from context to the period
Gospe Bezgrešne, odnosno Gospe sklopljenih ruku na prsi- from the second half of the 17th century to the 18th century.
ma kako stoji iznad polumjeseca, oko glave sa sedam zvjez- Similar crosses were found in Makarska (Božek Kunac 1998:
dica, s natpisom na patibulumu VIR/IMM/AC PV/RAM, a na 207) and Novi Banovci (Pavičić 1994: 72), slightly different in
anteni VITAM PRAESTA, što se čita Virgo Immaculata – Bez- Kamensko (Perkić 2010: 265, Pl. V: 1). They were also found in
grešna Djevice, Vitam praesta puram – čestit život nam daj. other European cemeteries from this period, e.g. in Slovenia
Slične križeve, datirane kao i ovdje u 18. st., nalazimo u No- (Knez 2010: 13) or Italy (Ciampoltrini, Spataro 2011: 44, No.
vim Banovcima, Surduku, Krapini i Srijemskoj Mitrovici (Pa- 25).
vičić 1994: 75–76), Čazmi (Azinović Bebek 2009a: 275, 277, sl. Latin cross with trefoil endings of crossbars, the lo-
2f, T. 2: 4), Žumberku (Azinović Bebek 2009c: 471, 476), Sveti- op is missing (Pl. 4: 8)
cama (Azinović Bebek 2010: 32), Vinkovcima (Rapan Papeša Made of tin, therefore in bad shape. It is a cross of Latin
2012: 200–201, br. 3), Senju (Glavaš, Glavičić 2012: 53–54, T. design, showing Christ in shallow relief on the obverse only.
XIV: 11). Ovakvi križevi česti su i na drugim europskim gro- It was dated from context to the 18th century.
bljima ovog vremena, npr. u Sloveniji (Knez 2010: 70–74) ili
Vitam praesta crosses (Pl. 4: 3, 7)
Italiji (Ciampoltrini, Spataro 2011: 43, no. 24).
Two such crosses were found, one made of bronze (Pl. 4:
3) and the other of tin (Pl. 4: 7). Such crosses have the cru-
Latinski križ s prikazom raspetog Krista i arma Chri- cified Christ on the obverse, with slightly bent knees. Christ
sti (T. 4: 5–6) has a crown of rays, and there is an (illegible) titulus above
Križ latinskog oblika s okruglom, paralelnom, ušicom him and Adam’s skull below him. On the reverse, there is an
na vrhu (T. 4: 6). Izrađen lijevanjem, bronca. Na prednjoj je image that is probably the Immaculate Virgin, or the Virgin

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strani reljefni prikaz raspetog rista, izražajno savijenih nogu with her hands crossed on her chest, standing above a cres-
u koljenima, istanjenih i ukoso podignutih ruku, pognute, cent moon, with seven stars around her head, and the ins-
okrunjene i bradate glave. Iznad je izlizani natpis INRI, a is- cription VIR/IMM/AC PV/RAM on the patibulum, and VITAM
pod nogu su sigle BA, ispod kojih je Adamova lubanja. Na PRAESTA on the antenna, which is read Virgo Immaculata –
Immaculate Virgin, Vitam praesta puram – give us a pure life.
stražnjoj je strani prikaz arma Christi, tj. muke Gospodnje. U
Similar crosses, dated to the 18th century like this one, were
sjecištu greda jest lik sveca, vjerojatno sv. Franje koji prima
found in Novi Banovci, Surduk, Krapina, and Srijemska Mi-
Kristove rane. Na anteni su stigmatizirane ruke, a na pati- trovica (Pavičić 1994: 75–76), Čazma (Azinović Bebek 2009a:
bulumu Veronikin rubac, ranjeno srce, stigmatizirana sto- 275, 277, Fig. 2f, Pl. 2: 4), Žumberak (Azinović Bebek 2009c:
pala. Svi prikazi stilizirano prikazuju raspetog Krista. Slični 471, 476), Svetice (Azinović Bebek 2010: 32), Vinkovci (Rapan
primjerci nađeni su u Novim Banovcima i Trsatu, a prema Papeša 2012: 200–201, No. 3), Senj (Glavaš, Glavičić 2012:
kontekstu su datirani u 17.–19. st. (Pavičić 1994: 77). Goto- 53–54, Pl. XIV: 11). Such crosses are also frequent in other
vo identičan križ, također sa siglama BA iznad Adamove European cemeteries from the period, e.g. in Slovenia (Knez
lubanje, nalazimo kod crkve sv. Marije Magdalene u Čazmi 2010: 70–74) or Italy (Ciampoltrini, Spataro 2011: 43, No. 24).
(Azinović Bebek 2009a: 277–278) i crkvi sv. Duha u Mušaluku
Latin cross with the image of the crucified Christ
(Perkić 2015: T. III: 20). and arma Christi (Pl. 4: 5–6)
Križ latinskog oblika, s rupicom za vješanje (T. 4: 5). Go- A cross of Latin design with a round parallel loop on top
tovo je u potpunosti izlizan. Izrađen lijevanjem, bronca. Na (Pl. 4: 6). Cast bronze. On the obverse, there is a sculpted
prednjoj je strani raspeti Krist u plitkom reljefu, dok su na image of the crucified Christ with expressively bent knees,
stražnjoj arma Christi simboli. Također se prema kontekstu thin and obliquely raised arms, and a bearded, crowned and
datira u 18. st. Drukčijeg oblika, ali s arma Christi simbolima, downcast head. Above him, there is the worn-out INRI sign;
sličan križ nalazimo i u Kamenskom (Perkić 2010: 265, T. V: 1). under his feet, there are the BA sigla and Adam’s skull below
them. On the reverse, there is the image of arma Christi, i.e.
the Lord’s Passion. In the intersection of the crossbars, there
Križ latinskog oblika sa sačuvanim korpusom i apli-
is the image of a saint, probably St. Francis receiving Christ’s
ke s križa (T. 4: 9a–c) wounds. The antenna has stigmatized hands, and the pati-
Brončani, reljefni, lijevani korpus raspetog Krista (drvena bulum has Veronica’s veil, the wounded heart, stigmatized
podloga je propala), u rukama i nogama rupice za zakovice, feet. All the images are stylised depictions of the crucified
glava pognuta udesno, kruna od trnja na glavi, bogata peri- Christ. Similar specimens were found in Novi Banovci and
zoma na bokovima, ruke ispružene ravno gore, noge povije- Trsat; they were dated from context to the period between
ne u koljenima. Od aplika sačuvan je vitičasti titulus, lubanja the 17th and the 19th century (Pavičić 1994: 77). An almost
i tri završetka križa s drvenih rubova hasti, od kojih jedan identical cross, also with the BA sigla above Adam’s skull,
ima ušicu za vješanje. Prema kontekstu datira se u 17./18. st. was found at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Čazma
(Azinović Bebek 2009a: 277–278) and the Church of the Holy
Sličan je nađen u crkvi Uznesenja Majke Božje na trgu Pul
Spirit in Mušaluk (Perkić 2015: Pl. III: 20).
Vele Crikve u Rijeci (Azinović Bebek 2012: 185, T. 63/819) i na A cross of Latin design, with a hole for hanging (Pl. 4: 5).
Pavlinskom trgu u Senju (Glavaš, Glavičić 2012: 46, T. XV: 17). Almost completely worn out. Cast bronze. On the obverse,
there is the crucified Christ in shallow relief; on the reverse,
DUGMAD there are arma Christi symbols. It is also dated from context
Uobičajen dio grobnih fundusa jesu razni primjerci to the 18th century. A similar cross of a different shape, but
dugmadi. Nalaze se kao sastavni dio odjeće pokojnika, pa with arma Christi symbols, was found in Kamensko (Perkić
imaju istodobno praktičnu i ukrasnu funkciju, a često su 2010: 265, Pl. V: 1).
njezini jedini preostaci. U grobovima ih nalazimo od rano-
Latin cross with preserved corpus and decorations
ga srednjeg vijeka (Jelovina 1976: 113–114), pa sve do u novi
on the cross (Pl. 4: 9a–c)
vijek kojem pripadaju i ovdje obrađeni primjerci. U okviru A cast bronze sculpted corpus of the crucified Christ (the
predmetnog groblja nađeni su u 15 grobova, sveukupno wooden base rotted away), with small holes for spikes in
119 komada. Izrađeni su od drva (T. 2: 12), bronce (T. 2: 13) i hands and feet, head drooping to the right, a crown of thorns
mješavine kositra i olova (svi ostali), a u četiri inačice: on the head, a rich perizoma over the hips, arms stretched
– kalotasto plosnati s ušicom za udijevanje na stražnjoj straight up, bent knees. The preserved decorations are a
strani (T. 2: 13), convoluted titulus, a skull, and three crossbar endings from
– šuplji, kuglasti s ušicom za udijevanje na vrhu, bez the wooden edges of the hasta, of which one has a loop for
ukra­sa (T. 2: 14), hanging. It is dated from context to the 17th/18th century. A
similar one was found in the Church of the Assumption of
– šuplji, kuglasti s ušicom za udijevanje na vrhu, ukrašeni
the Mother of God on Pul Vele Crikve Square in Rijeka (Azi-
su reljefnim floralnim motivom i izbojkom na vrhu, a idu za­ nović Bebek 2012: 185, Pl. 63/819) and on Pavlinski Square in
jedno s tuljastim prišivcima koji su očigledno bili nasuprot Senj (Glavaš, Glavičić 2012: 46, Pl. XV: 17).
dugmeta. Takva dugmad osim funkcionalnog karaktera ima
i funkciju ukrasa (T. 2: 11), BUTTONS
– kružni, plosnati, s rupom u sredini (T. 2: 12). Grave inventories usually include various specimens of

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Kositreno-olovna ili brončana, šuplja, kuglasta dugmad buttons. Since they belong to the clothing of the deceased,
s ušicom za udijevanje na dnu i manjom rupicom uz ušicu they are both practical and decorative, and they are often
jednostavne je izrade i najčešće korištena, a nalazimo ih i na the only thing that remains of that clothing. We find them
drugim novovjekovnim grobljima, npr. Sv. Martinu na Pro- in graves starting from the early Middle Ages (Jelovina
1976: 113–114) up to the modern age, which is the period of
zorju (Belaj 2006: 284), Sv. Duhu u Mušaluku (Perkić 2015: T.
the specimens covered here. In the cemetery in question,
III: 4–8), Kamenskom kod Karlovca (Perkić 2005; 2010: T. VII),
buttons were found in 15 graves, adding up to a total of 119
Sv. Stjepanu u Brelima (Božek, Kunac 1998: 211). pieces. They are made of wood (Pl. 2: 12), bronze (Pl. 2: 13),
and an alloy of tin and lead (all the others), in four variants:
NOVAC – flat, domed, with the attachment loop on the backside
Sveukupno je nađeno sedam komada novca, no zbog (Pl. 2: 13),
istrošenosti i korozije samo su dva očitana (Mimica 1994: – hollow, spherical, with the attachment loop on top,
389–401, 464–467). Oba su nađena u sloju humusa, izvan wit­hout decorations (Pl. 2: 14),
grobnog konteksta. – hollow, spherical, with the attachment loop on top,
decorated with a sculpted floral motif and a protrusion on
top; they go together with conical appendices which were
Srebrni slavonski banovac, poludenar bana Mikca
obviously placed opposite the button. Such buttons were
Mihaljevića (1325.–1343.) (T. 3: 12) not only functional, but also decorative (Pl. 2: 11),
Av. prikaz kune u trku nadesno, ispod je zvijezda i polu- – round, flat, with a hole in the middle (Pl. 2: 12).
mjesec, a iznad kruna (natpis u potpunosti nečitak) Tin-lead or bronze hollow spherical buttons with the
Rv. prikaz patrijahalnog križa, dolje obostrano dvije attachment loop at the bottom and a smaller hole next to
okrunjene glave, pokraj horizontalnih krakova vide se sigle the loop have a simple design and are most frequent; we
M i N? find them in other modern age cemeteries, such as St. Mar-
tin at Prozorje (Belaj 2006: 284), the Holy Ghost in Mušaluk
Zlatnik Matije Korvina (Matthias I Corvinus) (1458.– (Perkić 2015: Pl. III: 4–8), Kamensko near Karlovac (Perkić
1490.) (T. 3: 13) 2005; 2010: Pl. VII), St. Stephen in Brela (Božek, Kunac 1998:
211).
Av. natpis između dvaju niza bisera, prikaz kralja koji u
desnoj ruci drži mač, a u lijevoj križ, ispod lijeve ruke dva
COINS
prekrižena čekića (natpis nečitak) A total of seven coins were found, but since they were
Rv. u nizu bisera Madona s krunom i aureolom, s malim worn out and corroded, only two were identified (Mimica
Isusom u desnoj ruci, među siglama MATHIAS D G R VNGA- 1994: 389–401, 464–467). Both were found in a humus layer
RI, u dnu prikaz gavrana outside the grave context.

UKRASNE IGLE Silver Slavonian banovac, a half-denarius of Ban Mi-
U okviru groblja nađeno je sedam igala, od čega samo kac Mihaljević (1325–1343) (Pl. 3: 12)
jedna bogatije ukrašena (T. 5: 1), u grobu 81. Igle predstav- Obv.: a marten running to the right, a star and crescent
below, a crown above (the inscription is completely illegi-
ljaju dio nošnje, odnosno ukrasni nakit, a najčešće služe za
ble)
učvršćivanje marame. Igla iz groba 81 (T. 5: 1) izrađena je Rev.: a patriarchal cross, two crowned heads on both
od posrebrene bronce (?). Na tanko i dugo tijelo nastavlja sides below, sigla M and N (?) next to horizontal crossbars
se jajolika glava koja je u gornjem dijelu ukrašena sitnim i
preciznim filigranom, a od donjega neukrašenog odvojena Gold coin of Matthias I Corvinus (1458–1490) (Pl. 3: 13)
je plastičnom trakom. U svakom pogledu (kvaliteta i kvanti- Obv.: an inscription between two series of pearls, an
teta) odskače od ostalih nalaza, a uzmemo li u obzir i druge image of a king holding a sword in his right hand and a cro-
nalaze u ovom grobu (dva prstena, broš, križ i perle), može- ss in his left, with two crossed hammers under the left arm
mo pretpostaviti da ju je nosila ženska osoba višega socijal- (inscription illegible)
nog statusa. Prema ostalom grobnom kontekstu datirana je Rev.: a series of pearls surrounding the Virgin with a
u kraj 17. i 18. st. Međutim, ovakve igle u nošnji prisutne su crown and a halo, holding little Jesus in her right hand,
od kasnoga srednjeg vijeka sve do suvremenih razdoblja. U between the sigla MATHIAS D G R VNGARI, a raven at the
kasnosrednjovjekovnim grobljima 15. st. nalazimo ih u Ko- bottom

navlima, crkva Male Gospe u Dunavama (Žeravica, Kovačić
DECORATIVE PINS
2002: 29; Žeravica 2004: 297), a standardan su dio ženske In the cemetery, there were seven pins and only one
nošnje i danas u sjevernoj Dalmaciji gdje su, vjerojatno kao with more elaborate decorations (Pl. 5: 1), in grave 81. Pins
i ovdje, služile za učvršćivanje oglavlja. Nazivaju se badača, belonged to costumes as decorative jewellery, used most
batotka, baćenka (Oštrić 1981: 79, T. 37). often to fasten scarves. The pin from grave 81 (Pl. 5: 1) is
Preostale igle, njih sedam (iz pet grobova te jedna izvan made of silver-coated bronze (?). The thin and long body
grobnog konteksta), predstavljaju jednostavne ukrasne igle ends with an egg-shaped head, decorated with tiny and
kojima se učvršćivala marama na glavi. Ponekad se nazivaju precise filigree in the upper part, which is separated by a
i bumbačice. Sve su izrađene od bronce. Na tanko tijelo igle sculpted band from the undecorated lower part. It stands

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nastavlja se kružna glavica ukrašena plitkom spiralom (T. 5: out among other finds in every way (quality and quantity),
2–7). Nažalost, ovako jednostavne ukosnice nije moguće and if we consider other finds from that grave (two rings,
datirati jer su u upotrebi kroz razna razdoblja. a brooch, a cross, beads), we can assume it was worn by a
woman of higher social standing. It was dated from gra-
ve context to the late 17th and 18th century. However, such
UKRASNA TRAKA OGLAVLJA
clothing pins were used from the Late Middle Ages to the
Nalaz više tankih žica smotanih u pletenicu (T. 5: 8) vje-
contemporary period. They were found in the late medieval
rojatno predstavlja ostatke ukrasne trake oglavlja na koje su cemeteries from the 15th century in Konavle, the Church of
se nizala ukrasna zrna, brončane aplike u obliku cvjetića i sl., the Nativity of Mary in Dunave (Žeravica, Kovačić 2002: 29;
a obično se stavljalo iznad marame. Žeravica 2004: 297), and they are still a standard element of
the female costume in northern Dalmatia, where they are
NAUŠNICE used to fasten the headscarf, which was probably the case
Nađeno je sedam primjeraka naušnica, sve su izrađene here too. They are called badača, batotka, baćenka (Oštrić
od bronce i zastupljene su u dva osnovna oblika: 1981: 79, Pl. 37).
1. Jednostavne naušnice od brončane žice, kružnog The remaining pins, seven of them (from five graves
and one outside the grave context), are simple decorative
oblika i presjeka, na jednom su kraju (koji prolazi kroz uho)
pins for fastening the headscarf. They are sometimes called
zašiljene, a na drugom zatupljene. Ovakvih naušnica nađe- bumbačice. They are all made of bronze. The thin body en-
no je šest komada, od čega su četiri nađene u paru (po dvije ds with a round head decorated with a shallow spiral (Pl. 5:
na svakom uhu) (T. 5: 9–10), a dva puta po jedna zasebno. 2–7). Unfortunately, such simple pins cannot be dated, since
2. Tijelo obruča izrađeno je od brončane žice na koji se they were used in different periods.
nastavlja ovalno šuplje tijelo, od kojeg je ostala samo kalota
(polovica tijela) (T. 5: 11). Možda je riječ o ostacima jedno- DECORATIVE BAND FOR A HEADSCARF
jagodne naušnice koja se nosi od starohrvatskih razdoblja, Several thin wires bundled in a braid (Pl. 5: 8) are pro-
gotovo do danas. Nađena je samo jedna, u okviru groba 142, bably the remains of a decorative band for a headscarf,
which was threaded with decorative beads, bronze plates
a prema ostalom grobnom kontekstu datira se u 17./18. st.
in the form of flowers etc. It was usually placed above the
headscarf.
KARIČICE
Pronađena je samo jedna karičica koja se prema tipološ- EARRINGS
koj klasifikaciji svrstava u tzv. S-karičice ili karičice sa S-na- Seven specimens of earrings were found. They are all
stavkom (T. 5: 12). Riječ je o kopčici za pridržavanje plete- made of bronze and have two basic forms:
nica kod žena, a rijetko i kod muškaraca, karakteristične su 1. Simple bronze wire earrings, with a round shape and
za slavensku bjelobrdsku kulturu (Filipec 2012: 114–115). Ta cross-section, sharpened at one end (to be pushed through
kultura prostirala se od područja Baranje do Samoborskog the ear) and blunted at the other. Six pieces of such earrings
were found: four of them together (two on each ear) (Pl. 5:
gorja, ali su poznati i mnogi importi u južne dijelove središ-
9–10), and a single earring twice.
nje Hrvatske (Kordun, Lika, područje Knina i sl.). Egzistirala je 2. The body of the hoop, made of bronze wire, ends
od sredine 10. st. do prvih desetljeća 13. st. (Jelovina 1989: with the oval hollow body, of which only the dome remains
206–207; Tomičić 2000: 293; Filipec 2003: 29). Međutim, (half of the body) (Pl. 5: 11). Maybe these are the remains of
takve karičice nalazimo i u okviru tipičnoga dalmatinskog a single-bead earring that was worn from the early Croatian
nakita od 9. pa do kroz cijelo 12. st. (Jurić 1993: 121–123), periods almost up to our time. Only one was found, within
odnosno od 9. st. pojavljuju se u središnjem prostoru rano- grave 142, and is dated from grave context to the 17th/18th
srednjovjekovne hrvatske države (Petrinec 2009: 119–120). century.
Predstavlja gotovo najvrjedniji nalaz u znanstvenom smislu,
circlets
jer je ujedno i najstariji nalaz (terminus ante quem) prema ko-
Only one circlets was found, and according to the typo-
jem se najstarije faze groblja datiraju najkasnije u kraj 12. i logical classification, it belongs to “S-circlets” or circlets with
početak 13. st. Istodobno se na taj način datiraju i prve faze an S-extension (Pl. 5: 12). It is a small clasp to hold braids of
crkve. women and rarely men, characteristic for the Slavic Bijelo
Brdo culture (Filipec 2012: 114–115). This culture extended
BROŠEVI from the region of Baranja to the mountains of Samobor,
Broševi pripadaju rijetkim nalazima u srednjovjekovnim but there are also many imports into the southern parts of
i novovjekovnim grobljima. Međutim, u okviru predmetnog central Croatia (Kordun, Lika, the area of Knin etc.). It existed
groblja nađeno ih je sedam komada (T. 5: 13–18). Svi su izra- from mid-10th century to the first decades of the 13th centu-
ry (Jelovina 1989: 206–207; Tomičić 2000: 293; Filipec 2003:
đeni po istom principu s manjim varijacijama. Izrađeni su
29). However, such hoops are also found within typical Dal-
od jednog komada brončane žice koja smatanjem dobiva
matian jewellery from the 9th to the end of the 12th century
svoj oblik, a česte su petlje na luku i kraju igle broša. Oko (Jurić 1993: 121–123), or rather, they appeared in the central
ovakvih broševa nizane su sitne perle u raznim kombinaci- region of the early medieval Croatian state in the 9th centu-
jama, a ponekad znaju prekrivati i cijelo tijelo broša. Prema ry (Petrinec 2009: 119–120). It is possibly the most valuable

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grobnom kontekstu pojedinih broševa, svi se mogu datirati find from the scientific aspect, since it is also the oldest find
u kraj 17. i početak 18. st., no ovakve je broševe moguće i (terminus ante quem), according to which the oldest phases
danas vidjeti na pojedinim nošnjama u središnjoj i sjevernoj of the cemetery are dated to the late 12th and early 13th cen-
Hrvatskoj, npr. u Hrvatskom zagorju (Vrtovec 1985: 70). Slič- turies at the latest. Also, the first phases of the church are
dated in the same way.
ni primjerci, u gotovo identičnom kronološkom kontekstu,
nađeni su u istraživanju groblja oko crkve sv. Nikole biskupa
BROOCHES
u Žumberku (Azinović Bebek 2009c: 472, T. 3: 5–6). Brooches are rare finds in medieval and modern-age
cemeteries. However, seven of them were found in this
ZRNA KRUNICA, UKRASNA ZRNA I PERLE cemetery (Pl. 5: 13–18). They are all made in the same way,
Zrna krunica, ukrasna zrna i perle vrlo su čest repertoar with small variations. They consist of a single piece of bron-
srednjovjekovnih i novovjekovnih groblja. Ako nisu nađene ze wire that gets its shape by coiling, and there are often
in situ ili u cijelosti, vrlo ih je teško razlikovati, odnosno defi- hoops on the bow and on the end of the brooch pin. Such
nirati. Stoga, kada je riječ o dijelovima krunice, onda su to zr- brooches were threaded with tiny beads in various combi-
na krunice kao nabožni predmet. Kada je riječ o dijelovima nations, which sometimes covered the entire body of the
ogrlice, onda su to perle, odnosno nakit, a kada evidentno brooch. They can all be dated from their specific grave con-
nisu ni ogrlica ni krunica, onda govorimo o ukrasnim zrni- texts to the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, but such
ma kao dijelovima nabožnih predmeta (uz križ ili medaljicu) brooches can be seen even today on particular costumes
ili eventualno dijelovima nakita i nošnje. Bez obzira na to o of central and northern Croatia, e.g. in Croatian Zagorje (Vr-
čemu je riječ, sve su izrađivane od staklene paste, u raznim tovec 1985: 70). Similar specimens, with an almost identical
bojama: crvene, plave, zelene, žute i prozirne. Većina ih je chronological context, were found during the excavations
nađena u okviru grobova, a samo u dva slučaja izvan gro- in the cemetery of the Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop in
ba. Sveukupno ih je pronađeno u 13 skupina i dva komada Žumberak (Azinović Bebek 2009c: 472, Pl. 3: 5–6).
pojedinačno.
DECORATIVE, ROSARY AND PEARL BEADS
Decorative, rosary and pearl beads are a very frequent
Zrna krunica
element of medieval and modern-age cemeteries. When
Vrlo je teško razlučiti kada je riječ o ogrlicama, a kada
they are not found in situ or as a whole, they are very hard
o krunicama, jer broj zrna kod krunica može varirati od 5 to distinguish and define. Therefore, when they are parts
do 150 (10 – „cener” ili muška brojanica, 15, 20, 33 – Isusove of a rosary, they are rosary beads as a devotional object.
godine, 63 – Marijine godine). Prema Glossarium Artis, po- When they are parts of a necklace, they are pearl beads or
stoji podjela na veliku (150 malih i 15 velikih zrna), srednju jewellery, and when they are clearly neither a necklace or a
(63 malih i 7 velikih zrna) i malu (33 mala i 5 velikih zrna) rosary, we talk about decorative beads as parts of devotio-
(Azinović Bebek 2009b: 171). Najraniji nalazi krunica u Euro- nal objects (along with a cross or a medal) or possibly about
pi potječu iz 13. st., dok ih s prostora Hrvatske nalazimo tek parts of jewellery or costumes. Whatever the case, they are
u 16. st., u okviru srednjovjekovnoga župskog groblja kod all made of glass paste in various colours: red, blue, green,
Sućurca (Burić 2003: 230) i groba u crkvi sv. Križa u Ninu (Bu- yellow, and transparent. Most of them were found within
rić 2003: 233; Jelić 1911: 10–11). Današnji oblik krunice, tzv. graves, and only in two cases outside graves. All in all, 13
rozarij, ustalio se krajem 15. st. groups and two single pieces were found.
S obzirom na broj perli koji se javlja u raznim varijantama
krunica za PN 140 (4 komada) (T. 6: 1), PN 62 (T. 6: 2) i PN 85 Rosary beads
(T. 6: 3) (5 komada), PN 110 (T. 6: 6) i PN 116 (T. 6: 5) (9 koma- It is very hard to sort beads into necklaces and rosaries,
da), PN 113 (T. 6: 4) (18 komada) i PN 75 (T. 6: 7) (56 komada), because the number of rosary beads can vary between 5
može se pretpostaviti kako je riječ o krunicama. and 150 (10 – cener or the men’s rosary, 15, 20, 33 – the ages
of Jesus, 63 – the age of Mary). According to Glossarium Artis,
there is a division into large (150 small and 15 large beads),
Perle kao dijelovi ogrlica
medium (63 small and 7 large beads), and small (33 small
U smislu prethodno navedenog, te s obzirom na izni-
and 5 large beads) (Azinović Bebek 2009b: 171). The earliest
mno male primjerke perli i intaktnost grobova za PN 104 (T.
finds of rosaries in Europe originate from the 13th century;
6: 9), PN 107 (T. 6: 10) (40 komada) i PN 150 (T. 6: 8) (88 koma-
in the Croatian lands, we find them only in the 16th centu-
da), možemo pretpostaviti da su ogrlice. ry, within the medieval parish cemetery near Sućurac (Burić
2003: 230) and the grave in the Church of the Holy Cross in
Ukrasna zrna Nin (Burić 2003: 233; Jelić 1911: 10–11). Today’s rosary design
Kada se nalaze pojedinačno ili u skupini do 2–3 komada, (rozarij) became established in the late 15th century.
u okviru intaktnog groba, uz nabožni predmet, onda vjero- Considering the number of beads in different variants
jatno čine cjelinu s nabožnim predmetom, u smislu da su se of rosaries for SF 140 (4 pieces) (Pl. 6: 1), SF 62 (Pl. 6: 2) and
izvorno nalazila na niti neposredno iznad medaljice ili križa. SF 85 (Pl. 6: 3) (5 pieces), SF 110 (Pl. 6: 6) and SF 116 (Pl. 6: 5)
To se može pretpostaviti za PN 22 (2 komada), PN 49 i PN 119 (9 pieces), SF 113 (Pl. 6: 4) (18 pieces) and SF 75 (Pl. 6: 7) (56

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(1 komad). Kod zrna PN 61 i 36 (ukupno tri komada, riječ je pieces), it can be assumed that these are rosaries.
o dva PN u istom grobu) vjerojatno je riječ o dijelu nakita ili Beads as parts of necklaces
nošnje jer u tim grobovima nema nabožnih predmeta. Pursuant to the above, and considering the exceptio-
nally small specimens of beads and the intact nature of the
KOPČICE, ŽICE I OSTALI METALNI NALAZI graves for SF 104 (Pl. 6: 9), SF 107 (Pl. 6: 10) (40 pieces) and SF
150 (Pl. 6: 8) (88 pieces), we can assume these are necklaces.
Gledajući pojedinačno, najčešći i najbrojniji nalaz pred-
stavljaju kopčice, no kako se nalaze uglavnom u skupinama
Decorative beads
tako su i predstavljene kao posebni nalazi. Riječ je o ma- When single beads or groups of 2–3 pieces are found
njim brončanim (samo jedan primjerak željezni) kopčicama within an intact grave, together with a devotional object,
koje se nalaze na nazuvcima i rjeđe košuljama (uglavnom they probably make up a whole with the devotional object,
su nalažene oko nogu). U upotrebi su od srednjeg vijeka, meaning that they were originally on a thread right above
gotovo do danas, pa ih se ne može uže datirati, osim ako the medal or cross. This can be assumed for SF 22 (2 pieces),
nisu u okviru zatvorenoga grobnog konteksta. Nalaze se na SF 49 and SF 119 (1 piece). For beads SF 61 and 36 (a total of
gotovo svim srednjovjekovnim i novovjekovnim grobljima. three pieces, since there are two SF in the same grave), they
probably belong to jewellery or a costume, since there are
Među starije iz 15. st. pripadaju one nađene u grobu pod
no devotional objects in these graves.
stećkom u okviru kasnosrednjovjekovnog groblja u Stro-
žancu kod Gospe od Site (Gjurašin 1997: 169, 173) i grobu CLASPS, WIRES, AND OTHER METAL FINDS
kod Sv. Marije u Poselju na Visu (Piteša 2005: 230–231) ili When considered individually, the most frequent and
kod župne crkve u Đakovu (Filipec 2012: 136, T. 59: 2; T. 66: most numerous finds are the clasps, but since they are
1; T. 67: 1). Nalazimo ih i na novovjekovnim grobljima, već mostly found in groups, this is how they are presented as
spomenutom Kamenskom (Perkić 2005; 2010: 247, T. VI), Sv. particular finds. They are small bronze (and a single iron)
Martinu na Prozorju (Belaj 2006: 284–285), Žumberku (Azi- clasps found on woollen footwear (nazuvci) and less frequ-
nović Bebek 2009c: 471–472), Sv. Stjepanu u Brelima (Božek ently on shirts (they were mostly found near the feet). They
were used from the Middle Ages almost up to our time, so
1997: 214), zagrebačkoj Opatovini (Demo 2007: 73–74), crkvi
they cannot be dated more precisely, except when they are
sv. Lovre u Crkvarima (Tkalčec, Kušan, Krznar 2008: 124–125,
within a closed grave context. They can be found in almost
sl. 3–4) i dr. Kao dio nazuvaka nađene su i na groblju Kod all medieval and modern-age cemeteries. Some of the ol-
Križa u Koprivnom, u Dalmatinskoj zagori (16.–18. st.) (Gju- der ones, from the 15th century, are those found in a grave
rašin 2005: 170), te Grborezima kod Livna (15. st.) (Bešlagić, under a stećak tombstone within the late medieval ceme-
Basler 1964: T. XXI, sl. 2). Nazuvci su imali otvor sa strane što tery in Strožanac near Our Lady of Sita (Gjurašin 1997: 169,
se zatvarao s više kopčica. 173) and the grave next to St. Mary in Poselje on Vis (Piteša
Gotovo su uvijek izrađeni od brončane žice, u dvije ina- 2005: 230–231) or next to the parish church in Đakovo (Fi-
čice: lipec 2012: 136, Pl. 59: 2; T. 66: 1; T. 67: 1). We also find them
in modern-age cemeteries – the already mentioned Ka-
– tzv. ušice i kukice ili baba i dida – kopčice gdje se s jed-
mensko (Perkić 2005; 2010: 247, Pl. VI), St. Martin at Prozorje
ne strane nalazi žica smotana u slovo omega, a nasuprot je (Belaj 2006: 284–285), Žumberak (Azinović Bebek 2009c:
opet slovo omega ali u obliku kukice. Na taj se način gornji 471–472), St. Stephen in Brela (Božek 1997: 214), Opatovina
dio omege zakvači za nasuprotnu kukicu (T. 6: 12) in Zagreb (Demo 2007: 73–74), the Church of St. Lawrence
– kopčice smotane u krug i na vrhu spojene u zamotaju in Crkvari (Tkalčec, Kušan, Krznar 2008: 124–125, Fig. 3–4)
(T. 6: 11). etc. As a part of footwear, they were also found in the ceme-
tery Kod Križa in Koprivno, in Dalmatian Zagora (16th–18th
ZAKLJUČNA RAZMATRANJA c.) (Gjurašin 2005: 170), and in Grborezi near Livno (15th c.)
U okviru obnove crkve sv. Jurja u Mateškom Selu obav- (Bešlagić, Basler 1964: Pl. XXI, Fig. 2). Nazuvci had a side ope-
ning that was closed with several clasps.
ljena su zaštitna arheološka iskopavanja u razdoblju od
They are almost always made of bronze wire, in two va-
1999. do 2001. godina. Otkriveno je i definirano najmanje riants:
šest razvojnih faza crkve čija je jedna od osnovnih karakte- – ušice i kukice or baba i dida – clasps that have wire coi-
ristika da je sagrađena od brojnih sanduka i poklopaca rim- led into the letter omega on one side, and another omega,
skih kamenih urni koji su ovdje poslužili kao veoma pogo- but in the shape of a hook, on the other side. In that way, the
dan i prilagodljiv građevinski materijal. Najstarija faza crkve upper part of the omega is hooked on the opposite hook
datira se u vrijeme kraja 12. ili početka 13. st., a posljednja (Pl. 6: 12),
u početke 20. st. Crkva sv. Jurja najstarija je poznata i saču- – clasps that are coiled into a circle and linked in the coil
vana crkva na području Karlovačke županije, jedina koja je at the top (Pl. 6: 11).
prema tradiciji preživjela osmanlijske upade i okupaciju u
FINAL THOUGHTS
kasnom srednjem i novom vijeku. Within the reonvation of the Church of St. George in Ma-
Tijekom istraživanja iskopano je 170 grobova, od čega teško Selo, rescue archaeological excavations were made in
29 unutar, a 141 izvan crkve. Prema nalazima, najraniji grob the period from 1999 to 2001. They uncovered and defined
datiran je u kraj 12. i početak 13. st. Pretpostavlja se da je at least six development phases of the church, its basic cha-

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broj grobova uokolo crkve znatno veći, no veći dio starijih racteristic being that it was built of numerous recipients and
grobova u potpunosti je uništen tijekom višestoljetnih uko- lids of Roman stone urns that served here as a suitable and
pavanja na istom položaju, u obične zemljane rake. Najmla- pliable building material. The oldest phase of the church is
đi grobovi datirani su u početak 19. st. kada ova crkva po- dated to the late 12th or the early 13th century, and the last
phase to the early 20th century. The Church of St. George is
staje župna te se prestaje sa sahranjivanjem. U grobovima
the oldest known and preserved church in Karlovac County,
i uokolo njih (kao preostaci prethodnih, uništenih grobova) traditionally considered as the only church that survived
nađeni su brojni grobni nalazi koji predstavljaju nabožne Ottoman incursions and occupation in the late medieval
predmete (medaljice, križevi, zrna krunice), dijelove nošnji and modern-age periods.
(dugmad, kopče, metalni konac) i nakita (prstenje, perle, The excavations uncovered 170 graves, which include 29
igle, naušnice). Upravo ovakvi nalazi, sveukupno njih 158, inside the church and 141 outside it. In accordance with the
predstavljaju okosnicu rada. Najstariji nalaz predstavljen je finds, the earliest grave was dated to the late 12th and the
jednom S-karičicom i zapravo samo taj grob (grob 108) s iz- early 13th centuries. It is assumed that the number of gra-
vjesnom sigurnošću možemo datirati u kasni srednji vijek. ves around the church is much bigger, but the larger part of
older graves was completely destroyed during the several
Ostale grobovi koji bi pripadali kasnom srednjem vijeku nije
centuries of burials in the same place, into ordinary earth
moguće sa sigurnošću odrediti jer nisu sačuvani (gotovo su
pits. The youngest graves were dated to the early 19th cen-
u potpunosti uništeni novovjekovnim ukopima) ili u njima tury, when the building became a parish church and the bu-
nije bilo in situ sačuvanih nalaza. Najveći broj ostalih nalaza rials were discontinued. Inside the graves and around them
iz grobova jest iz vremena druge polovine 17. i cijelog 18. st. (as the remains of previous, destroyed graves), many grave
Pojedini nalazi kao što su dugmad, kopčice, ukrasne igle i sl. objects were found; they were devotional objects (medals,
javljaju se i u kasnom srednjem i kroz novi vijek. Međutim, crosses, rosary beads), parts of costumes (buttons, clasps,
prema grobnom kontekstu, ovdje uglavnom pripadaju no- metal thread), and jewellery (rings, beads, pins, earrings).
vom vijeku. These finds – a total of 158 – are the main theme of this pa-
Među pronađenim svetačkim medaljicama prednja- per. The oldest find is an S-circlet, and it is actually only this
grave (grave 108) that can be dated to the Late Middle Ages
če one posvećene Gospi, a pojedine svjedoče o aktivnim
with some assurance. Other graves that might belong to the
hodočasničkim običajima ovog kraja: Loreto (Italija) i We- Late Middle Ages cannot be dated with assurance because
ssobrunn (Bavarska). Slična je situacija i na drugim istraže- they have not been preserved (they were almost comple-
nim novovjekovnim grobljima karlovačkog područja što tely destroyed by modern-age burials) or they did not con-
nam pokazuje činjenicu kako je Gospin kult kroz 18. st. je- tain in situ preserved finds. The largest number of other fin-
dan od najjačih i najprisutnijih. Nakon Gospinih medaljica ds from graves originates from the period from the late 17th
slijede one posvećene sv. Benediktu, a pojedine Svetoj obi- and the entire 18th century. Certain finds such as buttons,
telji te Srcu Isusovu i Marijinu. clasps, decorative pins etc. appear in the Late Middle Ages
Križevi, kao privjesci ili dijelovi krunica, pokazuju univer- and through the Modern Age. However, according to the
zalnost s većinom svih ostalih, istraživanih groblja 17. i 18. st. grave context, they usually belong to the Modern Age here.
Among the found saints’ medals, those consecrated to
na cijelom prostoru Hrvatske. Naime, gotovo da se ne mo-
the Virgin are the majority, and some testify about active
že naći tip križa kakav ne nalazimo i na drugim grobljima. pilgrimage traditions of this region: to Loreto (Italy) and We-
Kod crkve sv. Jurja prisutne su tri osnovne inačice sa svojim ssobrunn (Bavaria). A similar state of affairs can be seen in
varijacijama, a to su: latinski križevi s trolisnim završecima other researched modern-age cemeteries of the Karlovac
greda, latinski križevi s prikazom raspetog Krista i arma Chri- region, testifying to the fact that the cult of the Virgin was
sti te Vitam praesta križevi. Samo je jedan križ imao drvenu one of the strongest and most widespread cults in the 18th
podlogu (koja je propala) na kojoj je bio brončani, reljefni, century. After the medals with the Virgin, there are those
lijevani korpus raspetog Krista, dok su na hastama još bili dedicated to St. Benedict, and some of them to the Holy Fa-
brončani titulus, lubanja i završna ojačanja hasti. mily and the Heart of Jesus and Mary.
Crosses, as pendants or parts of rosaries, display a uni-
Pronađene perle najčešće su zrna krunica ili dijelovi ogr-
versal kinship with most of the other researched cemeteri-
lica, stoga ponekad predstavljaju dijelove nabožnih pred-
es from the 17th and 18th centuries on the entire territory of
meta, a ponekad su nakit. Kada imamo sam jedno do dva Croatia. In fact, there is almost no type of cross that cannot
zrna, moguće je da su bile uz križ ili medaljicu kao ukrasno be found in other cemeteries. The Church of St. George has
zrno ili dio nošnje. U svakom slučaju, ako nisu pronađene three basic variants with their variations, namely: Latin cro-
in situ, vrlo često je teško utvrditi kakva im je bila namjena. sses with trefoil endings of crossbars, Latin crosses with the
Kao i kod drugih groblja 17. i 18. st., tako i ovdje, uobiča- image of the crucified Christ and arma Christi, and Vitam
jen dio grobnih fundusa jesu razni primjerci dugmadi u više praesta crosses. Only one cross had a wooden basis (which
inačica (drveni, brončani, kositreno-olovni), ukrasne igle, had rotted) with a cast bronze sculpted corpus of the cruci-
fied Christ, while the hasta still had the bronze titulus, the
broševi, naušnice i kopčice.
skull, and the final reinforcements of the hasta.
Broševi su izrađeni od jednog komada brončane žice ko-
The beads are most often rosary beads or parts of neckla-
ja smatanjem dobiva svoj oblik, s petljom na luku ili kraju ces, so sometimes they are parts of devotional objects, and
igle. Oko tijela broša nizane su sitne perle u raznim kombi- sometimes they are jewellery. When there are only a couple

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nacijama, a ponekad ga znaju i cijelog prekrivati. Karakte- of beads, it is possible that they were together with a cross
ristični su za šire područje središnje i sjeverne Hrvatske, od or a medal as a decorative bead or a part of a costume. In
kraja 17. i početka 18. st. (npr. kod crkve sv. Nikole biskupa u any case, if they were not found in situ, it is often hard to
Žumberku) pa sve do danas, npr. u Hrvatskom zagorju (Vr- determine their purpose.
tovec 1985: 70). Just like in other cemeteries from the 17th and 18th centu-
ries, the usual parts of the grave inventory are various speci-
Naušnice su uglavnom jednostavne, od brončane žice,
mens of buttons in several variants (wood, bronze, tin-lead),
kružnog oblika i presjeka, na jednom su kraju zašiljene, a na
decorative pins, brooches, earrings and clasps.
drugom zatupljene. Prisutna je tek jedna, moguće jednoja- The brooches are made from a single piece of bronze
godna naušnica. wire that is shaped by coiling, with a loop on the bow or
Kopčice su se, sudeći prema mjestu nalaza, uglavnom the end of the pin. Tiny beads were threaded around the
nalazile na nazuvcima, a rjeđe na košuljama. Nalaze se na brooch body in various combinations, which sometimes co-
gotovo svim srednjovjekovnim i novovjekovnim grobljima, vered the entire body of the brooch. They are characteristic
od 15. st. i dalje. Prisutne su dvije varijante: tzv. ušice i kukice for the wider area of central and northern Croatia, from the
ili baba i dida te kopčice smotane u krug i na vrhu spojene late 17th and the early 18th century (e.g. at the Church of St.
Nicholas the Bishop in Žumberak) until today, e.g. in Croati-
u zamotaju.
an Zagorje (Vrtovec 1985: 70).
Od nalaza novca, čitka su samo dva primjerka: polude-
The earrings are mostly simple, made of bronze wire,
nar bana Mikca Mihaljevića (1325.–1343.) i zlatnik Matije Kor- with a rounded shape and cross-section, sharpened at one
vina (1458.–1490.). Oba su nađena izvan grobnog konteksta, end and blunted at the other. There is only one possibly sin-
vjerojatno zbog brojnih kasnijih ukopa, no u svakom slučaju gle-bead earring.
svjedoče o aktivnoj prisutnosti na ovom lokalitetu kroz 14. The clasps were mostly on footwear (nazuvci) and less
i 15. st. frequently on shirts, according to the find location. They
Najstariji nalaz, s kraja 12. i početka 13. st., predstavljen have been found in almost all medieval and modern-age
je karičicom koja se prema tipološkoj klasifikaciji svrstava u cemeteries, from the 15th century onwards. There are two
variants: ušice i kukice or baba i dida, and clasps coiled into a
tzv. S-karičice ili karičice sa S-nastavkom. To nam je ujedno i
circle and linked on top.
donja granica najstarije faze groblja i prve faze crkve. As for coin finds, only two specimens are readable: a
Iz svega navedenog može se zaključiti da nabožni pred- half-denarius of Ban Mikac Mihaljević (1325–1343) and a
meti (medaljice, križevi, krunice) pokazuju univerzalnost gold coin of Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490). Both were fo-
s cijelim zapadnoeuropskim kršćanskim prostorom toga und outside the grave context, probably because of nume-
vremena, dok su dijelovi nošnje uglavnom regionalnog ka- rous later burials, but in any case, they testify about their
raktera. Međutim, pojedini, isključivo funkcionalni dijelovi active presence in this site in the 14th and 15th centuries.
nošnji (dugmad, kopčice, jednostavne ukrasne igle) također The oldest find, from the late 12th and the early 13th cen-
su univerzalni i ne mogu se vezati uz pojedine nošnje ili kra- turies, is a circlet that belongs among the “S-circlets” or
circlets with an S extension according to the typological
jeve.
classification. This is also the lower limit of the oldest phase
U svakom slučaju, istraživanje ovakvih grobova iz kasno- of the cemetery and the first phase of the church.
ga srednjeg i novog vijeka iznimno je bitno zbog datiranja It can be concluded from all of the above that devotio-
pojedinih faza crkve kroz sagledavanje odnosa grobova nal objects (medals, crosses, rosaries) have a universal link
i arhitekture, ali i upoznavanja nošnje i pogrebnih običaja with the entire Western European Christian lands of the ti-
stanovnika ovog dijela karlovačkog kraja. me, while parts of costumes have a mostly regional charac-
ter. However, some elements of costumes, which are purely
functional (buttons, clasps, simple decorative pins) are also
universal and cannot be associated with particular costu-
mes or regions.
In any case, the research of such graves from the Late
Middle Ages and the Modern Age is extremely important to
be able to date particular phases of the church through con-
sidering the relations between the graves and architecture,
Prijevod i lektura / Translation and proofreading but also to get to know the costumes and funerary customs
Marko Maras of the inhabitants of this part of the Karlovac region.

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T. 1

T. 1 Nalazi prstenja (foto: D. Perkić, 2010.)

Pl. 1 Fingering finds (photo: D. Perkić, 2010)

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T. 2

T. 2 Nalazi prstenja i dugmadi (foto: D. Perkić, 2010.)

Pl. 2 Fingering and button finds (photo: D. Perkić, 2010)

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T. 3

T. 3 Nalazi medaljica i novca (foto: D. Perkić, 2010.)

Pl. 3 Medal and coin finds (photo: D. Perkić, 2010)

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T. 4

T. 4 Nalazi križeva (foto: D. Perkić, 2010.)

Pl. 4 Finds of crosses (photo: D. Perkić, 2010)

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T. 5

T. 5 Nalazi igle, ukosnica, naušnica i fibula (foto: D. Perkić, 2010.)

Pl. 5 Finds of a pin, hairpins, earrings and fibulae (photo: D. Perkić, 2010)

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T. 6

T. 6 Nalazi perli i kopčica (foto: D. Perkić, 2010.)

Pl. 6 Finds of beads and clasps (photo: D. Perkić, 2010.)

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T. 7

T. 7 Grob 17 (crtež: M. Perkić, foto: D. Perkić, 2010.)

Pl. 7 Grave 17 (drawing: M. Perkić, photo: D. Perkić, 2010)

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T. 8

T. 8 Grob 21 (crtež: M. Perkić, foto: D. Perkić, 2010.)

Pl. 8 Grave 21 (drawing: M. Perkić, photo: D. Perkić, 2010)

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T. 9

T. 9 Grob 47 (crtež: M. Perkić, foto: D. Perkić)

Pl. 9 Grave 47 (drawing: M. Perkić, photo: D. Perkić)

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T. 10

T. 10 Grob 81 (crtež: M. Perkić, foto: D. Perkić)

Pl. 10 Grave 81 (drawing: M. Perkić, photo: D. Perkić)

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