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Project Report On Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications

The document is a project report on MIMO-OFDM wireless communications. It discusses using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver (MIMO) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to increase diversity gain and system capacity. Key topics covered include MIMO-OFDM system modeling, synchronization, channel estimation, space-time coding techniques, error correction coding, antenna selection, medium access control, and a software radio implementation. The report evaluates MIMO-OFDM as a promising technique for high-speed wireless transmission.

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Preetam Polaki
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52 views

Project Report On Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications

The document is a project report on MIMO-OFDM wireless communications. It discusses using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver (MIMO) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to increase diversity gain and system capacity. Key topics covered include MIMO-OFDM system modeling, synchronization, channel estimation, space-time coding techniques, error correction coding, antenna selection, medium access control, and a software radio implementation. The report evaluates MIMO-OFDM as a promising technique for high-speed wireless transmission.

Uploaded by

Preetam Polaki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Project Report

On

Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless


Communications

Submitted by:-
Shubhangani Sharma and Vinny Gupta
RE18M1A02 RE18B1B17
10803968 10801320
CONTENTS :-
1) ABSTRACT
2) INTRODUCTION
3) OFDM
4) MIMO
5) SELECTION FOR OFDM AND MIMO
6) EXPLANATION IN DETAILS
7) CONCLUSION
8) REFERENCES
ABSTRACT :-
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular method for high
data rate wireless transmission. OFDM may be combined with antenna arrays at
the transmitter and receiver to increase the diversity gain and/or to enhance the
system capacity on time-variant and frequency-selective channels,resulting in a
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration.This project explores
various physical layer research challenges in MIMO-OFDM system design,
including physical channel measurements and modeling, analog beam forming
techniques using adaptive antenna arrays, space–time techniques for MIMO-
OFDM, error control coding techniques, OFDM preamble and packet design, and
signal processing algorithms used for performing time and frequency
synchronization, channel estimation, and channel tracking in MIMO-OFDM
systems. Finally, the project considers a software radio implementation of MIMO-
OFDM.

INTRODUCTION :-
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
It has become a popular technique for transmission of signals over wireless
channels. OFDM has been adopted in several wireless standards such as digital
audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting (DVB-T), the local area
network (LAN) standard and metropolitan area network (MAN) standard. OFDM
is also being pursued for dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) for road
side to vehicle communications and as a potential candidate for fourth-generation
(4G) mobile wireless systems.

OFDM is a block modulation scheme where a block of N information symbols is


transmitted in parallel on N subcarriers. An OFDM modulator can be implemented
as an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) on a block of N information
symbols followed by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). To mitigate the effects
of intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by channel time spread, each block of N
IDFT coefficients is typically preceded by a cyclic prefix (CP), such that the length
of the CP is at least equal to the channel length. Under this condition, a linear
convolution of the transmitted sequence and the channel is converted to a circular
convolution. As a result, the effects of the ISI are easily and completely eliminated.
Moreover, the approach enables the receiver to use fast signal processing
transforms such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) for OFDM implementation.
Similar techniques can be employed in single-carrier systems as well, by preceding
each transmitted data block of length N by a CP of length G , while using
frequency- domain equalization at the receiver.

Similar techniques can be employed in single-carrier systems as well, by preceding


each transmitted data block of length N by a CP of length G , while using
frequency-domain equalization at the receiver.

MIMO(Multiple input multiple output):-

Multiple antennas can be used at the transmitter and receiver, an arrangement


called a multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) system. A MIMO system takes
advantage of the spatial diversity that is obtained by spatially separated antennas in
a dense multipath scattering environment.
MIMO systems may be implemented in a number of different ways to obtain either
a diversity gain or to obtain a capacity gain. Generally, there are three categories of
MIMO techniques.

1.The first aims to improve the power efficiency by maximizing spatial diversity.
Such techniques include delay diversity, space–time block codes (STBC) and
space–time trellis codes (STTC).
2.The second class uses a layered approach to increase capacity, where full spatial
diversity is usually not achieved.

3.Finally, the third type exploits the knowledge of channel at the transmitter.
It decomposes the channel coefficient matrix using singular value decomposition
(SVD) and uses these decomposed unitary matrices as pre- and post-filters at the
transmitter and the receiver to achieve near capacity OFDM has been adopted in
the LAN and LAN/MAN standards. The actual throughput is highly dependent on
the media access control protocol.

The physical (PHY) layer techniques described in this project are intended to
approach 10 b/s/Hz bandwidth efficiency. This project discuss several PHY layer
aspects broadband MIMO-OFDM systems.
DIAGRAM OF OFDM – MIMO SYSTEM :-

SECTIONS FOR MIMO- OFDM:-

*MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM MODEL

*SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE ACQUISITION MODE

*SAMPLE FREQUENCY OFFSET CORRECTION AND


TRACKING

*MIMO-OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION

*SPACE–TIME CODING TECHNIQUES FOR MIMO-OFDM

*ERROR CORRECTION CODING FOR MIMO-OFDM


*ANTENNA AND BEAM SELECTION

*MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL

*SOFTWARE RADIO IMPLEMENTATION

I .MIMO OFDM system model

A multicarrier system can be efficiently implemented in discrete time using an


inverse FFT (IFFT) to act as a modulator and an FFT to act as a demodulator. The
transmitted data are the “frequency” domain coefficients and the samples at the
output of the IFFT stage are “time” domain samples of the transmitted waveform.

II. SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE ACQUISITION MODE

Time and frequency synchronization can be performed sequentially in the


following steps .
 
1) Coarse Time Synchronization and Signal Detection—Coarse time acquisition
and signal detection locates the start of an OFDM frame over an
approximate range of sample values.
 
2) Frequency Offset Estimation in the Time Domain—Any frequency offset
between
the transmitter and the receiver local oscillators
is reflected in the time domain sequence as a progressive phase shift.

3)Residual Frequency Offset Correction—The range of the time domain


frequency offset estimation be insufficient, frequency-domain processing can be
used.
4) Fine Time Synchronization—Fine time acquisition locates the start of the
useful portion of the OFDM frame to within a few samples. Once the frequency
offset is removed, fine time synchronization can be performed by cross correlating
the frequency corrected samples with the transmitted preamble sequences.

III. SAMPLE FREQUENCY OFFSET CORRECTION AND


TRACKING

MIMO-OFDM schemes that use coherent detection need accurate channel


estimates. Consequently, the channel coefficients must be tracked in a system with
high Doppler.

IV. MIMO-OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION

Channel state information is required in MIMO-OFDM for space–time coding at


the transmitter and signal detection at receiver. Its accuracy directly affects the
overall performance of MIMO- OFDM system.

V. A SPACE–TIME CODE

 (STC) is a method employed to improve the reliability of


data transmission in wireless communication systems using multiple
transmit antennas.

Space time codes may be split into two main types:

Space–time trellis codes (STTCs) distribute a trellis code over multiple antennas


and multiple time-slots and provide both coding gain and diversity gain.
Space–time block codes (STBCs) act on a block of data at once (similarly to block
codes) and provide only diversity gain, but are much less complex in
implementation terms than STTCs.

VI. ERROR CORRECTION CODING FOR MIMO-OFD

An error-correcting code (ECC) or forward error correction (FEC) code is a system


of adding redundant data, or parity data, to a message, such that it can be
recovered by a receiver even when a number of errors (up to the capability of the
code being used) were introduced, either during the process of transmission, or on
storage. Since the receiver does not have to ask the sender for retransmission of the
data, a back-channel is not required in forward error correction.

VII. ANTENNA AND BEAM SELECTION

ANTENNA SELECTION:
Transmit antenna selection for MIMO
considered for flat-fading in the absence of interference and with
interference , the selection criterion was based on average SNR criteria

BEAM SELECTION:
An alternative selection approach for OFDM-MIMO is to
select beams instead of selecting antennas, Beam selection is motivated by
the observation that multipath angles are often clustered. The cluster angles
are not expected to be very frequency dependent, so the best selection of
beams should not change much with frequency.

VIII.MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL

MAC protocols are essential for effective broadband wireless access. MAC
protocols for OFDM can be based on time division multiple access
(TDMA), where all the OFDM subcarriers are used at once.

CONCLUSION:-

This paper has discussed a number of PHY layer issues relevant for the
implementation of broadband MIMO-OFDM systems. We have discussed in detail
the peculiar issues relating to MIMO-OFDM synchronization and channel
estimation. We then discussed space–time coding strategies for closed loop
MIMO-OFDM systems where knowledge of the channel is available at the
transmitter. Error correction coding was discussed with an emphasis on high-rate
LDPC codes. Adaptive analog beam forming techniques were discussed that can
provide the best possible MIMO channel environment. Finally, the project
discussed a software radio test bed at Georgia Tech for MIMO-OFDM
REFERENCE :-
 V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, and A. R. Calderbank, “Space–time
block coding for wireless communications.
 A. N. Mody and G. L. Stuber, “Sampling frequency offset estimation and
time tracking for MIMO OFDM systems.
 T. M. Schmidl and D. C. Cox, “Robust frequency and timing
synchronization for OFDM.
 W. Xiang, T. Pratt, N. Jones, X. Wang, L. Dong, and T. l. Zhang,

“A software radio MIMO-OFDM prototype for broadband wireless


access

 S. Kaiser, “Spatial transmit diversity techniques for broadband


OFDM system”

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