ACTIVITY 6

(CLASSIFICATION AND OPERATION OF EVAPORATORS)

RUIZ DELGADO LUIS FERNANDO 17151402

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

ENGINEER ISRAEL DE JESÚS GÓMEZ CARMONA

16:00 - 17:00 HRS

03/12/2021
 2

Abstract - The following document is intended to provide  The possible changes in the concentrated product,
information on the classification and operation of the types both chemical and physical, that affect the nutritional
of evaporators. and sensory quality.
 The rise in the boiling point of the solution, which
Keywords - Baudelot; Convection; Defrost; Coil. occurs especially in highly concentrated solutions.

Classification according to operation

I. INTRODUCTION Dry expansion evaporator
We can define a refrigeration system as a process based on The refrigerant is fed through an expansion system, so that
the changes of state of a fluid. the liquid evaporates completely along the evaporator, usually
As we already know these systems are composed of four with a slight overheating. The refrigerant is in the strictly
different basic devices which are: compressor, condenser, necessary proportion to form a dry saturated vapor, which will
expansion valve and evaporator. provide a good performance in the compressor.
With the above we can present the following research work
which will be announced various important aspects within the
refrigeration, specifying the evaporators, likewise, will be
announced some basic concepts and also some topics such as
classification and basic operation of each of these are
presented.

II. DEVELOPMENT Figure 2. Dry expansion evaporator.

Evaporators
Flooded evaporator
Evaporators are heat exchangers consisting of a bundle of
They are always completely filled with liquid refrigerant, the
pipes in which the refrigerant fluid is evaporated, extracting
supply being regulated by a float valve, which keeps the liquid
heat from the space to be cooled, which is essentially the
level in the evaporator constant. They are preferably used in
phenomenon of cold production or cooling capacity to be
industrial applications, with a considerable number of
achieved.
evaporators, operating at low temperature and using ammonia
Evaporators are manufactured with a wide variety of criteria,
(R717) as refrigerant.
types, shapes, sizes and materials, and can be classified as
follows:

Figure 3. Flooded evaporator.

Supercharged evaporator
In this type of evaporator the mass flow of liquid far exceeds
the vapor flow produced in the evaporator. Thus, the fluid
leaving the evaporator is a vapor-liquid mixture of high titer,
which does not become saturated vapor. They are preferably
used in industrial applications.

Figure 1. Classification of evaporators.

Basic factors affecting evaporation

 The rate at which heat is transferred. Figure 4. Supercharged evaporator.
 The amount of heat required to evaporate.
 The maximum allowable temperature of the liquid.
 The pressure at which evaporation takes place.
 3

Classification according to construction The application of this type is air cooling in cold rooms and
Smooth tube evaporator air conditioning. There are two main types of these:
They consist of a steel or copper tube of various geometric
shapes, as appropriate. Natural convection
They are used in applications where low air velocities and
minimum product dehydration are desired.
Air circulation is greatly influenced by the size and location of
the evaporator. In small evaporators, baffles are used to ensure
good air circulation. Insulation is placed to avoid condensation
dripping on the stored product.

Figure 5. Smooth tube evaporator.

Plate evaporator
They consist of two ribbed metal plates, joined by welding,
which are given the most convenient way for them to circulate
the refrigerant, thus forming an internal structure of tubes in
which the vaporization of the refrigerant occurs. Figure 8. Natural convection.
They can also be formed by a pipe, usually zigzag,
sandwiched between two metal sheets welded together at the Forced convection
ends. They are formed by finned tubes, inside a metallic chamber
and with one or more fans to achieve a forced air circulation.

Figure 6. Plate evaporator.

Figure 9. Forced convection.
Finned evaporator
They are formed by a coil of copper pipe to which aluminum For liquid cooling
fins are applied to increase the transmission surface of the tube There are a number of evaporators for liquid cooling, such
itself. as:

Double tube evaporator

It consists of two concentric tubes; the refrigerant fluid
circulates through the space between the two tubes, and the
liquid to be cooled through the inner tube against the flow.

Figure 7. Finned evaporator.

Classification according to the phase in which the material

to be cooled is located
For solid cooling
In the cooling of solids only plate evaporators are used, Figure 10. Double tube evaporator.
which take the heat from the material to be cooled by
conduction. The reason for using this type of evaporators is Baudelot evaporator
that they lend themselves well to modeling their shape, It consists of a series of horizontal tubes placed one below
maximizing the contact between the two and avoiding as much the other, through whose interior circulates the refrigerant
as possible the formation of separate surface areas that reduce fluid and through the exterior circulates, by gravity, the liquid
heat exchange. to be cooled forming a thin film, falling from the surface of
the upper tube to the lower one where it is collected in a
For gas cooling collector channel.
 4

Maintenance of evaporators
The disadvantage of evaporators is that the water contained
in the air condenses and freezes on the surface of the tubes to
form ice and frost. The lower the evaporator temperature the
higher the frost formation rate. Of course there is no frost
formation in those evaporators where the working temperature
is above 0°C.
Figure 11. Baudelot evaporator. Frost is a poor conductor of heat so the rate of heat transfer
from the refrigerated space to the refrigerant is reduced. This
Tank evaporator causes the evaporation temperature of the refrigerant to
It consists of a coil of bare tube refrigerant fluid, installed become lower and lower so more frost will form making it
inside a large tank containing the liquid to be cooled. more difficult for heat to enter from the outside. Thus, the
cooling capacity of the evaporator is reduced.

Evaporator defrosting
When the icing process begins, the first thing that occurs is
frost on the surface of the tubes and fins. The frost is formed
by a multitude of crystals that substantially increase the heat
exchange surface, and initially improve heat transfer.
Subsequently, as the volume of accumulated frost increases,
Figure 12. Tank evaporator.
the air velocity through the fins decreases drastically and
cooling capacity is lost.
Shell and Coil Evaporator The frost produced on the evaporators must be periodically
It consists of one or more coils enclosed in a steel casing and removed by a process called defrosting.
can operate in two ways:
 The refrigerant fluid passes in dry expansion through Defrosting methods
the coil and the liquid to be cooled circulates through  Defrosting with water: Water is sprayed on the
the casing. evaporator.
 It is used with the cooling fluid in the casing, flooded  Air defrosting: It is done with air from the chamber
and the liquid to be cooled in the coil. itself in the chambers with positive temperature.
 Electric defrosting: It is done by closing the liquid
line and stopping the compressor when all the
refrigerant has been extracted from the evaporator,
then the heating element is connected.
 Reverse cycle defrosting: The cycle is reversed
during defrosting, so that the evaporator becomes the
condenser and vice versa.
Figure 13. Shell and Coil Evaporator.
 Hot gas defrost: It consists of directly discharging the
compressed gases into the compressor.
Shell and tube evaporator
It consists of a cylindrical steel casing inside which are
arranged parallel horizontal straight tubes held in place at the
III. CONCLUSION
ends by perforated plates.
With the development of this document yours truly gained a
great knowledge of topics in which only had a little learning,
thanks to this was achieved deepen the subject and learn the
function of an evaporator in a refrigeration system. Also learn
and be able to have a basic concept of the types of evaporators
and their function of each.
Being honest I did not think to get to have this kind of
knowledge and less in such an easy way to learn, as are the
Figure 14. Shell and tube evaporator.
summaries as it is not only copy as a research but you must
also read it to know what is most important and thus be able to
Atomizing evaporator summarize it so that the finished text is coherent for the
It has a similar construction to the shell and tube evaporator, reader.
with the difference that there are atomizing nozzles on the
upper tubes that spray liquid refrigerant onto the tubes,
through which the refrigerant fluid to be cooled circulates.
 5

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Gobierno de Aragon. (2015). Evaporadores.
https://pdfcoffee.com/ficha-evaporadorespdf-pdf-
free.html
[2] SIMEC. (2014). Evaporadores.
http://www.blog.simec.biz/evaporadores/
[3] IES. (2017). Evaporadores.
http://scalofrios.es/Frio/Evaporadoresycondensadores
/Apuntes%20de%20Maquinas%20(Evaporadores
%20y%20Condensadores).pdf