Scilab Textbook Companion for

Transport Phenomena
by R. S. Brodkey And H. C. Hershey1

Created by
Ankit Vijay
engineering
Chemical Engineering
IIT-BHU
College Teacher
Self
Cross-Checked by
Ganesh R

May 24, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Transport Phenomena

Author: R. S. Brodkey And H. C. Hershey

Publisher: McGraw - Hill Book Company, New York

Edition: 1

Year: 1988

ISBN: 0-07-007963-3

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 introduction to transport phenomena 5

2 molecular transport mechanisms 7

3 molecular transport and the general property balance 15

4 molecular transport and the general property balance 19

5 transport with a net convective flux 24

6 flow turbulence 31

7 integral methods of analysis 36

9 agitation 52

10 transport in ducts 55

11 heat and mass transfer in duct flow 71

12 transport past immersed bodies 82

13 unsteady state transport 93

14 estimation of transport coefficients 98

15 non newtonial phenomena 108

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List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 fundamental variables and units . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 1.2 The role of intermolecular forces . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 2.1 the analogous form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.2 the analogous form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.3 heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 2.5 heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 2.6 mass transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 2.7 mass transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 2.8 mass transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 2.9 momentum transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 2.11 diffusion coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.12 viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 3.1 balance or conservation concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 3.2 the balance equation in differential form . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 3.3 the balance equation in differential form . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 4.1 variable area transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 4.2 variable area transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 4.3 variable area transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 4.4 variable area transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 4.5 heat or mass transport with constant generation . . . 22
Exa 4.7 laminar flow in a tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 5.9 mass fluxes in stationary and convected coordinates . 24
Exa 5.10 total flux and ficks law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 5.11 binary mass diffusion in gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 5.12 binary mass diffusion in gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 5.13 diffusion due to pressure gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 6.1 the reynolds experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 6.2 transitional flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

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Exa 6.3 the equations for transport under turbulent conditions 32
Exa 6.5 the prandtl mixing theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 6.9 friction factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 7.2 the integral mass balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 7.3 integral balance on an individual species . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 7.4 integral momentum balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 7.5 integral momentum balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 7.6 integral momentum balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 7.7 integral energy balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 7.8 integral energy balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 7.10 the energy equation and the engineering bernoulli equa-
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 7.11 the energy equation and the engineering bernoulli equa-
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 7.12 the mechanical energy equation and the engineering bernoulli
equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 7.13 the mechanical energy equation and the engineering bernoulli
equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 7.14 the mechanical energy equation and the engineering bernoulli
equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 7.15 manometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 7.16 manometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 7.18 manometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 7.19 buoyant forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 7.20 buoyant forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 7.21 variation of pressure with depth . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 7.22 variation of pressure with depth . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 9.3 scale up procedures for turbulent flow with a single test
volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 9.4 scale up procedures for turbulent flow with a single test
volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 9.5 scale up procedures for turbulent flow with a single test
volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Exa 10.1 laminar pipe flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exa 10.2 turbulent pipe flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 10.3 pressure drop in rough pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 10.4 pressure drop in rough pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 10.5 von karman number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

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Exa 10.6 von karman number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 10.7 the velocity head concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 10.8 pipe fittings and valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 10.9 gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 10.11 complex fluid flow systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 10.12 complex fluid flow systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 10.14 non circular conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Exa 10.15 orifice meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 10.16 venturi and nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exa 10.17 pitot tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 11.1 conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 11.2 the resistance concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 11.3 the resistance concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Exa 11.5 heat and mass transfer during turbulent flow . . . . . 74
Exa 11.6 heat and mass transfer during turbulent flow . . . . . 76
Exa 11.7 double pipe heat exchangers simple solutions . . . . . 77
Exa 11.8 double pipe heat exchangers simple solutions . . . . . 78
Exa 11.9 double pipe heat exchangers simple solutions . . . . . 78
Exa 11.10 multipass heat exchangers equipment . . . . . . . . . . 79
Exa 12.2 the laminar boundary layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Exa 12.3 turbulent boundary layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Exa 12.5 heat and mass transfer during boundary layer flow past
a flat plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Exa 12.10 stokes flow past a sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Exa 12.11 drag coefficient correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Exa 12.12 drag coefficient correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 12.13 drag coefficient correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 12.14 liquid solid fluidization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Exa 12.15 liquid solid fluidization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Exa 12.16 single cyclinder heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Exa 12.17 single cyclinder heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 13.1 heat transfer with negligible internal resistance . . . . 93
Exa 13.6 generalized chart solution for finite slab and cyclinder 94
Exa 13.7 generalized chart solution for finite slab and cyclinder 95
Exa 13.9 semi infinite slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Exa 13.10 cyclinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Exa 14.1 kinetic theory of gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Exa 14.2 non uniform gas theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

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Exa 14.3 non uniform gas theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exa 14.4 non uniform gas theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Exa 14.5 non uniform gas theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Exa 14.6 empirical correlations for gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Exa 14.7 viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Exa 14.8 thermal conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Exa 14.9 diffusion coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Exa 15.1 rheological characteristics of material time independant
behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Exa 15.2 capillary viscometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Exa 15.3 capillary viscometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Exa 15.4 capillary viscometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

7
 Chapter 1

introduction to transport
phenomena

Scilab code Exa 1.1 fundamental variables and units

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 . 1 − pg6 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 v =0.01283; // [mˆ 3 ] − volume o f t a n k i n mˆ3
6 v =0.4531; // [ f t ˆ 3 ] − volume o f t a n k i n f t ˆ3
7 p =2; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
8 T =1.8*300; // [ degR ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
9 R =0.73; // [ ( atm ∗ f t ˆ 3 ) / ( l b m o l ∗ degR ) ] − g a s c o n s t a n t
10 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e f o r an i d e a l g a s pv=
nRT
11 n =( p * v ) /( R * T ) ;
12 disp (n , ” no . o f moles , n=” ) ;
13 xN2 =0.5; // f r a c t i o m o f N2 i n t a n k
14 nN2 = xN2 * n ;
15 Ca = nN2 / v ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n Ca=%elb ∗ mol / f t ˆ3 ” , Ca ) ;

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 Scilab code Exa 1.2 The role of intermolecular forces

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 . 2 − pg9 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 // t h e t h r e e unknowns a r e x , y , z
6 // t h e t h r e e e q u a t i o n s a r e −
7 // x+y+z =1500
8 // ( 1 ) 0 . 0 5 ∗ x +0. 15 ∗ y +0. 40 ∗ z = 1 5 0 0 ∗ 0 . 2 5
9 // ( 2 ) 0 . 9 5 ∗ x +0. 00 ∗ y + 0 . 4 5 2 ∗ z = 1 5 0 0 ∗ 0 . 5 0
10 a =[1 1 1;0.05 0.15 0.40;0.95 0 0.452];
11 d =[1500;1500*0.25;1500*0.50];
12 ainv = inv ( a ) ;
13 sol = ainv * d ;
14 printf ( ” \n\n t h e amount o f c o n c e n t r a t e d HNO3 i s %fkg
\n t h e amount o f c o n c e n t r a t e d H2SO4 i s %fkg \n t h e
amount o f w a s t e a c i d s i s %fkg ” , sol (2) , sol (1) , sol
(3) ) ;

9
 Chapter 2

molecular transport
mechanisms

Scilab code Exa 2.1 the analogous form

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 1 − pg28 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 deltax =0.1; // [m] − t h i c k n e s s o f c o p p e r b l o c k
6 T2 =100; // [ degC ] − temp on one s i d e o f c o p p e r b l o c k
7 T1 =0; // [ degC ] − temp on o t h e r s i d e o f t h e c o p p e r
block
8 k =380; // [W/mK] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
9 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a ( q /A) ∗ d e l t a x=−k ∗ ( T2−T1 )
10 g = - k *( T2 - T1 ) / deltax ;
11 g1 =( g /(4.184*10000) ) ;
12 printf ( ” \n\n The s t e a d y s t a t e h e a t f l u x a c r o s s t h e
c o p p e r b l o c k i s \n q /A=%fW/mˆ2 \n o r i n a l t e r n a t e
u n i t s i s \n q /A=% f c a l /cm∗ s e c ” ,g , g1 ) ;

10
 Scilab code Exa 2.2 the analogous form

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 2 − pg29 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 dely =0.1; // [m] − d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two p a r r a l e l
plates
6 delUx =0.3; // [m/ s e c ] − v e l o c i t y o f a p l a t e
7 mu =0.001; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
8 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a t a u y x=F/A=−mu∗ ( delUx / d e l y )
9 tauyx = - mu *( delUx / dely ) ;
10 printf ( ” \n\n t h e momentum f l u x and t h e t h e f o r c e p e r
u n i t a r e a , ( which a r e t h e same t h i n g ) i s \n t a u y x=
F/A=%fN/mˆ2 ” , tauyx ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.3 heat transfer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 3 − pg30 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 tauyx = -0.003; // [ N/mˆ 2 ] − momentum f l u x
6 dely =0.1; // [m] − d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two p a r r a l e l
plates
7 mu =0.01; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
8 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a t a u y x=F/A=−mu∗ ( delUx / d e l y )
9 delUx = -(( tauyx * dely ) / mu ) *100;
10 printf ( ” \n\n V e l o c i t y o f t h e t o p p l a t e i s \n d e l t a U x
=%fcm/ s e c ” , delUx ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.5 heat transfer

11
 1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 5 − pg31 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 d =0.0013; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f t h e t u b e
6 delx =1; // [m] − l e n g t h o f t h e g l a s s t u b e
7 T2 =110.6; // [ degC ] − t e m p e r a t u r e on one end o f t h e
rod
8 T1 =0; // [ degC ] − t e m p e r a t u r e on o t h e r s i d e o f t h e
rod
9 k =0.86; // [W/m∗K ] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
10 Hf =333.5; // [ J / g ] − h e a t o f f u s i o n o f i c e
11 // ( a ) u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n ( q /A)=−k ∗ ( d e l t / d e l x )
12 A =( %pi * d ^2) /4;
13 q = A *( - k *( T2 - T1 ) / delx ) ;
14 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) t h e h e a t f l o w i s \n q=%fJ / s e c ” ,q ) ;
15 // ( b ) d i v i d i n g t h e t o t a l h e a t t r a n s f e r i n 30 m i n u t e s
by t h e amount o f h e a t r e q u i r e d t o m e l t 1 g o f i c e
16 a = abs (( q *30*60) /333.5) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) t h e amount o r grams o f i c e m e l t e d i n
30 m i n u t e s i s %fg ” ,a ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.6 mass transfer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 6 − pg36 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 d =1.2*10^ -2; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f t h e h o l e
6 Ca1 =0.083; // [ kmol /mˆ 3 ]
7 Ca2 =0; // [ kmol /mˆ 3 ]
8 L =0.04; // [m] − t h i c k n e s s o f t h e i r o n p i e c e
9 Dab =1.56*10^ -3; // [mˆ2/ s e c ] − d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
o f CO2
10 A =( %pi * d ^2) /4; // a r e a

12
11 // ( a ) u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a ( Na / )A=( Ja /A)=−Dab ( d e l C a /
delx )
12 intdCa = integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ Ca ’ ,Ca2 , Ca1 ) ;
13 intdx = integrate ( ’ 1 ’ , ’ x ’ ,0 ,0.04) ;
14 g =( intdCa / intdx ) * Dab ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) The m o l a r f l u x w i t h r e s p e c t t o
s t a t i o n a r y c o o r d i n a t e s i s \n ( Na/A)=%fkmol /mˆ2∗ s e c
” ,g ) ;
16 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a na /A=(Na/A) ∗Ma
17 Ma =44.01; // [ kg / mol ] − m o l c u l a r w e i g h t o f c o 2
18 na =( intdCa / intdx ) * Dab * Ma * A *(3600/0.4539) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n The mass f l o w r a t e i s % f l b / h r ” , na ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.7 mass transfer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 7 − pg38 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =30+273.15; // [ K ] t e m p e r a t u r e
6 pA =3; // [ atm ] p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e component A
7 R =0.082057; // [ atm∗mˆ3 ∗ / kmol ∗K ] g a s c o n s t a n t
8 // ( a ) u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n Ca=n /V=pA / (R∗T)
9 Cco2 = pA /( R * T ) ;
10 Cco2 = Cco2 *(44.01) ;
11 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) The c o n c e n t a r i o n o f Co2 e n t e r i n g i s
%fkg /mˆ3 ” , Cco2 ) ;
12 // ( b ) u s i n g t h e same e q u a t i o n a s a b o v e
13 pN2 =(0.79) *3; // [ atm ] p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f m i t r o g e n (
a s n i t r o g e n i s 79% i n a i r )
14 R =0.7302; // [ atm∗ f t ˆ3∗ l b / mol ∗R ] − g a s c o n s t a n t
15 T = T *(1.8) ; // [ R ] t e m p e r a t u r e
16 CN2 = pN2 /( R * T ) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f N2 e n t e r i n g i s
% f l b m o l / f t ˆ3 ” , CN2 ) ;

13
18 // ( c ) u s i n g t h e same e q u a t i o n a s a b o v e
19 nt =6;
20 nCo2 =4;
21 nO2 =2*(0.21) ;
22 nN2 =2*(0.79) ;
23 yCo2 = nCo2 / nt ;
24 yO2 = nO2 / nt ;
25 yN2 = nN2 / nt ;
26 R =82.057; // [ atm∗cmˆ3/ mol ∗K ] − g a s c o n s t a n t
27 T =30+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
28 pCo2 =3* yCo2 ;
29 Cco2 = pCo2 /( R * T ) ;
30 printf ( ” \n\n ( c ) The c o n c e n t a r t i o n o f Co2 i n t h e
e x i t i s %fmol /cmˆ3 ” , Cco2 ) ;
31 // ( d ) u s i n g t h e same e q u a t i o n a s a b o v e
32 R =8.3143; // [ kPa ∗mˆ3/ kmol ∗K ] − g a s c o n s t a n t
33 pO2 =3*( yO2 ) *(101.325) ; // [ kPa ] − p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e
34 CO2 = pO2 /( R * T ) ;
35 printf ( ” \n\n ( d ) The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f O2 i n t h e e x i t
s t r e a m i s %fkmol /mˆ3 ” , CO2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.8 mass transfer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 8 − pg39 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 delx =0.3 -0; // [m] − l e n g t h
6 d =0.05 -0; // [m] − d i a m e t e r
7 A =( %pi * d ^2) /4; // [mˆ 2 ] − a r e a ;
8 R =8.314*10^3; // [ N∗m/ kmol ∗K ] − g a s c o n s t a n t
9 xco1 =0.15; // mole p r c e n t o f c o i n one t a n k
10 xco2 =0; // mole p e r c e n t o f c o i n o t h e r t a n k
11 p2 =1; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e i n one t a n k
12 p1 = p2 ; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e i n o t h e r t a n k

14
13 D =0.164*10^ -4; // [mˆ2/ s e c ] − d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
14 T =298.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
15 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a ( Na/A) =( Ja /A)=−D∗ ( d e l c a / d e l x )
=−(D/R∗T) ∗ ( d e l p a / d e l x ) ;
16 delpa =( p2 * xco2 - p1 * xco1 ) *10^5; // [ N/mˆ 2 ] − p r e s s u r e
difference
17 Na = -(( D * A ) /( R * T ) ) *( delpa / delx ) ;
18 disp ( Na )
19 printf ( ” \n\n The i n i t i a l r a t e o f mass t r a n s f e r o f
c o 2 i s %ekmol / s e c ” , Na ) ;
20 printf ( ” \n\n I n o r d e r f o r t h e p r e s s u r e t o r e m a i n a t
1atm , a d i f f u s i o n o f a i r must o c c u r which i s i n
t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n and e q u a l t o %ekmol / s c e ” ,
Na ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.9 momentum transfer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 9 − pg44 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 A =5; // [mˆ 2 ] − a r e a o f t h e p l a t e s
6 Ft =0.083 // [ N ] − f o r c e on t h e t o p p l a t e
7 Fb = -0.027; // [ N ] − f o r c e on t h e bottom p l a t e
8 ut = -0.3; // [m/ s e c ] − v e l o c i t y o f t h e t o p p l a t e
9 ub =0.1; // [m/ s e c ] − v e l o c i t y o f t h e bottom p l a t e
10 dely =0.01; // [m]
11 delux = ut - ub ; // [m/ s e c ]
12 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a t a u y x=F/A=−mu( d e l u x / d e l y )
13 tauyx =( Ft - Fb ) / A ;
14 mu = tauyx /( - delux / dely ) ; // [ Ns /mˆ 2 ]
15 mu = mu *10^3; // [ cP ]
16 printf ( ” \n\n The v i s c o s i t y o f t o u l e n e i n c e n t i p o s e
i s %fcP ” , mu ) ;

15
 Scilab code Exa 2.11 diffusion coefficient

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 1 1 − pg51 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 po =1; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
6 p =2; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
7 To =0+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
8 T =75+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
9 Do =0.219*10^ -4; // [mˆ2/ s e c ] ;
10 n =1.75;
11 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a D=Do ∗ ( po / p ) ∗ (T/To ) ˆ n
12 D = Do *( po / p ) *( T / To ) ^ n ;
13 printf ( ” \n\n The d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f w a t e r
v a p o u r i n a i r a t %fatm and %fdegC i s \n D=%emˆ2/
s e c ” ,p ,T -273.15 , D ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.12 viscosity

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 2 . 1 2 − pg52 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =53+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
6 mu1 =1.91*10^ -5;
7 mu2 =2.10*10^ -5;
8 T1 =313.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
9 T2 =347.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
10 // f o r a i r
11 // u s i n g l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n o f t h e v a l u e s i n t a b l e
2.2

16
12 function b = f ( a )
13 b = log ( mu1 / a ) / log ( T1 ) ;
14 endfunction
15 function y = g ( a )
16 y = log ( mu2 ) - log ( a ) -f ( a ) * log ( T2 ) ;
17 endfunction
18 a1 =10^ -7;
19 A = fsolve ( a1 , g ) ;
20 B=f(A);
21 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a l n (mu)=lnA+Bln ( t )
22 mu = %e ^( log ( A ) + B * log ( T ) ) *10^3; // [ cP ]
23 printf ( ” \n\n t h e v i s c o s i t y o f a i r a t %fdegC i s %fcP ”
,T -273.15 , mu ) ;
24 // s i m i l a r l y f o r w a t e r
25 BdivR =1646;
26 A =3.336*10^ -8;
27 mu = A * %e ^( BdivR / T ) *10^5 // [ cP ]
28 printf ( ” \n\n t h e v i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r a t %fdegC i s
%fcP ” ,T -273.15 , mu ) ;

17
 Chapter 3

molecular transport and the

general property balance

Scilab code Exa 3.1 balance or conservation concept

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 3 . 1 − pg65 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 a =0.0006; // [mˆ 2 ] − a r e a
6 l =0.1; // [m] − l e n g t h
7 // ( a ) u s i n g t h e f o u r i e r law
8 deltax =0.1; // [m] − t h i c k n e s s o f c o p p e r b l o c k
9 T2 =100; // [ degC ] − temp on one s i d e o f c o p p e r b l o c k
10 T1 =0; // [ degC ] − temp on o t h e r s i d e o f t h e c o p p e r
block
11 k =380; // [W/mK] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
12 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a ( q /A) ∗ d e l t a x=−k ∗ ( T2−T1 )
13 g = - k *( T2 - T1 ) / deltax ;
14 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) The s t e a d y s t a t e h e a t f l u x a c r o s s
t h e c o p p e r b l o c k i s \n q /A=%5eJ ∗mˆ−2∗ s e c ˆ−1 ” ,g ) ;
15 // ( b )
16 V = a * l ; // [mˆ 3 ] − volume
17 // u s i n g t h e o v e r a l l b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n w i t h t h e

18
 a c c u m u l a t i o n and g e n e r a t i o n term
18 Qgen =1.5*10^6; // [ j ∗mˆ−3∗ s e c ˆ −1]
19 SIx =( g *a - Qgen * V ) / a ;
20 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) t h e f l u x a t f a c e 1 i s %5ej ∗mˆ−2∗ s e c
ˆ −1;\ n t h e n e g a t i v e s i g n i n d i c a t e s t a h t t h e h e a t
f l u x i s from r i g h t t o l e f t ( n e g a t i v e x d i r e c t i o n ” ,
SIx ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.2 the balance equation in differential form

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 3 . 2 − pg68 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 syms x ;
6 SIx2 = -3.8*10^5; // [ j ∗mˆ−2∗ s e c ˆ −1] − f l u x a t x = 0 . 1 , i
. e through f a c e 2
7 Qgen =1.5*10^6; // [ j ∗mˆ−3∗ s e c ˆ −1] − u n i f o r m
g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e volume
8 T2 =100+273.15; // [ K ] t e m p e r a t u r e a t f a c e 2
9 x2 =0.1; // [m]
10 k =380; // [W/mK] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
11 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n d e r ( S I x ) ∗ x=S I x+c 1 ; where c 1 i s
tyhe constant of i n t e g r a t i o n
12 c1 =( Qgen * x2 ) - SIx2 ;
13 disp ( c1 )
14 SIx = Qgen *x - c1 ;
15 disp ( SIx , ” S I x=” ) ;
16 printf ( ” \n where S I x i s i n u n i t s o f j mˆ−2 s e c ˆ−1
and x i s i n u n i t s o f m” ) ;
17 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n −k ∗T=d e r ( S I x ) ∗ xˆ2− c 1 ∗ x+c 2 ;
where c 2 i s t h e c o n s t a n t o f i n t e g r a t i o n
18 c2 = - k * T2 -( Qgen *( x2 ) ^2) /2+ c1 * x2 ;
19 T = -( Qgen / k ) * x ^2+( c1 / k ) *x -( c2 / k ) ;
20 disp (T , ”T=” ) ;

19
21 printf ( ” \n where T i s i n u n i t s o f k e l v i n (K) ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.3 the balance equation in differential form

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 3 . 3 − pg69 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 syms t x ;
6 hf1 = -270; // [ J / s e c ] − h e a t f l o w a t f a c e 1
7 hf2 = -228; // [ J / s e c ] − h e a t f l o w a t f a c e 2
8 Qgen =1.5*10^6; // [ J ∗mˆ−3∗ s e c ˆ −1] g e n e r a t i o n p e r
u n i t volume p e r u n i t t i m e
9 v =6*10^ -5; // [mˆ 3 ] volume
10 Cp =0.093; // [ c a l ∗ gˆ−1∗Kˆ −1] h e a t c a p a c i t y o f c o p p e r
11 sp =8.91; // s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f c o p p e r
12 a =0.0006; // [mˆ 2 ] − a r e a
13 // ( a ) u s i n g t h e o v e r a l l b a l a n c e
14 acc = hf1 - hf2 + Qgen * v ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) t h e r a t e o f a c c u m u l a t i o n i s %fJ / s e c
\n\n ” , acc ) ;
16 // ( b )
17 SIx1 = hf1 / a ;
18 SIx2 = hf2 / a ;
19 x1 =0;
20 // s o l v i n g f o r t h e c o n s t a n t o f i n t e g r a t i o n c 1 i n t h e
e q u a t i o n [ d e l ( p∗ cp ∗T) / d e l t −d e r ( S I x ) ] ∗ x=−S I x+c 1 ;
21 c1 =0+ SIx1 ;
22 x2 =0.1;
23 g =( -( SIx2 ) + c1 ) / x2 + Qgen ;
24 SIx = c1 -( g - Qgen ) * x ;
25 disp ( SIx , ” S I ( x )=” ,” ( b ) ” ) ;
26 // s o l v i n g f o r c o n s t a n t o f i n t e g r a t i o n c 3 i n t h e
e q u a t i o n p∗ cp ∗T=g ∗ t+c 3
27 T2 =100+273.15;

20
28 t2 =0;
29 p = sp *10^3; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
30 cp = Cp *4.1840; // [ J ∗ kg ˆ−1∗Kˆ −1]
31 c3 = p * cp * T2 - g * t2 ;
32 T =( g *(10^ -3) /( p * cp ) ) * t + c3 /( p * cp ) ;
33 disp (T , ”T=” ) ;
34 // s o l v i n g f o r c o n s t a n t o f i n t e g r a t i o n c 2 i n t h e
e q u a t i o n −k ∗T=d e r ( S I x ) ∗ xˆ2− c 1 ∗ x+c 2
35 k =380; // [ w/mˆ1∗Kˆ 1 ]
36 x2 =0.1;
37 c2 = k * T +(3.5*10^5) * x2 ^2 -(4.5*10^5) * x2 ;
38 function y = T (t , x )
39 y =( -(3.5*10^5) * x ^2+(4.5*10^5) * x +87.7* t
+1.00297*10^5) / k ;
40 endfunction
41 // a t f a c e 1 ;
42 x1 =0;
43 t1 =60; // [ s e c ]
44 T1 = T ( t1 , x1 ) ;
45 disp ( T1 , ”T=” ,” a t f a c e 1 ” ) ;
46 // a t f a c e 2
47 x2 =0.1;
48 t2 =60; // [ s e c ]
49 T2 = T ( t2 , x2 ) ;
50 disp ( T2 , ”T=” ,” a t f a c e 2 ” ) ;

21
 Chapter 4

molecular transport and the

general property balance

Scilab code Exa 4.1 variable area transport

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 4 . 1 − pg99 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 id =2.067; // [ i n ] − i n s i d e d i a m e t e r
6 t =0.154; // [ i n ] − w a l l t h i c k n e s s
7 od = id +2* t ; // [ i n ] − o u t e r d i a m e t e r
8 a =1.075; // [ i n ˆ 2 ] − w a l l s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f m e t a l
9 A = a *(1/144) ; // [ f t ˆ 2 ] − w a l l s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f
m e t a l i n f t ˆ2
10 deltaz =5/12; // [ f t ] − l e n g t h o f t r a n s f e r i n z
direction
11 T2 =10+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e t o p
12 T1 =0+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e bottom
13 q = -3.2; // [ Btu / h r ] − h e a t t r a n s f e r r e d
14 deltaT =( T2 - T1 ) +8; // [ degF ]
15 k = -( q / A ) /( deltaT / deltaz ) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n k o r r e c t=%fBtu hˆ−1 f t ˆ−1 degF ˆ −1=17.17
W mˆ−1 Kˆ−1” ,k ) ;

22
17 Alm =(2* %pi * deltaz *(( od - id ) /(2*12) ) ) / log ( od / id ) ; // [
f t ˆ 2 ] l o g mean a r e a
18 disp ( Alm )
19 kincorrect = k *( A / Alm ) ;
20 printf ( ” \n\n k i n c o r r e c t =%fBtu hˆ−1 f t ˆ−1 degF
ˆ −1=0.529 W mˆ−1 Kˆ−1” , kincorrect ) ;
21 errorf =( k - kincorrect ) / kincorrect ;
22 disp ( errorf , ” e r r o r f a c t o r i s −” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.2 variable area transport

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 4 . 2 − pg100 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T1 =0; // [ degC ]
6 T2 =10; // [ degC ]
7 km =17.17; // [W/m∗K ]
8 l =1; // [m]
9 r2 =1.1875;
10 r1 =1.0335;
11 deltaT = T1 - T2 ;
12 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Qr=−km ∗ ( ( 2 ∗ p i ∗ l ) / l n ( r 2 / r 1 ) ) ∗
deltaT ;
13 Qr = - km *((2* %pi * l ) / log ( r2 / r1 ) ) * deltaT ;
14 printf ( ” \n\n q r=%fW\n t h e p l u s s i g n i n d i c a t e s t h a t
t h e h e a t f l o w i s r a d i a l l y o u t from t h e c e n t e r ” , Qr
);

Scilab code Exa 4.3 variable area transport

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;

23
 3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 4 . 3 − pg100 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 km =9.92; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ∗ degF ]
6 Alm =0.242*(12/5) ; // [ f t ˆ 2 ]
7 T1 =0; // [ degC ]
8 T2 =10; // [ degC ]
9 deltaT =( T1 - T2 ) *1.8; // [ degF ]
10 r2 =1.1875;
11 r1 =1.0335;
12 deltar =( r2 - r1 ) /12; // [ f t ]
13 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Qr/Alm=−km∗ ( d e l t a T / d e l t a r )
14 Qr =( - km *( deltaT / deltar ) ) * Alm ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n q r=%fBtu /h ” , Qr ) ;
16 // i n S I u n i t s
17 Alm =0.177; // [mˆ 2 ]
18 T1 =0; // [ degC ]
19 T2 =10; // [ degC ]
20 km =17.17; // [W/m∗K ]
21 r2 =1.1875;
22 r1 =1.0335;
23 deltaT = T1 - T2 ;
24 deltar =( r2 - r1 ) *0.0254; // [m]
25 // u s i n g t h e same f o r m u l a
26 Qr =( - km *( deltaT / deltar ) ) * Alm ;
27 printf ( ” \n\n q r=%fW” , Qr ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.4 variable area transport

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 4 . 4 − pg101 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 x1 =0; // [ cm ]
6 x2 =30; // [ cm ]
7 p1 =0.3; // [ atm ]

24
 8 p2 =0.03; // [ atm ]
9 D =0.164; // [ amˆ2/ s e c ]
10 R =82.057; // [ cmˆ3∗ atm / mol ∗K ]
11 T =298.15; // [ K ]
12 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Nax∗ i n t ( dx /Ax ) =−(D/RT) ∗ i n t ( 1 ∗
dpa )
13 a = integrate ( ” 1 / ( ( %pi / 4 ) ∗(10 −( x / 6 ) ) ˆ 2 ) ” ,” x ” ,x1 , x2 ) ;
14 b = integrate ( ” 1 ” ,” p” ,p1 , p2 ) ;
15 Nax = -(( D /( R * T ) ) * b ) / a ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n Nax=%6emol / s e c=%3emol / h \n t h e p l u s
s i g n i n d i c a t e s d i f f u s i o n t o t h e r i g h t ” ,Nax , Nax
*3600) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.5 heat or mass transport with constant generation

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 4 . 5 − pg105 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 syms r ;
6 ro =0.5; // [ i n c h ] − o u t s i d e r a d i u s
7 ro =0.0127; // [m] − o u t s i d e r a d i u s i n m
8 Tg =2*10^7; // [ J /mˆ3∗ s e c ] − h e a t g e n e r a t e d by
e l e c t r i c current
9 Tw =30; // [ degC ] − o u t s i d e s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e
10 km =17.3; // [W/m∗K ] − mean c o n d u c t i v i t y
11 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a T=Tw+(Tg /4∗km) ∗ ( r o ˆ2− r ˆ 2 )
12 T = Tw +( Tg /(4* km ) ) *( ro ^2 - r ^2) ;
13 disp (T , ”T=” ) ;
14 printf ( ” \n where r i s i n m e t e r s and T i s i n degC ” ) ;
15 function y = t ( r )
16 y = Tw +( Tg /(4* km ) ) *( ro ^2 - r ^2) ;
17 endfunction
18 printf ( ” \n\n a t t h e c e n t r e l i n e ( r =0) , t h e maximum
t e m p e r a t u r e i s %fdegC . At t h e o u t s i d e , t h e

25
 t e m p e r a t u r e r e d u c e s t o t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n
v a l u e o f %fdegC . The d i s t r i b u t i o n i p a r a b o l i c
b e t w e e n t h e s e 2 l i m i t s ” ,t (0) ,t (0.0127) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.7 laminar flow in a tube

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 4 . 7 − pg119 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 r =10^ -3; // [m] − r a d i u s
6 l =1; // [m] − l e n g t h
7 Q =10^ -7; // [mˆ3/ s ] − f l o w r a t e
8 deltap = -10^6; // [ N/mˆ2=Pa ] − p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e
9 spg =1.1;
10 pwater =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r a t 4 degC
11 pfluid = spg * pwater ;
12 mu =( r * -( deltap ) *( %pi * r ^3) ) /((4* Q ) *(2* l ) ) ;
13 mupoise = mu *10;
14 mucentipoise = mupoise *100;
15 printf ( ” \n\n mu=%fNsMˆ−2= % f p o i s e=%fcP ” ,mu , mupoise ,
mucentipoise ) ;

26
 Chapter 5

transport with a net convective

flux

Scilab code Exa 5.9 mass fluxes in stationary and convected coordinates

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 5 . 9 − pg166 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 v =1; // [ cm/ s e c ] − volume v e l o c i t y o r b u l k v e l o c i t y
6 vol =1; // [ cm ˆ 3 ] − volume
7 na =2; // m o l e s o f a
8 nb =3; // m o l e s o f b
9 nc =4; // m o l e s o f c
10 mma =2; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f a
11 mmb =3; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f b
12 mmc =4; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f c
13 ma = na * mma ; // [ g ] w e i g h t o f a
14 mb = nb * mmb ; // [ g ] w e i g h t o f b
15 mc = nc * mmc ; // [ g ] w e i g h t o f c
16 NabyA =2+2; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s ] − m o l a r f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
17 NbbyA = -1+3; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s ] − m o l a r f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x

27
18 NcbyA =0+4; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s ] − m o l a r f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
19 NtbyA = NabyA + NbbyA + NcbyA ; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s ] − t o t a l
molar f l u x
20 // on a mass b a s i s , t h e s e c o r r e s p o n d s t o
21 nabyA =4+4; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s ] ; − mass f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
22 nbbyA = -3+9; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s ] ; − mass f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
23 ncbyA =0+16; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s ] ; − mass f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
24 ntbyA = nabyA + nbbyA + ncbyA ; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s ] − t o t a l mass
flux
25 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n m o l a r b a s i s
26 CA = na / vol ; // [ mol /cm ˆ 3 ]
27 CB = nb / vol ; // [ mol /cm ˆ 3 ]
28 CC = nc / vol ; // [ mol /cm ˆ 3 ]
29 CT = CA + CB + CC ; // [ mol /cm ˆ 3 ] − t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n
30 // d e n s i t i e s a r e on a mass b a s i s
31 pa = ma / vol ; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ]
32 pb = mb / vol ; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ]
33 pc = mc / vol ; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ]
34 pt = pa + pb + pc ; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ]
35 Ua = NabyA / CA ; // [ cm/ s e c ] ;
36 Ub = NbbyA / CB ; // [ cm/ s e c ] ;
37 Uc = NcbyA / CC ; // [ cm/ s e c ] ;
38 // t h e same r e s u l t w i l l be o b t a i n e d from d i v i d i n g
mass f l u x by d e n s i t y
39 Uz =( pa * Ua + pb * Ub + pc * Uc ) /( pa + pb + pc ) ;
40 printf ( ” \n\n Uz=%fcm/ s e c ” , Uz ) ;
41 Uzstar =( NtbyA / CT ) ;
42 printf ( ” \n\n Uz∗=%fcm/ s e c ” , Uzstar ) ;
43 printf ( ” \n\n f o r t h i s e x a m p l e b o t h Uz and Uz∗ a r e
s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h e volume v e l o c i t y o f 1cm/
s e c , b e c a u s e t h e r e i s a n e t m o l a r and mass
d i f f u s i o n i n the p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n . ”);

28
 Scilab code Exa 5.10 total flux and ficks law

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 5 . 1 0 − pg171 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n ( from e x a m p l e 5 . 9 )
5 na =2; // m o l e s o f a
6 nb =3; // m o l e s o f b
7 nc =4; // m o l e s o f c
8 mma =2; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f a
9 mmb =3; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f b
10 mmc =4; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f c
11 ma = na * mma ; // [ g ] w e i g h t o f a
12 mb = nb * mmb ; // [ g ] w e i g h t o f b
13 mc = nc * mmc ; // [ g ] w e i g h t o f c
14 NabyA =2+2; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s ] − m o l a r f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
15 NbbyA = -1+3; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s ] − m o l a r f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
16 NcbyA =0+4; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s ] − m o l a r f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
17 NtbyA = NabyA + NbbyA + NcbyA ; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s ] − t o t a l
molar f l u x
18 // on a mass b a s i s , t h e s e c o r r e s p o n d s t o
19 nabyA =4+4; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s ] ; − mass f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
20 nbbyA = -3+9; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s ] ; − mass f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
21 ncbyA =0+16; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s ] ; − mass f l u x = d i f f u s i n g
f l u x +c o n v e c t e d f l u x
22 // c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n m o l a r b a s i s
23 CA = na / vol ; // [ mol /cm ˆ 3 ]
24 CB = nb / vol ; // [ mol /cm ˆ 3 ]
25 CC = nc / vol ; // [ mol /cm ˆ 3 ]

29
26 CT = CA + CB + CC ; // [ mol /cm ˆ 3 ] − t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n
27 // d e n s i t i e s a r e on a mass b a s i s
28 pa = ma / vol ; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ]
29 pb = mb / vol ; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ]
30 pc = mc / vol ; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ]
31 Ua = NabyA / CA ; // [ cm/ s e c ] ;
32 Ub = NbbyA / CB ; // [ cm/ s e c ] ;
33 Uc = NcbyA / CC ; // [ cm/ s e c ] ;
34 U =( pa * Ua + pb * Ub + pc * Uc ) /( pa + pb + pc ) ;
35 Ustar =( NtbyA / CT ) ;
36 // t h e f l u x e s r e l a t i v e t o mass a v e r a g e v e l o c i t i e s
are found as f o l l o w s
37 JabyA = CA *( Ua - U ) ; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
38 JbbyA = CB *( Ub - U ) ; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
39 JcbyA = CC *( Uc - U ) ; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
40 printf ( ” \n\n f l u x e s r e l a t i v e t o mass a v e r a g e
v e l o c i t i e s a r e −” ) ;
41 printf ( ” \n\n Ja /A=%fmol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , JabyA ) ;
42 printf ( ” \n Jb /A=%fmol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , JbbyA ) ;
43 printf ( ” \n Jc /A=%fmol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , JcbyA ) ;
44 jabyA = pa *( Ua - U ) ; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
45 jbbyA = pb *( Ub - U ) ; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
46 jcbyA = pc *( Uc - U ) ; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
47 printf ( ” \n\n j a /A=%fg /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , jabyA ) ;
48 printf ( ” \n j b /A=%fg /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , jbbyA ) ;
49 printf ( ” \n j c /A=%fg /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , jcbyA ) ;
50 // t h e f l u x e s r e l a t i v e t o m o l a r a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y a r e
found as f o l l o w s
51 JastarbyA = CA *( Ua - Ustar ) ; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
52 JbstarbyA = CB *( Ub - Ustar ) ; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
53 JcstarbyA = CC *( Uc - Ustar ) ; // [ mol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
54 printf ( ” \n\n f l u x e s r e l a t i v e t o m o l a r a v e r a g e
v e l o c i t i e s a r e −” ) ;
55 printf ( ” \n\n Ja ∗/A=%fmol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , JastarbyA ) ;
56 printf ( ” \n Jb ∗/A=%fmol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , JbstarbyA ) ;
57 printf ( ” \n Jc ∗/A=%fmol /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , JcstarbyA ) ;
58 jastarbyA = pa *( Ua - Ustar ) ; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
59 jbstarbyA = pb *( Ub - Ustar ) ; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]

30
60 jcstarbyA = pc *( Uc - Ustar ) ; // [ g /cmˆ2∗ s e c ]
61 printf ( ” \n\n j a ∗/A=%fg /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , jastarbyA ) ;
62 printf ( ” \n j b ∗/A=%fg /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , jbstarbyA ) ;
63 printf ( ” \n j c ∗/A=%fg /cmˆ2∗ s e c ” , jcstarbyA ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.11 binary mass diffusion in gases

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 5 . 1 1 − pg176 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =0+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n s
6 pa2 =1.5; // [ atm ] − p a r t i a l p r e s u u r e o f a a t p o i n t 2
7 pa1 =0.5; // [ atm ] − p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f a a t p o i n t 1
8 z2 =20; // [ cm ] − p o s i t i o n o f p o i n t 2 from r e f e r e n c e
point
9 z1 =0; // [ cm ] − p o s i t i o n o f p o i n t 1 from r e f e r e n c e
point
10 p =2; // [ atm ] − t o t a l p r e s s u r e
11 d =1; // [ cm ] − d i a m e t e r
12 D =0.275; // [ cmˆ2/ s e c ] − d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
13 A =( %pi *(( d ) ^2) ) /4;
14 R =0.082057; // [ atm∗mˆ3∗ kmol ˆ−1∗Kˆ −1] − g a s c o n s t a n t
15 // ( a ) u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Na/A=−(D/ (R∗T) ) ∗ ( ( pa2−pa1 )
/ ( z2−z 1 ) )
16 Na =( -( D /( R * T ) ) *(( pa2 - pa1 ) /( z2 - z1 ) ) ) *( A ) /(10^6) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\n Na=%ekmol / s e c \n The n e g a t i v e s i g n
i n d i c a t e s d i f f u s i o n from p o i n t 2 t o p o i n t 1 ” , Na ) ;
18 pb2 =p - pa2 ;
19 pb1 =p - pa1 ;
20 // ( b ) u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Na/A=((D∗p ) / (R∗T∗ ( z2−z 1 ) ) ) ∗
l n ( pb2 / pb1 )
21 Na =((( D * p ) /( R * T *( z2 - z1 ) ) ) * log ( pb2 / pb1 ) ) *( A ) /(10^6) ;
22 printf ( ” \n\n Na=%ekmol / s e c ” , Na ) ;
23 printf ( ” \n The i n d u c e d v e l o c i t y i n c r e a s e s t h e n e t

31
 t r a n s p o r t o f A by t h e r a t i o o f 1 0 . 6 ∗ 1 0 ˆ − 1 0 t o
4.82∗10ˆ −10 or 2 . 2 t i m e s . This i n c r e s e i s
e q u i v a l e n t t o 120 p e r c e n t ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.12 binary mass diffusion in gases

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 5 . 1 2 − pg178 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =0+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n s
6 pa2 =1.5; // [ atm ] − p a r t i a l p r e s u u r e o f a a t p o i n t 2
7 pa1 =0.5; // [ atm ] − p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f a a t p o i n t 1
8 z2 =20; // [ cm ] − p o s i t i o n o f p o i n t 2 from r e f e r e n c e
point
9 z1 =0; // [ cm ] − p o s i t i o n o f p o i n t 1 from r e f e r e n c e
point
10 p =2; // [ atm ] − t o t a l p r e s s u r e
11 d =1; // [ cm ] − d i a m e t e r
12 D =0.275; // [ cmˆ2/ s e c ] − d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
13 A =( %pi *(( d ) ^2) ) /4;
14 R =0.082057; // [ atm∗mˆ3∗ kmol ˆ−1∗Kˆ −1] − g a s c o n s t a n t
15 k =0.75;
16 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a ( Na/A) =−(D/ (R∗T∗ ( z2−z 1 ) ) ) ∗ l n
((1 −( pa2 / p ) ∗(1 − k ) ) /(1 −( pa1 /p ) ∗(1 − k ) ) )
17 NabyA = -( D /( R * T *( z2 - z1 ) ) ) *(2*0.7854) * log ((1 -( pa2 / p )
*(1 - k ) ) /(1 -( pa1 / p ) *(1 - k ) ) ) /(10^6) ;
18 printf ( ” \n\n ( Na/A)=%ekmol / s e c ” , NabyA ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n Note t h a t t h i s a n s w e r i s l a r g e r t h a n t h e
r a t e f o r e q u i m o l a r c o u n t e r d i f f u s i o n but s m a l l e r
tahn the r a t e f o r d i f f u s i o n through a s t a g n a n t
f i l m . Sometimes t h e r a t e f o r d i f f u s i n t h r o u g h a
s t a g n a n t f i l m can be c o n s i d e r e d a s an u p p e r bound
, i f k t i e s b e t w e e n z e r o and one ” ) ;

32
 Scilab code Exa 5.13 diffusion due to pressure gradient

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 5 . 1 3 − pg184 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 l =4; // [m] − l e n g t h o f t h e t u b e
6 id =1.6*10^ -3; // [m] − i n s i d e d i a m e t e r
7 Nkn =10; // − k n u d s e n no .
8 Ma =92; // − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f g a s
9 mu =6.5*10^ -4; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
10 T =300; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
11 R =8314; // [ kPa ∗mˆ3∗ kmol ˆ−1∗Kˆ −1] − g a s c o n s t a n t
12 lambdaA = Nkn * id ; // [m] mean f r e e p a t h
13 // f o r c a l c u l a t i n g p r e s s u r e u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a lamdaA
=32∗(mu/p ) ∗ ( (R∗T) / ( 2 ∗ p i ∗Ma) ) ˆ ( 1 / 2 )
14 p =32*( mu / lambdaA ) *(( R * T ) /(2* %pi * Ma ) ) ^(1/2) ;
15 patm = p /(1.01325*10^5) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n p=%fkg /m∗ s e c ˆ2=%fPa=%eatm” ,p ,p , patm ) ;
17 printf ( ” \n The v a l u e o f 10 f o r t h e k n u d s e n number i s
on t h e b o r d e r b e t w e e n Knudsen d i f f u s i o n and
t r a n s i t i o n f l o w ”);

33
 Chapter 6

flow turbulence

Scilab code Exa 6.1 the reynolds experiment

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 6 . 1 − pg200 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 q =50; // [ g a l / min ] − v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e
6 d =2.067/12; // [ f t ] − d i a m e t e r
7 A =0.02330; // [ f t ˆ 2 ] − f l o w a r e a
8 p =0.99568*62.43; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r a t
86 degF
9 mu =0.8007*6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t ∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f
w a t e r a t 86 degF
10 u = q /(60*7.48* A ) ;
11 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Nre=d∗u∗p /mu ;
12 Nre =( d * u * p ) / mu ;
13 disp ( Nre , ” Nre=” ) ;
14 printf ( ” \n Hence t h e f l o w i s t u r b u l e n t . Note a l s o
t h a t Nre i s d i m e n s i o n l e s s ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.2 transitional flow

34
 1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 6 . 2 − pg202 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 p =0.99568*62.43; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y of water at
86 degF
6 mu =0.8007*6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t ∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f
w a t e r a t 86 degF
7 u =4.78; // [ f t / s e c ] − f r e e s t r e a m v e l o c i t y
8 Nre =5*10^5; // t h e l o w e r l i m i t f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n
r e y n o l d s number r a n g e i s s u b s t i t u t e d
9 x =( Nre * mu ) /( p * u ) ;
10 disp (x , ” x ” ) ;
11 printf ( ” \ nThus t h e t r a n s i t i o n c o u l d s t a r a t a b o u t
% f f t . The r e y n o l d s number a t t h e u p p e r end o f t h e
t r a n s i t i o n r a n g e i s %e . The v a l u e o f x a t t h i s
l o c a t i o n i s ten times then the value obtained
a b o v e i . e % f f t ” ,x , Nre *10 , x *10) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.3 the equations for transport under turbulent condi-
tions

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 6 . 3 − pg212 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 t =[0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.10 0.11 0.12];
6 Ux =[3.84 3.50 3.80 3.60 4.20 4.00 3.00 3.20 3.40
3.00 3.50 4.30 3.80];
7 Uy =[0.43 0.21 0.18 0.30 0.36 0.28 0.35 0.27 0.21
0.22 0.23 0.36 0.35];
8 Uz =[0.19 0.16 0.17 0.13 0.09 0.10 0.16 0.15 0.13
0.18 0.17 0.18 0.17];
9 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a AREA=( d e l t a t / 2 ) ∗ ( U1+U13 +2∗(U2+

35
 U3+U4+U5+U6+U7+U8+U9+U10+U11+U12 ) )
10 // f o r Uxmean
11 deltat =0.01;
12 T = t (13) -t (1) ;
13 AREA =( deltat /2) *( Ux (1) + Ux (13) +2*( Ux (2) + Ux (3) + Ux (4) +
Ux (5) + Ux (6) + Ux (7) + Ux (8) + Ux (9) + Ux (10) + Ux (11) + Ux
(12) ) ) ;
14 Uxmean = AREA / T ;
15 disp ( Uxmean , ”Uxmean=” ) ;
16 // f o r Uymean
17 deltat =0.01;
18 T = t (13) -t (1) ;
19 AREA =( deltat /2) *( Uy (1) + Uy (13) +2*( Uy (2) + Uy (3) + Uy (4) +
Uy (5) + Uy (6) + Uy (7) + Uy (8) + Uy (9) + Uy (10) + Uy (11) + Uy
(12) ) ) ;
20 Uymean = AREA / T ;
21 disp ( Uymean , ”Uymean=” ) ;
22 // f o r Uzmean
23 deltat =0.01;
24 T = t (13) -t (1) ;
25 AREA =( deltat /2) *( Uz (1) + Uz (13) +2*( Uz (2) + Uz (3) + Uz (4) +
Uz (5) + Uz (6) + Uz (7) + Uz (8) + Uz (9) + Uz (10) + Uz (11) + Uz
(12) ) ) ;
26 Uzmean = AREA / T ;
27 disp ( Uzmean , ”Uzmean=” ) ;
28 U =( Uxmean ^2+ Uymean ^2+ Uzmean ^2) ^(1/2) ;
29 disp (U , ”U=” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.5 the prandtl mixing theory

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ’ o f f ’ ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 6 . 5 − pg232 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 UzmaxbyU =24.83;

36
 6 roUbyv =2312;
7 Re =100000;
8 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Et / v = 9 5 . 5 ∗ ( ( r / r o ) / s l o p e ) −1
9 // from f i g 6 . 6 a t Re =100000
10 rbyro =[0 0.040 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.9 0.960 1];
11 slope =[0 0.105 0.112 0.126 0.144 0.168 0.201 0.252
0.336 0.503 1.007 2.517 94.59];
12 for i =2:13
13 Etbyv ( i ) =95.5*(( rbyro ( i ) ) / slope ( i ) ) -1;
14 end
15 clf ;
16 xtitle ( ” eddy v i s c o s i t y r a t i o v e r s u s d i m e n s i o n l e s s
r a d i u s ” ,” r / r o ” ,” Et / v ” ) ;
17 plot ( rbyro , Etbyv ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.9 friction factor

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 6 . 9 − pg258 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 spg =0.84;
6 p =0.84*62.4; // [ l b f / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
7 dP =80*144; // [ l b f / f t ˆ 2 ] − p r e s s u r e
8 dz =2000; // [ f t ] − l e n g t h o f p i p e
9 gc =32.174; // [ ( lbm ∗ f t ) / ( l b f ∗ s e c ˆ 2 ) ] − g r a v i t a t i o n a l
conversion constant
10 dpbydz = - dP / dz ;
11 do =2.067/12; // [ f t ]
12 U =2000*(1/24) *(1/3600) *(42) *(1/7.48) *(1/0.02330) ;
13 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a f =(( do / 2 ) ∗(−dp / dz ) ∗ g c ) / ( p ∗ (U)
ˆ2)
14 f =(( do /2) *( - dpbydz ) * gc ) /( p *( U ) ^2)
15 disp (f , ” f=” ) ;

37
38
 Chapter 7

integral methods of analysis

Scilab code Exa 7.2 the integral mass balance

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 2 − pg273 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 id =4; // [m] − i n s i d e d i a m e t e r
6 h =2; // [m] − w a t e r l e v e l
7 ro =0.03; // [m] − r a d i u s o f e x i t h o l e
8 rt = id /2; // [m] − i n s i d e r a d i u s
9 g =9.80665; // [m/ s e c ˆ 2 ] − g r a v i t a t i o n a l a c c e l e r a t i o n
10 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n dh /h ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) =−(( r o ˆ 2 ) / ( r t ˆ 2 ) )
∗ ( 2 ∗ g ) ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) d t and i n t e g r a t i n g b e t w e e n h=2 and h
=1
11 t1 = integrate ( ’ ( 1 / h ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ∗ ( 1 / ( − ( ( r o ˆ 2 ) / ( r t ˆ 2 ) ) ∗ ( 2 ∗ g )
ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ) ’ , ’ h ’ ,2 ,1) ;
12 printf ( ” \n\n Time r e q u i r e d t o remove h a l f o f t h e
c o n t e n t s o f t h e t a n k i s \n t=% f s e c=%fmin ” ,t1 , t1
/60) ;
13 // i n t e g r a t i n g b e t w e e n h=2 and h=0
14 t2 = integrate ( ’ ( 1 / h ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ∗ ( 1 / ( − ( ( r o ˆ 2 ) / ( r t ˆ 2 ) ) ∗ ( 2 ∗ g )
ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ) ’ , ’ h ’ ,2 ,0) ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n Time r e q u i r e d t o empty t h e t a n k f u l l y

39
 i s \n t=% f s e c=%fmin ” ,t2 , t2 /60) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.3 integral balance on an individual species

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 3 − pg274 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 // c o m p o s i t i o n o f f u e l g a s
6 nH2 =24;
7 nN2 =0.5;
8 nCO =5.9;
9 nH2S =1.5;
10 nC2H4 =0.1;
11 nC2H6 =1;
12 nCH4 =64;
13 nCO2 =3.0;
14 // c a l c u l a t i n g t h e t h e o r i t i c a l amount o f O2 r e q u i r e d
15 nO2theoreq =12+2.95+2.25+0.30+3.50+128;
16 // s i n c e f u e l g a s i s b u r n e d w i t h 40% e x c e s s O2 , t h e n
O2 r e q u i r e d i s
17 nO2req =1.4* nO2theoreq ;
18 nair = nO2req /0.21; // a s amount o f O2 i n a i r i s 21%
19 nN2air = nair *(0.79) ; // a s amount o f N2 i n a i r i s 79
%
20 nN2 = nN2 + nN2air ;
21 nO2 = nO2req - nO2theoreq ;
22 nH2O =24+0+0.2+3.0+128;
23 nCO2formed =72.1;
24 nCO2 = nCO2 + nCO2formed ;
25 nSO2 =1.5;
26 ntotal = nSO2 + nCO2 + nO2 + nN2 + nH2O ;
27 mpSO2 =( nSO2 / ntotal ) *100;
28 mpCO2 =( nCO2 / ntotal ) *100;
29 mpO2 =( nO2 / ntotal ) *100;

40
30 mpN2 =( nN2 / ntotal ) *100;
31 mpH2O =( nH2O / ntotal ) *100;
32 printf ( ” \n\n g a s N2
O2 H2O CO2
SO2” ) ;
33 printf ( ” \n\n m o l e s %f %f
%f %f %f ” ,nN2 , nO2 , nH2O , nCO2 , nSO2 ) ;
34 printf ( ” \n\n mole p e r c e n t %f %f
%f %f %f ” , mpN2 , mpO2 , mpH2O , mpCO2 ,
mpSO2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.4 integral momentum balance

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 4 − pg280 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 id =6; // [ i n c h ] − i n l e t d i a m e t e r
6 od =4; // [ i n c h ] − o u t l e t d i a m e t e r
7 Q =10; // [ f t ˆ3/ s e c ] − w a t e r f l o w r a t e
8 alpha2 = %pi /3; // [ r a d i a n s ] − a n g l e o f r e d u c t i o n o f
elbow
9 alpha1 =0;
10 p1 =100; // [ p s i ] − a b s o l u t e i n l e t p r e s s u r e
11 p2 =29; // [ p s i ] − a b s o l u t e o u t l e t p r e s s u r e
12 S1 =( %pi *(( id /12) ^2) ) /4;
13 S2 =( %pi *(( od /12) ^2) ) /4;
14 U1 = Q / S1 ;
15 U2 = Q / S2 ;
16 mu =6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b ∗ f t ˆ−1∗ s e c ˆ −1]
17 p =62.4; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ]
18 Nrei =(( id /12) * U1 * p ) /( mu ) ;
19 disp ( Nrei , ” Nre ( i n l e t )=” ) ;
20 Nreo =(( od /12) * U2 * p ) /( mu ) ;
21 disp ( Nreo , ” Nre ( o u t l e t )=” ) ;

41
22 // t h u s
23 b =1;
24 w1 = p * Q ; // [ l b / s e c ] − mass f l o w r a t e
25 w2 = w1 ;
26 gc =32.174;
27 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n (w/ g c ) ∗ ( ( U1 ) ∗ ( c o s ( a l p h a 1 ) ) −(U2
) ∗ ( c o s ( a l p h a 2 ) ) )+p1 ∗ S1 ∗ c o s ( a l p h a 1 )−p2 ∗ S2 ∗ c o s (
a l p h a 2 )+Fextx =0;
28 Fextx = -( w1 / gc ) *(( U1 ) *( cos ( alpha1 ) ) -( U2 ) *( cos ( alpha2 )
) ) - p1 *144* S1 * cos ( alpha1 ) + p2 *144* S2 * cos ( alpha2 ) ;
29 disp ( Fextx , ” Fext , x=” ) ;
30 Fexty = -( w1 / gc ) *(( U1 ) *( sin ( alpha1 ) ) -( U2 ) *( sin ( alpha2 )
) ) - p1 *144* S1 * sin ( alpha1 ) + p2 *144* S2 * sin ( alpha2 ) ;
31 disp ( Fexty , ” Fext , y=” ) ;
32 printf ( ” \n\n t h e f o r c e s Fxt , x and Fext , y a r e t h e
f o r c e s e x e r t e d on t h e f l u i d by t h e e l b o w . Fext , x
a c t s t o t h e l e f t and Fext , y a c t s i n t h e p o s i t i v e
y d i r e c t i o n . Note t h a t t h e e l b o w i s h o r i z a n t a l , and
g r a v i t y a c t s i n the z d i r e c t i o n ”);

Scilab code Exa 7.5 integral momentum balance

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 5 − pg 282 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Fextx = -2522; // [ l b ] − f o r c e i n x d i r e c t i o n
6 Fexty =2240; // [ l b ] − f o r c e i n y d i r e c t i o n
7 // t h e f o r c e e x e r t e d by t h e e l b o w on t h e f l u i d is
t h e r e s o l u t i o n o f Fext , x and Fext , y , t h e r e f o r e
8 Fext =(( Fextx ) ^2+( Fexty ) ^2) ^(1/2) ;
9 alpha =180+( atan ( Fexty / Fextx ) ) *(180/ %pi ) ;
10 printf ( ” \n\n t h e f o r c e h a s a m a g n i t u d e o f % f l b and a
d i r e c t i o n o f %f from t h e p o s i t i v e x d i r e c t i o n ( i n
t h e s e c o n d q u a d r a n t ” , Fext , alpha ) ;

42
 Scilab code Exa 7.6 integral momentum balance

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 6 − pg283 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 id =6; // [ i n c h ] − i n l e t d i a m e t e r
6 od =4; // [ i n c h ] − o u t l e t d i a m e t e r
7 Q =10; // [ f t ˆ3/ s e c ] − w a t e r f l o w r a t e
8 alpha2 = %pi /3; // [ r a d i a n s ] − a n g l e o f r e d u c t i o n o f
elbow
9 alpha1 =0;
10 p1 =100; // [ p s i ] − a b s o l u t e i n l e t p r e s s u r e
11 p2 =29; // [ p s i ] − a b s o l u t e o u t l e t p r e s s u r e
12 patm =14.7; // [ p s i ] − a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e
13 p1gauge = p1 - patm ;
14 p2gauge = p2 - patm ;
15 S1 =( %pi *(( id /12) ^2) ) /4;
16 S2 =( %pi *(( od /12) ^2) ) /4;
17 U1 = Q / S1 ;
18 U2 = Q / S2 ;
19 p =62.4; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ]
20 b =1;
21 w1 = p * Q ; // [ l b / s e c ] − mass f l o w r a t e
22 w2 = w1 ;
23 gc =32.174;
24 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n F p r e s s=p 1 g a u g e ∗ S1−p 2 g a u g e ∗ S2 ∗
cos ( alpha2 ) ;
25 Fpressx = p1gauge *144* S1 - p2gauge *144* S2 * cos ( alpha2 ) ;
26 Fpressy = p1gauge *144* S1 * sin ( alpha1 ) - p2gauge *144* S2 *
sin ( alpha2 ) ;
27 wdeltaUx =( w1 / gc ) *(( U2 ) *( cos ( alpha2 ) ) -( U1 ) *( cos (
alpha1 ) ) ) ;
28 wdeltaUy =( w1 / gc ) *(( U2 ) *( sin ( alpha2 ) ) -( U1 ) *( sin (

43
 alpha1 ) ) ) ;
29 Fextx = wdeltaUx - Fpressx ;
30 Fexty = wdeltaUy - Fpressy ;
31 Fext =(( Fextx ) ^2+( Fexty ) ^2) ^(1/2) ;
32 alpha =180+( atan ( Fexty / Fextx ) ) *(180/ %pi ) ;
33 printf ( ” \n\n The f o r c e h a s a m a g n i t u d e o f % f l b and a
d i r e c t i o n o f %f from t h e p o s i t i v e x d i r e c t i o n ( i n
t h e s e c o n d q u a d r a n t ” , Fext , alpha ) ;
34 printf ( ” \n\n A l s o t h e r e i s a f o r c e on t h e e l b o w i n
t h e z d i r e c t i o n owing t o t h e w e i g h t o f t h e e l b o w
p l u s the weight o f the f l u i d i n s i d e ”);

Scilab code Exa 7.7 integral energy balance

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 7 − pg293 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Uo =1; // [m/ s e c ]
6 // u s i n g Ux/Uo=y / yo
7 // a s s u m i n g any p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e o f yo w i l l not
c h a n g e t h e answer , t h e r e f o r e
8 yo =1;
9 Uxavg = integrate ( ’ ( Uo∗ y ) / yo ’ , ’ y ’ ,0 , yo ) ;
10 Ux3avg = integrate ( ’ ( ( Uo∗ y ) / yo ) ˆ3 ’ , ’ y ’ ,0 , yo ) ;
11 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a a l p h a =(Uxavg ) ˆ3/ Ux3avg
12 alpha =( Uxavg ) ^3/ Ux3avg ;
13 disp ( alpha , ” a l p h a=” ) ;
14 printf ( ” \n\n Note t h a t t h e k i n e t i c c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r
a l p h a h a s t h e same f i n a l v a l u e f o r l a m i n a r p i p e
f l o w as i t has f o r laminar f l o w between p a r a l l e l
p l a t e s . ”);

44
 Scilab code Exa 7.8 integral energy balance

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 8 − pg293 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Q =0.03; // [mˆ3/ s e c ] − v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e
6 id =7; // [ cm ] − i n s i d e d i a m e t e r
7 deltaz = -7; // [m] − l e n g t h o f p i p e
8 T1 =25; // [ degC ] − l o w e r e s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e
9 T2 =45; // [ degC ] − h i g h e r s i d e t e m p e r a t u r e
10 g =9.81; // [m/ s e c ˆ 2 ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
11 deltaP =4*10^4; // [ N/mˆ 2 ] − p r e s s u r e l o s s due t o
friction
12 p =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
13 w=Q*p;
14 C =4184; // [ J / kg ∗K) − h e a t c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r
15 deltaH = w * C *( T2 - T1 ) ;
16 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Qh=d e l t a H+w∗ g ∗ d e l t a z
17 Qh = deltaH + w * g * deltaz ;
18 printf ( ” \n\n t h e duty on h e a t e x c h a n g e r i s \n Q=%6eJ
/ s e c ” , Qh ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.10 the energy equation and the engineering bernoulli
equation

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 1 0 − pg298 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 d =0.03; // [m] − d i a m e t e r
6 g =9.784; // [m/ s e c ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
7 deltaz = -1;
8 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n ( 1 / 2 ) ∗ ( U3ˆ2/ a l p h a 3 −U1ˆ2/ a l p h a 1
)+g ∗ d e l t a z =0

45
 9 // a s s u m i n g
10 alpha1 =1;
11 alpha3 =1;
12 // a l s o s i n c e t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e t a n k f a r e x c e e d s
the diameter of the hose , the v e l o c i t y at point
1 must be n e g l i g i b l e when compared t o t h e
v e l o c i t y at point 3
13 U1 =0;
14 U3 =( -2* g * deltaz +( U1 ^2) / alpha1 ) ^(1/2) ;
15 p =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
16 S3 =( %pi /4) *( d ) ^2
17 w = p * U3 * S3 ;
18 printf ( ” \n\n t h e mass f l o w r a t e i s \n w=%fkg / s e c ” ,w )
;
19 // t h e minimum p r e s s u r e i n t h e s i p h o n t u b e i s a t t h e
p o i n t 2 . B e f o r e t h e r e s u l t o f 3 . 1 3 kg / s e c i s
accepted as the f i n a l value , the p r e s s u r e at
p o i n t 2 must be c a l c i l a t e d i n o r d e r t o s e e i f t h e
w a t e r might b o i l a t t h i s p o i n t
20 // u s i n g d e l t a p=p ∗ ( ( U3 ˆ 2 ) /2+g ∗ d e l t a z )
21 deltap = p *(( U3 ^2) /2+ g * deltaz ) ;
22 p1 =1.01325*10^5; // [ N/mˆ 2 ] − i s e q u a l t o
atmospheric pressure
23 p2 = p1 + deltap ;
24 vp =0.02336*10^5;
25 if p2 > vp then
26 printf ( ” \n\n t h e s i p h o n can o p e r a t e s i n c e t h e
p r e s s u r e at p o i n t 2 i s g r e a t e r than the v a l u e
a t which t h e l i q u i d b o i l s ” ) ;
27 else
28 printf ( ” \n\n t h e s i p h o n c a n t o p e r a t e s i n c e t h e
p r e s s u e r at p o i n t 2 i s l e s s than the v a l u e at
which t h e l i q u i d b o i l s ” ) ;
29
30 end

46
 Scilab code Exa 7.11 the energy equation and the engineering bernoulli
equation

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 1 1 − pg300 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 sp =1.45; // s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f t r i c h l o r o e t h y l e n e
6 pwater =62.4; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
7 p = sp * pwater ;
8 d1 =1.049; // [ i n c h ] − d e n s i t y o f p i p e a t p o i n t 1
9 d2 =0.6; // [ i n c h ] − d e n s i t y o f p i p e a t p o i n t 2
10 d3 =1.049; // [ i n c h ] − d e n s i t y o f p i p e a t p o i n t 3
11 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a U1∗ S1=U2∗ S2 ; we g e t U1=U2 ∗ ( d2 /
d1 ) ;
12 // t h e n u s i n g t h e b e r n o u l l i e q u a t i o n d e l t a p / p = ( 1 / 2 )
∗ ( U2ˆ2−U1 ˆ 2 ) ;
13 deltap =4.2*(144) ; // [ l b / f t ˆ 2 ] − p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e
14 U2 =((2*( deltap / p ) *(1/(1 -( d2 / d1 ) ^4) ) ) ^(1/2) ) *(32.174)
^(1/2) ;
15 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a w=p∗U2∗S
16 w = p * U2 *(( %pi /4) *(0.6/12) ^2) ;
17 w1 = w /(2.20462) ;
18 printf ( ” \n\n t h e mass f l o w r a t e i s \n w=% f l b / s e c \n
o r i n S I u n i t s \n w=%fkg / s e c ” ,w , w1 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.12 the mechanical energy equation and the engineering
bernoulli equation

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 1 2 − pg301 ” ) ;

47
 4 // g i v e n
5 Q =50/(7.48*60) ; // [ f t / s e c ] − v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e
of water
6 d1 =1; // [ i n c h ] − d i a m e t e r o f p i p e
7 deltaz = -5; // [ f t ] − d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n end o f p i p e
and t a n k
8 g =32.1; // [ f t / s e c ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
9 Cp =1; // [ Btu / l b ∗F ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r
10 p =62.4; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
11 S1 =( %pi /4) *( d1 /12) ^2;
12 U1 = Q / S1 ;
13 w=p*Q;
14 U2 =0;
15 gc =32.174;
16 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a d e l t a H =(w/ 2 ) ∗ ( ( U2 ) ˆ2 −(U1 ) ˆ 2 )+w∗
g∗ d e l t a z
17 deltaH = -( w /(2* gc ) ) *(( U2 ) ^2 -( U1 ) ^2) -w *( g / gc ) * deltaz ;
18 disp ( deltaH ) ;
19 deltaH = deltaH /778; // c o n v e r t i n g from f t l b / s e c t o
Btu / s e c
20 deltaT = deltaH /( w * Cp ) ;
21 printf ( ” \n\n The r i s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e i s %fdegF ” ,
deltaT ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.13 the mechanical energy equation and the engineering
bernoulli equation

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 1 3 − pg303 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 deltaz =30; // [ f t ] − d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n p r o c e s s and
the h o l d i n g tank
6 Q =100; // [ gpm ] − v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e o f w a t e r
7 p1 =100; // [ p s i g ]

48
 8 p2 =0; // [ p s i g ]
9 g =32.1; // [ f t / s e c ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
10 sv =0.0161; // [ f t ˆ3/ l b ] − s p e c i f i c volume o f w a t e r
11 p =1/ sv ; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
12 e =0.77; // e f f i c i e n c y o f c e n t r i f u g a l pump
13 deltap =( p1 - p2 ) *(144) ; // [ l b f / f t ˆ 2 ]
14 gc =32.174;
15 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n d e l t a p / p+g ∗ ( d e l t a z )+Ws=0;
16 Wst = - deltap /p -( g / gc ) *( deltaz ) ;
17 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a f o r e f f i c i e n c y e=Ws( t h e o r i t i c a l
) /Ws( a c t u a l )
18 // t h e r e f o r e
19 Wsa = Wst / e ;
20 // t h e c a l u l a t e d s h a f t work i s f o r a u n i t mass f l o w
r a t e o f water , t h e r f o r e f o r g i v e n f l o w r a t e
m u l t i p l y i t by t h e f l o w r a t e
21 w =( Q * p ) /(7.48*60) ;
22 Wsactual = Wsa * w ;
23 power = - Wsactual /(778*0.7070) ;
24 printf ( ” \n\n t h e r e q u i r e d h o r s e p o w e r i s %fhp ” , power )
;

Scilab code Exa 7.14 the mechanical energy equation and the engineering
bernoulli equation

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 1 4 − pg304 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 p1 =5; // [ atm ] − i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e
6 p2 =0.75; // [ atm ] − f i n a l p r e s s u r e a f t e rexpansion
through turbine
7 T =450; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
8 y =1.4; // cp / cv f o r n i t r o g e n
9 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n Ws=−(y / ( y −1) ) ∗ ( p1 / d e n s i t y 1 ) ∗ ( (

49
 p2 / p1 ) ˆ ( ( y −1) / y ) −1)
10 R =8314; // g a s c o n s t a n t
11 p1bydensity = R * T ;
12 Ws = -( y /( y -1) ) *( p1bydensity ) *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( y -1) / y ) -1) ;
13 printf ( ” \n\n t h e s h a f t work o f t h e g a s a s i t e x p a n d s
t h r o u g h t h e t u r b i n e and t r a n s m i t s i t s m o l e c u l a r
e n e r g y t o t h e r o t a t i n g b l a d e s i s \n Ws=%eJ/ kmol ” ,
Ws ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.15 manometers

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 1 5 − pg311 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =273.15+25; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
6 R =8.314; // [ kPa ∗mˆ3/ kmol ∗K ] − g a s c o n s t a n t
7 p =101.325; // [ kPa ] − p r e s s u r e
8 M =29; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f g a s
9 pa =( p * M ) /( R * T ) ;
10 sg =13.45; // s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y
11 pm = sg *1000;
12 g =9.807; // [m/ s e c ˆ 2 ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
13 deltaz =15/100; // [m]
14 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n p2−p1=d e l t a p =(pm−pa ) ∗ g ∗ d e l t a z
15 deltap = -( pm - pa ) * g * deltaz ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p i s %eN/mˆ2 ” , deltap ) ;
17 printf ( ” \n t h e minus s i g n means t h e u p s t r e a m
p r e s s u r e p1 i s g r e a t e r t h a n p2 , i . e t h e r i s a
p r e s s u r e drop . ”);

Scilab code Exa 7.16 manometers

50
 1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 1 6 − pg312 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =536.67; // [ degR ] ; − t e m p e r a t u r e
6 R =10.73; // [ ( l b f / i n ˆ2∗ f t ˆ 3 ) ∗ l b ∗ mol ˆ−1∗degR ] − g a s
constant
7 p =14.696; // [ l b f / i n ˆ 2 ] ;
8 g =9.807*3.2808; // [ f t / s e c ˆ 2 ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o
gravity
9 M =29; // m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f g a s
10 pa =( p * M ) /( R * T ) ;
11 sg =13.45; // s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y
12 pm = sg *62.4;
13 deltaz =15/(2.54*12) ; // [ f t ]
14 gc =32.174;
15 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n p2−p1=d e l t a p =(pm−pa ) ∗ g ∗ d e l t a z
16 deltap =( pm - pa ) *( g / gc ) * deltaz ;
17 printf ( ” \n\n t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p i s % f l b f / f t ˆ2 ” , deltap
);

Scilab code Exa 7.18 manometers

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 1 8 − pg315 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 at =0.049; // [ i n ˆ 2 ] − c r o s s s e c t i o n a l area of the
manometer t u b i n g
6 aw =15.5; // [ i n ˆ 2 ] − c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e
well
7 g =32.174; // [ f t / s e c ˆ 2 ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o
gravity
8 gc =32.174;
9 sg =13.45; // [ s p e c i f i c g a r v i t y o f m e r c u r y

51
10 p =62.4; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r ;
11 pm = sg * p ;
12 deltaz_waterleg =45.2213;
13 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n A( w e l l ) ∗ d e l t a z ( w e l l )=A( t u b e ) ∗
d e l t a z ( tube )
14 deltazt =70; // [ cm ]
15 deltazw = deltazt *( at / aw ) ;
16 deltaz = deltazt + deltazw ;
17 deltap_Hg = - pm *( g / gc ) *( deltaz /(2.54*12) ) ;
18 disp ( deltap_Hg ) ;
19 deltazw =45.2213; // [ cm ]
20 deltap_tap = deltap_Hg + p *( g / gc ) *( deltazw /(12*2.54) ) ;
21 printf ( ” \n\n d e l t a p t a p=%f l b f / f t ˆ2 ” , deltap_tap ) ;
22 printf ( ” \ n d e l t a p i s n e g a t i v e and t h e r e f o r e p1 i s
g r e a t e r t h a n p2 ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.19 buoyant forces

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 1 9 − pg317 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 p =749/760; // [ atm ]
6 T =21+273.15; // [ K ]
7 R =82.06; // [ atm∗cmˆ3/K ] − g a s c o n s t a n t
8 v =( R * T ) / p ; // [ cmˆ3/ mole ] − m o l a r volume
9 M =29; // [ g / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t
10 pair = M / v ;
11 m_air =53.32; // [ g ]
12 m_h2o =50.22; // [ g ]
13 ph2o =0.998; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
14 V =( m_air - m_h2o ) /( ph2o - pair ) ; // [ cm ˆ 3 ]
15 density = m_air / V ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n The d e n s i t y o f c o i n i s \n d e n s i t y=%fg /
cmˆ3 ” , density ) ;

52
17 printf ( ” \n\n C o n s u l t i n g a handbook i t i s s e e n t h a t
t h i s r e s u l t i s c o r r e c t d e n s i t y f o r g o l d ”);

Scilab code Exa 7.20 buoyant forces

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 2 0 − pg318 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 P =749/760; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
6 T =21+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
7 poak =38*(1/62.4) ; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f oak
8 pbrass =534/62.4; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f b r a s s
9 m_brass =6.7348; // [ g ]
10 pair =0.001184; // [ g /cm ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f a i r
11 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a m oak=m b r a s s ∗((1 −( p a i r / p b r a s s )
) /(1 −( p a i r / poak ) ) )
12 m_oak = m_brass *((1 -( pair / pbrass ) ) /(1 -( pair / poak ) ) ) ;
13 printf ( ” \n\n m oak=%fg ” , m_oak ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.21 variation of pressure with depth

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 2 1 − pg320 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =545.67; // [ degR ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
6 R =1545; // [ T o r r ∗ f t ˆ3/ degR ∗ mole ] − g a s c o n s t a n t
7 M =29; // [ g / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t
8 g =9.807; // [m/ s e c ˆ 2 ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
9 gc =9.807;
10 po =760; // [ T o r r ] − p r e s s u r e
11 deltaz =50; // [ f t ]

53
12 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n p=po ∗ exp ( −( g / g c ) ∗M∗ ( d e l t a z /R∗T
))
13 p = po * %e ^( -( g / gc ) * M *( deltaz /( R * T ) ) ) ;
14 printf ( ” \n\n p=%fTorr \n Thus , t h e p r e s s u r e d e c r e a s e
f o r an e l e v a t i o n o f 50 f t i s v e r y s m a l l ” ,p ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.22 variation of pressure with depth

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 7 . 2 2 − pg321 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 To =545.67; // [ degR ] − a i r t e m p e r a t u r e a t b e a c h
level
6 betaa = -0.00357; // [ degR / f t ] − c o n s t a n t
7 R =1545; // [ T o r r ∗ f t ˆ3/ degR ∗ mole ] − g a s c o n s t a n t
8 M =29;
9 deltaz =25000; // [ f t ]
10 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n l n ( p / po ) =((M) / (R∗ b e t a a ) ) ∗ l n ( To
/ ( To+b e t a a ∗ d e l t a z )
11 p = po * exp ((( M ) /( R * betaa ) ) * log ( To /( To + betaa * deltaz ) ) ) ;
12 printf ( ” \n\n p=%fTorr ” ,p ) ;
13 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n T=To+b e t a a ∗ d e l t a z
14 T = To + betaa * deltaz ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n T=%fdegR ” ,T ) ;

54
 Chapter 9

agitation

Scilab code Exa 9.3 scale up procedures for turbulent flow with a single
test volume

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 9 . 3 − pg389 ” ) ;
4 Nblades =4; // no . o f b l a d e s
5 d =9/12; // [ f t ] − d i a m e t e r o f t h e i m p e l l e r
6 dt =30/12; // [ f t ] − d i a m e t e r o f t h e t a n k
7 Nbaffles =4; // no . o f b a f f l e s
8 h =30; // [ i n c h ] − h e i g h t o f u n i t
9 mu =10; // [ cP ] − v i s c o s i t y o f f l u i d
10 sg =1.1; // s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f f l u i d
11 s =300; // [ rpm ] − s p e e d o f a g i t a t o r
12 CbyT =0.3;
13 V =( %pi * dt ^3) /4; // volume o f t a n k i n f t ˆ3
14 V1 = V *7.48; // [ g a l ] − volume o f t a n k i n g a l l o n s
15 mu = mu *(6.72*10^ -4) ; // [ l b / f t ∗ s e c ]
16 p = sg *62.4; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f f l u i d
17 N = s /60; // [ r p s ] − i m p e l l e r s p e e d i n r e v o l u t i o n s p e r
second
18 Nre =(( d ^2) * N * p ) / mu ;
19 disp ( Nre , ” Nre=” ) ;

55
20 printf ( ” \n\n T h e r e f o r e t h e a g i t a t o r o p e r a t e s i n t h e
t u r b u l e n t r e g i o n ”);
21 Npo =1.62;
22 gc =32.174;
23 P =( Npo *( p *( N ^3) *( d ^5) ) ) /( gc *550) ;
24 Cf =63025;
25 Tq =( P / s ) * Cf ;
26 PbyV = P / V ;
27 PbyV1 = P / V1 ;
28 TqbyV = Tq / V ;
29 TqbyV1 = Tq / V1 ;
30 printf ( ” \n\n The power p e r u n i t volume and t h e
t o r q u e p e r u n i t volume i s \n P/V=%f hp / f t ˆ3=%f hp
/ g a l \n Tq/V=%f i n ∗ l b / f t ˆ3=%f i n ∗ l b / g a l ” , PbyV ,
PbyV1 , TqbyV , TqbyV1 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.4 scale up procedures for turbulent flow with a single
test volume

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 9 . 4 − pg391 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Tpilot =30;
6 Tlab =10;
7 N1 =690;
8 N2 =271;
9 D2 =3;
10 D1 =1;
11 n =( log ( N1 / N2 ) ) /( log ( D2 / D1 ) ) ;
12 V =12000/7.48; // [ f t ˆ 3 ]
13 T =((4* V ) / %pi ) ^(1/3) ; // [ f t ]
14 R =12.69/(30/12) ;
15 N3 = N2 *(1/ R ) ^ n ; // [ rpm ] − i m p e l l e r s p e e d i n t h e
reactor

56
16 disp ( N3 , ” i m p e l l e r s p e e d i n rpm=” ) ;
17 D3 =0.75* R ; // [ f t ] − r e a c t o r i m p e l l e r d i a m e t e r
18 disp ( D3 , ” r e a c t o r i m p e l l e r d i a m e t e r i n f t =” ) ;
19 P =0.1374*(( N3 / N2 ) ^3) *( R ^5) ;
20 disp (P , ” power i n hp=” ) ;
21 Cf =63025;
22 Tq =( P / N3 ) * Cf ; // [ i n c h ∗ l b ]
23 disp ( Tq , ” t o r q u e i n i n c h ∗ l b=” ) ;
24 printf ( ” \n\n At t h i s p o i n t , t h e d e s i g n i s c o m p l e t e .
A s t a n d a r d s i z e i m p e l l e r would be c h o s e n a s w e l l
a s a s t a n d a r d s i z e motor ( 7 . 5 hp o r 10 hp ) ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.5 scale up procedures for turbulent flow with a single
test volume

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 9 . 5 − pg 393 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 n =[0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0];
6 D2 =3.806;
7 D1 =0.25;
8 R = D2 / D1 ;
9 N1 =690;
10 N2 = N1 *(( D1 / D2 ) ^ n ) ;
11 P1 =9.33*10^ -3; // [ hp ]
12 P2 = P1 * R ^(5 -3* n ) ;
13 printf ( ” \n\n n N, rpm
P , hp ” ) ;
14 for i =1:6
15 printf ( ” \n %f %f %f ” ,n ( i ) ,
N2 ( i ) , P2 ( i ) ) ;
16 end

57
 Chapter 10

transport in ducts

Scilab code Exa 10.1 laminar pipe flow

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 − pg405 ” ) ;
4 T =30; // [ degC ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
5 d =8.265*10^ -4; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f t h e capillary
viscometer
6 deltapbyL = -0.9364; // [ p s i / f t ] − p r e s s u r e d r o p p e r
unit length
7 deltapbyL = deltapbyL *(2.2631*10^4) ; // [ kg /mˆ2∗ s e c ˆ 2 ]
− p r e s s u r e drop per u n i t l e n g t h
8 Q =28.36*(10^ -6) *(1/60) ;
9 p =(0.88412 -(0.92248*10^ -3) * T ) *10^3; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] −
density
10 s =( %pi *( d ^2) ) /4;
11 U=Q/s;
12 tauw =( d /4) *( - deltapbyL ) ;
13 shearrate =(8* U ) / d ;
14 mu = tauw /( shearrate ) ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n The v i s c o s i t y i s \n mu=%f kg /m∗ s e c=%f
cP ” ,mu , mu *10^3) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n F i n a l l y , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o c h e c k t h e

58
 r e y n o l d s number t o make s u r e t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n
a p p l i e s ”);
17 Nre =( d * U * p ) /( mu ) ;
18 disp ( Nre , ” Nre=” ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n The f l o w i s w e l l w i t h i n t h e l a m i n a r
r e g i o n and t h e r e f o r e t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n a p p l i e s ” )
;

Scilab code Exa 10.2 turbulent pipe flow

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 2 − pg407 ” ) ;
4 Nreold =1214;
5 Uold =0.8810;
6 Nre =13700;
7 U = Uold *( Nre / Nreold ) ;
8 Lbyd =744;
9 // u s i n g t h e newton r a p h s o n method t o c a l c u l a t e the
v a l u e o f f from t h e e q u a t i o n − 1 / ( f ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) =4∗ l o g (
Nre ∗ ( f ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ) −0.4
10 f =0.007119;
11 p =(0.88412 -(0.92248*10^ -3) * T ) *10^3; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] −
density
12 tauw =(1/2) * p *( U ^2) * f ;
13 deltap = tauw *(4) *( Lbyd ) ;
14 d =0.03254/12; // [ f t ]
15 L = Lbyd * d ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n P r e s s u r e d r o p i s \n −d e l t a p=%e N/mˆ2=%f
kpa =130 p s i ” , deltap , deltap *10^ -3) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\n A p r e s s u r e d r o p o f 130 p s i on a t u b e o f
l e n g t h o f %f f t i s h i g h and shows t h e
i m p r a c t i c a l i t y o f f l o w s a t h i g h r e y n o l d s number
i n s m a l l e r t u b e s ” ,L ) ;

59
 Scilab code Exa 10.3 pressure drop in rough pipes

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 3 − pg414 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 u =1/60; // [m/ s e c ] − v e l o c i t y
6 p =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
7 mu =1*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
8 d =6*10^ -2; // [m] − i n s i d e d i a m e t e r o f t u b e
9 L =300; // [m] − l e n g t h o f t h e t u b e
10 Nre =( d * u * p ) /( mu ) ;
11 disp ( ” t h e r e f o r e t h e f l o w i s l a m i n a r ” ,Nre , ” Nre=” ) ;
12 f =16/ Nre ;
13 disp ( f ) ;
14 deltap =(4* f ) *( L / d ) *(( p *( u ^2) ) /2) ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n −d e l t a p=%f N/mˆ2 = %f kPa = %e p s i ” ,
deltap , deltap *10^ -3 , deltap *1.453*10^ -4) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.4 pressure drop in rough pipes

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 4 − pg415 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 d =6*10^ -2; // [m] − i n s i d e d i a m e t e r o f t u b e
6 p =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
7 // f o r smooth p i p e
8 Nre =[10^4 10^5];
9 f =[0.0076 0.0045];
10 mu =10^ -3; // [ kg /mˆ2∗ s ]
11 U =( Nre * mu ) /( d * p ) ;

60
12 L =300; // [m] − l e n g t h o f t h e t u b e
13 for i =1:2
14 deltap ( i ) =(4* f ( i ) ) *( L / d ) *(( p *( U ( i ) ^2) ) /2) ;
15 end
16 disp ( ” f o r smooth p i p e ” ) ;
17 printf ( ” Nre −d e l t a p ” ) ;
18 printf ( ” \n %f %f ” , Nre (1) , deltap (1)
);
19 printf ( ” \n %f %f \n ” , Nre (2) , deltap
(2) ) ;
20 // f o r c o m m e r c i a l s t e e l
21 Nre =[10^4 10^5];
22 f =[0.008 0.0053];
23 U =( Nre * mu ) /( d * p ) ;
24 L =300; // [m] − l e n g t h o f t h e t u b e
25 for i =1:2
26 deltap ( i ) =(4* f ( i ) ) *( L / d ) *(( p *( U ( i ) ^2) ) /2) ;
27 end
28 disp ( ” f o r c o m m e r c i a l s t e e l p i p e ” ) ;
29 printf ( ” Nre −d e l t a p ” ) ;
30 printf ( ” \n %f %f ” , Nre (1) , deltap (1)
);
31 printf ( ” \n %f %f \n ” , Nre (2) , deltap
(2) ) ;
32 // f o r c a s t i r o n p i p e
33 Nre =[10^4 10^5];
34 f =[0.009 0.0073];
35 U =( Nre * mu ) /( d * p ) ;
36 L =300; // [m] − l e n g t h o f t h e t u b e
37 for i =1:2
38 deltap ( i ) =(4* f ( i ) ) *( L / d ) *(( p *( U ( i ) ^2) ) /2) ;
39 end
40 disp ( ” f o r c a s t i r o n p i p e ” ) ;
41 printf ( ” Nre −d e l t a p ” ) ;
42 printf ( ” \n %f %f ” , Nre (1) , deltap (1)
);
43 printf ( ” \n %f %f ” , Nre (2) , deltap (2) ) ;

61
 Scilab code Exa 10.5 von karman number

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 5 − pg417 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 L =300; // [m] − l e n g t h o f p i p e
6 d =0.06; // [m] − i n s i d e d i a m e t e r
7 deltap =147*10^3; // [ Pa ] − p r e s s u r e t h e pump can
supply
8 ebyd =0.000762; // r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s
9 p =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
10 mu =1*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
11 tauw =( d *( deltap ) ) /(4* L ) ;
12 // u s i n g t h e h i t and t r i a l method f o r e s t i m a t i o n of
flow velocity
13 // l e t
14 f =0.005;
15 U =((2* tauw ) /( p * f ) ) ^(1/2) ;
16 Nre =( d * U * p ) / mu ;
17 // from t h e g r a p h v a l u e o f f a t t h e a b o v e c a l c u l a t e d
r e y n o l d s no . and t h e g i v e n r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s ( e /
d)
18 f =0.0054;
19 U =((2* tauw ) /( p * f ) ) ^(1/2) ;
20 Nre =( d * U * p ) / mu ;
21 // from t h e g r a p h v a l u e o f f a t t h e a b o v e c a l c u l a t e d
r e y n o l d s no . and t h e g i v e n r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s ( e /
d)
22 f =0.0053;
23 U =((2* tauw ) /( p * f ) ) ^(1/2) ;
24 Nre =( d * U * p ) / mu ;
25 // from t h e g r a p h v a l u e o f f a t t h e a b o v e c a l c u l a t e d
r e y n o l d s no . and t h e g i v e n r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s ( e /

62
 d)
26 f =0.0053;
27 // At t h i s p o i n t t h e v a l u e o f f i s deemed unchanged
from t h e l a s t i t e r a t i o n . Hence , t h e v a l u e s
obtained a f t e r the t h i r d i t e r a t i o n are the
converged values
28 printf ( ” \n\n The maximum f l o w v e l o c i t y i s \n U=%f m/
s e c ” ,U ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.6 von karman number

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 6 − pg419 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 L =300; // [m] − l e n g t h o f p i p e
6 d =0.06; // [m] − i n s i d e d i a m e t e r
7 deltap =147*10^3; // [ Pa ] − p r e s s u r e t h e pump can
supply
8 ebyd =0.000762; // r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s
9 p =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
10 mu =1*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
11 Nvk =(( d * p ) / mu ) *(( d *( deltap ) ) /(2* L * p ) ) ^(1/2) ;
12 disp ( Nvk , ” von karman no .− ” ) ;
13 // From t h e f i g a t g i v e n von karman no and r e l a t i v e
roughness the value of f is −
14 f =0.0055;
15 Nre = Nvk /( f ^(1/2) )
16 U =( Nre * mu ) /( d * p ) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\n U=%f m/ s e c ” ,U ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.7 the velocity head concept

63
 1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 7 − pg422 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 L =300; // [m] − l e n g t h o f p i p e
6 d =0.06; // [m] − i n s i d e d i a m e t e r
7 p =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
8 mu =1*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
9 Nre =[10^4 10^5];
10 U =( Nre * mu ) /( d * p ) ;
11 velocityhead =( U ^2) /2;
12 N =( L / d ) /45; // no o f v e l o c i t y h e a d s
13 deltap = p * N *( velocityhead ) ;
14 for i =1:2
15 disp ( Nre ( i ) ,” Nre=” ) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n v e l o c i t y head =%f mˆ2/ s e c ˆ2 ” ,
velocityhead ( i ) ) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\n −d e l t a p = %f kPa = %f p s i ” , deltap ( i
) *10^ -3 , deltap ( i ) *1.453*10^ -4) ;
18 end

Scilab code Exa 10.8 pipe fittings and valves

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 8 − pg439 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 mu =6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t ∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
6 p =62.4; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
7 S =0.03322; // [ f t ˆ 2 ] − f l o w a r e a
8 d =0.206; // [ f t ]
9 e =1.5*10^ -4; // a b s o l u t e r o u g h n e s s f o r s t e e l p i p e
10 ebyd = e / d ;
11 Nre =10^5;
12 // f r i c t i o n f a c t o r a s r e a d from f i g i n book f o r t h e

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 g i v e n r e y n o l d s no . and r e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s i s −
13 f =0.0053;
14 U =( Nre * mu ) /( p * d ) ;
15 Q=U*S;
16 gc =32.174;
17 // ( a ) e q u i v a l e n t l e n g t h method
18 deltapbyL = f *(4/ d ) *( p *( U ^2) ) *(1/(2* gc ) ) *(6.93*10^ -3) ;
19 // u s i n g L=L p i p e+ L f i t t i n g s +L l o s s ;
20 Lfittings =2342.1* d ;
21 kc =0.50; // due t o c o n t r a c t i o n l o s s
22 ke =1; // due t o e n l a r g e m e n t l o s s
23 Lloss =( kc + ke ) *(1/(4* f ) ) * d ;
24 Lpipe =137;
25 L = Lpipe + Lfittings + Lloss ;
26 deltap = deltapbyL * L ;
27 patm =14.696; // [ p s i ] − a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e
28 p1 = patm + deltap ;
29 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) The i n l e t p r e s s u r e i s \n p1=%f p s i ” ,
p1 ) ;
30 // ( b ) l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t method
31 // u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n d e l t a p / p=−(F p i p e+ F f i t t i n g s +
Floss )
32 L =137;
33 kfittings =52.39;
34 sigmaF =((4* f *( L / d ) ) + kc + ke + kfittings ) *(( U ^2) /(2* gc ) ) ;
35 deltap =( p * sigmaF ) /(144) ;
36 p1 = patm + deltap ;
37 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) The i n l e t p r e s s u r e i s \n p1=%f p s i ” ,
p1 ) ;
38 printf ( ” \n\n Computation o f t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p by t h e
l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t method d i f f e r s from t h e
e q u i v a l e n t l e n g t h method by l e s s t h a n 1 p s i ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.9 gases

65
 1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 9 − pg443 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 L1 =50; // [m] − l e n g t h o f f i r s t p i p e
6 L2 =150; // [m] − l e n g t h o f s e c o n d p i p e
7 L3 =100; // [m] − l e n g t h o f t h i r d p i p e
8 d1 =0.04; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f f i r s t p i p e
9 d2 =0.06; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f s e c o n d p i p e
10 d3 =0.08; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f t h i r d p i p e
11 deltap = -1.47*10^5; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − p r e s s u r e d r o p
12 mu =1*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
13 p =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
14 // f o r b r a n c h 1
15 S =( %pi *( d1 ^2) ) /4;
16 Nvk =(( d1 * p ) / mu ) *( -( d1 * deltap ) /(2* L1 * p ) ) ^(1/2) ;
17 f =(1/(4* log10 ( Nvk ) -0.4) ) ^2;
18 U =((( - deltap ) / p ) *( d1 / L1 ) *(2/4) *(1/ f ) ) ^(1/2) ;
19 w1 = p * U * S ;
20 printf ( ” \n\n For f i r s t b r a n c h w1=%f kg / s e c ” , w1 ) ;
21 // f o r b r a n c h 2
22 S =( %pi *( d2 ^2) ) /4;
23 Nvk =(( d2 * p ) / mu ) *( -( d2 * deltap ) /(2* L2 * p ) ) ^(1/2) ;
24 f =(1/(4* log10 ( Nvk ) -0.4) ) ^2;
25 U =((( - deltap ) / p ) *( d2 / L2 ) *(2/4) *(1/ f ) ) ^(1/2) ;
26 w2 = p * U * S ;
27 printf ( ” \n\n For s e c o n d b r a n c h w2=%f kg / s e c ” , w2 ) ;
28 // f o r b r a n c h 3
29 S =( %pi *( d3 ^2) ) /4;
30 Nvk =(( d3 * p ) / mu ) *( -( d3 * deltap ) /(2* L3 * p ) ) ^(1/2) ;
31 f =(1/(4* log10 ( Nvk ) -0.4) ) ^2;
32 U =((( - deltap ) / p ) *( d3 / L3 ) *(2/4) *(1/ f ) ) ^(1/2) ;
33 w3 = p * U * S ;
34 printf ( ” \n\n For t h i r d b r a n c h w3=%f kg / s e c ” , w3 ) ;
35 // t o t a l f l o w r a t e w=w1+w2+w3
36 w = w1 + w2 + w3 ;
37 printf ( ” \n\n t o t a l f l o w r a t e i s w=%f kg / s e c ” ,w ) ;

66
 Scilab code Exa 10.11 complex fluid flow systems

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 1 − pg 447 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 sp =1.1;
6 p = sp *62.4; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y
7 mu =2*6.72*10^ -4; // [ l b / f t ∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
8 Q =400; // [ gpm ] − v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e
9 e =1.5*10^4; // r o u g h n e s s o f s t e e l p i p e
10 gc =32.174;
11 kexit =1;
12 kentrance =0.5;
13 // 4 i n s c h e d u l e p i p e
14 d =4.026/12; // [ f t ]
15 U4 = Q /39.6; // [ f t / s e c ]
16 Lgv =13.08;
17 Lglv =114.1;
18 Le =40.26;
19 Lpipe_4 =22;
20 Lfittings_4 = Lgv + Lglv + Le ;
21 Lloss =0;
22 L_4 = Lpipe_4 + Lfittings_4 + Lloss ;
23 Nre_4 =( d * U4 * p ) / mu ;
24 f =0.00475;
25 Fpipe_4 =((4* f * L_4 ) / d ) *( U4 ^2) *(1/(2* gc ) ) ;
26 Floss_4 =(( kentrance +0) *( U4 ^2) ) /(2* gc ) ;
27 // 5 i n s c h e d u l e p i p e
28 d =5.047/12;
29 U5 = Q /62.3;
30 Lgv =10.94;
31 Le =75.71;
32 Lpipe_5 =100;

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33 Lfittings_5 = Lgv + Le ;
34 Lloss =0;
35 L_5 = Lpipe_5 + Lfittings_5 + Lloss ;
36 Nre =( d * U5 * p ) / mu ;
37 f =0.00470;
38 Fpipe_5 =((4* f * L_5 ) / d ) *( U5 ^2) *(1/(2* gc ) ) ;
39 Floss_5 =(( kexit +0) *( U5 ^2) ) /(2* gc ) ;
40 // 6 i n s c h e d u l e p i p e
41 d =6.065/12;
42 U6 = Q /90;
43 Lgv =6.570;
44 Le =30.36;
45 Lpipe_6 =4;
46 Lfittings_6 = Lgv + Le ;
47 Lloss =0;
48 L_6 = Lpipe_6 + Lfittings_6 + Lloss ;
49 Nre =( d * U6 * p ) / mu ;
50 f =0.00487;
51 Fpipe_6 =((4* f * L_6 ) / d ) *( U6 ^2) *(1/(2* gc ) ) ;
52 kc =0.50;
53 Floss_6 = kc *(( U6 ^2) /(2* gc ) ) ;
54 Ffittings =0;
55 deltap_6 = p *( Fpipe_6 + Ffittings + Floss_6 ) ;
56 // 3/4 i n 18 g a u g e t u b e
57 d =0.652112/12;
58 L_3by4 =15;
59 U_3by4 =( Q *0.962) /100;
60 Floss_3by4 =100*( kexit + kentrance ) *(( U_3by4 ^2) /2) ;
61 Nre = d * U_3by4 * p *(1/ mu ) ;
62 // c l e a r l y t h e f l o w i s t u r b u l e n t
63 f =0.08*(( Nre ) ^( -1/4) ) +0.012*(( d ) ^(1/2) ) ;
64 deltap_3by4 =((4* f * p * L_3by4 ) / d ) *(( U_3by4 ^2) /(2* gc ) ) ;
65 Fpipe_3by4 =100*((4* f * L_3by4 ) / d ) *(( U_3by4 ^2) /(2* gc ) ) ;
66 deltap_spraysystem =25; // [ p s i ]
67 Fspraysystem =( deltap_spraysystem / p ) *(144) ;
68 delta_p =[ p *( kexit + kentrance ) ]*[( U_3by4 ^2) /(2* gc ) ];
69 Fpipe = Fpipe_4 + Fpipe_5 + Fpipe_6 ;
70 Floss = Floss_4 + Floss_5 + Floss_6 + Floss_3by4 ;

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71 ws =0+([(15^2) -0]/[2* gc ]) +38.9+382.5;
72 w =( Q * p ) /(7.48) ;
73 Ws =( ws * w ) /(33000) ;
74 efficiency =0.6;
75 Ws_actual = Ws / efficiency
76 printf ( ” \n\n The power s u p p l i e d t o t h pump i s \n
W a c t u a l = %f ” , Ws_actual ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.12 complex fluid flow systems

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 2 − pg454 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 kexit =1;
6 kentrance =0.5;
7 Q =400; // [ gpm ] − v o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e
8 gc =32.174;
9 // f o r 4 i n c h p i p e
10 d =4.026; // [ i n c h ]
11 L =22; // [ f t ]
12 Lbyd =( L *12) /( d ) ;
13 // a d d i n g t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s due t o f i t t i n g s
14 Lbyd = Lbyd +3*13+340+4*30;
15 N = Lbyd /45;
16 N = N + kentrance +0;
17 U4 = Q /39.6; // [ f t / s e c ]
18 Fpipe_4 =( N *( U4 ^2) ) /(2* gc ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n F ( 4 i n . p i p e s ) = %f f t ∗ l b f / lbm ” , Fpipe_4 )
;
20 // f o r 5 i n c h p i p e
21 L =100; // [ f t ]
22 d =5.047; // [ i n c h ]
23 Lbyd =( L *12) /( d ) ;
24 // v a l v e s c o n t r i b u t e s 26 d i a m e t e r s and s i x e l b o w s

69
 c o n t r i b u t e 30 d i a m e t e r s e c a h ; t h e r e f o r e
25 Lbyd = Lbyd +26+6*30;
26 N = Lbyd /45; // no . o f v e l o c i t y h e a d s
27 N = N + kexit + kentrance ;
28 U5 = Q /62.3;
29 Fpipe_5 =( N *( U5 ^2) ) /(2* gc ) ;
30 printf ( ” \n\n F ( 5 i n . p i p e s ) = %f f t ∗ l b f / lbm ” , Fpipe_5 )
;
31 // f o r 6 i n c h p i p e
32 d =6.065; // [ i n c h ]
33 L =5; // [ f t ]
34 Lbyd =( L *12) /( d ) ;
35 // a d d i n g t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s due t o f i t t i n g s
36 Lbyd = Lbyd +1*13+2*30;
37 N = Lbyd /45;
38 N = N +0+ kentrance ;
39 U6 = Q /90;
40 Fpipe_6 =( N *( U6 ^2) ) /(2* gc ) ;
41 printf ( ” \n\n F ( 6 i n . p i p e s ) = %f f t ∗ l b f / lbm ” , Fpipe_6 )
;
42 F_largepipes = Fpipe_4 + Fpipe_5 + Fpipe_6 ;
43 printf ( ” \n\n F ( l a r g e p i p e s ) = %f f t ∗ l b f / lbm ” ,
F_largepipes ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.14 non circular conduits

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 4 − pg459 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 l =0.09238;
6 rh =0.1624* l ;
7 L =300;
8 de =4* rh ;
9 p =1000; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ]

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10 mu =10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ]
11 Uavg =1.667;
12 Nre =( de * Uavg * p ) / mu ;
13 f =0.0053;
14 deltap =((4* f * L ) / de ) *( p *( Uavg ^2) *(1/2) ) ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n −d e l t a p = %e kg /m∗ s = %e N/mˆ2 = %f kPa
” , deltap , deltap , deltap *10^ -3) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.15 orifice meter

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 5 − pg466 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Q =400; // [ gpm ]
6 p =1.1*62.4; // [ lbm / f t ˆ 3 ]
7 mu =2*(6.72*10^ -4) ; // [ l b / f t ∗ s e c ]
8 e =1.5*10^4;
9 // 4 i n c h s c h e d u l e p i p e
10 d =0.3355;
11 S =( %pi *( d ^2) ) /4;
12 U4 = Q /39.6;
13 ebyd = e / d ;
14 w =3671/60;
15 pm =13.45*62.4;
16 g =32.1;
17 gc =32.174;
18 deltaz =2.5;
19 deltap =( g / gc ) *( pm - p ) *( deltaz ) ;
20 betaa =((1) /(1+[(2* p * gc ) *( deltap ) ]*(((0.61* S ) / w ) ^2) ) )
^(1/4) ;
21 d2 = betaa * d ;
22 Nre2 =(4* w ) /( %pi * d2 * mu ) ;
23 a =(1/30) *4.026;
24 b =(1/4) *(2.013 -1.21) ;

71
25 c =(1/8) *(2.42) ;
26 if a < b then
27 if a < c then
28 opt = a ;
29 else
30 opt = c ;
31 end
32 else
33 if b < c then
34 opt = b ;
35 else
36 opt = c ;
37 end
38 end
39 printf ( ” \n\n The p e r t i n e n t o r i f i c e d e t a i l s a r e \n
o r i f i c e d i a m e t e r = %f i n \n c o r n e r t a p s , s q u a r e
e d g e \n o r i f i c e p l a t e n o t o v e r %f i n t h i c k ” , d2 *12 ,
opt ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.16 venturi and nozzle

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 6 − pg470 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Q =400; // [ gpm ]
6 p =1.1*62.4; // [ lbm / f t ˆ 3 ]
7 mu =2*(6.72*10^ -4) ; // [ l b / f t ∗ s e c ]
8 e =1.5*10^4;
9 // 4 i n c h s c h e d u l e p i p e
10 d =0.3355;
11 S =( %pi *( d ^2) ) /4;
12 U4 = Q /39.6;
13 ebyd = e / d ;
14 w =3671/60;

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15 pm =13.45*62.4;
16 g =32.1;
17 gc =32.174;
18 Nre =( d * U4 * p ) / mu ;
19 if Nre >10^4 then
20 c =0.98;
21 end
22 deltaz =2.5;
23 deltap =( g / gc ) *( pm - p ) *( deltaz ) ;
24 betaa =((1) /(1+[(2* p * gc ) *( deltap ) ]*((( c * S ) / w ) ^2) ) )
^(1/4) ;
25 d2 = betaa * d ;
26 printf ( ” \n\n The p e r t i n e n t r d e t a i l s o f t h e v e n t u r i
d e s i g n a r e \n T h r o a t d i a m e t e r = %f i n c h \n Approach
a n g l e = 25\ n D i v e r g e n c e a n g l e = 7 ” , d2 *12) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.17 pitot tube

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 7 − pg477 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Uzmax =3.455; // [ f t / s e c ]
6 m =32;
7 a1 = -0.3527;
8 a2 = -0.6473;
9 rbyro =0.880;
10 UzbyUzmax =1+ a1 *( rbyro ^2) + a2 *( rbyro ^(2* m ) ) ;
11 Uz = Uzmax *( UzbyUzmax ) ;
12 Uzavg =(4/9) * Uzmax +(5/18) *( Uz + Uz ) ;
13 printf ( ” \n\n t h e a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y i s \n Uzavg = %f
f t / s e c \n\n Thus , i n t h i s e x a m p l e t h e r e i s an
i n h e r e n t e r r o r o f 5 . 5 p e r c e n t , e v e n b e f o r e any
e x p e r i m e n t a l e r r o r s a r e i n t r o d u c e d ” , Uzavg ) ;

73
 Chapter 11

heat and mass transfer in duct

flow

Scilab code Exa 11.1 conduction

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 1 . 1 − pg497 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 K_drywall =0.28; // [ Btu / f t ∗ degF ] − t h e r m a l
c o n d u c t i v i t y o f dry w a l l
6 K_fibreglass =0.024; // [ Btu / f t ∗ degF ] − t h e r m a l
conductivity of fibre glass
7 K_concrete =0.5; // [ Btu / f t ∗ degF ] − t h e r m a l
conductivity of concrete
8 T4 =0; // [ degF ]
9 T1 =65; // [ degF ]
10 deltaT = T4 - T1 ; // [ degF ]
11 a =1; // [ f t ˆ 2 ] − a s s u m i n g a r e a o f 1 f t ˆ2
12 deltax1 =0.5/12; // [ f t ]
13 deltax2 =3.625/12; // [ f t ]
14 deltax3 =6/12; // [ f t ]
15 R1 = deltax1 /( K_drywall * a ) ; // [ h∗ degF / Btu ]
16 R2 = deltax2 /( K_fibreglass * a ) ; // [ h∗ degF / Btu ]

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17 R3 = deltax3 /( K_concrete * a ) ; // [ h∗ degF / Btu ]
18 qx = deltaT /( R1 + R2 + R3 ) ;
19 q12 = - qx ;
20 q23 = - qx ;
21 q34 = - qx ;
22 deltaT1 =( - q12 ) * deltax1 *(1/( K_drywall * a ) ) ;
23 T2 = T1 + deltaT1 ;
24 deltaT2 =( - q23 ) * deltax2 *(1/( K_fibreglass * a ) ) ;
25 T3 = T2 + deltaT2 ;
26 deltaT3 =( - q34 ) * deltax3 *(1/( K_concrete * a ) ) ;
27 T4 = T3 + deltaT3 ;
28 printf ( ” \n\n T1 = %f degF \n T2 = %f degF \n T3 = %f
degF \n T4 = %f degF ” ,T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.2 the resistance concept

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 1 . 2 − pg501 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 r1 =(2.067/2) /(12) ; // [ f t ]
6 r2 = r1 +0.154/12; // [ f t ]
7 r3 = r2 +3/12; // [ f t ]
8 L =1; // [ f t ]
9 Ka =26; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ∗ degF ]
10 Kb =0.04; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ∗ degF ]
11 T1 =50; // [ degF ]
12 Ra =( log ( r2 / r1 ) ) /(2* %pi * L * Ka ) ;
13 Rb =( log ( r3 / r2 ) ) /(2* %pi * L * Kb ) ;
14 R = Ra + Rb ;
15 deltaT = -18; // [ degF ] − d r i v i n g f o r c e
16 Qr = -( deltaT /( R ) ) ;
17 disp ( Qr ) ;
18 deltaT1 =( - Qr ) *( Ra ) ;
19 T2 = T1 + deltaT1 ;

75
20 printf ( ” \n\n The i n t e r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e i s \n T2 = %f
degF ” , T2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.3 the resistance concept

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 1 . 3 − pg502 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Ra =8.502*10^ -4; // [ h∗ degF ∗ Btu ˆ −1]
6 Rb =5.014; // [ h∗ degF ∗ Btu ˆ −1]
7 r1 =(2.067/2) /(12) ; // [ f t ]
8 r2 = r1 +0.154/12; // [ f t ]
9 r3 = r2 +3/12; // [ f t ]
10 d1 =2* r1 ;
11 d0 =2* r3 ;
12 h0 =25; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ˆ2∗ degF ]
13 h1 =840; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ˆ2∗ degF ]
14 L =1; // [ f t ] − c o n s i d e r i n g 1 f e e t l e n g t h
15 R0 =1/( h0 * %pi * d0 * L ) ;
16 R1 =1/( h1 * %pi * d1 * L ) ;
17 R = R0 + R1 + Ra + Rb ;
18 disp ( R ) ;
19 deltaT = -400; // [ degF ]
20 Qr = -( deltaT ) / R ;
21 disp ( Qr ) ;
22 // t h e h e a t l o s s c a l c u l a t e d a b o v e i s t h e h e a t l o s s
p e r f o o t . t h e r e f o r e f o r 500 f t
23 L =500;
24 Qr = Qr * L ;
25 printf ( ” \n\n t h e h e a t l o s s f o r a 500 f e e t p i p e i s \n
q r = %e Btu / h ” , Qr ) ;

76
 Scilab code Exa 11.5 heat and mass transfer during turbulent flow

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 1 . 5 − pg521 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Nre =50000;
6 d =0.04; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f p i p e
7 // p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f w a t e r
8 T1 =293.15; // [ K ]
9 T2 =303.15; // [ K ]
10 T3 =313.15; // [ K ]
11 p1 =999; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T1
12 p2 =996.0; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T2
13 p3 =992.1; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T3
14 mu1 =1.001; // [ cP ] − v i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T1
15 mu2 =0.800; // [ cP ] − v i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T2
16 mu3 =0.654; // [ cP ] − v i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T3
17 k1 =0.63; // [W/m∗K ] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f w a t e r
a t t e m p e r a t u r e T1
18 k2 =0.618; // [W/m∗K ] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f w a t e r
a t t e m p e r a t u r e T2
19 k3 =0.632; // [W/m∗K ] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f w a t e r
a t t e m p e r a t u r e T3
20 cp1 =4182; // [ J / kg ∗K ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T1
21 cp2 =4178; // [ J / kg ∗K ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T2
22 cp3 =4179; // [ J / kg ∗K ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T3
23 Npr1 =6.94; // p r a n d t l no . a t t e m p e r a t u r e T1
24 Npr2 =5.41; // p r a n d t l no . a t t e m p e r a t u r e T2

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25 Npr3 =4.32; // p r a n d t l no . a t t e m p e r a t u r e T3
26 // ( a ) D i t t u s −B o e l t e r −t h i s c o r r e c t i o n e v a l u t e s a l l
p r o p e r t i e s a t t h e mean b u l k t e m p e r a t u r e , which i s
T1
27 kmb =0.603
28 h =( kmb / d ) *0.023*(( Nre ) ^(0.8) ) *(( Npr1 ) ^0.4) ;
29 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) D i t t u s − B o e l t e r \n t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i s \n h = %f W/mˆ2∗K = %f Btu / f t ˆ2∗ h
ˆ−1∗ degF ” ,h , h *0.17611) ;
30 // ( b ) S e i d e r Tate−t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n e v a l u a t e s a l l
t h e p r o p e r t i e s s a v e muw a t t h e mean b u l k
temperature
31 h =( kmb / d ) *(0.027) *(( Nre ) ^0.8) *(( Npr1 ) ^(1/3) ) *(( mu1 /
mu3 ) ^0.14) ;
32 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) S e i d e r Tate \n t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i s \n h = %f W/mˆ2∗K = %f Btu / f t ˆ2∗ h
ˆ−1∗ degF ” ,h , h *0.17611) ;
33 // ( c ) S l e i c h e r −Rouse e q u a t i o n
34 a =0.88 -(0.24/(4+ Npr3 ) ) ;
35 b =(1/3) +0.5* exp (( -0.6) * Npr3 ) ;
36 Nref = Nre *( mu1 / mu2 ) *( p2 / p1 ) ;
37 Nnu =5+0.015*(( Nref ) ^ a ) *(( Npr3 ) ^ b ) ;
38 h = Nnu *( kmb / d ) ;
39 printf ( ” \n\n ( c ) S l e i c h e r −Rouse e q u a t i o n \n t h e h e a t
t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s \n h = %f W/mˆ2∗K = %f
Btu / f t ˆ2∗ hˆ−1∗ degF ” ,h , h *0.17611) ;
40 // ( d ) Colbum Analogy− t h e j f a c t o r f o r h e a t
transfer is calculated
41 jh =0.023*(( Nref ) ^( -0.2) ) ;
42 Nst = jh *(( Npr2 ) ^( -2/3) ) ;
43 U =( Nre * mu1 *10^ -3) /( d * p1 ) ;
44 h = Nst *( p1 * cp1 * U ) ;
45 printf ( ” \n\n ( d ) Colbum Analogy \n t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i s \n h = %f W/mˆ2∗K = %f Btu / f t ˆ2∗ h
ˆ−1∗ degF ” ,h , h *0.17611) ;
46 // ( e ) F r i e n d −M e t z n e r
47 f =0.005227;
48 Nnu =(( Nre ) *( Npr1 ) *( f /2) *(( mu1 / mu3 ) ^0.14) )

78
 /(1.20+((11.8) *(( f /2) ^(1/2) ) *( Npr1 -1) *(( Npr1 )
^( -1/3) ) ) ) ;
49 h = Nnu *( kmb / d ) ;
50 printf ( ” \n\n ( e ) F r i e n d −M e t z n e r \n t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i s \n h = %f W/mˆ2∗K = %f Btu / f t ˆ2∗ h
ˆ−1∗ degF ” ,h , h *0.17611) ;
51 // ( f ) N u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s
52 Nnu =320;
53 h = Nnu *( kmb / d ) ;
54 printf ( ” \n\n ( f ) N u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s \n t h e h e a t
t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i s \n h = %f W/mˆ2∗K = %f
Btu / f t ˆ2∗ hˆ−1∗ degF ” ,h , h *0.17611) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.6 heat and mass transfer during turbulent flow

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 1 . 6 − pg525 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Tw =680; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e w a l l
6 Tb =640; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e b u l k
7 Tf =( Tw + Tb ) /2; // [ K ]
8 Nre =50000;
9 vmb =2.88*10^ -7;
10 vf =2.84*10^ -7;
11 Nref = Nre *( vmb / vf ) ;
12 k =27.48;
13 d =0.04;
14 // from t a b l e 1 1 . 3 t h e p r a n d t l no . i s
15 Npr =8.74*10^ -3
16 // c o n s t a n t h e a t f l o w
17 Nnu =6.3+(0.0167) *(( Nref ) ^0.85) *(( Npr ) ^0.93) ;
18 h = Nnu *( k / d ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n c o n s t a n t h e a t f l o w \n h = %f W/mˆ2∗K =
%f Btu / f t ˆ2∗ h∗ degF ” ,h , h *0.17611) ;

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20 // c o n s t a n t w a l l t e m p e r a t u r e
21 Nnu =4.8+0.0156*(( Nref ) ^0.85) *(( Npr ) ^0.93) ;
22 h = Nnu *( k / d ) ;
23 printf ( ” \n\n c o n s t a n t w a l l t e m p e r a t u r e \n h = %f W/m
ˆ2∗K = %f Btu / f t ˆ2∗ h∗ degF ” ,h , h *0.17611) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.7 double pipe heat exchangers simple solutions

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 1 . 7 − pg536 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 di =0.620; // [ i n c h ] − i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r
6 d0 =0.750; // [ i n c h ] − o u t e r d i a m e t e r
7 Ai =0.1623; // [ f t ˆ2/ f t ]
8 Ao =0.1963; // [ f t ˆ2/ f t ]
9 wc =12*(471.3/0.9425) ;
10 cp =1; // [ Btu / lbm ∗ degF ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r
11 Tco =110;
12 Tci =50;
13 qtotal = wc * cp *( Tco - Tci ) ;
14 deltaH_coldwater =3.6*10^5;
15 deltaH_vapourization =1179.7 -269.59;
16 wh = deltaH_coldwater / deltaH_vapourization ;
17 hi =80; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ˆ2∗ degF ]
18 ho =500; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ˆ2∗ degF ]
19 km =26; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ∗ degF ]
20 Ui =1/((1/ hi ) +(( Ai * log ( d0 / di ) ) /(2* %pi * km ) ) +( Ai /( Ao * ho
)));
21 disp ( Ui )
22 deltaT1 =300 -50;
23 deltaT2 =300 -110;
24 LMTD =( deltaT1 - deltaT2 ) /( log ( deltaT1 / deltaT2 ) ) ;
25 A = qtotal /( Ui * LMTD ) ;
26 L = A / Ai ;

80
27 printf ( ” \n\n t h e l e n g t h o f t h e h e a t e x c h a n g e r i s \n
L = %f f t ” ,L ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.8 double pipe heat exchangers simple solutions

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 1 . 8 − pg537 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 L =30; // [ f t ] − l e n g t h
6 Ai =0.1623* L ;
7 di =0.620; // [ i n c h ] − i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r
8 d0 =0.750; // [ i n c h ] − o u t e r d i a m e t e r
9 Ao =0.1963* L ; // [ f t ˆ2/ f t ]
10 wc =12*(471.3/0.9425) ;
11 cp =1; // [ Btu / lbm ∗ degF ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r
12 deltaH_coldwater =3.6*10^5;
13 deltaH_vapourization =1179.7 -269.59;
14 wh = deltaH_coldwater / deltaH_vapourization ;
15 hi =80; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ˆ2∗ degF ]
16 ho =500; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ˆ2∗ degF ]
17 km =26; // [ Btu / h∗ f t ∗ degF ]
18 Ui =1/((1/ hi ) +((( Ai / L ) * log ( d0 / di ) ) /(2* %pi * km ) ) +( Ai /(
Ao * ho ) ) ) ;
19 deltaT1 =300 -50;
20 deltaT = deltaT1 /( exp (( Ui * Ai ) /( wc * cp ) ) ) ;
21 Tsat =300;
22 Tc2 = Tsat - deltaT ;
23 printf ( ” \n\n T h e r e f o r e , t h e o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
t h e c o l d f l u i d i s \n Tc2 = %f degF ” , Tc2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.9 double pipe heat exchangers simple solutions

81
 1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 1 . 9 − pg538 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Ai =4.869;
6 wc =6000;
7 cp =1;
8 Rf =0.002;
9 Uclean =69.685;
10 Udirty =1/( Rf +(1/ Uclean ) ) ;
11 deltaT1 =300 -50;
12 deltaT2 = deltaT1 /( exp (( Udirty * Ai ) /( wc * cp ) ) ) ;
13 Th2 =300;
14 Tc2 = Th2 - deltaT2 ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n t h e o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i s \n Tc2 = %f
degF ” , Tc2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.10 multipass heat exchangers equipment

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 1 . 1 0 − pg544 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 Ui =325; // [W/mˆ2∗K ] − o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r
coefficient
6 Thi =120; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
7 Tho =65; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
8 Tci =15; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r
9 Tco =50; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r t u r e o f w a t e r
10 cp =4184; // [ J / kg ∗K ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r
11 ch =4184*0.45; // [ J / kg ∗K ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y o f
hydrocarbon
12 wc =1.2; // [ kg / s e c ] − mass f l o w r a t e o f w a t e r

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13 wh =(( wc * cp ) *( Tco - Tci ) ) /(( ch ) *( Thi - Tho ) ) ;
14 qtotal = wc * cp *( Tco - Tci ) ;
15 // ( a ) − p a r a l l e l d o u b l e p i p e
16 F =1;
17 Thi =120; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
18 Tho =65; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
19 Tci =15; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r
20 Tco =50; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r t u r e o f w a t e r
21 deltaT1 = Thi - Tci ;
22 deltaT2 = Tho - Tco ;
23 LMTD =( deltaT2 - deltaT1 ) /( log ( deltaT2 / deltaT1 ) ) ;
24 Ai = qtotal /(( Ui * LMTD ) ) ;
25 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) p a r a l l e l d o u b l e p i p e \n Ai = %f mˆ2
” , Ai ) ;
26 // ( b ) − c o u n t e r f l o w
27 F =1;
28 Thi =120; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
29 Tho =65; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
30 Tco =15; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r
31 Tci =50; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r t u r e o f w a t e r
32 deltaT1 = Thi - Tci ;
33 deltaT2 = Tho - Tco ;
34 LMTD =( deltaT2 - deltaT1 ) /( log ( deltaT2 / deltaT1 ) ) ;
35 Ai = qtotal /(( Ui * LMTD ) ) ;
36 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) c o u n t e r f l o w \n Ai = %f mˆ2 ” , Ai ) ;
37 // ( c ) − 1−2 s h e l l and t u b e
38 Thi =120; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
39 Tho =65; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
40 Tci =15; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r
41 Tco =50; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r t u r e o f w a t e r
42 Z =( Thi - Tho ) /( Tco - Tci ) ;
43 nh =( Tco - Tci ) /( Thi - Tci ) ;

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44 deltaT1 = Thi - Tco ;
45 deltaT2 = Tho - Tci ;
46 F =0.92;
47 LMTD =( F *( deltaT2 - deltaT1 ) ) /( log ( deltaT2 / deltaT1 ) ) ;
48 Ai = qtotal /(( Ui * LMTD ) ) ;
49 printf ( ” \n\n ( c ) 1−2 s h e l l and t u b e \n Ai = %f mˆ2 ”
, Ai ) ;
50 // ( d ) − 2−4 s h e l l and t u b e
51 Thi =120; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
52 Tho =65; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f
hydrocarbon
53 Tci =15; // [ degC ] − i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r
54 Tco =50; // [ degC ] − o u t l e t t e m p e r t u r e o f w a t e r
55 Z =( Thi - Tho ) /( Tco - Tci ) ;
56 nh =( Tco - Tci ) /( Thi - Tci ) ;
57 F =0.975;
58 LMTD =( F *( deltaT2 - deltaT1 ) ) /( log ( deltaT2 / deltaT1 ) ) ;
59 Ai = qtotal /(( Ui * LMTD ) ) ;
60 printf ( ” \n\n ( d ) 2−4 s h e l l and t u b e \n Ai = %f mˆ2 ”
, Ai ) ;

84
 Chapter 12

transport past immersed bodies

Scilab code Exa 12.2 the laminar boundary layer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 2 − pg562 ” ) ;
4 p =1.2047*0.06243; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ]
5 mu =(18.17*10^ -6) *(0.6720) ; // [ l b / f t ∗ s e c ]
6 v = mu / p ;
7 x =2; // [ f t ]
8 U =6; // [ f t / s e c ]
9 Nre =( x * U ) / v ;
10 disp ( ” The R e y n o l d s number i s w e l l w i t h i n t h e l a m i n a r
r e g i o n ” ,Nre , ” Nre=” ) ;
11 del =5* x *( Nre ) ^( -1/2) ;
12 C1 =0.33206;
13 Cd =2* C1 *( Nre ) ^( -1/2) ;
14 L2 =2; // [ f t ]
15 L1 =1; // [ f t ]
16 b =1;
17 F =((2*( C1 ) * U * b ) ) *(( mu * p * U ) ^(1/2) ) *((( L2 ) ^(1/2) ) -(( L1
) ^(1/2) ) ) ;
18 gc =32.174;
19 F = F / gc ;

85
20 printf ( ” \n\n The v a l u e o f F p r o p e r l y e x p r e s s e d i n
f o r c e u n i t s i s \n F=%e l b f ” ,F ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.3 turbulent boundary layer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 3 − pg569 ” ) ;
4 U =3; // [m/ s e c ]
5 x1 =1; // [m]
6 x2 =2; // [m]
7 p =1/(1.001*10^ -3) ; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] ;
8 mu =1*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ]
9 Nre1 =( x1 * U * p ) /( mu ) ;
10 Nre2 =( x2 * p * U ) /( mu ) ;
11 tauw =(1/2) *( p *( U ^2) ) *((2* log10 ( Nre1 ) -0.65) ^( -2.3) ) ;
12 B =1700;
13 Cd =(0.455*( log10 ( Nre2 ) ) ^ -2.58) -( B /( Nre2 ) ) ;
14 Lb =2.0;
15 F =(1/2) *( p *( U ^2) ) *( Lb ) *( Cd ) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n t h e d r a g on t h e p l a t e i s \n F = %f kg ∗m
/ s e c ˆ2 = %f N” ,F , F ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.5 heat and mass transfer during boundary layer flow
past a flat plate

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 5 − pg576 ” ) ;
4 T =290; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e o f f l o w i n g w a t e r
5 U =3; // [m/ s e c ] − f r e e s t r e a m v e l o c i t y
6 Tfs =285; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e o f f r e e s t r e a m
7 vr =10^ -3; // [mˆ3/ kg ] − volume p e r u n i t mass

86
 8 p =1/ vr ; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r a t T f s
9 mu =1225*10^ -6; // [ N∗ s e c /mˆ 2 ]
10 k =0.590; // [W/m∗K ]
11 Npr =8.70;
12 // ( a ) The l e n g t h o f l a m i n a r boundary
13 Nre =5*10^5;
14 xc =( Nre ) *( mu /( p * U ) ) ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) The l e n g t h o f l a m i n a r boundary i s \
n xc = %f m” , xc ) ;
16 // ( b ) T h i c k n e s s o f t h e momentum boundary l a y e r and
t h e r m a l boundary l a y e r
17 del =5* xc *(( Nre ) ^( -1/2) ) ;
18 delh = del *(( Npr ) ^( -1/3) ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) The t h i c k n e s s o f momentum boundary
l a y e r i s \n d e l = %e m\n The t h i c k n e s s o f t h e
h y d r y o d y n a m i c l a y e r i s \n d e l h = %e m” ,del , delh ) ;
20 // ( c ) L o c a l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
21 x =0.2042; // [ f t ]
22 hx =((0.33206* k ) /( x ) ) *(( Nre ) ^(1/2) ) *(( Npr ) ^(1/3) ) ;
23 printf ( ” \n\n ( c ) The l o c a l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
i s \n h = %f W/mˆ2∗K = %f Btu / h r ∗ f t ˆ2∗ degF ” ,hx ,
hx *0.17611) ;
24 // ( d ) Mean h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
25 hm =2* hx ;
26 printf ( ” \n\n ( d ) The mean h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
i s \n h = %f W/mˆ2∗K = %f Btu / h r ∗ f t ˆ2∗ degF ” ,hm , hm
*0.17611) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.10 stokes flow past a sphere

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 1 0 − pg590 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =293.15; // [ K ]

87
 6 pp =999; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
7 mu =0.01817*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f a i r
8 p =1.205; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f a i r
9 d =5*10^ -6; // [m] − p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r
10 g =9.80; // [m/ s e c ˆ 2 ]
11 rp = d /2;
12 Ut =((2* g *( rp ^2) ) *( pp - p ) ) /(9* mu ) ;
13 Nre =( d * Ut * p ) /( mu ) ;
14 // c l e a r l y t h e f l o w i s i n t h e s t o k e s law r e g i o n a t
t h i s low r e y n o l d s number ; t h e r e f o r e , t h e d r a g
force is
15 Fp =6* %pi * mu * rp * Ut ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n The d r a g f o r c e i s \n Fp = %e N” , Fp ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.11 drag coefficient correlations

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 1 1 − pg591 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =293.15; // [ K ]
6 pp =999; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
7 mu =0.01817*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f a i r
8 p =1.205; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f a i r
9 d =5*10^ -6; // [m] − p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r
10 g =9.80; // [m/ s e c ˆ 2 ]
11 rp = d /2;
12 Ut =((2* g *( rp ^2) ) *( pp - p ) ) /(9* mu ) ;
13 Nre =( d * Ut * p ) /( mu ) ;
14 t =(( -2*( rp ^2) * pp ) ) /(9* mu ) *( log (1 -0.99) ) ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n Time f o r t h e d r o p o f w a t e r i n p r e v i o u s
e x a m p l e from an i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y o f z e r o t o 0 . 9 9 ∗
Ut i s \n t = %e s e c ” ,t ) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n I n o t h e r words , t h e d r o p a c c e l e r a t e s
almost i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y to i t s terminal v e l o c i t y ”)

88
 ;

Scilab code Exa 12.12 drag coefficient correlations

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 1 2 − pg 594 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 pp =1.13*10^4; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f l e a d p a r t i c l e
6 p =1.22; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f a i r
7 g =9.80; // [m/ s e c ˆ 2 ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
8 d =2*10^ -3; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f p a r t i c l e
9 mu =1.81*10^ -5; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f a i r
10 // l e t u s assume
11 Cd =0.44;
12 Ut =((4* d * g *( pp - p ) ) /(3* p * Cd ) ) ^(1/2) ;
13 disp ( Ut )
14 Nre =( Ut * d * p ) /( mu ) ;
15 // from f i g 1 2 , 1 6 v a l u e o f Cd i s
16 Cd =0.4;
17 Ut =((4* d * g *( pp - p ) ) /(3* p * Cd ) ) ^(1/2) ;
18 Nre =( Ut * d * p ) /( mu ) ;
19 // Within t h e r e a d i b i l i t y o f t h e c h a r t Cd i s
unchanged and t h e r e f o r e t h e a b o v e o b t a i n e d Cd i s
the f i n a l answer
20 printf ( ” \n\n The t e r m i n a l v e l o c i t y i s \n Ut = %f m/
s e c ” , Ut ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.13 drag coefficient correlations

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 1 3 − pg595 ” ) ;

89
 4 // g i v e n
5 distance =1/12; // [ f t ]
6 time =60; // [ s e c ]
7 Ut = distance / time ;
8 mu =1.68; // [ l b / f t ∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y
9 pp =58; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f s p h e r e
10 p =50; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f p o l y m e r s o l u t i o n
11 g =32; // [ f t / s e c ] − a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
12 rp =((9* mu ) *( Ut ) *((2* g ) ^( -1) ) *(( pp - p ) ^( -1) ) ) ^(1/2) ;
13 printf ( ” \n\n The r e q u i r e d p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r would be
a b o u t %f i n c h ” , rp *2*12) ;
14 Nre =( rp *2* Ut * p ) /( mu ) ;
15 disp ( Nre , ” Nre=” ) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n T h i s r e y n o l d s number i s w e l l w i t h i n t h e
s t o k e s law r e g i o n ; t h u s t h e d e s i g n i s
r e a s o n a b l e ”);

Scilab code Exa 12.14 liquid solid fluidization

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 1 4 − pg616 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =842; // [ degF ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
6 P =14.6; // [ p s i a ] − p r e s s u r e
7 p =0.487; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f a i r
8 mu =3.431*10^ -5; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f a i r
9 k =0.05379; // [W/m∗K ] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
10 Npr =0.7025; // p r a n d t l no .
11 // ( a ) s t a t i c v o i d f r a c t i o n
12 mcoal =15*2000; // [ l b ] − mass o f c o a l
13 pcoal =94; // [ lbm / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f c o a l
14 d =10; // [ f t ]
15 L =7; // [ f t ]
16 area =(( %pi *( d ^2) ) /4) ;

90
17 Vcoal = mcoal / pcoal ;
18 Vtotal = area * L ;
19 e =( Vtotal - Vcoal ) /( Vtotal ) ;
20 disp (e , ” ( a ) The v o i d f r a c t i o n i s E=” ) ;
21 // ( b ) minimum v o i d f r a c t i o n and bed h e i g h t
22 d =200; // [ um ] − p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r
23 Emf =1 -0.356*(( log10 ( d ) ) -1) ;
24 // t h i s v a l u e s e e m s t o be a l o t t l e low and t h e r e f o r e
0 . 5 8 w i l l be u s e d
25 Emf =0.58;
26 Lmf =(( L ) *(1 - e ) ) /(1 - Emf ) ;
27 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) The bed h e i g h t i s \n Lmf = %f f t ” ,
Lmf ) ;
28 // ( c ) Minimum f l u i d i z a t i o n v e l o c i t y
29 P1 =20; // [ p s i a ]
30 P2 =14.696; // [ p s i a ]
31 p1 =( p * P1 ) /( P2 ) ;
32 // t h e a r c h i m i d e s no . i s
33 g =9.78; // [m/ s e c ˆ 2 ]
34 Nar = p1 * g *(( d *10^ -6) ^3) *(1506 - p1 ) *((1/( mu ) ^2) ) ;
35 C1 =27.2;
36 C2 =0.0408;
37 Nremf =((( C1 ^2) + C2 * Nar ) ^(1/2) ) - C1 ;
38 Umf =( Nremf * mu ) /(( d *10^ -6) * p1 ) ;
39 printf ( ” \n\n ( c ) The minimum f l u i d i z a t i o n v e l o c i t y
i s \n Umf = %f m/ s e c ” , Umf ) ;
40 // ( d ) Minimum p r e s s u r e
41 deltapmf =(1506 - p1 ) *( g ) *(1 - Emf ) *(( Lmf *12*2.54) /(100) )
+ p1 * g * Lmf ;
42 printf ( ” \n\n ( c ) The minimum p r e s s u r e d r o p f o r
f l u i d i z a t i o n i s \n −d e l t a p m f = %e Pa” , deltapmf ) ;
43 // ( e ) P a r t i c l e s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y
44 Cd =0.44;
45 Ut =(((8*(( d *10^ -6) /2) * g ) *(1506 - p1 ) ) /(3* p1 * Cd ) ) ^(1/2)
;
46 Nrep =( Ut * d *10^ -6* p1 ) /( mu ) ;
47 disp ( Nrep , ” Nrep=” ) ;
48 // c l e a r l y a t t h e p o i n t o f minimum v e l o c i t y f o r f a s t

91
 f l u i d i z a t i o n , the terminal s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y i s
n o t i n t h e r a n g e o f Newtons law . T h e r e f o r e t h e eq
. f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n r e g i o n w i l l be t r i e d
49 Ut =((5.923/18.5) *((( d *10^ -6) * p1 ) /( mu ) ) ^(0.6) )
^(1/(2 -0.6) )
50 printf ( ” \n\n ( e ) The p a r t i c l e s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y i s \
n Ut = %f m/ s e c ” , Ut ) ;
51 // ( f ) Bed t o w a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t
52 Nrefb =( d *10^ -6) *2.5* Umf * p1 *(1/ mu ) ;
53 Nnufb =0.6* Npr *(( Nrefb ) ^(0.3) ) ;
54 hw = Nnufb *( k /( d *10^ -6) ) ;
55 printf ( ” \n\n ( f ) The bed t o w a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r
c o e f f i c i e n t i s \n hw = %f W/mˆ2∗K” , hw ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.15 liquid solid fluidization

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 5 − pg618 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 pp =249.6; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f c a t a l y s t
6 p =58; // [ l b / f t ˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f l i q u i d
7 g =32.174; // [ f t / s e c ˆ 2 ]
8 gc =32.174;
9 Lmf =5; // [ f t ] − h e i g h t o f bed
10 mu =6.72*10^ -3; // [ lbm / f t ∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f l i q u i d
11 dp =0.0157/12; // [ f t ] − d i a m e t e r o f p a r t i c l e
12 emf =0.45;
13 deltapmf =( pp - p ) *( g / gc ) *(1 - emf ) *( Lmf ) ;
14 Nar =( p * g * dp ^3) *( pp - p ) *(1/( mu ) ^2) ;
15 C1 =27.2;
16 C2 =0.0408;
17 Nremf =((( C1 ^2) + C2 * Nar ) ^(1/2) ) - C1 ;
18 Umf = Nremf *( mu /( dp * p ) ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n Minimum f l u i d i z a t i o n v e l o c i t y i s \n Umf

92
 = %e f t / s e c ” , Umf ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.16 single cyclinder heat transfer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 1 6 − pg624 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 d =24*10^ -6; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f w i r e
6 T =415; // [ K ] − o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e o f h o t w i r e
anemometer
7 P =0.1; // [W] − power c o n s u m p t i o n
8 L =250* d ;
9 Tair =385; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n d u c t
10 A = %pi * d * L ;
11 Tfilm =( T + Tair ) /2;
12 // p r o p e r t i e s o f a i r a t T f i l m
13 p =0.8825; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ]
14 mu =2.294*10^ -5; // [ kg /m∗ s ]
15 cpf =1013; // [ J ∗ kg /K ]
16 kf =0.03305; // [W/m∗K ]
17 Npr =0.703;
18 h = P /( A *( T - Tair ) ) ;
19 Nnu =( h * d ) / kf ;
20 function y = func ( x )
21 y = Nnu -0.3 -((0.62*( x ^(1/2) ) *( Npr ^(1/3) ) )
/((1+((0.4/ Npr ) ^(2/3) ) ) ^(1/4) ) ) *((1+(( x
/(2.82*(10^5) ) ) ^(5/8) ) ) ^(4/5) ) ;
22 endfunction
23 // on s o l v i n g t h e a b o v e f u n c t i o n f o r x by u s i n g some
r o o t s o l v e r t e c h n i q u e l i k e Newton r a p h s o n method
, we g e t
24 x =107.7;
25 // o r
26 Nre =107.7;

93
27 y = func ( x ) ;
28 Um =( Nre * mu ) /( d * p ) ;
29 printf ( ” \n\n The v e l o c i t y i s \n Um = %f m/ s e c = %f
f t / s e c ” ,Um , Um *3.28) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.17 single cyclinder heat transfer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 2 . 1 7 − pg630 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 dt =0.75;
6 St =1.5* dt ;
7 Sl =3* dt ;
8 Lw =1; // [m]
9 N =12;
10 Stotalarea = N *( St /12) * Lw ;
11 Sminarea = N *(( St - dt ) /12) * Lw *0.3048;
12 // p r o p e r t i e s o f a i r a t 2 9 3 . 1 5 K
13 p =1.204; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ]
14 mu =1.818*10^ -5; // [ kg /m∗ s ]
15 cp =1005; // [ J ∗ kg /K ] ;
16 k =0.02560; // [ J / s ∗m∗K ]
17 Npr =( cp * mu ) / k ;
18 U_inf =7; // [m/ s e c ]
19 Umax = U_inf *( St /( St - dt ) ) ;
20 w = p * Umax * Sminarea ;
21 C_tubes =0.05983; // [mˆ2/m] − c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f t h e
tubes
22 N_tubes =96;
23 Atubes = N_tubes * C_tubes * Lw ;
24 Tw =328.15; // [ K ]
25 Tinf =293.15; // [ K ]
26 Tin =293.15; // [ K ]
27 Tout =293.15; // [ K ]

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28 u =100;
29 while u >10^ -1
30 T =( Tin + Tout ) /2
31 Told = Tout ;
32 p = -(0.208*(10^ -3) ) +(353.044/ T ) ;
33 mu = -(9.810*(10^ -6) ) +(1.6347*(10^ -6) *( T ^(1/2) ) ) ;
34 cp =989.85+(0.05* T ) ;
35 k =0.003975+7.378*(10^ -5) * T ;
36 Npr =( cp * mu ) / k ;
37 dt =0.75*0.0254;
38 Gmax = w / Sminarea ;
39 Nre =( dt * Gmax ) / mu ;
40 h =0.27*( k / dt ) *( Npr ^0.36) *( Nre ^0.63) ;
41 h = h *0.98;
42 deltaT =( h * Atubes *( Tw - Tinf ) ) /( w * cp ) ;
43 Tout = Tin + deltaT ;
44 u = abs ( Tout - Told ) ;
45 end
46 T =( Tin + Tout ) /2
47 p = -(0.208*(10^ -3) ) +(353.044/ T ) ;
48 mu = -(9.810*(10^ -6) ) +(1.6347*(10^ -6) *( T ^(1/2) ) ) ;
49 dt =0.75;
50 dv =(4*( St * Sl -( %pi *( dt ^2) *(1/4) ) ) ) /( %pi * dt )
*(0.09010/3.547) ;
51 de = dv ;
52 Nre =( dv *24.72) / mu ;
53 dv = dv /(0.09010/3.547) ;
54 ftb =1.92*( Nre ^( -0.145) ) ;
55 Zt = Sl ;
56 Ltb =8* Sl ;
57 deltap =( ftb *(24.72^2) ) /(2* p *( dv / Ltb ) *(( St / dv ) ^0.4)
*(( St / Zt ) ^0.6) ) ;
58 printf ( ” \n\n −d e l t a p = %f kg /m∗ s = %f N/mˆ2 = %f
p s i a ” , deltap , deltap , deltap *(0.1614/1113) ) ;

95
 Chapter 13

unsteady state transport

Scilab code Exa 13.1 heat transfer with negligible internal resistance

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 − pg651 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 h =12; // [W/mˆ2∗K ] − h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c e i n t
6 k =400; // [W/m∗K ] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
7 // ( a ) f o r s p h e r e
8 r =5*10^ -2; // [m] − r a d i u s o f c o p p e r s p h e r e
9 Lc =((4* %pi *(( r ) ^3) ) /3) /(4* %pi *(( r ) ^2) ) ;
10 Nbi = h * Lc *(1/ k ) ;
11 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) The b i o t no . i s \n Nbi = %e” , Nbi ) ;
12 // ( b ) f o r c y c l i n d e r
13 r =0.05; // [m] − r a d i u s o f c y c l i n d e r
14 L =0.3; // [m] − h e i g h t o f c y c l i n d e r
15 Lc =( %pi *(( r ) ^2) * L ) /(2* %pi * r * L ) ;
16 Nbi = h * Lc *(1/ k ) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) The b i o t no . i s \n Nbi = %e” , Nbi ) ;
18 // ( c ) f o r a l o n g s q u a r e r o d
19 L =.4; // [m] − l e n g t h o f c o p p e r r o d
20 r =0.05; // [m] − r a d i u s o f a c y c l i n d e r havimg same
c r o s s s e c t i o n a l area as that of square

96
21 x =(( %pi * r ^2) ^(1/2) ) ;
22 Lc =(( x ^2) * L ) /(4* x * L ) ;
23 Nbi = h * Lc *(1/ k ) ;
24 printf ( ” \n\n ( c ) The b i o t no . i s \n Nbi = %e” , Nbi ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.6 generalized chart solution for finite slab and cyclin-
der

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 3 6 − pg684 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 d =1*0.0254; // [m]
6 Lr = d /2; // [m ] ;
7 Lz =(1.2/2) *(0.0254) ;
8 x = Lz ;
9 r = Lr ;
10 k =0.481;
11 h =20;
12 mr = k /( h * Lr ) ;
13 mz = k /( h * Lz ) ;
14 nr = r / Lr ;
15 nz = x / Lz ;
16 t =1.2; // [ s e c ]
17 alpha =1.454*10^ -4;
18 Xr =( alpha * t ) /( Lr ^2) ;
19 Xz =( alpha * t ) /( Lz ^2) ;
20 // u s i n g t h e a b o v e v a l u e o f m, n , X t h e v a l u e f o r Ycz
and Ycr from f i g 1 3 . 1 4 i s
21 Ycr =0.42;
22 Ycz =0.75;
23 Yc = Ycr * Ycz ;
24 T_infinity =400; // [ K ]
25 To =295;
26 Tc = T_infinity -( Yc *( T_infinity - To ) ) ;

97
27 printf ( ” \n\n The t e m p e r a t u r e t t h e c e n t r e i s \n Tc =
%f K” , Tc ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.7 generalized chart solution for finite slab and cyclin-
der

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 3 7 − pg684 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T_x0 =300; // [ K ]
6 Tw =400; // [ K ]
7 L =0.013; // [m]
8 alpha =2.476*(10^ -5) ; // [mˆ/ s e c ]
9 h =600; // [W/mˆ2∗K ]
10 pcp =3.393*(10^6) ; // [ J /mˆ3∗K ]
11 L =0.013; // [m]
12 deltax = L /10;
13 betaa =0.5;
14 deltat =0.03;
15 deltat = betaa *(( deltax ) ^2) *(1/ alpha ) ;
16 T_infinity =400; // [ K ]
17 // t o be s u r e t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n i s s t a b l e , i t is
c u s t o m a r y t o t r u n c a t e t h i s number
18 deltat =0.03; // [ s e c ]
19 // b e t a a=a l p h a ∗ d e l t a t ∗ ( ( 1 / d e l t a x ) ˆ 2 ) ;
20 for i =1:11
21 Told ( i ) =300;
22 end
23 a =((2* h * deltat ) /( pcp * deltax ) ) ;
24 b =((2* alpha * deltat ) /( pcp *(( deltax ) ^2) ) ) ;
25 for j =1:11
26 Tnew (1) =( T_infinity *0.08162) +( Told (1)
*(1 -0.08162 -0.8791) ) +( Told (2) *0.8791)
27 for k =1:9

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28 Tnew ( k +1) =( betaa * Told ( k +2) ) +((1 -2* betaa ) *( Told ( k
+1) ) ) +( betaa * Told ( k ) ) ;
29 end
30 Tnew (11) =((2* betaa ) *( Told (10) ) )
31 Told = Tnew ;
32 end
33 disp ( Told ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.9 semi infinite slab

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 13 9 − pg700 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 p =2050; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y o f s o i l
6 cp =1840; // [ J / kg ∗K ] − h e a t c p a p a c i t y o f s o i l
7 k =0.52; // [W/m∗K ] − t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f s o i l
8 alpha =0.138*10^ -6; // [mˆ2/ s e c ]
9 t =4*30*24*3600; // [ s e c ] − no . o f s e c o n d s i n 4
months
10 Tx = -5; // [ degC ]
11 Tinf = -20; // [ degC ]
12 T0 =20; // [ degC ]
13 // from t h e f i g 1 3 . 2 4 t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s d i s t a n c e Z
is
14 Z =0.46;
15 // t h e n t h e d e p t h i s
16 x =2*(( alpha * t ) ^(1/2) ) * Z
17 printf ( ” \n\n t h e d e p t h i s \n x = %f m = %f f t ” ,x , x
*(3.6/1.10) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.10 cyclinder

99
 1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 3 . 1 0 − pg701 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 d =0.01; // [m] − d i a m e t e r o f c y c l i n d r i c a l porous
plug
6 D =2*10^ -9; // [mˆ2/ s e c ] − d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
7 t =60*60; // [ s e c ]
8 r = d /2;
9 m =0;
10 Ca_inf =0;
11 Ca_0 =10;
12 X =( D * t ) /(( r ) ^2) ;
13 // from f i g 1 3 . 1 4 t h e o r d i n a t e i s
14 Y =0.7;
15 Ca_c = Ca_inf - Y *( Ca_inf - Ca_0 ) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f KCL a t t h e c e n t r e
a f t e r 60 min i s \n Ca = %f kg /mˆ3 ” , Ca_c ) ;

100
 Chapter 14

estimation of transport
coefficients

Scilab code Exa 14.1 kinetic theory of gases

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 4 . 1 − pg726 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =40+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
6 P =1; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
7 sigma =3.711*10^ -10; // [m]
8 etadivkb =78.6; // [ K ]
9 A =1.16145;
10 B =0.14874;
11 C =0.52487;
12 D =0.77320;
13 E =2.16178;
14 F =2.43787;
15 Tstar = T /( etadivkb ) ;
16 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a s i =(A/ ( T s t a r ˆB) ) +(C/ exp (D∗ T s t a r
) ) +(E/ exp ( F∗ T s t a r )
17 si =( A /( Tstar ^ B ) ) +( C / exp ( D * Tstar ) ) +( E / exp ( F * Tstar ) ) ;
18 M =28.966; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t

101
19 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a mu= ( 2 . 6 6 9 3 ∗ ( 1 0 ˆ − 2 6 ) ) ∗ ( ( (M∗T)
ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) / ( ( sigma ˆ2) ∗ s i ) )
20 mu =(2.6693*(10^ -26) ) *((( M * T ) ^(1/2) ) /(( sigma ^2) * si ) ) ;
21 printf ( ” \n\n The v i s c o s i t y o f a i r i s \n mu=%eNs/mˆ2=
%fcp ” ,mu , mu *10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.2 non uniform gas theory

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 4 . 2 . s c e − pg726 ” ) ;
4 T =40+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
5 P =1; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
6 // t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t o f a i r
7 sigma =3.711*10^ -10; // [m]
8 etadivkb =78.6; // [ K ]
9 A =1.16145;
10 B =0.14874;
11 C =0.52487;
12 D =0.77320;
13 E =2.16178;
14 F =2.43787;
15 Tstar = T /( etadivkb ) ;
16 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a s i =(A/ ( T s t a r ˆB) ) +(C/ exp (D∗ T s t a r
) ) +(E/ exp ( F∗ T s t a r )
17 si =( A /( Tstar ^ B ) ) +( C / exp ( D * Tstar ) ) +( E / exp ( F * Tstar ) ) ;
18 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a K= ( 8 . 3 2 2 4 ∗ ( 1 0 ˆ − 2 2 ) ) ∗ ( ( ( T/M)
ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) / ( ( sigma ˆ2) ∗ s i ) )
19 M =28.966; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f a i r
20 k =(8.3224*(10^ -22) ) *((( T / M ) ^(1/2) ) /(( sigma ^2) * si ) ) ;
21 printf ( ” \n\n Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f a i r i s \n k=%fW
/m∗K” ,k ) ;
22 printf ( ” \n\n Agreement b e t w e e n t h i s v a l u e and
o r i g i n a l v a l u e i s p [ o o r ; t h e Chapman−Enskog t h e o r y
i s i n e r r e o when a p p l i e d t o t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y

102
 o f po ly a to mi c g a s e s ”);
23 // t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y o f a r g o n
24 sigma =3.542*10^ -10; // [m]
25 etadivkb =93.3; // [ K ]
26 A =1.16145;
27 B =0.14874;
28 C =0.52487;
29 D =0.77320;
30 E =2.16178;
31 F =2.43787;
32 Tstar = T /( etadivkb ) ;
33 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a s i =(A/ ( T s t a r ˆB) ) +(C/ exp (D∗ T s t a r
) ) +(E/ exp ( F∗ T s t a r )
34 si =( A /( Tstar ^ B ) ) +( C / exp ( D * Tstar ) ) +( E / exp ( F * Tstar ) ) ;
35 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a K= ( 8 . 3 2 2 4 ∗ ( 1 0 ˆ − 2 2 ) ) ∗ ( ( ( T/M)
ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) / ( ( sigma ˆ2) ∗ s i ) )
36 M =39.948; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f a r g o n
37 k =(8.3224*(10^ -22) ) *((( T / M ) ^(1/2) ) /(( sigma ^2) * si ) ) ;
38 printf ( ” \n\n Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f a r g o n i s \n k=
%fW/m∗K” ,k ) ;
39 printf ( ” \n\n The t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y from Chapman−
Enskog t h e o r y a g r e e s c l o s e l y w i t h t h e
experimental value of 0 . 0 1 8 5 ; note that argon i s
a monoatomic g a s ” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.3 non uniform gas theory

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 4 . 3 − pg727 ” ) ;
4 T =40+273.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
5 P =1; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
6 Cp =1005; // [ J / kg ∗K ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y
7 M =28.966; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t
8 R =8314.3; // [ atm∗mˆ3/K∗ mole ] − g a s c o n s t a n t

103
 9 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Cv=Cp−R/M
10 Cv = Cp - R / M ;
11 y = Cp / Cv ;
12 mu =19.11*10^ -6; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f a i r
13 // u s i n g t h e o r i g i n a l Eucken c o r r e l a t i o n
14 k_original = mu *( Cp +(5/4) *( R / M ) ) ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n From t h e o r i g i n a l Eucken c o r r e l a t i o n \n
k=%fW/m∗K” , k_original ) ;
16 // u s i n g t h e m o d i f i e d Eucken c o r r e l a t i o n
17 k_modified = mu *(1.32*( Cp / y ) +(1.4728*10^4) / M ) ;
18 printf ( ” \n\n From t h e m o d i f i e d Eucken c o r r e l a t i o n \n
k=%fW/m∗K” , k_modified ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n As d i s c u s s e d , t h e v a l u e from t h e
m o d i f i e d Eucken e q u a t i o n i s h i g h r e t h a n t h e
e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e ( 0 . 0 2 7 0 9 ) , and t h e v a l u e
p r e d i c t e d by t h e o r i g i n a l Eucken e q u a t i o n i s
l o w e r than the e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e , each b e i n g
about 3 p e r c e n t d i f f e r e n t , i n t h i s c a s e ”);

Scilab code Exa 14.4 non uniform gas theory

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 4 . 4 − pg728 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 D =7.66*10^ -5; // [mˆ2/ s e c ] − d i f f u s i o n coefficient
of the helium n i t r o g e n
6 P =1; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
7 // ( a ) u s i n g t h e Chapman−Enskog
8 T (1) =323; // [ K ]
9 T (2) =413; // [ K ]
10 T (3) =600; // [ K ]
11 T (4) =900; // [ K ]
12 T (5) =1200; // [ K ]
13 Ma =4.0026;

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14 sigma_a =2.551*10^ -10; // [m]
15 etaabykb =10.22; // [ K ]
16 Mb =28.016;
17 sigma_b =3.798*10^ -10; // [m]
18 etabbykb =71.4; // [ K ]
19 sigma_ab =(1/2) *( sigma_a + sigma_b ) ;
20 etaabbykb =( etaabykb * etabbykb ) ^(1/2) ;
21 Tstar = T /( etaabbykb ) ;
22 siD =[0 .720 5;0. 692 9;0. 6535 ;0.6 134 ;0.5 865] ;
23 patm =1;
24 // u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a Dab = 1 . 8 5 8 3 ∗ 1 0 ˆ − 2 7 ∗ ( ( (Tˆ 3 ) ∗ ( ( 1 /
Ma) +(1/Mb) ) ) ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) ) / ( patm ∗ s i g m a a b ∗ s i D )
25 Dab =(1.8583*(10^ -(27) ) *((( T ^3) *((1/ Ma ) +(1/ Mb ) ) )
^(1/2) ) ) /( patm *( sigma_ab ^(2) ) * siD )
26 printf ( ” \n\n ( a ) ” ) ;
27 for i =1:5;
28 printf ( ” \n a t T=%fK ; Dab=%emˆ2/ s e c ” ,T ( i ) , Dab ( i ) ) ;
29 end
30 // ( b ) u s i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t and
Chapman−Enskog e q u a t i o n
31 for i =1:4
32 D ( i +1) = D (1) *(( T ( i +1) / T (1) ) ^(3/2) ) *( siD (1) /( siD ( i
+1) ) ) ;
33 end
34 printf ( ” \n\n ( b ) ” ) ;
35 for i =1:5;
36 printf ( ” \n a t T=%fK ; Dab=%emˆ2/ s e c ” ,T ( i ) , Dab ( i ) ) ;
37 end
38 // ( c )
39 for i =1:4
40 Dab ( i +1) = D (1) *( T ( i +1) / T (1) ) ^(1.75) ;
41 end
42 printf ( ” \n\n ( c ) ” ) ;
43 for i =1:5;
44 printf ( ” \n a t T=%fK ; Dab=%emˆ2/ s e c ” ,T ( i ) , Dab ( i ) ) ;
45 end

105
 Scilab code Exa 14.5 non uniform gas theory

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 4 . 5 − pg730 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =323; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
6 P =1; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
7 Dab_experimental =7.7*10^ -6; // [mˆ2/ s e c ]
8 DPM_A =1.9; // d i p o l e moment o f m e t h y l c h l o r i d e
9 DPM_B =1.6; // d i p o l e moment o f s u l p h u r d i o x i d e
10 Vb_A =5.06*10^ -2; // l i q u i d m o l a r volume o f m e t h y l
chloride
11 Vb_B =4.38*10^ -2
12 Tb_A =249; // n o r m a l b o i l i n g p o i n t o f m e t h y l
chloride
13 Tb_B =263; // n o r m a l b o i l i n g p o i n t o f s u l p h u r
dioxide
14 del_A =((1.94) *( DPM_A ) ^2) /( Vb_A * Tb_A ) ;
15 del_B =((1.94) *( DPM_B ) ^2) /( Vb_B * Tb_B ) ;
16 del_AB =( del_A * del_B ) ^(1/2) ;
17 sigma_A =(1.166*10^ -9) *((( Vb_A ) /(1+1.3*( del_A ) ^2) )
^(1/3) ) ;
18 sigma_B =(1.166*10^ -9) *((( Vb_B ) /(1+1.3*( del_B ) ^2) )
^(1/3) ) ;
19 etaabykb =(1.18) *(1+1.3*( del_A ^2) ) *( Tb_A ) ;
20 etabbykb =(1.18) *(1+1.3*( del_B ^2) ) *( Tb_B ) ;
21 sigma_AB =(1/2) *( sigma_A + sigma_B ) ;
22 etaabbykb =( etaabykb * etabbykb ) ^(1/2) ;
23 Tstar = T /( etaabbykb ) ;
24 sigmaDnonpolar =1.602;
25 sigmaDpolar = sigmaDnonpolar +(0.19*( del_AB ^2) ) / Tstar ;
26 patm =1;
27 Ma =50.488; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f m e t h y l

106
 chloride
28 Mb =64.063; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f
sulphur dioxide
29 D_AB =(1.8583*(10^ -(27) ) *((( T ^3) *((1/ Ma ) +(1/ Mb ) ) )
^(1/2) ) ) /( patm *( sigma_AB ^(2) ) * sigmaDpolar ) ;
30 printf ( ” \n\n Dab=%emˆ2/ s e c ” , D_AB ) ;
31 printf ( ” \n\n The Chapman Enskog p r e d i c t i o n i s a b o u t
8 p e r c e n t h i g h e r ”);

Scilab code Exa 14.6 empirical correlations for gases

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 4 . 6 − pg732 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =423.2; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
6 P =5; // [ atm ] − p r e s s u r e
7 Ma =4.0026; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f h e l i u m
8 Mb =60.09121; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f
propanol
9 Dab_experimental =1.352*10^ -5; // [mˆ2/ s e c ] −
experimental value of d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of
h e l i u m −p r o p o n a l s y s t e m
10 // t h e d i f f u s i o n v o l u m e s f o r c a r b o n , h y d r o g e n and
oxygen are −
11 Vc =16.5;
12 Vh =1.98;
13 Vo =5.48;
14 V_A =3* Vc +8* Vh + Vo ;
15 V_B =2.88;
16 patm =5;
17 // u s i n g t h e FSG c o r r e l a t i o n
18 Dab =(10^ -7) *((( T ^1.75) *((1/ Ma ) +(1/ Mb ) ) ^(1/2) ) /( patm
*(( V_A ) ^(1/3) +( V_B ) ^(1/3) ) ^2) ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n Dab=%emˆ2/ s e c ” , Dab ) ;

107
20 printf ( ” \n\n The FSG c o r r e l a t i o n a g r e e s t o a b o u t 2
p e r c e n t with the e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e ”);

Scilab code Exa 14.7 viscosity

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 4 . 7 − pg736 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 beta0 = -6.301289;
6 beta1 =1853.374;
7 clf ;
8 xtitle ( ” T e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e viscosity of
w a t e r ” ,” ( 1 /T) ∗ 1 0 ˆ 3 ,Kˆ−1” ,” v i s c o s i t y , cP ” ) ;
9 x =[2.2 ,0.2 ,3.8] ’;
10 y =[( beta0 + beta1 * x ) ];
11 plot2d (x , y ) ;
12 // a t T=420;
13 T =420; // [ K ]
14 x =1/ T ;
15 y = beta0 + beta1 * x ;
16 mu = exp ( y ) ;
17 printf ( ” \n\n mu=%fcP ” , mu ) ;
18 printf ( ” \n\n The e r r o r i s s e e n t o be 18 p e r c e n t . AT
m i d r a n g e 3 2 0 (K) , t h e e r r o r i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4
p e r c e n t ”);

Scilab code Exa 14.8 thermal conductivity

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 4 . 8 − pg737 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n

108
 5 M =153.82; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f c c l 4
6 T1 =349.90; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e 1
7 T2 =293.15; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e 2
8 cp1 =0.9205; // [ KJ/ kg ∗K ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T1
9 cp2 =0.8368; // [ KJ/ kg ∗K ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y a t
t e m p e r a t u r e T2
10 p1 =1480; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y a t t e m p e r a t u r e T1
11 p2 =1590; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y a t t e m p e r a t u r e T2
12 Tb =349.90; // [ K ] − n o r m a l b o i l i n g p o i n t
13 pb =1480; // [ kg /mˆ 3 ] − d e n s i t y a t n o r m a l b o i l i n g
point
14 cpb =0.9205; // [ KJ/ kg ∗K ] − h e a t c a p a c i t y a t n o r m a l
boiling point
15 k1 =(1.105/( M ^(1/2) ) ) *( cp1 / cpb ) *(( p1 / pb ) ^(4/3) ) *( Tb /
T1 ) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n The e s t i m a t e d t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y a t
n o r m a l b o i l i n g p o i n t i s \n k=%f W∗mˆ−1∗Kˆ−1” , k1 ) ;
17 k2 =(1.105/( M ^(1/2) ) ) *( cp2 / cpb ) *(( p2 / pb ) ^(4/3) ) *( Tb /
T2 ) ;
18 printf ( ” \n\n The e s t i m a t e d t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y a t
t e m p e r a t u r e %f K i s \n k=%f W∗mˆ−1∗Kˆ−1” ,T2 , k2 ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n The e s t i m a t e d v a l u e i s 3 . 4 p e r c e n t
h i g h e r t h a n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e o f 0 . 1 0 2 9 W∗m
ˆ−1∗Kˆ−1” ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.9 diffusion coefficient

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 4 . 9 − pg743 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 T =288; // [ K ] − t e m p e r a t u r e
6 M1 =60.09; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f
proponal

109
 7 M2 =18.015; // [ kg / mole ] − m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f w a t e r
8 mu1 =2.6*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f p r o p o n a l
9 mu2 =1.14*10^ -3; // [ kg /m∗ s e c ] − v i s c o s i t y o f w a t e r
10 Vc =14.8*10^ -3; // [mˆ3/ kmol ] − m o l a r volume o f
carbon
11 Vh =3.7*10^ -3; // [mˆ3/ kmol ] − m l a r volume o f
hydrogen
12 Vo =7.4*10^ -3; // [mˆ3/ kmol ] − m o l a r volume o f
oxygen
13 Vp =3* Vc +8* Vh + Vo ; // m o l a r volume o f p r o p o n a l
14 phi =2.26; // a s s o c i a t i o n f a c t o r f o r d i f f u s i o n o f
proponal through water
15 Dab =(1.17*10^ -16*( T ) *( phi * M2 ) ^(1/2) ) /( mu2 *( Vp ^0.6) ) ;
16 printf ( ” \n\n The d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f p r o p o n a l
t h r o u g h w a t e r i s \n Dab=%e mˆ2/ s e c ” , Dab ) ;
17 phi =1.5; // a s s o c i a t i o n f a c t o r f o r d i f f u s i o n o f
water through proponal
18 Vw =2* Vh + Vo ; // [ m o l a r volume o f w a t e r
19 Dab =(1.17*10^ -16*( T ) *( phi * M1 ) ^(1/2) ) /( mu1 *( Vw ^0.6) ) ;
20 printf ( ” \n\n The d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f w a t e r
t h r o u g h p r o p a n o l i s \n Dab=%e mˆ2/ s e c ” , Dab ) ;

110
 Chapter 15

non newtonial phenomena

Scilab code Exa 15.1 rheological characteristics of material time indepen-

dant behaviour

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 5 . 1 − pg760 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 r =[10 20 50 100 200 400 600 1000 2000]
6 tau =[2.2 3.1 4.4 5.8 7.4 9.8 11.1 13.9 17.0]
7 tau = tau *(10^ -4) ;
8 clf ;
9 xtitle ( ” b a s i c s h e a r d i a g r a m f o r t h e f l u i d ” ,” s h e a r
r a t e ” ,” s h e a r s t r e s s ” ) ;
10 plot2d ( ” l l ” ,r , tau ) ;
11 // t h e d a t a f a l l s n e a r l y on a s t r a i g h t l i n e
12 // from t h e g r a p h t h e s l o p e and t h e i n t e r c e p t a r e
13 slope =0.3841;
14 intercept =9.17046;
15 // from t h e r e l a t i o n t a u=K∗(− r ) ˆ n ;
16 K = exp ( intercept ) ;
17 n = slope
18 disp (K , ”K=” ,n , ” n=” ) ;
19 printf ( ” \n\n The f l u i d i s p s e u d o p l a s t i c , s i n c e t h e

111
 slope is l e s s than 1 ”);

Scilab code Exa 15.2 capillary viscometer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 5 . 2 − pg774 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 a =[651 1361 2086 5089 7575 11140 19270 25030]
6 tau =[3.71 7.49 11.41 24.08 -35.21 46.25 77.50 96.68]
7 clf ;
8 xtitle ( ” c a p i l l a r y s h e a r d i a g r a m f o r p o l y i s o b u t y l e n e
L−80 i n c y c l o h e x a n e ” ,” p s e u d o s h e a r r a t e ” ,” w a l l
s h e a r s t r e s s ”);
9 plot2d ( ” l l ” ,a , tau ) ;
10 // from t h e g r a p h
11 betao = -4.3790154;
12 beta1 =0.8851;
13 K ’= exp ( betao ) ;
14 n ’= beta1 ;
15 printf ( ” \n\n The f i n a l r h e o l o g i c a l model i s \n tauw
= %f ∗ ( 8 ∗ Uz , avg / do ) ˆ %f ” ,K ’ ,n ’) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.3 capillary viscometer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 5 . 3 − pg774 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 // from e x a m p l e 1 5 . 2
6 n ’=0.8851;
7 K ’=0.01254;
8 n =n ’;

112
 9 K =K ’/((3* n +1) /(4* n ) ) ;
10 disp (n , ” n=” ) ;
11 printf ( ” \n K = %f N/mˆ2 ” ,K ) ;

Scilab code Exa 15.4 capillary viscometer

1 clc ;
2 warning ( ” o f f ” ) ;
3 printf ( ” \n\n e x a m p l e 1 5 . 4 − pg775 ” ) ;
4 // g i v e n
5 a =[10 20 50 100 200 400 600 1000 2000];
6 tau =[2.24 3.10 4.35 5.77 7.50 9.13 11.0 13.52 16.40]
7 tau = tau *10^ -4;
8 clf ;
9 xtitle ( ” c a p i l l a r y s h e a r d i a g r a m f o r a c o m m e r c i a l
p o l y e t h y l e n e m e l t a t 190 degC ” ,” p s e u d o s h e a r r a t e ”
,” w a l l s h e a r s t r e s s ” ) ;
10 plot2d ( ” l l ” ,a , tau ) ;
11 // s u c h a p l o t s u g g e s t s a s e c o n d o r d e r p o l y n o m i l a
o f t h e t y p e y=b e t a o+b e t a 1 ∗ x+b e t a 2 ∗ x ˆ 2 ;
12 // where y=l n ( tauw ) and x=l n ( 8 ∗ Uz , avg / do )=l n ( a ) ;
13 // from t h e g r a p h
14 betao =8.96694;
15 beta1 =0.48452520;
16 beta2 =0.010923041;
17 n = beta1 +2* beta2 * a ;
18 phiw =((3* n +1) /(4* n ) ) *( a ) ;
19 mu = tau / phiw ;
20 printf ( ” \n\n 8∗Uz , avg / do n ( 3 ∗ n+1) / ( 4 ∗ n )
phiw mu” ) ;
21 for i =1:9
22 printf ( ” \n %f %f %f %f %f ”
,a ( i ) ,n ( i ) ,(3* n ( i ) +1) /(4* n ( i ) ) , phiw ( i ) , mu ) ;
23 end

113