Indian Railways

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This article is about the government agency. For general information on railways in
India, see Rail transport in India.

Indian Railways

Rail Bhavan, New Delhi

Type Statutory Body

Industry Rail transport

Founded 8 May 1845 (175 years ago)[1]

Headquarters New Delhi

, 

India

Area served India

Key people  Piyush Goyal (Cabinet Minister of
Railways)
 Suneet
Sharma , IRSME (Chairman & CEO, Railw
ay Board)
[2]

Services Passenger railways

Freight services
Parcel carrier
Catering and tourism services
Parking lot operations
Other related services
₹197,214 crore (US$28 billion)[3] (2018–19)
Revenue

Net income  ₹6,014 crore (US$840 million)[3] (2018–19)

Owner Government of India (100%)

Number of 12.54 lakh (1.254 million)[4] (2020)

employees

Parent Ministry of Railways , Government of India

Divisions 18 zones

Subsidiaries  Centre for Railway Information

Systems
 Container Corporation of India
 Rail India Technical and Economic
Service
 Ircon International
 Indian Railway Catering and Tourism
Corporation
 Dedicated Freight Corridor
Corporation of India
 RailTel Corporation of India
 Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation
 Rail Vikas Nigam
 High-speed rail in India
 Indian Railway Finance Corporation

Website indianrailways.gov.in
 Railway network map of India - schematic

Overview

Reporting mark IR

Locale India

Dates of operation 8 May 1845[1]–present

Technical

1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)
Track gauge
1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)

762 mm (2 ft 6 in)

610 mm (2 ft)

Electrification 45,881 kilometres (28,509 mi)[5]

as of 1 April 2021

Length 67,956 kilometres (42,226 mi) (route)[4]

99,235 kilometres (61,662 mi) (running track)[4]

126,366 kilometres (78,520 mi) (total track)[4]

as of 31 March 2020

Indian Railways (IR) is a statutory body under the jurisdiction of Ministry of

Railways , Government of India that operates India's national railway system.[6] It
manages the fourth-largest railway network in the world by size, with a route length
of 67,956 km (42,226 mi) as of 31 March 2020. 45,881 km (28,509 mi) or 71% of all
the broad-gauge routes are electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric traction as of
1 April 2020.[4][5]
In the fiscal year ending March 2020, IR carried 808.6 crore (8.086 billion)
passengers and transported 121.22 crore (1.2122 billion) tonnes of freight.[4] IR runs
13,169 passenger trains daily, on both long-distance and suburban routes, covering
7,325 stations across India.[4] Mail or Express trains, the most common types of
trains, run at an average speed of 50.6 km/h (31.4 mph). Suburban EMUs run at an
average speed of 37.5 km/h (23.3 mph). Ordinary passenger trains (incl. mixed) run
at an average speed of 33.5 km/h (20.8 mph).[4] The maximum speed of passenger
trains varies, with the Gatimaan Express running at a peak speed of 160 km/h
(99 mph).
In the freight segment, IR runs 8,479 trains daily. [4] The average speed of freight
trains is around 24 km/h (15 mph). The maximum speed of freight trains varies from
60–75 km/h (37–47 mph) depending on their axle load with 'container special' trains
running at a peak speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).
As of March 2020, Indian Railways' rolling stock consisted of 2,93,077 freight
wagons, 76,608 passenger coaches and 12,729 locomotives.[4] IR owns locomotive
and coach-production facilities at several locations in India. It had 1.254 million
employees as of March 2020, making it the world's eighth-largest employer.[4] The
government has committed to electrifying India's entire rail network by 2023–24, and
become a "net-zero (carbon emissions) railway" by 2030. [7]

Contents

 1History
 2Organisation
o 2.1Structure
o 2.2Subsidiary companies
 2.2.1Financing, construction and
project implementation
 2.2.2Land and station development
 2.2.3Rail infrastructure
 2.2.4Passenger and freight train
operations
 2.2.5IT and communications
 2.2.6Catering and tourism
o 2.3Human resources
 3Rolling stock
o 3.1Locomotives
o 3.2Goods wagons
o 3.3Passenger coaches
 4Manufacturing
 5Network
o 5.1Tracks
o 5.2Electrification
o 5.3Signaling and telecommunication
o 5.4Links with adjacent countries
 6Services
o 6.1Passenger service
  6.1.1Station categories
 6.1.2Travel classes
 6.1.3Train types
 6.1.4Tourism
 6.1.5Ticketing
o 6.2Freight service
o 6.3UNESCO World Heritage Sites
 7Future
 8See also
 9Notes
 10References
 11Further reading
 12External links

History[edit]
Main article: History of rail transport in India
The first railway proposals for India were made in Madras in 1832.[8] The country's
first train, Red Hill Railway (built by Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-
building), ran from Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837.[8] In 1845,
the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built by Cotton
at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, to supply stone for the construction of a dam over
the Godavari River. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built by Proby
Cautley in Roorkee to transport construction materials for an aqueduct over the
Solani River.[8]
India's first passenger train, operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and
hauled by three steam locomotives (Sahib, Sindh and Sultan), ran for 34 kilometres
(21 mi) with 400 people in 14 carriages on 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge track
between Bori Bunder (Mumbai) and Thane on 16 April 1853.[9][10] The Thane viaducts,
India's first railway bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the Mumbai-
Thane line was extended to Kalyan in May 1854.[11] Eastern India's first passenger
train ran 39 km (24 mi) from Howrah, near Kolkata, to Hoogly on 15 August 1854.
[1]
 The first passenger train in South India ran 97 km (60 mi) from Royapuram-
Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajah Road (Arcot) on 1 July 1856.[12]
On 24 February 1873, a horse-drawn 3.8 km (2.4 mi) tram opened
in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street.[13] On 9 May 1874, a horse-
drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between Colaba and Parel.[14] In 1879,
the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established which built several railway
lines across the then Hyderabad State with Kachiguda Railway Station serving as its
headquarters.[15][16] In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many
railway companies. On 3 February 1925, the first electric passenger train in India ran
between Victoria Terminus and Kurla.[17]
The organization of Indian railways into regional zones began in 1951,[18] when
the Southern (14 April 1951), Central (5 November 1951), and Western (5 November
1951) zones were created.[19] Fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in
all passenger classes in 1951, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in
coaches. In 1956, the first fully air-conditioned train was introduced
between Howrah and Delhi (Presently known as Poorva Express). [20] Ten years later,
the first containerised freight service began between Mumbai and Ahmedabad. In
1974, Indian Railways endured a 20 day strike, which damaged the nation's
economy.[21][22]
In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced in New Delhi. [23] In
1988, the first Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi; it
was later extended to Bhopal.[24] Two years later, the first self-printing ticket machine
(SPTM) was introduced in New Delhi.[25] In 1993, air-conditioned three-tier coaches
and a sleeper class (separate from second class) were introduced on IR. The
CONCERT system of computerized reservations was deployed in New Delhi,
Mumbai and Chennai in September 1996. In 1998, coupon validating machines
(CVMs) were introduced at Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. The
nationwide concierge system began operation on 18 April 1999. In February 2000,
the Indian Railways website went online.[26] On 3 August 2002, IR began online train
reservations and ticketing.[27] The Railway Budget was usually presented two days
before the Union budget every year till 2016. The central government
approved merger of the Rail and General budgets from next year, ending a 92-year-
old practice of a separate budget for the nation's largest transporter. On 31 March
2017, Indian Railways announced that the country's entire rail network would be
electrified by 2022 or 2023, and become a net-zero railway by 2030. [28][7]
On 22 March 2020, Indian Railways announced a nationwide shutdown of passenger
rail service to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in India. This became part of
a nationwide lockdown to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus.[29] The railway
shutdown was initially scheduled to last from 23 to 31 March, [30] but the nationwide
lockdown, as announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 24 March, was to last
21 days.[31] The national rail network is maintaining its freight operations during the
lockdown, to transport essential goods.[32] On 29 March, Indian Railways announced
that it would start service for special parcel trains to transport essential goods, in
addition to regular freight service.[33] The national rail operator has also announced
plans to convert coaches into isolation wards for patients of COVID-19. [34]

The smaller railway viaduct near Thane in 1855

 


 The longer railway viaduct near Thane in 1855
 

Railway map of India in 1871

 

Railway map of India in 1909

Organisation[edit]
Structure[edit]
Main articles: Indian Railways organisational structure and Zones and divisions of
Indian Railways
Indian Railways is headed by a seven-member Railway Board whose chairman
reports to the Ministry of Railways. The Railway Board also acts as the Ministry of
Railways. The officers manning the office of Railway Board are mostly from
organised Group A Railway Services and Railway Board Secretariat Service. IR is
divided into 18 zones, headed by general managers who report to the Railway
Board.[4] The zones are further subdivided into 68 operating divisions, headed by
divisional railway managers (DRM).[35][36][37] The divisional officers of the engineering,
mechanical, electrical, signal and telecommunication, stores, accounts, personnel,
operating, commercial, security and safety branches report to their respective DRMs
and are tasked with the operation and maintenance of assets. Station masters
control individual stations and train movements through their stations' territory. In
addition, there are a number of production units, training establishments, public
sector enterprises and other offices working under the control of the Railway Board. [4]
Subsidiary companies[edit]
IR is a major shareholder in 16 public sector undertakings (PSU) and other
organizations that are related to rail transport in India. Notable among the list are: [4]
Financing, construction and project implementation[edit]
  Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC)
 RITES Ltd
 Indian Railway Construction Corporation
(IRCON)
 Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation (MRVC) (51%)
 Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL)
Land and station development[edit]

 Rail Land Development Authority (RLDA)

 Indian Railway Stations Development
Corporation (IRSDC)
Rail infrastructure[edit]

 Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India

Limited (DFCCIL)
 Pipavav Railway Corporation Ltd PRCL[38] (50%)
Passenger and freight train operations[edit]

 Konkan Railway Corporation (KRCL)

 Container Corporation of India (CONCOR)
IT and communications[edit]

 Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS)

 RailTel Corporation of India (RCIL)
Catering and tourism[edit]

 Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation

(IRCTC)
Human resources[edit]
Main article: Centralised Training Institutes of the Indian Railways
Staff are classified into gazetted (Groups A and B) and non-gazetted (Groups C and
D) employees.[39] Gazetted employees carry out executive / managerial / officer level
tasks. As of March 2017, the number of personnel (Groups A & B) constitutes 1.2%
of the total strength, while Group C & D account for 92.6% and 6.2% respectively. [4]
There is no direct recruitment of Group B employees in Indian Railways and they are
recruited by departmental promotional exams of Group C employees. Recruitment of
Group A employees is carried out by the Union Public Service Commission Civil
Service exam.[40] Recruitment of Group C junior engineers and depot material
superintendents is conducted by the Railway Recruitment Board. Group C
employees are recruited by 21 Railway Recruitment Board or RRB, which are
controlled by the Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRCB).[41][42] Group D staffs are
recruited by 16 Railway Recruitment Cells or RRCs.
The training of all groups is shared among seven centralized zonal training institutes
and 295 training centers all over India.
IR offers housing and runs its own hospitals, schools and sports facilities for the
welfare of its staff.[4]

Rolling stock[edit]
Locomotives[edit]
Main article: Locomotives of India

A WAG 12 class AC electric locomotive

A WDP-4D class diesel locomotive

By 1990s, steam locomotives were phased out and electric and diesel locomotives,

along with a few CNG (compressed natural gas) locomotives are used.[43] Steam
locomotives are used only in heritage trains. Locomotives in India are classified by
gauge, motive power, the work they are suited for, and their power or model number.
Their four- or five-letter class name includes this information. The first letter denotes
the track gauge, the second their motive power (diesel or electric), and the third their
suitable traffic (goods, passenger, multi or shunting). The fourth letter denoted the
locomotive's chronological model number, but in 2002, a new classification was
adopted in which the fourth letter in newer diesel locomotives
indicate horsepower range.
A locomotive may have a fifth letter in its name, denoting a technical variant,
subclass, or sub-type (a variation in the basic model (or series) or a different motor
or manufacturer). In the new diesel-locomotive classification, the fifth letter refines
the horsepower in 100-hp increments: A for 100 hp, B for 200 hp, C for 300 hp and
so on. In this classification, a WDM-3A is a 3100 hp, a WDM-3D a 3400 hp and a
WDM-3F a 3600 hp locomotive.[a] Diesel locomotives are fitted with auxiliary power
units, which saves almost 88 percent of fuel during the idle time when a train is not
running.[44]
Goods wagons[edit]

A covered BCNA class wagon

See also: Wagon numbering system in India
A new wagon numbering system was adopted in Indian Railways in 2003. [45] Wagons
are allocated 11 digits,[46] making it easy for identification and computerization of a
wagon's information. The first two digits indicate Type of Wagon, the third and fourth
digits indicate Owning Railway, the fifth and sixth digits indicate Year of
Manufacture, the seventh to tenth digits indicate Individual Wagon Number, and the
last digit is a Check digit.
IR's bulk requirement of wagons is met by wagon manufacturing units both in public
and private sectors as well as other Public Sector Units under the administrative
control of Ministry of Railways.[4]
Passenger coaches[edit]

A LHB SL coaches

On long-distance routes and also on some shorter routes, IR uses 2 primary types of
coach design types. ICF coaches, in production from 1955 until Jan 2018,
[47]
 constitute the bulk of the current stock. These coaches, considered to be having
inadequate safety features, are slowly being phased out. As of September 2017,
around 40,000 coaches are still in operation. [48] These coaches are being replaced
with LHB coaches. Introduced in mid '90s, these coaches are lighter, safer and are
capable of speeds up to 160 km/h (99 mph).[49]
IR has introduced new electric multiple unit (EMU) train sets for long-distance routes.
One such, Train-18 is under operation and another, Train-20 is expected to run from
2020. These train sets are expected to replace locomotive-hauled trains on long-
distance routes.[50]
On regional short-distance routes, IR runs Mainline electrical multiple unit
(MEMU) or Diesel electrical multiple unit (DEMU) trains, depending on the traction
available. These train sets are self-propelled with capability for faster acceleration or
deceleration and are expected to reduce congestion on dense routes. Passenger
locomotive-hauled trains, having frequent stops, are slowly being replaced with train
sets across India.[51]
On suburban commuter routes around the large urban centers, IR runs trains with
normal electric multiple unit (EMU) coaches. These are popularly called as "local
trains" or simply "locals".[52]

Manufacturing[edit]
Indian Railways is a vertically-integrated organization that produces majority of its
locomotives & rolling stock at in-house production units, with a few recent
exceptions.
Locomotives:
  Chittaranjan Locomotive
Works in Chittaranjan, West
Bengal manufactures electric locomotives.
 Banaras Locomotive Works in Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh manufactures electric locomotives.
 Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah, Bihar,
a Joint Venture of Indian Railways & General
Electric manufactures high capacity diesel
locomotives, used especially for freight
transportation.
 Electric Locomotive Factory in Madhepura, Bihar,
a Joint Venture of Indian Railways and Alstom
SA manufactures electric locomotives.
 Diesel-Loco Modernisation
Works in Patiala, Punjab upgrades and overhauls
locomotives. They also manufacture electric
locomotives
Rolling Stock:

 Integral Coach Factory in Perambur, Tamil Nadu

 Rail Coach Factory in Kapurthala, Punjab
 Modern Coach Factory in Raebareli, Uttar
Pradesh
 Coach Manufacturing Unit in Haldia, West
Bengal[53]
Wheel & Axle:

 Rail Wheel Factory in Bangalore, Karnataka

 Rail Wheel Plant, Bela in Chhapra, Bihar
The repair and maintenance of this vast fleet of rolling stock is carried out at 44 loco
sheds, 212 carriage & wagon repair units and 45 periodic overhaul workshops
across various zones of IR.[4]

Network[edit]
Tracks[edit]

Comparison of gauges in India with the standard gauge

See also: Project Unigauge
As of 31 March 2020, IR network spans 126,366 km (78,520 mi) of track length,
while the route length is 67,956 km (42,226 mi).[4] Track sections are rated for speeds
ranging from 80 to 200 km/h (50 to 124 mph), though the maximum speed attained
by passenger trains is 180 km/h (110 mph) during trial runs. Almost all the broad-
gauge network is equipped with long-welded, high-tensile strength 52kg/60kg 90
UTS rails and pre-stressed concrete (PSC) sleepers with elastic fastenings.[4]
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge is the predominant gauge used by IR and spans
63,950 km (39,740 mi) of route (94.10% of total route network), as of 31 March 2020.
[4]
 It is the broadest gauge in use across the world for regular passenger movement.
[4]
 Broad gauge generated 100% of the freight output (net tonne-kilometres) and more
than 99% of the passenger output (passenger kilometres) in the fiscal year 2019–20.
The 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge tracks and 762 mm (2 ft 6 in)
and 610 mm (2 ft) narrow gauge tracks are present on fewer routes. All of these
routes, except the heritage routes, are being converted to broad gauge. The metre
gauge tracks were 2,402 kilometres (1,493 mi) (3.53% of total route network) and
narrow gauges tracks were 1,604 km (997 mi) (2.36% of total route network) as of
31 March 2020.[4]
Electrification[edit]
Main article: Central Organisation for Railway Electrification
As of 1 April 2021, IR has electrified 71% or 45,881 km (28,509 mi) of the total
broad-gauge route kilometers. Indian Railway uses 25 kV 50 Hz AC traction on all its
electrified tracks.[4][5]
Railway electrification in India began with the first electric train, between Chhatrapati
Shivaji Terminus and Kurla on the Harbour Line, on 3 February 1925 on the Great
Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) at 1500 V DC. Heavy gradients in the Western
Ghats necessitated the introduction of electric traction on the GIPR to Igatpuri on the
North East line and Pune on the South East line. On 5 January 1928 1500 V DC
traction was introduced on the suburban section of the Bombay, Baroda and Central
India Railway between Colaba and Borivili, and between Madras Beach
and Tambaram of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway on 11 May 1931, to
meet growing traffic needs.[54] The 3000 V DC electrification of the Howrah-
Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway was completed in 1958. The first 3000 V
DC EMU service began on the Howrah-Sheoraphuli section on 14 December 1957.[54]
Research and trials in Europe, particularly on French Railways (SNCF), indicated
that 25 kV AC was an economical electrification system. Indian Railways decided in
1957 to adopt 25 kV AC as its standard, with SNCF their consultant in the early
stages. The first 25 kV AC section was Raj Kharswan–Dongoaposi on the South
Eastern Railway in 1960. The first 25 kV AC EMUs, for Kolkata suburban service,
began service in September 1962. For continuity, the Howrah–Burdwan section of
the Eastern Railway and the Madras Beach–Tambaram section of the Southern
Railway were converted to 25 kV AC by 1968. Because of limitations in the DC
traction system, a decision was made to convert the electric traction system of the
Mumbai suburban rail network of WR and CR from 1.5kV DC to 25 kV AC in 1996–
97. The conversion from DC to AC traction was completed in 2012 by Western
Railway, and in 2016 by Central Railway. Since then, the entire electrified mainline
rail network in India uses 25 kV AC, and DC traction is used only for metros and
trams.[54]
Indian Railways announced on 31 March 2017 that the country's entire rail network
would be electrified by 2022.[28][55] Though not a nascent concept, the electrification in
India now has been committed with a fresh investment of ₹35,000
crore (US$4.9 billion) to electrify the entire network and eliminate the cost of fuel
under transportation which will amount to a massive savings of ₹10,500
crore (US$1.5 billion) overall. This will be a boon for savings for the Government to
channelize the investments in modernization of the railway infrastructure. [56] Close to
30 billion units of electricity will be required for railway electrification on an annual
basis by 2022, leading to excellent opportunities for IPPs of conventional power. [55]
Signaling and telecommunication[edit]
See also: Railway signal and Railway signalling

A railway signal

IR uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train

operations based on traffic density and safety requirements.
As of March 2020, around 3,309 km (2,056 mi) of the route uses automatic block
signalling for train operations – concentrated in high density routes, large cities and
junctions.[4] Remaining routes are based on absolute block signalling with trains
manually controlled by signal men from the signal boxes typically located at stations.
Few low density routes still use manual block signalling methods with communication
on track clearance based on physical exchange of tokens. [57] In a few sections,
intermediate block signalling is provided to further enhance line capacity with
minimal investment. As of March 2020, 602 block sections have intermediate block
signals on IR.[4]
IR primarily uses coloured signal lights, which replaced semaphores and disc-based
signalling (dependent on position or colour).[58] IR uses two-aspect, three-aspect and
four (or multiple) aspect color signalling across its network. [59]
Signals at most stations are interlocked using panel interlocking, route-relay
interlocking or electronic interlocking methods that eliminate scope for human
signalling errors. IR uses track circuiting, and block proving axle counters for train
detection. As of March 2017, 6,018 stations across IR have interlocked stations and
multi-aspect signalling. Around 99% of key routes (A, B, C and D) have track circuitry
or block proving axle counters for automated train detection. Also, IR has about
59,105 route kilometers of optical fiber cable network across India, that is used for
train control, voice and data communication. Around 3,445 km (2,141 mi) of the route
is covered by GSM-R based Mobile Train Radio Communication.[4]
In December 2017, IR announced that it will implement ETCS Level 2 system for
signalling and control on key routes with an investment of ₹12,000
crore (US$1.7 billion).[60] Currently IR uses Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) on the
busy Ghaziabad – Kanpur route and real-time train monitoring systems
on Mumbai and Kolkata suburban routes.[4]
Links with adjacent countries[edit]
Bangladesh
Bangladesh is connected by the four times a week Maitree Express that runs
from Kolkata to Dhaka and weekly Bandhan Express which began running
commercial trips between Kolkata and Khulna in November 2017.[61][62]
Indian and Bangladeshi governments has started work on a new rail link to ease
surface transport.[63] India will build a 13 km (8.1 mi) railway linking Tripura's
capital Agartala with Bangladesh's southeastern city of Akhaura, an important
railway junction connected to Chittagong port, resource-rich Sylhet and Dhaka.[64] An
agreement to implement the railway project was signed between the then Indian
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Bangladesh Premier Sheikh Hasina during the
latter's visit to India in January 2010.[65] Total cost of the proposed project is estimated
at ₹252 crore (US$35 million). The Indian Railway Construction Company (IRCON)
is constructing the new railway tracks on both sides of the border. Of the 13 km
(8.1 mi) rail line, 5 km (3.1 mi) of tracks fall in Indian territory.[66][67] The Northeast
Frontier Railways (NFR) is laying the connecting tracks for the new rail link on the
Indian side, up to Tripura's southernmost border town, Sabroom – 135 km (84 mi)
south of Agartala. From Sabroom, the Chittagong international sea port is 72 km
(45 mi) away.[68]
Bhutan
An 18 km (11 mi) railway link with Bhutan is being constructed from Hashimara in
West Bengal to Toribari in Bhutan.
China
No rail links currently exist with China.
Myanmar
No rail link currently exist with Myanmar, but a railway line is to be built
from Jiribam (in Manipur) to Tamu through Imphal and Moreh.[69] The construction of
this missing link, as per the feasibility study conducted by the Ministry of External
Affairs through RITES Ltd, is estimated to cost ₹29.41 billion (US$410 million).[70]
Nepal
Two rail links to Nepal exist: passenger service between Jainagar and Bijalpura and
freight services between Raxaul and Birganj.[citation needed]
Pakistan
Two trains operate to Pakistan: the Samjhauta
Express between Delhi and Lahore and the Thar
Express between Jodhpur and Karachi. However, as of August 2019, they have
been cancelled due to the tension over Kashmir.
Sri Lanka
No rail links currently exist with Sri Lanka.
But in the past a Rail link existed between india to sri lanka named Boatmail express.
[71]
 This train was terminated till Rameswaram due to the 1964 Rameswaram
cyclone and never extended till date. Formally this train terminates
at Dhanushkodi in india and a ferry service was operated till talai mannar island of sri
lanka and from there rail connectivity is available.
Now there are plans to construct a railway line between india and sri lanka Via Palk
Strait.[72]

Services[edit]
Passenger service[edit]
Station categories[edit]
From December 2017, stations are categorised into the Non-Suburban Groups
NSG1 to NSG6, the Suburban Groups SG1 to SG3, and the Halt Groups HG1 to
HG3 based on the earnings, passenger footfall, and strategic importance. [73][74] Indian
Railways will provide minimum essential amenities at each station based on its new
categorization.[75]
Before December 2017, stations were classified into A1, A, B, C, D, E, and F
categories, based only on the passenger earnings from the sales of platform tickets,
thus limiting the ability of IR to better focus its investments in passenger amenities. [73]
Travel classes[edit]

Interior of an AC first class (1A) coach in the Rajdhani Express

Interior of an AC three tier (3A) coach in the Dakshin Express

Interior of an Anubhuti (EA) coach in the Shatabdi Express

Interior of a Sleeper (SL) coach

Interior of a Second seater (2S) coach

Main article: Indian Railways coaching stock

IR has several classes of travel, with or without air-conditioning. A train may have
one or several classes. Slow passenger trains have only unreserved seating, and
the Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, Garib Rath Express, Double Decker
Express, Tejas Express, Humsafar Express, Duronto Express, Yuva Express,
and Vande Bharat Express have only air-conditioned classes. Fares for all classes
differ, and unreserved seating is the least expensive. Fares for the Rajdhani,
Duronto Shatabdi and Vande Bharat Express trains include food. In September
2016, IR introduced dynamic fares for the Rajdhani, Duronto and Shatabdi trains
(except 1AC and EC classes) to increase revenue. [76] Long-distance trains usually
include a pantry car, and food is served at the passengers' berth or seat. Luxury
trains (such as Palace on Wheels) have separate dining cars, but these trains cost
as much as—or more than—a five-star hotel room.[77]
A standard passenger rake has four unreserved (general) compartments, two at the
front and two at the rear (one of which may be for women). The number of other
coaches varies by demand and route. A luggage compartment may be at the front or
the rear. On some mail trains, a separate mail coach is attached. Lavatories are
communal, and Indian- and Western-style. The classes in operation are (although a
train may not have all these classes):

Class
Class[78] Description[79][80]
Prefix

IR has started to operate saloon coaches to give hotel ambience on trains. These
coaches operate on charter basis i.e. booking is required. These have a master
Saloon bedroom, one normal bedroom, one kitchen and window trailing. Four to six
extra beds are given to accommodate more people.[81] First of these coach was
attached to Jammu Mail.[82]

1A AC first class: The most luxurious and expensive class of Indian Railways, with
fares almost at par with airfares. There are eight cabins (including two coupes) in
a full AC first class coach and three cabins (including one coupe) in a half AC
H
first class coach. The coach has a dedicated attendant and bedding is included in
the fare. This air-conditioned coach, present only on popular routes, can carry 18
(full coach) or 10 passengers (half coach).

2A AC two tier: These air-conditioned coaches have sleeping berths across eight
bays (full coach). Berths are usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six: four
A across the width of the coach and two lengthwise across the corridor, with
curtains along the corridor. Bedding is included in the fare. A coach can carry 48
(full coach) or 20 passengers (half coach).

3A AC three tier: Air-conditioned coaches with 64 sleeping berths. Berths are

similar to 2A, but with three tiers across the width and two lengthwise for eight
B
bays of eight. They are slightly less well-appointed, usually with no reading
lights or curtains. Bedding is included in the fare.

3E AC three tier (economy): Air-conditioned coaches with 81 sleeping berths on

the Garib Rath Express. Berths are usually arranged as in 3A, but with three tiers
G across the width and three lengthwise. Appointments are similar to 3A, but
bedding is not included. These coaches are also present in some Duronto
Express trains as well.

IR operates Vistadome glass roof coaches on some tourist routes. These include
Araku Valley, Konkan Railway, Kalka-Shimla Railway, Kashmir Valley,
Vistadom
EV Kangra Valley and Neral-Matheran Route. These coaches' fares are equivalent to
e
AC Executive Chair Car. IR also has plans to start Vistadome on Nilgiri
Mountain Railway.[83]

Anubhuti Anubhuti: Air-conditioned top-end class of Shatabdi Express. These coaches

EA were introduced in January 2018. The first train to get these coaches was
the Chennai Central–Mysuru Shatabdi Express.
 EC Executive chair car: An air-conditioned coach with spacious seats and legroom.
E With four seats in a row, it is used for intercity day travel and is available on
the Tejas, Shatabdi Express and Vande Bharat Express.

CC AC chair car: An air-conditioned coach with five seats in a row, used for
C intercity day travel. Air-conditioned double-deck coaches are used on the Double
Decker Express, Shatabdi Express, Vande Bharat Express, and Intercity services.

AC Chair Car: Similar to the AC Chair Car but have three rows of seats on
CC J either side of the aisle and three doors on either side of the coach. Usually found
in Yuva Express.

SL Sleeper class: The sleeper class is the most common coach on IR, with ten or
more SL coaches attached to a train rake. They are sleeping coaches with three
S
berths across the width and two lengthwise, without air-conditioning. They carry
72 passengers per coach.

2S Second seater: similar to CC, but without air-conditioning. Double-deck second

D seaters are used on the Flying Ranee. These coaches have three doors on either
sides.

UR/GEN Unreserved/General: The least-expensive accommodation, with a seat not

II guaranteed. Tickets are valid on any train on a route if used within 24 hours of
purchase.

At the rear of the train is the guard's cabin. It contains a transceiver, and is where the
guard usually gives the all-clear signal before the train departs. The guard's cabin is
also called SLR.
Train types[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please
help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
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Main articles: Train numbering, Named passenger trains, Longest train services,
and Longest non-stop run
Trains are sorted into categories which dictate the number of stops on a route, their
priority on the network, and their fare structure. Each express train is identified by a
five-digit number. If the first digit in the train number is 1 or 2, they are long-distance
express trains. If the first digit is 0, the train is a special train which will operate for a
limited period of time with a different fare structure. A first digit of 5 denotes a
passenger train.
The second digit indicates the zone operating the train. However, for high-speed
trains, the second digit is either 0 or 2 (the first remains 1 or 2). [84] The third digit
denotes the division within the zone which is responsible for maintenance and
cleanliness, and the last two digits are the train's serial number. [84] The train
numbering system was changed from four digits from December 2010, [85] to
accommodate the increasing number of trains.
Trains traveling in opposite directions along the same route are usually labelled with
consecutive numbers.[84] However, there is considerable variation in train numbers;
some zones, such as Central Railway, have a less-systematic method of numbering
trains.[84]
Trains are classified by average speed.[86] A faster train has fewer stops (halts) than a
slower one, and is usually used for long-distance travel. Most express trains have
special names to identify them easily. The names of the trains usually denote the
regions they connect, the routes they traverse, or a famous person or tourist spot
connected with the train.[87][88]

Train
Description
types

A semi-high-speed, air-conditioned day time journey train with facilities such as Wi-Fi, snack
Vande tables, CCTV cameras, hydraulic-pressure doors, and a fire and smoke detection and
Bharat extinguishing system. It can run at a speed of 200 km/h (120 mph). It is the first semi-high
Express speed (EMU) (locomotive-less) train set made in India. It was flagged off on 15 February 2019
by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The model number for this particular train set is Train 18.

A semi-high-speed, air-conditioned train which had its inaugural run on 24 May 2017, covering
551.7 km (342.8 mi) in 8 hours 30 minutes. Coaches have bio-vacuum toilets, water-level
indicators, tap sensors, hand dryers, integrated Braille displays, an LED TV for each passenger
Tejas
with a phone jack, local cuisine, Wi-Fi, tea and coffee vending machines, magazines, snack
Express
tables, CCTV cameras, and a fire and smoke detection and extinguishing system. It can run at a
speed of 200 km/h (120 mph) but it is restricted to 130 km/h (81 mph) due to some technical
reasons.

Gatimaan The first semi-high-speed, air-conditioned train running between Delhi and Jhansi with a top

Express speed of 160 km/h (99 mph)

Air-conditioned, intercity trains for daytime travel. Unlike the Rajdhani or Duronto Expresses,
the Shatabdi expresses make a round trip on the same day. The Bhopal Shatabdi Express (train
Shatabdi
number 12001/12002) is India's second-fastest train between New Delhi and Agra, with an
Express
average speed of 90 km/h (56 mph) and a top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph). The limited-stop
trains have Wi-Fi.

Limited-stop, air-conditioned trains linking state capitals to the national capital, New Delhi,
Rajdhani
with a top speed of 130–140 km/h (81–87 mph). The 2014 railway budget proposed increasing
Express
the numbers of Rajdhani and Shatabdi Expresses to 180 km/h (110 mph).
 Non-stop (except for technical halts) service introduced in 2009. In January 2016, it became
possible to book tickets from those technical stops. They connect India's metros and major state
Duronto
capitals, and were introduced to equal (or exceed) the speed of the Rajdhani Express. With air-
Express
conditioned one-, two-, or three-tier seating, some have non-air-conditioned sleeper-class
accommodations.

Air-conditioned, three-tier coach trains with LED screens displaying information about stations

Humsafar and train speed, a PA system, vending machines for tea and coffee, charging ports for electronic
Express devices, bio-toilets, smoke alarms, CCTV cameras, curtains, and heating and refrigeration
facilities for food. Its inaugural run was between Gorakhpur to Anand Vihar Terminal.

AC Air-conditioned, limited-stop trains linking major cities, with a speed of about 130 km/h
Express (81 mph).

Double
Decker Air-conditioned, limited-stop, two-tier express trains for daytime travel
Express

Uday
Air-conditioned double decker train for overnight travel.
Express

Garib
Rath Air-conditioned, economy, three-tier trains with a top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph).
Express

Introduced with the Duronto Express to provide air-conditioned travel to young Indians, 60
Yuva
percent of its seats were reserved for passengers between 18 and 45 years of age. The trains
Express
were unsuccessful, and operate only on the Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes.

Jan
A more-economical version of the Shatabdi Express, with air-conditioned and non-air-
Shatabdi
conditioned classes and a top speed of 110 km/h (68 mph)
Express

Sampark
Kranti Express service to New Delhi.
Express

Kavi
Guru Introduced in honor of Rabindranath Tagore, four pairs of the trains operate on the network.
Express
 Vivek Introduced to commemorate the 150th birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda in 2013, four
Express pairs of Vivek Expresses run in the country.

Rajya
Rani Introduced to connect state capitals to major cities in that state.
Express

Mahaman
Superfast train with Indian Railways' model rake coaches.
a Express

Intercity Introduced to connect major cities on short routes with high and semi-high speeds. Trains
Express include the Deccan Queen, Flying Ranee and Bilaspur Nagpur Intercity Express.

Antyoday
Non-reserved, high-speed LHB coaches on peak routes to ease congestion.
a Express

Jan
Sadharan Non-reserved express trains on peak routes to ease congestion.
Express

Suvidha
High priority trains with dynamic pricing on high demand routes.
Express

Trains with a max speed greater than 100–110 km/h (62–68 mph) and an average speed greater
Superfast
than 55 km/h (34 mph). With stops at very few stations, the tickets for these trains have a
Express
superfast surcharge.

Trains with a max speed greater than 100 km/h (62 mph) and an average speed greater than
Express
36 km/h (22 mph), with stops at few stations.

These trains earlier had separate mail coaches. Nowadays, mail is carried in the luggage

Mail
coach like all other trains.

Slow, economical trains which stop at every (or almost every) station on a route. With
Passenger
generally-unreserved seating, these trains travel at about 40–80 km/h (25–50 mph).

Link and Mostly found in super fast express trains, express trains, Mail trains, passenger trains
Slip
Trains
Link express
Link Express is such type of train that gets attached to some other trains at a particular station
 and runs together as a single train till destination point or runs together from originating point
and gets detached at particular station.
In simple words, it is a link or merge of two trains.
These trains helps in reduction of traffic especially in congested rail routes as these trains runs
in combination with another train.
These trains generates revenue in greater percentage because these type of trains are rarely
vacant during their journey coz they have a reduced coaches say 5 to 10 depends on demand in
their specified route. It may also include ac coaches.
Slip Express
Similar to link express
But front SLR (luggage coach/guard coach) detached from regular coach
from originating station till slip train detach station only single train (slip train and regular train)
will appear on the Indian Railways website. Reservation for that specific slip route can be
viewed separately. Intermediate stations have bookings on both trains. But link express have
separate reservation from origination station to destination stations as well as intermediate
stations too in the Indian Railways reservation website.

Some examples: Madurai to Chandigarh slip Express (attached with Madurai Dehradun
Express),[89]
Tirunelveli to Mayiladuthurai Link passenger (attached with Tirunelveli to Erode Passenger),
Chennai Egmore to Tuticorin Link Express (linked with Chennai Egmore to Guruvayur
Express).[90]

These trains operate

in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Bengaluru, Pu
Suburban
ne and between Kanpur and Lucknow, usually stop at every station, and have unreserved
seating.
Metro Designed for urban transport, the first metro was the Kolkata Metro in 1984.[91]
Mountain Three of the lines were declared a World Heritage Site as "Mountain Railways of India"
Railways by UNESCO.[92]

Tourism[edit]
Indian Railway operates tourist train or coach services on popular tourist circuits in
different regions of the country. The service offers tour packages inclusive of rail
travel, local transportation, accommodation, food and guided tours. IR offers various
tourist services in this segment including Luxury tourist trains, Semi luxury trains,
Buddhist special trains, Bharat Darshan trains, Aastha Circuit trains, and Steam
trains.[4]
The Palace on Wheels is a luxury-train service, frequently hauled by a steam
locomotive, to promote tourism in Rajasthan.[93] The train has a seven-night, eight-day
itinerary on a round trip from New Delhi via Jaipur, Sawai
Madhopur and Chittaurgarh, Udaipur, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Bharatpur and Agra.
Royal Rajasthan on Wheels covers a number of tourist destinations in Rajasthan.
The seven-day, eight-night tour is a round trip from New Delhi's Safdarjung
station via Jodhpur, Udaipur and Chittaurgarh, Ranthambore National
Park and Jaipur, Khajuraho, Varanasi and Sarnath, and Agra.[94]
Maharajas' Express, a luxury train operated by the Indian Railway Catering and
Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), runs on five routes[95] to about 12 destinations across
northwest and central India (centered around Rajasthan) from October to April.
The Deccan Odyssey covers tourist destinations in Maharashtra and Goa. Its seven-
night, eight-day tour begins in Mumbai and stops at Jaigad
Fort, Ganapatipule and Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Tarkarli and Sawantwadi,
Goa, Kolhapur and Pune (Day 5), Aurangabad and Ellora Caves, and Ajanta
Caves and Nashik.[96]
The Golden Chariot is a luxury train service running on two tours: Pride of the
South[97] and Splendor of the South.[98]
The Mahaparinirvan Express, an air-conditioned service also known as the Buddhist
Circuit Train, is run by the IRCTC for Buddhist pilgrims. Its seven-night, eight-day
tour begins in New Delhi and visits Bodh
Gaya, Rajgir and Nalanda, Varanasi and Sarnath, Kushinagar and Lumbini, Sravasti,
and the Taj Mahal.[99]
The Fairy Queen, a tourist attraction also known as the world's oldest operating
steam engine, hauls a luxury train from Delhi to Alwar.
Ticketing[edit]
See also: Tatkal scheme

An Indian Railway ticket from Bangalore to Pune on Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Coimbatore Express

Until the late 1980s, Indian Railways ticket reservations were made manually. In late
1987, IR began using a computerized ticketing system. The system went online in
1995 to provide current information on status and availability. The ticketing network
at stations is computerized with the exception of remote areas. IR now provides
multiple channels for passengers to book tickets between any two train stations in
the country.
Reserved tickets may be booked up to 120 days in advance on the Indian Railway
Catering and Tourism Corporation website, smartphone apps, SMS, rail reservation
counters at train stations, or through private ticket booking counters. A Tatkal train
ticket can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice with a
reserved seat or berth, but such tickets are sold at higher fares than regular advance
reservation tickets.[100]
Confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with
berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket. If the reservation is not
available on a particular train, the ticket has a wait-list number. A person with a wait-
listed ticket must wait for enough cancellations to obtain a confirmed ticket. If their
ticket is not confirmed on the day of departure, they cannot board the
train. Reservation against cancellation tickets, between the waiting and confirmed
lists, allow a ticket holder to board the train and obtain a seat chosen by a ticket
collector after the collector has found a vacant seat. [79]
Unreserved tickets for short distance or unplanned travels may be purchased at
stations at any time before departure. Holders of such tickets may only board the
general compartments. Suburban networks issue unreserved tickets valid for a
limited time or season passes with unlimited travel between two stops for a period of
time. Commuters can purchase tickets and season passes at stations or
through UTS mobile apps.[101] A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo
identification is required to board the train.
India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and passenger traffic is
subsidised by higher-class fares.[102] Discounted tickets are available for senior
citizens (over age 60), the differently-abled, students, athletes, and those taking
competitive examinations. One compartment of the lowest class of accommodation
is earmarked for women on every passenger train. Some berths or seats are also
reserved for women or senior citizens.[103]
Freight service[edit]

The Car Carrier freight train

See also: Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India

In the freight segment, IR ferries various commodities and fuels in industrial,
consumer, and agricultural segments across the length and breadth of India. IR has
historically subsidised the passenger segment with income from the freight business.
As a result, freight services are unable to compete with other modes of transport on
both cost and speed of delivery, leading to continuous erosion of market share. [104] To
counter this downward trend, IR has started new initiatives in freight segments
including upgrading of existing goods sheds, attracting private capital to build multi-
commodity multi-modal logistics terminals, changing container sizes, operating time-
tabled freight trains, and tweaking with the freight pricing/product mix. [105] Also, end-to-
end integrated transport solutions such as roll-on, roll-off (RORO) service, a road-rail
system pioneered by Konkan Railway Corporation in 1999 to carry trucks
on flatbed trailers,[106] is now being extended to other routes across India.
Perhaps the game changer for IR in the freight segment are the new dedicated
freight corridors that are expected to be completed by 2020. When fully
implemented, the new corridors, spanning around 3300 km, could support hauling of
trains up to 1.5 km in length with 32.5 ton axle-load at speeds of 100 kilometres per
hour (62 mph). Also, they will free-up capacity on dense passenger routes and will
allow IR to run more trains at higher speeds. Additional corridors are being planned
to augment the freight infrastructure in the country.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites[edit]
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus

IR has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Terminus, Mumbai,[107] and the "Mountain Railways of India".[108] The latter are three
rail lines in different parts of India: the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway,
a 610 mm (2 ft) narrow-gauge railway in the Lesser Himalayas of West Bengal;
the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge rack railway in
the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, and the Kalka-Shimla Railway, a 762 mm (2 ft 6 in)
narrow-gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh.[108]

Future[edit]
Main article: Future of rail transport in India
IR's Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) undertakes research,
design and standardisation. The railway has undertaken several initiatives to
upgrade its ageing infrastructure and improve its quality of service. The Indian
government plans to invest ₹9.05 trillion (US$130 billion) to upgrade IR by 2020.[109]
Infrastructure modernisation projects include high-speed rail, with the first
Ahmedabad-Mumbai train in operation in 2022; [110][111][112] redevelopment of 400 stations
by monetizing 2,700 acres (11 km2) of spare railway land under a ₹1,070,000
crore (US$150 billion) plan;[113] doubling tracks to reduce congestion and delays while
improving safety;[114] the refurbishing of 12- to 15-year-old coaches at the Carriage
Rehabilitation Workshop in Bhopal to enhance passenger amenities and fire safety;
[115][116]
 Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled tracking of trains to improve safety
and service;[117] Digital India-driven ₹3,500,000 million (equivalent to ₹4.0 trillion or
US$55 billion in 2019) digitalisation of the railway to improve efficiency and reduce
cost;[114] rainwater harvesting, with 1885 systems installed by December 2016;
[118]
 and reforestation of railway land and along the tracks.[119]
All routes will be electrified to save on imported fuel costs.[114] Off-the-grid solar-
powered trains are planned with the installation of one gigawatt of solar and 130
megawatts of wind power between 2017 and 2022; India introduced the world's first
solar-powered train and 50 coaches with rooftop solar farms in June 2017. [120][121]
[122]
 Initial assessments of this experiment have been positive. [123] Rooftop solar
electricity is planned at stations to reduce long-term fuel costs and protect the
environment,[124] and sustainable LED lighting at all the stations was completed by
March 2018 which saves Rs 500 million per annum in electricity bills. [125] Locomotive
factories have been modernised, including two new factories in Bihar: an electric
locomotive factory in Madhepura and a diesel locomotive factory in Marhaura, and
2,285 bio-toilets were introduced from April to July 2014. [126][127][128] A ₹200
billion (US$2.8 billion) partnership with Alstom to supply 800 electric locomotives
from 2018 to 2028 was announced.[109]
All the unmanned level crossings had been eliminated by Jan 2019, and manned
level crossings are being progressively replaced by overbridges and underbridges. [129]
[114]
 Other safety projects include the extension of an automated fire alarm system,
first introduced on Rajdhani Express trains in 2013, to all air-conditioned coaches;
[130]
 and 6,095 GPS-enabled Fog Pilot Assistance System railway signalling devices
(replacing the practice of placing firecrackers on tracks to alert train drivers) installed
in 2017 in four zones: Northern, North Central, North Eastern and North Western;
and replacing ICF coaches with LHB coaches.
In an unprecedented move, the railways had suspended the services of all
passenger trains for 48 days after the lockdown was announced by the PM on 24
March 2020. Its freight trains however continued to run during this period. [131] This was
the first time in its entire history that lifeline of the nation was stopped. On 12 May
2020, in first phase, Railways started the Rajdhani Express for 15 cities and began
the reservation for the same via IRCTC website an evening before.[132]
Indian Railways is planning to seek investments from private firms to operate
passenger trains for the first time to change the inefficient system to effective.
Ministry of Railways identified 109 origin-destination routes via 151 trains asked
private companies to submit their interest. [133] Private companies may operate trains
by April 2023.[134] This will incorporate modern trains with technological advancements
like less maintenance, reduce travel time and create employment. 151 trains will be
operated by the by private entities. Each train shall have minimum 16 coaches. [135]
Government of India is building the world's highest rail bridge over the river Chenab,
which will connect the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India. It is
set to be completed in 2022. According to the media, per a local government official:
"This is the tallest railway bridge in the world and the maximum designed wind speed
for the bridge is 266 kmph".[136]

See also[edit]
 List of railway stations in India
 List of railway companies in India

Notes[edit]
1. ^ This classification system does not apply to steam
locomotives, which retained their original class names
(such as M class or WP class).

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:      "[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History:
a b c

Early Days – 1".  www.irfca.org. Archivedfrom the original

on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
2. ^ "Suneet Sharma Appointed New Chairman and CEO of
Railway Board". News18. 31 December 2020.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b "Indian Railways Budget Documents 2019–
20"  (PDF). Ministry of Railway. Retrieved 10 July  2019.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Indian
Railways Year Book 2019-20"(PDF).
5. ^ Jump up to:      https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-
a b c

railways-new-record-log-highest-ever-figures-in-the-
electrification-of-routes-11617354462314.html
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Further reading[edit]
 Aguiar, Marian. Tracking Modernity: India's
Railway and the Culture of Mobility(University of
Minnesota Press; 2011) 226 pages; draws on
literature, film, and other realms to explore the
role of the railway in the Indian
imagination. excerpt and text search
 Bear, Linda. Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway
Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate
Historical Self (2007) excerpt and text search
 Hurd, John, and Ian J. Kerr. India’s Railway
History: A Research Handbook (Brill: 2012),
338pp

 Kerr, Ian J. Railways in Modern

India (2001) excerpt and text search
 Kerr, Ian J. Engines of Change: The Railroads
That Made India (2006)
 Kumar, Sudhir, and Shagun
Mehrotra. Bankruptcy to Billions: How the Indian
Railways Transformed Itself (2009)
 Macpherson, W. J. "Investment in Indian
Railways, 1845-1875." Economic History
Review, 8#2, 1955, pp. 177–186 online
 "IRFCA  : FAQ - Table of Contents". Indian
Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 19 June2005.
  "IRCTC". Indian Railways. Retrieved 19
June 2005.

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