Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 189 Solution. Given : ua y+ 2e-ey veo? 2y- 88. The velocity components in terms of stream function are ov M eye nt 2-08 0) OY aya y9-204%y Aid) ay Integrating (f) wart. x, we get y= J (9? = 2y 18) de where is a constant of integration which is independent of x but can be a function of y. Differentiating equation (iii) w.t. y, we get But from (ii), Comparing the value of 2¥., we get x oy ak ay YB 244.2 Ineraing, we st k= fe Pay Substituting this value in (ii), we get Problem 5.17 ina two-dimensional incompressible flow, the fluid velocity components are given by u=x-—dyandy =-y-4n. Show that velocity potential exists and determine its form. Find also the stream function. Solution. Given : wex-4y and au ox au, ox ay Hence flow is continuous and velocity potential exists. Let = Velocity potential.190 Fluid Mechanics Let velocity components in terms of velocity potential is given by ws —(x-4y) x+dy Ai) and. ve-Gy-4nay44e ii) 2 Integrating equation (9), we get 9 =~ + day-+ eoliii) where C is a constant of integration, which is independent of x. This constant can be a function of y. Differentiating the above equation, i.e., equation (iii) with respect to ‘y’, we get co ay ac oars a : 2% Equating the two values of 2° , we get ay ye t4ay +2. Ans. aa) Value of Stream functions Let y = Stream function The velocity components in terms of stream function are ~y-4e Gv) and ow = 4y) 2-4 4y ol) wr 4) iy “ Integrating equation (7) wats. x, we get 42 2 ak (oi veo «wv, where k is a constant of integration which is independent of x but can be a function of y.Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow 191 Differentiating equation (vt) was. y, we get 2 =— 2-04 2k ay oy oy Bat from equation (»), we have aw it -quation (v), ay oy ak Bquating the two vatuesof 2%, we get — 242% ay ay 2 Integrating the above equation, we get ae ay? Substituting the value of k in equation (vi), we get yenyx 2x? + 2y7, Ans. > 5.9 TYPES OF MOTION A fluid particle while moving may undergo anyone or combination of following four types of displacements : (®) Linear Translation or Pure Translation, (ii) Linear Deformation, (iii) Angular Deformation, and (iv) Rotation. 5.9.1 Linear Translation. It is defined as the movement of a fluid element in such a way that it moves bodily from one position to another position and the two axes ab and cd represented in new positions by a’b and c’d” are parallel as shown in Fig. 5.11 (a) 5.9.2 Linear Deformation. It is defined as the deformation of a fluid element in linear direction when the element moves. The axes of the clement in the deformed position and un-deformed position are parallel, but their lengths change as shown in Fig. 5.11 (2). y « fe ; «Poy Se 4 Tle sy op = x x (0) LUNEAR TRANELATION = Bes x % (@) ANGULAR DEFORMATION (@) PURE ROTATION Fig. 5.11, Displacement of a fluid element.192. Fluid Mechanics 5.9.3 Angular Deformation or Shear Deformation. It is defined as the average change in the angle contained by two adjacent sides. Let A@, and AQ, is the change in angle between two adjacent sides of a fluid element as shown in Fig. 5.11 (c), then angular deformation or shear strain rate 1 = 0, + 28, ze + A8,) Now 6, =H 5, At ay Ax ax ‘Angular deformation = + [A8, + A8,] 1fav. aw Shear strain rate = 4/2" (5.16) ce serait a2 3] 5.9.4 Rotation. It is defined as the movement of a fluid element in such a way that both of its axes (horizontal as well as vertical) rotate in the same direction as shown in Fig. 5.11 (d). It is equal 1 (2 ou ax ay (S17) 5.9.5 Vorticity. It is defined as the value twice of the rotation and hence it is given as 20 Problem 5.18 A fluid flow is given by V = 8xi~ 10x". Find the shear strain rate and state whether the flow is rotational or irrotational.. Solution. Given : Vs 8x'i- 10x°yj au ou u = 2407, Br, ro im, yy 2 ov and v= = 1Or'y, 5 = = 2 (@) Shear strain rate is given by equation (5.16) as (&[ Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow _193 | (i) Rotation in x - y plane is given by equation (5.17) or (2 *) * 2029-0) == 1039 2 lax ay) 2 As rotation ©, # 0. Hence flow is rotational. Ans. Problem 5.19 The velocity components in a two-dimensional flow are w= + 2x —27y and v = xy? ~2y- 0B. Show that these components represent a possible case of an irrotational flow. Solution. Given : us yB+2x- xy au ar (®)_ For a two-dimensional flow, continuity equation is 2 au Substituting the value of “ and 2, we get ituting Fe am Sr me get au , av BH 8 2 ay 4 2-2-0 ax ay ceded tis a possible case of fluid flow. 1fdv du ii) Rotation, @, is given by @, = +{ 2-2 (i) Rotation, @, is given by ©, (2 = Rotation is zero, which means it is case of irrotational flow. Ans. =1w-_2-G-2= ) 7 WO? -7)- 07-1 =0 > 5.10 VORTEX FLOW ‘Vortex flow is defined as the flow of a fluid along a curved path or the flow of a rotating mass of fluid is known a ‘Vortex Flow’. The vortex flow is of two types namely : 1, Forced vortex flow, and 2. Free vortex flow. 5.10.1 Forced Vortex Flow. Forced vortex flow is defined as that type of vortex flow, in which some external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass. The fluid mass in this type of flow, rotates at constant angular velocity, «. The tangential velocity of any fluid particle is given by veoxr (5.18)[194 Fluid Mechanics ] where r= Radius of fluid particle from the axis of rotation. | CENTRAL AXIS Leu [i fom (8) CYLINDER IS STATIONARY (b) CYLINDER IS ROTATING VERTICAL-"} CYLINDER, Fig.5.12. Forced vortex flow. Hence angular velocity @ is given by © Constant. (5.19) Examples of forced vortex are : 1. A vertical cylinder containing liquid which is rotated about its central axis with a constant angular velocity (as shown in Fig. 5.12. 2. Flow of liquid inside the impeller of a centrifugal pump. 3. Flow of water through the runner of a turbine. 5.10.2 Free Vortex Flow. When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass, that type of flow is called free vortex flow. Thus the liquid in case of free vortex is rotating due to the rotation which is imparted to the fluid previously. Examples of the free vortex flow are : 1. Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom of a container. 2. Flow of liquid around a citcular bend in a pipe. 3. A whirlpool in a river. 4, Flow of fluid in a centrifugal pump casing. ‘The relation between velocity and radius, in free vortex is obtained by putting the value of external torque equal to zero, or, the time rate of change of angular momentum, i.e., moment of momentum must be zero. Consider a fluid particle of mass ‘m’ at a radial distance r from the axis of rotation, hhaving a tangential velocity v. Then ‘Angular momentum = Mass x Velocity =m xv Moment of momentum Momentum x r= m xv xr a ‘Time rate of change of angular momentum = o (mvr) a For free vortex 2 (myn ar Constant Integrating, we get mr = Constant or vr = S49" = Constant (5.20)[ Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow _ 195] 5.10.3 Equation of Motion for Vortex Flow. Consider a fluid element ABCD (shown shaded) in Fig. 5.13 rotating at a uniform velocity in a horizontal plane about an axis perpendicular to the plane of paper and passing through 0. Let r= Radius of the element from 0. A@ = Angle subtended by the element at 0. ‘Ar = Radial thickness of the element. AA = Arca of cross-section of element. ‘The forces acting on the element are : (@) Pressure force, pAA, on the face AB. (iid) Centrifugal force,"""— acting in the direction away from the centre, 0. Now, the mass of the element: Mass density x Volume x AA x Ar Centrifugal force = pAddr Equating the forces in the radial direction, we get ar (rt) a4 pat ptr : 2 are patar’ necting Ar AA from bah sides, we get = 9 (5.21) Equation (5.21) gives the pressure variation along the radial direction for a forced or free vortex flow na horizontal plane. The expression 2 is called pressure gradient inthe rail direction, AsSE is positive, hence pressure increases with the increase of radius *r. The pressure variation inthe vertical plane is given by the hydrostatic law, i, ap a In equation (5.22), z is measured vertically in the upward direction. ‘The pressure, p varies with respect tor and zor p is a function of r and z and hence total derivative ofpis Pe (5.22) pe Bare, Substituting the values of 2 from equation (5.21) and 22 from equation (5.22), we get ar a2[196 Fluid Mechanics ] dp = p~— dr~ pad (5.23) Equation (5.23) gives the variation of pressure of a rotating fluid in any plane, 5.10.4 Equation of Forced Vortex Flow. For the forced vortex flow, from equation (5.18), we have veoxr where © = Angular velocity = Constant. Substituting the value of v in equation (5.23), we get oF dp =p x2 dr— pg de. Consider two points 1 and 2 in the fluid having forced vortex flow as shown in Fig. 5.14. Integrating the above equation for points 1 and 2, we get fin = f ouvir Fonte or @-P)= [ro =] - pe [cht or @2~ p= PF tr? = nl 98 f= 21 § long — 0r)'1- pg lesa) 2 son = 2 be —w?l- pg tesa { } If the points 1 and 2 lie on the free surface of the liquid, then p) hence above equation becomes 0 or ps [z~ 211 ~2)= = f2-», or Fan al= 55 ba - nih If the point I lies on the axis of rotation, then v, = @ x r, = @ x 0= 0. The above ‘equation becomes as nk Let act (5.24)[ Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow _197| ‘Thus Z varies with the square of r. Hence equation (5.24) is an equation of parabola. This means the free surface of the liquid is a paraboloid, Problem 5.20 Prove that in case of forced vortex, the rise of liquid level at the ends is equal to the fall of liquid level at the axis of rotation. Solution. Let R= radius of the cylinder. (0-0 = Initial level of liquid in cylinder when the cylinder is not rotating. - Initial height of liquid hen) <. Volume of liquid in cylinder = mR? x Height of liquid AR? x (+3) i) Let the cylinder is rotated at constant angular velocity (. The liquid will rise at the ends and will all at the centre. Let Rise of liquid at the ends from 0-0 xr Fall of liquid at the centre from 0-0. Then volume of liquid = [Volume of cylinder upto level B-B] = [Volume of paraboloid] = [RR? x Height of liquid upto level B-B] RR ~ |=» Height of paraboloid eax (he x+y) ee xray) ikon wexneaecsy xen : 2 mR? 2 ety Ai’) Equating (i) and (ii), we get BP th x)= wR EE xe y) or or Fall of liquid at centre = Rise of liquid at the ends. Problem 5.21 An open circular tank of 20 cm diameter and 100 cm long contains water upto a height of 60 cm. The tank is rotated about its vertical axis at 300 r.p.m., find the depth of parabola formed at the free surface of water. Solution, Given : Diameter of cylinder = 20m 20 Radius, R= = 10cm 7710[198 Fluid Mechanics ] Height of liquid, Speed, ‘Angular velocity, = 2XEX300 «5141 radiecc, 0 Let the depth of parabola Using equation (5.24), = (oy 50.28 cm. Ans. 2g 2x 981 Problem 5.22 An open circular cylinder of 15 cm diameter and 100 cm long contains water upto 4@ height of 80 cm, Find the maximum speed at which the cylinder is to be rotated about its vertical axis $0 that no water spills. Solution. Given : Diameter of cylinder = 15m + Radius, Length of cylinder, Initial height of water Let the cylinder is rotated at an angular speed of « rad/sec, when the water is about to spill. Then using, Rise of liquid at ends Fall of liquid at centre But rise of liquid at ends cength ~ Initial height = 100 ~ 80 = 20 em Fall of liquid at centre = 20 em Height of parabola 20 + 20 = 40 em Z=40 om oR Using the relation, Zz we get 49 = 279) v raid 2981 402X981 _ 1595 75x75 = 13952 = 37.35 rad/s 2aN «. Speed, Nis given by @ = “2. Ps given by a5 or 60x@ _ 603735 2n (xR Problem 5.23 A cylindrical vessel 12 cm in diameter and 30 cm deep is filled with water upto the top. The vessel is open at the top. Find the quantity of liquid left in the vessel, when itis rotated about its vertical axis with a speed of (a) 3000 r.p.m., and (b) 600 r.p.m. Solution. Given : Diameter of cylinder = em Radius, R=60m Initial height of water = 30cm[ Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow _199 | Initial volume of water = Area x Initial height of water = Fi x 12? x 30 cm? = 3392.9 em’ (a) Speed, @?R? _ (3141)? x6? 2g 2x981 Height of parabola is given by Z= = 18:10 em, As vessel is initially full of water, water will be spilled if itis rotated. Volume of water spilled is ‘equal to the volume of paraboloid. But volume of paraboloid = [Area of cross-section x Height of parabola] + 2 DP xZ =F x 12? x!810 | 1023.53 cm? 2°4 2 Volume of water left tial volume ~ Volume of water spilled 3392.9 - 1023.53 = 2369.37 em’. Ans. (b) Speed, N= 600 rpm. BAN _ 28600 _ 69.89 rads 0 0 Height of parabola, 720. C8) x6 a 40m, 2g 2x981 [As the height of parabola is more than the height of cylinder the shape of imaginary parabola will be as shown in Fig. 5.17. Let r= Radius of the parabola at the bottom of the vessel. Height of imaginary parabola = 72.40 ~ 30 = 42.40 em. Volume of water left in the vessel ‘olume of water in portions ABC and DEF = Initial volume of water = Volume of paraboloid AOF + Volume of paraboloid COD. Now volume of paraboloid AOF = © x D? x Height of parabola PA" = 4094.12 em? macitiary " maciary 2 CYLINDER’ PARABOLA For the imaginary parabola (COD), « = 62.82 rad/see Fig. 5:17 Z= 424 om Radius at the bottom of vessel[200 Fluid Mechanics ] oF 62.82? xr? ising the relation Zz we get 424 = 9282 xr eee 2g | Ne Bt 2981 ; 9814240 _ 91 79 62.82 x 62.82 r= Y2L079 = 4.59 em ‘Volume of paraboloid COD = J Area athe top ofthe imaginary parabola x Height of parabola 1 ex 4.59? x 42.4 = 1403.89 cm? adn x ard 2 2 Volume of water left = 3392.9 ~ 4094.12 + 1403.89 = 702.67 em*. Ans. Problem 5.24 An open circular cylinder of 15 cm diameter and 100 cm long contains water upto a height of 70 cm. Find the speed at which the cylinder is to be rotated about its vertical axis, so that the axial depth becomes zero. Solution, Given : Diameter of cylinder Radius, Length of cylinder Initial height of water = 70 em. ‘When axial depth is zero, the depth of paraboloid = 100 em. be 18cm —1 Fig. 5.18, Using the relation, 2nH - Speed, Nis given by @ = == ps given by 7 or N= DEO _ 10%5905 «563.98 rpm, Ans. 2 2n Problem 5.25 For the problem (5.24), find the difference in total pressure force (i) at the bottom of cylinder, and (ii) at the sides of the cylinder due to rotation.[ Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow _201| Solution. (i) The data is given in Problem 5.24. The difference in total pressure force at the bottom of cylinder is obtained by finding total hydrostatic force at the bottom before rotation and after rotation. Before rotation, force = pg x (0.15)? m?, hi = 70 em = 0.70 m where p= 1000 kg/m’, A = Area of bottom => D’ a Force = 1000 x 9.81 x5 x (0.15)* 0.7 N = 121.35 N After rotation, the depth of water at the bottom is not constant and hence pressure force due to the height of water, will not be constant. Consider a circular ring of radius r and width dr as shown in Fig. 5.19. Let the height of water from the bottom of the tank upto free surface of water at a radius Hydrostatic force on ring at the bottom, AP = pg x Area of ring x Z = 1000 x 9.81 x 2nrdr x © or? 28 9810 x 2.x Rr x xdr Total pressure force at the bottom wy afar = [f 9810x2285 ons =f waco tr a Fig. 519 From Problem $24, = 59.05 rads R75 0m= 075 m. Substituting these values, we get ftal pressure foree __ 196201 x (59.057 [<} 2x981 «| 4 |, 19620 x x x(59.05)* (075) _ 6.69 2x981 4 Difference in pressure forces at the bottom 121.35 ~ 86.62 = 34,73 N. Ans. (i) Forces on the sides of the cylinder Before rotation peal where A'= Surface area ofthe sides ofthe cylinder upto height of water RD x Height of water = m x .15 x 0.70 m? = 0.33 m?[202 Fluid Mechanics ] Ji = CG. of the wetted area of the sides 1 0.70 5 x height of water = > 3 * helaht of water = “> 135m Force on the sides before rotation = 1000 x 9.81 x 0.33 x 0.35 = 1133 N After rotation, the water is upto the top of the cylinder and hence force on the sides 1000981 «Wot ae of te sis High of wa B10 x Dx 10% Ex 1.0= 9810 mx 1S x 5 = 231143 N Difference in pressure on the sides 2311.43 ~ 1133 = 1178.43 N. Ans. 5.10.5 Closed Cylindrical Vessels. If a cylindrical vessel is closed at the top, which contains some liquid, the shape of paraboloid formed due to rotation of the vessel will be as shown in Fig. 5.20 for different speed of rotations. Fig. 5.20 (a) shows the initial stage of the cylinder, when it is not rotated. Fig. 5.20 (b) shows the shape of the paraboloid formed when the speed of rotation is (. Ifthe speed is increased further say , the shape of paraboloid formed will be as shown in Fig. 5.20 (c). In this case the radius of the parabola at the top of the vessel is unknown. Also the height of the paraboloid formed corresponding to angular speed @ is unknown. Thus to solve the two unknown, we should have two equations. One ‘equation is 28 ‘The second equation is obtained from the fact that for closed vessel, volume of air before rotation is equal to the volume of air after rotation, ‘Volume of air before rotation = Volume of closed vessel ~ Volume of liquid in vessel Zz me xZ 2 J T I ‘Volume of air after rotation = Volume of paraboloid formed 1 »? I i @ © ° Fig. 5.20, Problem 5.26 A vessel, cylindrical in shape and closed at the top and bottom, contains water upto 4 height of 80 cm. The diameter of the vessel is 20 cm and length of vessel is 120 cm. The vessel is rotated at a speed of 400 r.p.m. about its vertical axis. Find the height of paraboloid formed.[ Kinematics of Flow and Ideal Flow _203 | Solution. Given : Initial height of water = 80 em Diameter of vessel = 20cm v. Radius, R= 10cm Length of vessel = 120 em 7 Speed, N= 400 rpm. mou 2AM 28400 - 41.88 reais «60 When the vessel is rotated, let Z Height of paraboloid formed no 1r= Radius of paraboloid at the top of the vessel This is the case of closed vessel Fig. 521 ‘Volume of air before rotation = Volume of air after rotation or 2 ptxi-" ptxso=nPxZ 4 4 2 where Z = Height of paraboloid, r= Radius of parabola. or © px 120- © p?x s0= nex Z 4 4 2 or xD? (120 ~ 80) = FD? x40 Rag? Zz or = x 20? x 40 = 4000 x w= mr x = F 20° x 40 = 4000 x x= 7 x S Pxz = ROXRX? _ s009 ld) ® a 4188 x7? _ 4188 x? - Using relation z we get z= SBS 0° MAB 7" _ 9.504 1 * 2 8 28 2xo81 7 OS z be 0804 Substituting this value of rin (), we get 2 x 7= 3000 O08 B = 8000 x 0.894 = 7152 Zea =tasoomam aw | Hind Method 0 Let Z, = Height of paraboloid, ifthe vessel would not have been | ‘closed at the top, corresponding to speed, N= 400 rpm, or = 41.88 rad/s PR? _ 4188? x10? 89.34 cm. 26 2x981 Then zy