Dynamics of Fluid Flow 309 | 12. 13. 4 15. 16. 7 1. EXERCISE (A) THEORETICAL PROBLEMS Name the different forces present in a fluid flow. For the Euler's equation of motion, which forces are taken into consideration, 2. What is Buler’s equation of motion ? How will you obtain Bernoulli's equation from it 2 |. Derive Bernoulli's equation for the flow of an incompressible frictionless fluid from consideration of omentum, J. State Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of an incompressible uid, Derive an expression for Bernoulli's theorem from fitst principle and state the assumptions made for such a derivation, . What is a venturimeter ? Derive an expression forthe discharge through a venturimeter Explain the principle of venturimeter with a neat sketch, Derive the expression for the rate of flow of fluid through it . Discuss the relative merits and demerits of venturimeter with respect to orifice-meter. (Delhi University, Dec. 2002) . Define an otifie-meter. Prove thatthe discharge through an orfice-meter is given by the relation = 6, x fe where a, = area of pipe in which orifice-meter is fitted 4 = area of orifice (Technical University of M.P., S 2002) . What is pitot-tube ? How will you determine the velocity at any point with the help of pitot-ube ? (Dethi University, Dec. 2002) What is the difference between pitottube and pitot-staic tube ? State the momentum equation. How will you apply momentum equation for determining the foree exerted by a flowing liquid on a pipe bend ? What is the difference between momentum equation and impulse momentum equation, Define moment of momentum equation. Where this equation is used. What isa fre jet of liquid ? Derive an expression for the path travelled by free jet issuing from a nozzle. Prove that the equation of the free jet of liquid is given by the expression, ae yextano- Sr rsec%9 where xy = co-ordinates of a poi U = velocity of issuing jet @ = inclination of the jet with horizontal Which of the following statement is correct in case of pipe flow (a) flow takes place from higher pressure to Tower pressure ; (b) flow takes place from higher velocity to lower velocity ; (©) flow takes place from higher elevation to lower elevation ; (@) flow takes place from higher energy to lower eneray. Derive Euler's equation of motion along a stream tine for an ideal fluid stating clearly the assumptions. Explain how this is integrated to get Bernoulli's equation along a stream-line. Slate Bemoulli’s theorem. Mention the assumptions made, How is it modified while applying in practice? List out its engineering applications. Define continuity equation and Bemoulli's equation fom the jet[310 Fluid Mechanics ] 20. What are the different forms of energy in a flowing fluid ? Represent schematically the Bernoulli's equation for flow through a tapering pipe and show the position of total energy line and the datum line. 21. Write Euler's equation of motion along a stream line and integrate it to obtain Bernoulli's equation State all assumptions made. 22, Deseribe with the help of sketch the construction, operation and use of Pitot-staic tube. 23. Starting with Euler's equation of motion along a stream line, obtain Bernoulli's equation by its integration. List all the assumptions made. 24. State the different devices that one can use to measure the discharge through a pipe and also through an ‘open channel. Describe one of such devices witha neat sketch and explain how one can obtain the actual sischarge with its help? 25, Derive Bernoulli's equation from fundamentals. (B) NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 1, Water is flowing through a pipe of 100 mm diameter under a pressure of 19.62 Nicm (gauge) and with ‘mean velocity of 3.0 mis. Find the total head ofthe water at a cross-section, which is 8 m above the datum line [Ans, 28.458 m} 2. pipe, through which water is flowing is having diameters 40 cm and 20 em at the cross-sections | and 2 respectively. The velocity of water at section I is given 5.0 m/s, Find the velocity head at the sections 1 and 2 and also rate of discharge, Ams. 1.274 m ; 20.387 m ; 0.628 m/s], 13. The water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20 em and 15 em at sections | and 2 respectively. The rate of flow through pipe is 40 litres/s. The section | js 6 m above datum line and section 2 is 3 m above the datum. Ifthe pressure at section | is 29.43 Niem?, find the intensity of pressure at section 2 (Ans. 32.19 Neem 4. Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 30 cm and 15 em at the bottom and upper end respec- tively. The intensity of pressure at the bottom end is 29.43 N/cm’ and the pressure at the upper end is 14,715 Niem*, Determine the difference in datum head if the rate of flow through pipe is 50 liv [Ans, 14.618 m] ‘5. The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 50 m having diameters 40 em at the upper end and 20 em atthe lower end, at the rate of 60 litres/s. The pipe has a slope of I in 40. Find the pressure atthe lower end if the pressure atthe higher level is 24.525 Nicm? [Ans. 25.58 Nem’) 16. A pipe of diameter 30 cm carries water ata velocity of 20 musee. The pressures at the points A and B are given as 34,335 N/em” and 29.43 N/em respectively, while the datum head at A and B are 25 mand 28m, Find the loss of head between A and B. [Ans. 2m] 7. A conical tube of length 3.0 mis fixed vertically with its smaller end upwards, The velocity of flow atthe smaller end is 4 m/s while atthe lower end it is 2 m/s. The pressure head at the smaller end is 2.0 m of liquid. The loss of head in the tube is 0.95 (v, ~ v3)"/2g, where » isthe velocity atthe smaller end and v, at the lower end respectively. Determine the pressure head atthe lower end. Flow takes place in downward direction. [Ans. 5.56 m of fluid] 8. A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.8, changes in diameter from 300 mm at a position A to ‘500 mm diameter to a position B which is 5 m at a higher level. Ifthe pressures at A and B are 19.62 Nim’ and 14.91 Nicm? respectively, and the discharge is 150 lites/s, determine the loss of head and direction of flow. [Ans. 1.45:m, Flow takes place from A to B] 9. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters 30 cm and 15 cm respectively is used 10 ‘measure the flow of water. The reading of differential manometer connected to inlet and throat is 10 em of mercury. Determine the rate of flow. Take C, = 0.98 [Ans. 88.92 litres/5}Dynamics of Fluid Flow 311] 10, An oil of sp. gr. 0.9 is flowing through a venturimeter having inlet diameter 20 em and throat diameter 10 cm. The oil-mercury differential manometer shows a reading of 20 em. Calculate the discharge of oil, through the horizontal venturimeter. Take C, = 0.98. [Ans. 59.15 litres/s} 11, A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 30 em and throat diameter 15 cm is used to measure the flow of oil of sp. gr. 0.8. The discharge of oil through venturimeter is 50 ltres/s, find the reading of the oil- mercury differential manometer. Take C, = 0.98. Tans. 2.489 om] 12. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 20 em and throat diameter 10 cm is used to measure the flow of water. The pressure at inlet is 14.715 N/em® and vacuum pressure atthe throat is 40 em of mercury. Find the discharge of water through venturimeter. [Ans, 162.539 ft/s) 13. A.30.cm x 15 em venturimeter is inserted in a vertical pipe carrying wate, lowing inthe upward direction. A differential mercury manometer connected to the inlet and throat gives a reading of 30 em. Find the discharge. Take C, = 0.98. Ans. 154.02 livs] 14. [Fin the problem 13, instead of water oi of sp. gr. 0.8 is flowing through the venturimeter, determine the rate of flow of oil in litres Ans. 173.56 livs] 15, The waters lowing through a pipe of diameter 30 em. The pipe is inclined and a venturimeter is inserted in the pipe. The diameter of venturimeter at throat is 15 em. The difference of pressure between the inlet and throat ofthe venturimeter is measured by a liquid of sp. gr. 0.8 in an inverted U-tube which gives @ reading of 40 em. The loss of head between the inlet and throat is 0.3 Himes the kinetic head of the pipe Find the discharge. (Ans. 22.64 ft/s} 16. & 20° 10 om venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe line carrying oil of sp. gr 0.8, the flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of the throat section and entrance section of the venturimeter is 0 em, The differential U-tube mercury manometer shows a gauge defletion of 40 em. Calculate: () the discharge of oil, and (i) the pressure difference between the entrance section and the throat section. Take C= 0.98 and sp. gr. of mercury as 13.6. [Ans.() 89.132 liu, i) 5.415 Neem] 17. Ina 200 mm diameter horizontal pipe a venturimeter of 0.5 contraction ratio has been fixed. The head of water on the venturimeter when there is no flow is 4 m (gauge). Find the rte of flow for which te throat pressure willbe 4 metres of water absolute, Take C, = 0.97 and atmospheric pressure head = 10.3 m of water. [Ans. 111.92 livs] 18. An office meter with orifice diameter 15 em is inserted ina pipe of 30 cm diameter. The pressure gauges fitted upstream and downstream of the orifice meter give readings of 14.715 Néem® and 9.81 Néem? respectively. Find the rate of flow of water through the pipe in ives. Take C= 0.6, [Ans 108.43 livs) 19. If in problem 18, instead of water, oil of sp. gr. 0.8 is flowing through the orifice meter in which the pressure difference is measured by a mercury cil differential manometer on the two sides of the orifice ‘meter, find the rate of flow of oil when the reading of manometer is 40 em. TAs. 122.68 lis] 20, The pressure difference measured by the two tappings of a ptot-static tube, one tapping pointing upstream and other perpendicular to the flow, placed inthe centre of a pipeline of diameter 40 em is 10 cm of water. ‘The mean velocity in the pipe is 0.75 times the cental velocity. Find the discharge through the pipe. Take co-efficient of pitot-tube as 0.98. {Ans. 0.1293 m/s} 21. Find the velocity of flow of an ol through a pipe, when the difference of mercury level ina differential Uctube manometer connected to the two tappings of the pitot-tube is IS em. Take sp. a. of oll = 0.8 and co-efficient of pitot-tube as 0.98, Ans. 6.72 m/s] 22. A sub-marine moves horizontally in sea and has its axis 20 m below the surface of water. A pitotstatie tube placed in front of sub-marine and along its axis, is connected to the two limbs of a U-tube containing mercury. The difference of mercury level is found to be 20 em. Find the speed of sub-marine. Take sp. gr. of mercury 13.6 and of sea-water 1.026 (Ans. 24.958 km/h] 23. 45° reducing bend is connected in a pipeline the diameters atthe inlet and outlet ofthe bend being 40 em and 20 om respectively. Find the force exerted by water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at inlet of bend is 21.58 Niem?, The rate of flow of water is 500 litess. (Ans. 2696.5 N;20°3.5)](312. Fluid Mechanics ] 24. ‘The discharge of water through pipe of diameter 40 cm is 400 litress. Ifthe pipe is bend by 135°, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend. The pressure of flowing water is 20.43 Nien, [Ans. 7063.2 N, @ = 22° 29,9" with x-axis clockwise] 25, A 30 cm diameter pipe carries water under a head of 15 mettes witha velocity of 4 m/s. IF the axis of the pipe tums through 45°, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force atthe bend. [Ans. 8717.5 N, @= 67° 307) 26. A pipe of 20 em diameter conveying 0.20 m°/see of water has a right angled bend in a horizontal plane. Find the resultant force exerted on the bend if the pressure at inlet and outlet of the bend are 22.563 N/em? and 21.582 Nicm® respectively. [Ans. 11604.7 N, @= 43° 54.2') 27. Anozale of diameter 30 mm is fitted to a pipe of 60 mm diameter. Find the force exerted by the nozzle on the water which is flowing through the pipe atthe rate of 4.0 m°/minute [Ans. 7057.7 N] 28, A lawn sprinkler with two nozzles of diameters 3 mm each is connected across & tap of water. The nozzles are at a distance of 40 em and 30 em from the centre of the tap. The rate of water through tap is 100 em'Vs. The nozzle discharges water in the downward directions. Determine the angular speed at which the sprinkler will rotate fre. [Ans. 2.83 rad/s] 29, A lawn sprinkler has two nozzles of diameters 8 mm each atthe end ofa rotating arm and the velocity of flow of water from each nozzle is 12 nv/s. One nozzle discharges water in the downward direction, while the other nozzle discharges water vertically up. The nozzles are ata distance of 40 em from the centre of the rotating arm, Determine the torque required to hold the rotating arm stationary. Also determine the constant speed of rotation of arm, if tis fre to rotate. [Ans. 5.78 Nm, 30 rad/s] 30, A vertical wall is of 10 m in height. A jet of water is issuing from a nozzle with a velocity of 25 m/s. The nozzle is situated at a horizontal distance of 20 m from the vertical wall. Find the angle of projection of the nozzle tothe horizontal so thatthe jet of water just cleats the tap of the wall, [ANs. 79° 55’ or 36° 4’) 31. A fire-brigade man is holding a fire stream nozzle of 50 mm diameter at a distance of | m above the ground and 6 m from a vertical wall. The jet is coming out with a velocity of 15 mis, This jet is to strike a window, situated ata distance of 10 m above ground inthe vertical wal. Find the angle or angles of inclination with the horizontal made by the jet, coming out from the nozzle. What will be the amount of water falling on the window ? [Ams. 79° 16.7" of 67° 3.7”; 0.0294 ms) 32. A window, in a vertical wal, is ata distance of 12 m above the ground level, A jet of water, issuing from ‘a nozzle of diameter 50 mm, is to strike the window. The rate of flow of water through the nozzle is 40 litres/sec. The nozzle is situated at a distance of 1 m above ground level. Find the greatest horizontal distance from the wall of the nozzle so that jt of water strikes the window. Ans. 29.38 m] 33, Explain in brief the working of a pitot-tube, Calculate the velocity of flow of water in a pipe of diameter 300 mm ata point, where the stagnation pressure head is 5 m and static pressure head is 4 m. Given the co- elficient of pitot-tube = 0.97, [Ans, 4.3 m/sec] 34. Find the rate of flow of water through a venturimeter fitted in a pipeline of diameter 30 em. The ratio of iameter of throat and inlet of the venturimeter is *. The pressure at the inlet of the venturimeter Is 13.734 Niem* (gauge) and vacuum in the throat is 37.5 em of mercury. The co-efficient of venturimeter is. given as 0.98. [Ans 0.15 m'/s} 35. A30 cm x 15 cm venturimeter is inserted in a vertical pipe carrying an oil of sp. gr. 0.8, flowing in the upward direction. A differential mercury manometer connected to the inlet and throat gives a reading of 30cm. The difference in the elevation of the throat section and inlet section is 50 em. Find the rate of flow of oil 36. A venturimeter is used for measurement of discharge of water in horizontal pipe line. If the ratio of upstream pipe diameter to that of throat is 2:1, upstream diameter is 300 mm, the difference in pressure between the throat and upstream is equal to 3 m head of water and loss of head through meter is one- eighth of the throat velocity head, calculate the discharge in the pipe. [Ans. 0.107 m/s} 37. A liquid of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing upwards at the rate of 0.08 m’V, through a vertical venturimeter with an inlet diameter of 200 mm and throat diameter of 100 mm. The C, = 0.98 and the vertical distance between pressure tappings is 300 mm. FindDynamics of Fluid Flow 313] 38. 39. (@ the difference in readings of the two pressure gauges, which are connected tothe two pressure tapings, and Gi) the diference inthe level of the mercury columns ofthe differential manometer which is connected to the tappings, in place of pressure gauges. {ns () 42.928 kN/m, (i) 32.3 em] (Bint, = 0.081, d,=200 mm = 0.2m, dy 1m, (00 mm = 098, 2,2 300 mm=03 m,a, = £2") =0.0314 m? 4 Se x fish 007854 m?. Using Find *W'. This valueof = 5.17 m, Now use Now use the formula where {A venturimeter is installed in a 300 mm diameter horizontal pipe line. The throat pipe rates is 1/3. Water flows through the installation. The pressure in the pipeline is 13.783 N/cm’ (gauge) and vacuum in the throat is 37.5 em of mercury. Neglecting head loss inthe venturimeter, determine the rate of flow in the Pipe lin. [Ans 0.153 mvc) 13.783 x 10" Nim? (Hint. d, = 300 mm =0.3 m, dy 3.783 Niem’ Hence pulp X @ = 13.783 x 10°71000 x 9.81 = 14.05 m, pupg = — 37.5 em of Hg =~ 0.375 x 13.6 m of water = 5.1 mof water. Henee f= 14.05 ~ (~5.1) = 19.15 m of water. Value of Cy= 1.0. Now use the formula @= C, Tear ‘The maximum flow through @ 300 mm diameter horizontal main pipe line is 18200 litrefminute, A venturimeter is introduced at a point of the pipe line where the pressure head is 4.6 m of water. Find the smallest dia, of throat so thatthe pressure at the throat is never negative, Assume co-efficient of meter as unity [Ans. d; = 192.4 mm} [Hiint, d, = 300 mm = 0.3 m, @ = 18200 litres/minute = 18200160 = 303.33 litres/s = 0.3033 ms, ppg = 4.6m, psfpg=0. Hence h=4.6 m, Cy= I. dy dia, at throat, Use formula Q= C,-A% 22 5 JP—h and find the value of a; . Then a; Ry FG and find dy} ‘The following ate the data given of a change in diameter effected in laying a water supply pipe. The change in diameter is gradual from 20 em at Ato 50 cm at B. Pressures at A and B are 7.848 N/em? and ‘5.886 Nicm’ respectively with the end B being 31m higher than A. I the flow in the pie line is 200 lites, Find (@ direction of flow, (i) the head lost in friction between A and B. [Ans (9 From A to B, (if) 1.015 m J [Hint, Dy =20 em = 0.2 m, Dy= 50 em = 0.5 m, py = 7.888 Nlem® = 7.848 x 10! Nf? y= 5.886 Nem! = 5.886 x 10 Nim?, Z,=0,Z,=3m,Q=0.2 ms(314 Fluid Mechanics ] a. om 4B. ¥qn0212(2%)=6369 i ye 0228(5) = LOR Ee PX) SE +2, 7.848 x 101000 9.81) + 6369" 981) +0 @ 10.067 m Eps (dD 8) FE + 29% 3.886% 1011000 9.81) +1 O18%2 x 9.81) +3 = 9.052 m) ‘A venturimeter of inlet diameter 300 mm and throat diameter 150 mm is fixed in a vertical pipe line, A liquid of sp. gr. 0.8 is lowing upward through the pipe line. A differential manometer containing mercury gives a reading of 100 mm when connected at inlet and throat. The vertical difference between inlet and throat is 500 mm. If C, = 0.98, then find : (i rate of flow of liquid in litre per second and (i difference of pressure between inlet and throat in Nin! [Ams (8) 100 litres, (i) 15980 Nim] ‘A venturimeter with a throat diameter of 7.5 cm is installed in a 15 em diameter pipe. The pressure atthe entrance to the meter is 70 KPa (gauge) and its desired thatthe pressure at any point should not fall below 2.5 mof absolute water. Determine the maximum flow rate of water through the meter. Take C,=0.97 and atmosphere pressure as 100 KPa UNTU,, Hyderabad 5 2002) [Hint The pressure atthe throat wil be minimum, Hence 22 = 2.5 m (abs, Pe Given 1Sem A, dy=75em «A= 20. 4 = T0kPa= 70 x 10" Nin (gauge). Pn = 100 KPa = 100 x 10" Nin? Py (abs.) = 70 x 10° + 100 x 10° = 170 x 10° Nim? (abs.) BL = 1TO%10 17.35 m of water (abs) pe ~ 1000x937 Now 75488 cm’/s = 75.488 litre/s.] Find the discharge of water flowing through a pipe 20 cm diameter placed in an inclined position, where a venturimeter is inserted, having a throat diameter of 10 em. The difference of pressure between the main and throat is measured by aliquid of specific gravity 0.4 in an inverted U-tube, which gives a reading of 30 cm. The loss of head between the main and throat is 0.2 times the kinetic head of pipe. (Dethi University, Dec. 2002) Hint. Given : d,=20 0m «. a, = =(20°) = 100 rem? ; dy= 10.em +. a= S(10")=25 rem! a Feary FU) $4) «186 10 ism s=204mh=4(1[ Dynamics of Fluid Flow 315] From continuity equation, a,V,=a,¥, oF V; Now os + 28H oo or og + 28H GW og 28 2 Oe or orgs OSIM 9 gy gga HOWE _O8WE_ 1520 2 28 2 tee 0 =A,¥, = E20) 48 15140 ems = 15.4 litres |tate PUSH NVC CMU Tae > 7.1 INTRODUCTION Orifice is a small opening of any cross-section (such as circular, triangular, rectangular etc.) on the side or at the bottom of a tank, through which a fluid is flowing. A mouthpiece is a short length of a pipe which is two to three times its diameter in length, fitted in a tank or vessel containing the fluid. Orifices as well as mouthpieces are used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid. > 7.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORIFICES ‘The orifices are classified on the basis of their size, shape, nature of discharge and shape of the upstream edge. The following are the important classifications : 1. The orifices are classified as smalll orifice or large orifice depending upon the size of orifice and head of liquid from the centre of the orifice. Ifthe head of liquid from the centre of orifice is more than five times the depth of orifice, the orifice is called small orifice. And if the head of liquids is less than five times the depth of orifice, it is known as large orifice. 2. The orifices are classified as ()) Circular orifice, (i) Triangular orifice, (if) Rectangular orifice and (iv) Square orifice depending upon their cross-sectional arcas. 3. The orifices are classified as (j) Sharp-edged orifice and (if) Bell-mouthed orifice depending. upon the shape of upstream edge of the orifices. 4, The orifices are classified as (i) Free discharging orifices and (ii) Drowned or sub-merged ori- fices depending upon the nature of discharge. ‘The sub-merged orifices are further classified as (a) Fully sub-merged orifices and (b) Partially sub-merged orifices. >» 7.3 FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE Consider a tank fitted with a circular orifice in one of its sides as shown in Fig. 7-1. Let H be the head Of the liquid above the centre of the orifice. The liquid flowing through the orifice forms a jet of liquid whose area of cross-section is less than that of orifice. The area of jet of fluid goes on decreasing and at a section C-C, the area is minimum. This section is approximately at a distance of half of diameter of the orifice. At this section, the streamlines are straight and parallel to each other and perpendicular to the 317[318 Fluid Mechanics ] plane of the orifice. This section is called Vena-contracta, Beyond this section, the jt diverges and is attracted in the downward direction by the gravity. i Consider two points 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 7.1. Point Lis ey inside the tank and point 2 at the vena-contracta, Let the flow is 4 | 1 Wa steady and at a constant head H. Applying Bernoull's equation a re poins 1 and 2. © UENtaacta 11 Tank with an orifice. But Now (atmospheric pressure) 48 very small in comparison tov as area of tank is very large as compared to the aren ofthe Je of hig 2e : va= lal 1.) ‘This is theoretical velocity. Actual velocity will be less than this value. H+0=04 > 7.4 HYDRAULIC CO-EFFICIENTS The hydraulic co-efficients are 1. Co-efficient of velocity, C, 2. Covefficient of contraction, C, 3. Covefficient of discharge, Cy. 7.4.1 Co-efficient of Velocity (C,). It is defined as the ratio between the actual velocity of a Jet of liquid at vena-contracta and the theoretical velocity of jet. It is denoted by C, and mathemati cally, C, is given as = Actual velocity of jet at vena -contracta a ‘Theoretical velocity Feat actual velocity, 2H = Theoretical velocity 72) 3 ‘The value of C, varies from 0.95 to 0.99 for different orifices, depending on the shape, size of the orifice and on the head under which flow takes place. Generally the value of C, = 0.98 is taken for sharp-edged orifices.[ Orifices and Mouthpieces 319] 7.4.2 Co-efficient of Contraction (C.). It is defined as the ratio of the area of the jet at vvena-contracta to the area of the orifice. It is denoted by C.. Let a= area of orifice and area of jet at vena-contracta, area of jet at vena-contracta area of orifice Then @ a (73) ‘The value of C, varies from 0.61 to 0.69 depending on shape and size of the orifice and head of liquid under which flow takes place. In general, the value of C, may be taken as 0.64. 7.4.3 Co-efficient of Discharge (C,). It is defined as the ratio of the actual discharge from an orifice to the theoretical discharge from the orifice. It is denoted by C,. If Q is actual discharge and Q,, is the theoretical discharge then mathematically, C, is given as OQ ___ Actual velocity x Actual area ‘, Actual velocity x Actnal area 4 04, Theoretical velocity x Theoretical area Actual velocity Actual area Theoretical velocity” Theoretical arca (y= CXC 5) The value of C, varies from 0.61 to 0.65. For general purpose the value of C, is taken as 0.62. Problem 7.1 The head of water over an orifice of diameter 40 mm is 10 m. Find the actual dis- charge and actual velocity of the jet at vena-contracta. Take C, = 0.6 and C, = 0.98. Solution. Given : Head, H= 100m Dia. of orifice, = 40 mm = 0.04 m Area, a= 08)? = 001256 m? C,=06 Actual discharge _ @ ‘Theoretical discharge But Theoretical discharge = V,, x Area of orifice Vy = Theoretical velocity, where Vy = 2gH = f2x981%10 =14 mis ‘Theoretical discharge = 14 x .001256 = 0.01758 Actual discharge = 0.6 x Theoretical discharge = 0.6 x 01758 = 0.01054 m/s. Ans.[320 Fluid Mechanics ] Actual velocity Theoretical velocity Actual velocity = 0.98 x Theoretical velocity 98 x 14 = 13.72 mvs. Ans. Problem 7.2. The head of water over the centre of an orifice of diameter 20 mm is I m. The actual discharge through the orifice is 0.85 litre/s. Find the co-efficient of discharge. Solution. Given : (i) = C,= 0.98 Dia. of orifice, a= 20 mm = 0.02 m o Area, a= 710.02)" = 0.000314 m* Head, H=1m Actual discharge, Q = 0.85 litres = 0.00085 mls Veh = J2XORTHI= 4.429 mis in X Area of orifice 4.429 x 0.00031. 0.00139 m/s Actual discharge __ 0.00085 charge” 0.00139 ‘Theoretical velocity, Vy s. Theoretical discharge, Q,, Co-efficient of discharge = 0.61. Ans. ‘Theoretical > 7.5 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC CO-EFFICIENTS 7.5.1 Determination of Co-efficient of Discharge (C4). The water is allowed to flow through an orifice fitted to a tank under a constant head, H as shown in Fig. 7.2. The water is collected in a measuring tank for a known time, t. The height of water in the measuring tank is noted down. Then actual discharge through orifice, q.= Mewof measuring tank_ > Height of water in measuring tank Time () and. theoretical discharge = area of orifice x J2@H SUPPLY WATER i MEASURING TANK —*| Fig.7.2 Value of Cx. 27.5)[ Orifices and Mouthpieces 321] 7.5.2 Determination of Co-efficient of Velocity (C,). Let C-C represents the vena- ccontracta of a jet of water coming out from an orifice under constant head fas shown in Fig. 7.2. ‘Consider a liquid particle which is at vena-contracta at any time and takes the position at P along the jet in time “7. Let x= horizontal distance travelled by the particle in time *t = vetieal distance between P and C-C = actual velocity of jet at vent-contracta, Then horizontal distance, x= Vxt wl) and vertical distance, ys hg? i) From equation (), Pe Vv Substituting this value of *? in (i), we get vee ay vi ext 2y But theoretical velocity, Vy = V2eH v_ fer oo +. Co-efficient of velocity, C,= = J xt = ja “ * MO Voy * Bagel Vayll 7.5.3 Determination of Co-effic is determined from the equation (7.4) as (76) int of Contraction (C,). The co-efficient of contraction ChE CXC, G Cat 7.7) cme aa Problem 7.3 A jet of water, issuing from a sharp-edged vertical orifice under a constant head of 100m, at a certain point, has the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates measured from the vena-contracta 44s 20.0 em and 10.5 om respectively. Find the value of C,, Also find the value of C, if Cy= 0.60. Solution. Given : Head, Horizontal distance, Vertical distance,(322. Fluid Mechanics ] The value of C, is given by equation (7.6) as pee 200 20 Jen Ja0Sx100 20.493 ‘The value of C, is given by equation (7.7) as Co 06 . ns. oo Engrg 7 SIT = ONS, Ans. Problem 7.4 The head of water over an orifice of diameter 100 mm is 10 m. The water coming out {from orifice is collected in a circular tank of diameter 1.5 m. The rise of water level in this tank is 1.0 m in 25 seconds. Also the co-ordinates of a point on the jet, measured from vena-contracta are 4.3 m horizontal and 0.5 m vertical. Find the co-efficients, Cy C, and C- Solution. Given : Head, H Dia. of orifice, 4 0.9759 = 0.976. Ans. 0 m 100 mm = 0.1 m ++ Area of orifice, .007853 m? Dia. of measuring tank, = D= 1.5m + Area, Rise of water, Time, Horizontal distance, Vertical distance, y=0.5m Now theoretical velocity, Vj, = y2gH = y2<9BTXIO = 14.0 mis Theoretical discharge, Qj, = Vy X Area of orifice = 14.0 x 0.007854 = 0.1099 m°/s Axh _ 1.76710 Actual discharge, = AEM MIST «07968 y= 2a SS 968A ‘The value of C, i given by equation (7.6) as G lar a GE, = 096. Ans. Cis given by equation (7.7) as C, = G4 = 968 — 9,669, ans. CG 096 Problem 7.8 Water discharge at the rate of 98.2 litres/s through a 120 mm diameter vertical sharp-edged orifice placed under a constant head of 10 metres. A point, on the jet, measured from the vena-contracta of the jet has co-ordinates 4.5 metres horizontal and 0.54 metres vertical. Find the co-efficient C,, C, and C, of the orifice.[ Orifices and Mouthpieces 323] Solution. Given : Discharge, Dia. of orifice, +: Area of orifice, a= 500.127 = 0.01131 m* Head, H=10m Horizontal distance of a point on the jet from vena-contracta, x = 4.5 m and vertical distance, y = 0.54 m Now theoretical velocity, Vi, Theoretical discharge, Qn, = 2g XH = JEX9TXIO = 14.0 mis iy x Atea of oifice 14.0 x 0.01131 = 0.1583 m? Actual discharge __Q _ 0.0982 The value of C, is given by, Cy= —Actual discharge _ _ 2. _ 0.0982. 9.69, Ans, we value Of Cy is given BY. Ca= Te tical discharge ~ Qy, 0.1583 " The value of C, is given by equation (7.6), x 45 Vat J4x054x10 The value of C, is given by equation (7.7) as Ga 062 °C, 0968 Problem 7.6 4 25 mm diameter nozzle discharges 0.76 m’ of water per minute when the head is 60 m. The diameter of the jet is 22.5 mm. Determine : (i) the values of co-efficients C,, C, and C, and (ii) the loss of head due to fluid resistance. Solution. Given : G 968. Ans. = 0.64. Ans. Dia. of nozzle, D=25 mm = 0.025 m ‘Actual discharge, Qe, = 0.76 mfminute = 79 = 0,01267 m*is Head, NOZZLE JET OF Dia. of jet, WATER (0 Values of co-efficients = Co-efficient of contraction (C,) is given by, Area of jet “Area of nozzle Fig. 7.3 £ 2 4d 00225" 981. Ans. pb DP 002s Co-efficient of discharge (C,) is given by, Actual discharge ‘Theoretical discharge 4