Oscillators.

a6e OSog'odclmt ca2 O6azo qQodzti adogfe oDgcozro e:g OFF rleSo L eor C ardeo:
oo:i O1CO,,:nJ) o6cqc o8@:ri
(QrzJBeJOdc,:z::l goE:r} qlaloOr: oges ee.eC<zi CrdcOeJ oecc,:@:rJ,
869co:"i,:zl5 418 AC gEqca:c,:zs-t gOcoq:rJr:cp EarO (Damped) qauE o,3. sOoges Ezr89 8gte.)
e56esdo5d ogc,r esqerar zDQ tD1zD. $c^: DC ocscqc AC cocoarcQ @coOzr' drgo ari-s c5odclO dzsJ zoda-jcoai
gdcc46gzsl oe $ $te8co erio. (6o q9ndO, ogoO ar@ nr6ce e,:9or oqCgr-.; eOn-iOr u)b) n)a?r.L acc C
OOr oO6eJ qcocdod oqCgzo O6oq qnlaO 61oD. es6edcsdj s9o6les es8e-.:nrCO oqC6ao: 89 SgOe
6,qc. 0zlgl OoceCC.) o9os 9€mO O6On qQ<^rd8ai Flyweel Effect ogr.: o1Q::-.oil.
e.l1g@ gnJ g8qcoroc,rzrl gqroceO Oa gEoerCeerc,:nJ
oc.:cQc e1E es6eO q1oBg8. ogoal ee?oeJ 8@ 8oE?rJ oeE e8oiO6 e.or-rsr: Fr--li2 nv't-C
ar.eqcOnl oo:c@1EO oqCgzrc,: esOdOcoou: c^rtg eeqeDe L: H, C: F, Fr:tlz
6,ezlc6oD. L eoc C Epo:rq et6odcezsJ gregoJ oqCgr:
OgcO qnloO g1oF. ogOc esSarczocd g8qcoc.:nl Relaxation Oscillators.
ooa o{.
61eqE9 c:qorr
r.:1@ Qcaled@Odcoar9 RFOcaozoce 08: e8ofo5 :,'.:':-:;1.) Q. -zr,Ee-rO6.
OEoCOdcszrJ q,'n. god oorOoQCOEat ggce oc.:cqr ooc.sio, IC OiCO qoq ..... 5e:-rJ-ef, ocsrQo 67oeJ.
qE 5SO& .^::rJgc,::o@, RF ee.Oucn IF ee"A)c6coo
e.:1O o@Ococd OcdcO oerac.rl@ tcs6rl ncgcsar-
arr r-.1-59
eesS€9 eoqercq. oqJ6z:r ocooQr 61o?ri. Oo6e,:9 Digital qpo 8g 86@ esqercy O5C::;::l -or gsoesCeScezl
o6esd O6q esOzoc adoalq (Clock Pulses) oqC6n oocq8. gEqcacl O8O 6,o69e5 qo-genJ qn6 oqCazre
orioQc c)1obJ. gEqrarc,: ee8mcncdO sotC ar8arcncd oO. pQzaO gOcar Oc:oear dzlzlcorrJ oncOtd
\N\
- "3:"riq
oqzoO o6o{.
*J\hU
1. Bloching Oscillator s98 doJ OSOzo qQc^r6o
ar3 gEoe3i€€; eQcCaloe.
2. Multivibrato r Oscillator OSOzo es6aid oqzoa
oc,:cqc oalarr ead. $zazo gqlar3 qoaom
gBqco:c,:O gdco{.

gom O6qeO0_o0rD_40cl4at.

Al06s0uird O6oeOOO.
dlered oera€c qE O6Ozoc,: 98o6D6c,:ni Ogo.J,
OE q1E Oo grBoerJe{6 qodc,: 6ogcc,:. gEooCelel,c
L2 @dz:: qor6ocs8. o9ce Ticlder Coil oges a1Qz1ot.
OSOn<,: oocg S@Od er6edce8. eooemJOd g8qrare
omrOm oear e;6 --. oqCaat q1a. Ll erc Cl geed e6edce 2MHz ee.d-r:caceO ge,:d
L olc C e;Srrod oo e6odc,:zstO Ogc,rzsl orocO q1a. oDe.:coO gqcaco C2 Oeb'J 6Oco{. gEqcz:rc
e.:7eg 8O oqJgocs qlEe a18oD. oqCgoce OB C3 ordarc b€er e6edceo ocerp szos6. o6o6oc,s€r
qpbrq e.r"drrzroi 87aj. o98 QC qOQc,: O1.8 ezq)r> gSqco:ce 1800 z:rgc @a:eez:J qaE OO 8E?n6zr&n.
o6esdc,:aj qogoc,ral e6oer8ccr: :riolQ@zod on arntce. L2 qa6a ge^rd esSesOceO csc n:d q1E 5er,
qaoa dloocC q16 oSedod edSocs ON nd eloOr: 2MHz gEqcooce:rI oncOeszsJ O@ qodcsC
 Il-----------
output

e1oD.
#'"" L2 c.endocd
ftEOzt oOCglEozlcOc.: goO:s,
[email protected] oeoJ gEOe{O zogcog Bo er1zl. gc,:
qerdcs gaz: eq qc?co ga 6ds;csoO. es6eedcoo
qOaar Opocd Oar gEoesCe<r,c-:g.
$egal qordoc.:af
otlOooJ zsgcO 180o oOarej Oaroed gEpoc
onJgo,
9r^?teeJCdscd^o5aic,:OeToO:;lorr}, oqOdal !esO6oar.e9
c.sO ate coD oOcpgpOcencOc,:g. Oda,,*doO
Qo:rJBaiCdocepnj, qoa:n3 Od qerdoc^rgn} ngrO r€erd
oO. gEoetCe€rrco AC oOC6fEcsoc-Ocsrj -geer,
_*g
Oar es.oi, e18c,:zlc qlEn,dg. qlgeJa Cr_.
1tr
oOCcf3ceorOoo::J praJgadOc5o
CrdcO oo arcsg.
99od ae orc6 qOnel @6s6'Odo.
*Vcc

o98{ zaogzslO6ocd gEqcatcs L2 gEal oDeeocd

E1E gesd eSesd,ceO gOcQ q1o. god o6esdocd qpacq
qoro qeol5 zB6oOaJ seo.t Ct qclci
":tlr?- ^t-l
whrN S0 Or8 86oOaJ
QraJSadO doc,l a} O
oOatejzod oo arlgoD. oesd sgbr
60 atceq, qe. do..:zJ'az:: g Eoe Ce o,c.:
q e6esdc,: oqCa:rce adg. gEqca- 6ci
o6arocoo
earq9_ SoOzs Ordged oeoJ
QcaJ.JsoC@dc.:rsi
6eoo:C6ztd o89a:l zr€er{zil"

@1006 O6oclOdo.
Hartly Oscillator.

1r-
+28Vcc

f =ZMHz /l "*
2MHz, Rt
ourpur
/\ #
tt
Vcz V qt
L2 +28Vcc Ll Eerdcs QeJ zss a*):aocC q€
oOid;3c^:orOsd nerO

+FEEDBACK
oOE{ LC qpacQ es6odocd Ll qe:dc.: Olelzod
I
'Jat socOes8d' Oo: gEoerCe<5c,: gOco{. oOag aes; G AC er"e4co erqeoc FO qgonjoad
1g.,:l ee8c.:
o18ce. $8O Vag ooC6fEceacO,,:, VgioOJglEoore_re
gEoesfuer" qo6cszoJ ooreo. Oledzoda
eq G eddcaceO es9er 1800 ngc ooareesirr} gEog.
crar eslegg ee@OzrJOOa qa6, LZoOCzsJ oocggc^:oD. gAot:le.-.r;c;,_
G eloOm Oar pgei EOcoOQ, ec:rigadodocd olgj.- c_-
eJdaoc^r:rJ 5@cro ard q1E C4, By pass CcOgcr sD. $oO s@c^: C o"Eocd O8Oncenl :-r=:_,
"g,:
 o@lcl€od @€0c1006.
Colrrits Or;cillator.

+28Vcc
o@8 SocrJe a26na ar@, Oc6pa] odqa,
es6eed68:tJ gEoesCe6c.r 6AoQO8. Ll o6toc Ca eoc
Cb ogf6coz:r oOCC8csz:rc oOqm es6esdc,: dleocd oerozsj.
Cb 0r: gEoerCeSc,s oDeeci oobrO eees68. Ca olr Cb
el@OztJO eddcarcs 5@clo ozscO q1o. C2 g6?tl DC
oOCCEcsr:cOcs o5elceo qrQdAo oc:n8' L2 @Ed
9Q6 e6esdc.:O ogidzoO qlQO c,c.roqc q1ta. L3 g8zr}
(RFC o65o<,ti es"d>cn oO&sJ szm8c<,:) e;8€CO6 es'eqcC
esleg@o qlQO Ogzo8.

# FEEDBACK

6doci @4oG006.

Ir-l
Crrystal Oscillator.

OdOeoan ql6 Soeo:L-8SAqL cQBlo.

Piezoelectric Effect. ]-
oes6}O8. o@8 e,gc9car> Q eclc 100000 - 50000 qzsloc
$.So@ e*rOzoc-:z:$ ondg@z:3, 8q9?5J eoC
q@@zs3
aat qa6, o@c^r- geog getcsl8 SdCC q Etr:' $cO32iD
q7E zog8o, O5l S'o or9zsr Og cecqS' arlotr
$adOg<,szo e.s"a)5cboe oOz:es59 1 MHz e.r'dlscr:
8q4zrJ
ozrd"e19 ooC q1o69 €EC zoe8o, geon BQ{o qao g@c<6c^:zsO + lHz zrd0 oO. $edOgc,ro SOAaJ 8SE
Ls)r.O. q1E zod8. Ooee.:@ 8.oc'Oec,s?5J gOcQo9ai qcodCe<6c,:es} gOc ga18O, 'iE sOrooSzo es'Olrrlc,:O
oodg@zsJ (Oeatc,szs}) gtEalg etz?il. sadS9Ezri <,ecal$zoO zo@eoc,:oD. o@c.: go: gid ncgc,:nl r2g Q,
8.oc.O gc,:n1q, qEOa: 8'o.06 oceal oo d89q(O6 ac.enl) qg qald g'd 5.oc.Og<':za elcq8' 8'oc'd3<': Ea:r
q7E89 SoeeC Sqgal qdrco oee^r olQaJoD. o@o6es
roOeor,rnJ, zo@es:r:c3 Seec S.ctt.OgAd SzE oO. o9cs
$c,:rzoc6oJOocd gEdgconJ ogeo $eJogc.e
oqCgzs<^:nJ
LC es6erd<,:zsJ otc ar@lzlO AC oOCCEc^:ncOcezsJ q1E
Ooo<,:zrJ 8c,:@a qeztcq ee'O>cacezo oOzrJOco@6)
oD. LC es6eOc.:zoO Ofu OtA zlc6cer3 $,fOgc": zoOearc
ce"A$nco
$,:ozo68@0 eetaJS<,: eo1n. $3o@ oqfuzs:oe oD. $c,: $oeJ OaJo:rJ -JE q7E gar€ Q qoce 8orce.
oOaradSg goc qQ<,:. @adogc^: gnc 4Ec,:O eprrj 114
8O 1 es9€6 qzsJOc zoea eq 8S@, 88c,:zsi o18co' 6Oo6 @60G06o.
oqCgzo c€{603 (itA9O eOE e1E qczocdcsO o19 oc
1189 zs:d q1a. og8 ffi€6?$9 @.@. 3 zsJ ooC 60 qQoO' TPTG (Tuned Gate Tuned Drain) ozsdg qcO6<6
o9g o1o@ qczocdc.e, 2s16€5z: erlE ts'OnoO al, Qc:rJ8edO6cszsl ocecQc Q1E
(FET) 6edOC g8sCo6c,:zsJ
"-?tf. eson dleocd ogE{ $adogo 9o€ naJnJO
e.r"d>racs Edoc,o zod8. "
qlzsJoD.

@dOcl oo eioooo. *J{.-.0 ercoz:lceai q1E, es9caJndoo qgocQ es6erOcezsl oges

zodol O18aJ
@c,:c zsrd8. @a3o6ce e6Ocdzo<,s25Joed @c,:c
Crvstal Equivelent Circuit ocecQc e1E gEo6COc,e ggO6J oacoO. eftesgO oogSO

"-l
mh
lul
RL C1

1.
LC Ot"E e:6esdcs re&.a Drain OcdcO Id Ee,rc
ftmrl, @ftDo:m craa$oga3 (Shoclr- Excited) (Kiemca
5@O eO:rJ g)6. LC es6odc,: eadtrc dSzr Oa AC
oOCCEceocoo Drain - Gate qtolaJod oc6gc^e OadoeJ
@adogocd 6,0 qgceOoJ, C Oc6pce odoc c,:O
qgcooaJ
o<,:cpoD. o@ Seec @adOgc,: qlal AC dorzocezsJ ogee

C2 Scsc zod8. @eSogocd qEOr: 8.oc'Oec,r LC e6edc^:

oO8 L eoe Ba:ce qoco8. Oc,: @edOSocd p8zo r;@a} Drain OcdcoD ooa:eJ 89 g1E z::d8. 6c,r@nt
q.oc,:8. Cl ic^: e59e-' el8ool qql€p ogl-6oo oc63zs zogcoD gEoeCe<6c^:, $d e6erdce oqCgolce 89 q1E
qr6c":8. R o@8 gEO:qr-rc.: o1?i es@?5lr O19 BO, goc znd8. LC e6esdos $.dogc;cd es'O>caceO OOc ebCescsaJ
ereog qocezs.i O18rl enle:gz:tc eolo&. C2 csp o@8 geog es"Olcr:ceznO gesd zog ga2oE. $8O 8c,o@a zo6c
86@co;odQ oc)6q:ll :qp9 eSog oc6pzo q.6ce8' ee@aa}oc.e q1EoO.

e;slc SEalO ocooq?tr 8esc, gnl gQ Oc6gzo q<f"ad

 RC O6odO6.
RC Oscillators +2SVcc

R4
c1{-
€-ITEEDBACK L--
I ort Put
C1 C2 C3

gO> ee.O>ca OEoCO& olEo@Q LC 's5edc^:

gac SoacgoD. r:pal RC es6eO ozocOeoal ocscqr
ol8o@a} Oo gEoerCecfocen} e2oOa er6Q rogoO rlzoesc
6rl eD7?D. O8O OSoCOd eo"d>o6c.s RC qocszri On
Ede;c,: oO. o@8Q RtCl, R2C2 oc R3C3 c,:6 e6eec)
+Vcc
ozsrcOal4a:8al gEoeiCae;c^: eezoesE. Oc,e $zo oncOes8rrj
?iler q.c:zo 600 SztJ ee.e4cO odO8. Sa@ szocOad
qor:zr} qlECo: ar6c o"3aro 180ooO. o@oees eecqccoaJzlc
qg e$.4)5co oqCezsoe Q, Drain - Gate eodoc 4oc o8sCo& 20Hz 8a 200 l{Hz qm}oc qcoralar oge.:
Oc6gcezsJ Er,:@n gEoesCe<6ca oqoc qOoloD. 6aiOC o3"aDo6lo3?s esSal gczocd oqCgz:c,:m} oarrs:o{. o@E Cl,
oqCazo gac e$dc8 oqCgzo O&oc^:8. o@ esqor eJdcOd C2 at C3 esqeoc oOarad zog eolE Oc6gcemi ocecqc
06 eslesg@zs} ES@ qa>ocaloD. o@ elOen q1E EoaraJ olEo9ai, og8 a:"O>cac,: oOzral zog ernSoD. $oges
e6odocd Qczd8ladOdr,:ni oocQcelE €"joC oqCgzo Rl,R2 or R3 eeqtoo q, oO:::af zog eraE gEodCAc^:aJ
es6€OozsJ oealOc E1r:. ocecqc olEO q, ?D€ erz?o.

\'r Vr v T0
oOreOoCI) 6)@ep OBqeOd
Voltage Control 0scillator

+Vcc

DC Control
Voltage

I oOOiS oqr'(jzD es6esoCa oqrDe?a

es.O>cnc,ss)P oOareot A 6O e:Je z:l
oOC6lEceacOcs sOarad 86s9ai gi5<^r ernn.
o98Q oDdaJO<5 oc^:cqr oEOn (Varicap
Diode) gred e6edocC OrSgn qoc-: oOarad
RF oroo6. LC o6odocd L
oroC C ooa:ei
Out Put ESoOaJ S2a;rq es.d>roc.r oOzrad z:rg
aqn. gOroqa oOCgl8c,rocOc,: Dl arc D2
eg :r1$QO qlEOz: 6esc qerdco @Ea-{
qgod oocoO. Ql O8€clO6 QraB,:dOdc,:8.
Q2 oercg Drain es6eedc,s8. (Source Fol-
lorver). R4 gEqco tocdceS. C2, RF ScqQ@
oc6gc.r 8. (RF Bypass Capacitor). D3
es"e4cO esa$eodo;c,: zod Ql oOo e:oo8.
 o€djs@6qd0q
Wien - Bridse Oscillator.

Negative Feedback
Rl: l50Q

Balance

Ca: rpf
Cb: I pf

Ra: 100Q
Rb: 100Q

Positive Feelback

@r,rq RC gEoerCa<tr, OeGCOelA. o9c,l qOzogzs f : Ll2x (Rbcb)

erc qe?ser: qg oqzo@ 6,elo<,:Cd zs:d op eO8' oO
eeqarc OdOzoc,rnJ Operationl Amplifier ococQc co1€6J' e6esdscJ ocecQc g1E qo<,oal 4pO,
Rl eoc R2 esi'€6 g8oeCedca' $a6 qgc^:O 6Ocoqo: f :
ll2n (RbCb) = ll2n(l01x1x10-6)
qa6 RaCa eoc RbCb gEaJ Oa gEoerCeSc^: gOco{' f=104/2n=1592r{z
Oz:: g8oerCe<6c,r er6erdce oqC6arce zod8. ocecqc oaEoO
Q R2:2R1, Ra:Rb eoc Ca=Cb oees ozr g4
oO.
o98 cs"drczlc,: sOare{ 8690 Ca eoc Rb eeqoc
o98 oqCgoce erE O?tJo?tJ Oa: gEoesCe'Gcs oc esa6l oOz:ed zogefaA, {8dO gEodrOc,:r$ oalC Ca or Cb
gEoeCee;c,r es9cor Oar ee'O>cooc{ce. o@ qOCdooE csqoc oOo:ad aeozE {8oto oc6g ocSzlc ?ilQ eD12$'
Q, e6odc,: 4So addOocd q1o. $a:0 CD odaoc
gEqcr:c,r cs8al qczoc6oO.
oOC6lEc.eaoOcozsl o1E BO8. $EO eo'4l36c3,

odO06o0o6 o6odod.
.'N"{' Multivibrator Oscillators

Ql off
sv -+>
Vct
0v -+> *J-l
Q2 off
sv +>
Vc2
0v --> n"'"".,
g8qcorc.r eood.ad ad"o qcarc<5c.s. o@E iocd R2C2 $€a.:O ooo:ad E6s9:rJ s@E on\off ?siec;
gBedJC;: oOgOO, LC er6esd6?5J ocoQo@zr} gEqc:src'r oOoed zog eo1zo.

o8c: eczacC oq;cs gOcoo eqes:. O6ozs: oqzoE' dzozsr gozr er6erdocd p6l qoaidcoD Ql QcoiSe$Odocd
gqro:cr eoaoel gEqcac.eo cs@oaJooO. $8o $esr OcdoO soox,rr@, Q2 QcalSa$OdcO gO@ gi6@oD <.:8
QuriScdo6ozsl'lrr5:9 oor:oa EO
qoatzsl QcalEdOdcs 8zrp. ocacqc qE gEoesCeoio Ql I OcdcO 6,e69
+$c,rc eo8. tord gsodCocl qes@crrQ Bo Ocdc ooo zoda: qzld, Q2 I ocdco qo9 zsd8. te6zoo Ql
u3?rr ?tre qes@coloD- GOOIE oqCgzo gOcr: ozs:cO (on) es"oae/zr Oa qzrd Q2 (offl q{<.0 zs:dS. C2 a:t
zld"o E6d q1E a6"o 6Oc o16@0 oc':cqc
eozl.l-aj It2 g8rtJ Q2, ON 89 eoqeoc c;rzlOa: zsrce<l Ed<oio
o6. 8EO d85nJ er6ed (Switching Circuits) <'oal8 a68.. C2 Bes6garoS Q2 I o1@dio qlEB Soes
q, SoOzo qzslarO e1oD. CR zocecs?tJ Oo:@ lllCl oc Ocdco ooarcs2g qldo@. oo@ ooae o5oa:c^o8 Q2
6,e6@ OcdcO o6::)c3?:: qrld Ql q$c,:oO. Qcai8edod qpO oOoxS nld@al Eqeooed
$eczod8. eJ<gd arlaF)c,:zsj
Og aoogzsJOdc^oal E ond"adzld"o gczslcdocd adoalq oarc@1E Eesc sgco qladOO6l (Astable : not stable)
EZsoei. ar@al qqal oO.
o98 eqoal a,q<lr' orO, OzsJ eca}Bad-
O6r^e?sJ OcdrO 6o6)c,s?') 8O n:ogzsjOdoc$ oOC6EOocOc! Monostable Multivibrator
5V AO 0V Oo: qod, qoara-J Qczrl8COdocd oDescs
esn.o;, -5V sD. OsoJ O:rJsaJ zoo6aJO6ocd EIO oDc,rc,rO og<,0 ee198Og OzsJ qQc^:dzal ej€d oda}Oocd
es@O:r/8.a Oc6gce qcodCeoice 8o@al og O?rJ dq8. $o:O OnI e{OEc,rzo OcdcO o@:rJ z::d@:rJ esOE.
Qcal8edOdcsal f,cdcO oor:co1O Eesc, Oc6gocd $zd s@ aaJabc,o @o:al 669 csqoc, 8OEaJ gqlo: o.eqcOn}
SgozrJ QcaiSedOdr,: AgltJ 5@ oaOar A1AE. qOo>oE. es"qcCal gOc Qo9ai, OcdcO ooo: s6)cco?rr
QaJBeJOdceaJ i)cdcO ooa<,r1O OE zooezsJodo eoc qQced @cscnlgn:8, Ocdco ooarc^:8al auJoJOo sOarad
-J6Odcs ggodg qOeddcOaJoed efueEco qEc^:. ogoed
zod8.olOa $zl} Ogcezn zotcgceal qOesca:ocJQ, olOat
€1oOa: es"<i" oOC@EcsncOc,: S@ QcaiSedOdco q$cs 9C qOaJOcOO esdoO. zaod OdzsJ gOEZrJ es.qcO
odaJOocd erOnbc ooo c,08. Oc6go Oc,:O csOOaJO €lodo ezrd $C aJc9d oalalOo:;J oOE.
39onB oDeJ gEodCOc,: @EaJ 8es6da<,:O, olOa
8Q{O eno qrot5tu<f,o Om qod, $gEztJ ecaJ8aJodocd Bistable Multivibrator or Flin Flon
obesocd q$dze) e:1e1oeozD o@corocsdg
Qcai8edOdr,:
OcdcO oetoc,o29 8goD. dSOg zoo6aJO6 oOc6Fr,:zmocs ogr,sq @cecdgzsr E6OO 8OE?IJ ee"qcOzsl qOca>
0V Oo qad dg8al qoaal BcaJBeJOdsoJ sDesc,s esa{6 oE. cs"eqcOal oo:ceq 8O eJedo@ dal gQ<,rdzs} Ocdco
qocsO od8@ r8cec dozooaS@ qScsoD. Bcsddrrcs o@6'rco6) ogesq, qoa:al qQc,:d adSdo@ CrdcOooar
eeqeoc ooOo acace dE CR z:lcgcs On Ed<nosO. GtrJf,61:r) gQc,odai oe€ q,
@csc zod8. es.qcO eSAo, gC
qQod adddo@ Ocdeo o6?r o?trcco?r qQc.rdnl ega"q,
FreeRunning orAstableMultivibrator l^l\V({) qoa:zs'l gQ<,r6 aJddog AcdcO oroarcsa gQo6a3 oece q,
o@ adnfOc,sal oOr:cJ zod8. szoozlnj es1O4a:q o@@
esreo:oi eeqeor SOEai ce"qcOn} qOou oarcoD. r:zrJolO<,r oOared oarcoO. oOoteJ OaJoaJ alOa es.eqcOn}
o9o a9abo} gqrar r:oJojOc,o (State) oqfua: ee.Onrac,:O eq Bo8.