PRELIMS - Jose Corazon De Jesus (Hhuseng

REVIEWER IN HUM01 Sisiw)

o Early romantics
(1) Literature in the Philippines o Wrote the early AWIT and
 The history of a nation’s spirit is through KORIDO
its literature  Dodecasyllabic quatrains
 that usually talk about
PRE – COLONIAL colorful tales of chivalry
 Period of the pure culture of the (nobility) made for singing
Philippines and chanting
 Literature during this time revealed our  Awit and Korido were
ancestor’s way of life, belief system, created to distract Filipinos
traditions, norms, and more. from their real lives (Jaime
o It provided temporary curiosity as Biron Polo)
to the existence of things around B. Literary Reform
him - The reform movement emerged with the
 Largely Oral goal of exposing friar oppression and
 Culture of Courtship asserting the rights of the natives
 A love for anything magical - Marked the emergence of essays as
literary form because it was ideal for
 Origins and myths
discussing and disseminating information
 Hero tales, fables, and legends
across
- Jose Rizal
SPANISH OCCUPATION
o Noli Me Tangere
- Literature during this time attempted to
o El Filibusterismo
erase the pre – Hispanic literary works
o It offered new motifs and subjects - Pedro Paterno
o Ninay
on literature
o Emphasis on Christian Doctrine - Rizal and Paterno both employed the art
of realism in their works by realistically
(novenas), senakulo, sarswela
depicting scenes that take place in the real
- Pasyon
world
o An octosyllabic poem that talks
about the trials and tribulations of
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
Christ
- Filipinos were still writing in Spanish
o Reminds people that they are
- In 1920, Filipinos learned the English
sinners and that they should
language. Literary works in the vernacular
practice the art of humility
declined.
- Doctrina Christiana (de la Lengua
Patriotic Theater
Tagala)
- Komedya – theater performances
o First book ever published
characterized by magic and fantasy; the
o Religious narrative poetry post – revolution Filipino wanted the
published for evangelization and narrative to change
description of proper decorum o This signified a cultural awakening
o Printing presses were operated by and further increased resistance to
the missionaries American rule
- “for over three centuries, literature proved
to be an effective tool in the subjugation COMING OF THE JAPANESE
and pacification of the people” (Jaime - English writing was put on halt and only
Biron Polo, Spanish Influence on very few works in Tagalog - mostly
Philippines Literature) sponsored by the Japanese - were
published.
A. Emergence of Secular Works
- Filipinos who could afford European POST COLONIAL LITERATURE
Education started gaining access to o Told stories of Horror about the
printed work which only the missionaries four years of Japanese Occupation
used to have exclusive access to.
 - This period is characterized by great o the portrayal of fictional or non-
confusion, a lack of identity, and a period fictional events through the
of existentialism performance of written dialog
- Schools offered literature and creative - Fiction
writing studies that opened opportunities o created from the imagination, not
for Filipinos presented as fact, though it may be
based on a true story or situation
MARTIAL LAW - Poetry
- This period was characterized by great o a literary art where the evocative
halt in literary creativity and aesthetic qualities of language
- Creative writing outlets for the nationalist are brought out in lieu, or together
movements were stopped with the language’s apparent
meaning.
21ST CENTURY - Non – Fiction
- New directions of poetry emerged o it uses literary styles and narrative
- Writers explored brave topics such as techniques to create factually
gender and rape accurate narratives.
- This was the contemporary period
- Publishing industries also changed. (3) Creative Adaptation
o with technological advances giving A Theory of Adaptation by Linda Hutcheon
rise to the dawn of the eBook and  Storytelling allows for the sharing of ideas
corporate sponsorship igniting and teaching of ideas across cultures
debates about the usefulness of  Common themes can be communicated to
literary prizes and festivals audiences through cultural tradition
o Repeated stories told, but still
(2) Introduction to Literature continue to find a place in our
Literature cultural landscape
- Creative, imaginative, fictional  Adaptations
o Not all literature is fictional
o Re – imaginings in any form of
o Not all fiction is literature parody, translation, remakes, and
- It is not violence on ordinary speech condensation
o A kind of writing that uses o Cannot remain entirely faithful to
language in a peculiar (unusual) its original text (plagiarism may
way arise)
- It is a construct o It must be differed enough from the
o Not religion, not psychology, not original text while still maintaining
sociology, but a STRUCTURE fundamental ideas
o It had its own specific laws, o Becomes an art of appropriating
structures and devices, which were (taking something for one’s own
use) and salvaging (preserving
to be studied in themselves. something) while trying to give new
What makes something literature? meaning to a [literary] piece.
What makes us treat something as literature?
How do we treat something as literature? o NOT ADAPTATION
 We observe the language  Allusion and Music
 We imagine what it is being said Sampling
 We make sense of it  Or any brief usage
of pre-existing text
“Humanities are here to humanize us”
Goal of Literature: Truly Literate Life Reasons for Creating Adaptations
1. economics
Overview of Genres 2. building of culture
- Drama 3. personal interests
4. homage
5. sheer entertainment
 6. social commentary  The pain felt as if a car
kept on hitting me a
Appeal of Adaptation thousand times.
While the pleasing nature of repetition and  Allusion
imitation are part of it, the element of change is o Makes reference to a mythical,
also paramount to adaptation. biblical, historical, cultural, or
literary character, event, place, or
object
 His wife was his Achilles’
What can be changed? heel.
 Apostrophe
o addresses an abstract ideas or
inanimate objects as if they were
alive
 “Twinkle, twinkle, little
star, How I wonder what
you are. Up above the
world so high, Like a
diamond in the sky.”
 Metonymy
o practice of not using the formal
word for a subject, instead,
(4) Literary Devices, Sound Devices, referring to it by using a word that
Narrative Techniques, and Story Elements is closely linked to it
LITERARY DEVICES  The Palace has confirmed
 Practice of using specific words or that the prince really did
phrases that allow the author to give off a have an affair.
particular effect in the piece  Synecdoche
 Simile o uses a part of something to refer to
o Done by the practice of drawing the whole or vice versa
parallels or comparisons between o Fraction of an object is symbolized
two different things by the whole, vice versa.
o Using as or like  Fins kept on swimming
 E.g. He’s got a heart as afloat the sea surface.
hard as a rock.  Oxymoron
 Metaphor o uses contrasting, contradictory
o a subject is implied to be another concepts placed together in a
to draw a comparison between manner that makes sense
their similarities and shared traits  pretty ugly
o using a direct comparison deafening silence
 E.g. Their love story was virtual reality
nothing but a book SOUND DEVICES
chapter.  The practice of using specific words or
 Personification phrases that allow the author to give off a
o Attaching human traits and particular effect in the piece, sound-wise.
characteristics with inanimate  Assonance
objects, phenomena, & animals o Repetition of vowel sounds to
 The leaves outside kept on create internal rhyming within
waving. They seemed to phrases or sentences
be saying goodbye too.  I must confess that in my
 Hyperbole quest I felt depressed and
o using specific words or phrases restless.
that exaggerate and  Anaphora
overemphasize to create a
grander, more noticeable effect
 o Repeating a sequence of words at 1. Setting
the beginnings of neighboring 2. Characters
clauses a. Protagonist - main
 Buying diapers for the b. Antagonist – opposes the
baby, feeding the baby, protagonist
playing with the baby: This c. Round – changes
is what your life is when d. Flat – no change
you have a baby. e. Foil – stock with a twist
 Alliteration f. Stock – stereotypical character
o repetition of the initial consonant 3. Plot
sounds 4. Conflict
 She sells seashells by the a. Man vs. Man
sea-shore b. Man vs. Self
 Onomatopoeia c. Man vs. Nature
o Uses words which imitate or d. Man vs. Society
suggest the source of the sound 5. Theme
that it describes 6. Point of View
 water plops into pond a. First person
splish-splash downhill b. Third Person Limited
c. Third Person Omniscient (alam
NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE naiisip nung character)
 Any specific method or technique used by
(5) Literary Approaches
a literary artist to convey a message and
Literary Theory
achieve a particular effect.
- Study of how principles which inform how
 Flashback
critics make sense of the literary work
o a short part of a film, story, or play
- approach begins with the simple but
that goes back to recall the events
central insight that literature is written
in the past
by actual people and that
 Foreshadowing
understanding the author’s life can
o occurs in a literary text when the help the readers understand the text
author gives clues and hints about more.
what is to come in the story - The ultimate source of meaning is the
 In Medias Res author.
o the practice of beginning an epic or o The text is an extension of the
other narrative by plunging into a writer’s aspiration, feelings,
crucial situation that is part of a inspiration, and imagination
related chain of events - biographical critic must be careful not to
 Deus Ex Machina take the biographical facts of a writer’s life
o a person or thing appears or is too far. The focus is still on criticizing the
introduced into a situation work, not the author’s life
suddenly and unexpectedly to
provide solution to an apparently
insoluble difficulty
 Plot Twist
o an unsuspected occurrence or turn
of events in the story that
completely changes the direction
or outcome of the plot from the
direction it was likely to go

STORY ELEMENTS
 These essential elements keep the story MARXIST APPROACH
running smoothly and allow the action to - This approach attempts to recognize the
develop in a logical way that the reader struggle between societal classes within
can follow. the text
 - Class struggle originates out of the - Refuse to accept reality or facts
exploitation of one class by another - Block external events
throughout history. Critics are interested in - Avoiding painful feelings or events
how the lower or working classes are
oppressed in everyday life. 2. Repression
- Unconsciously choose to hide the
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY unsavory thoughts, painful memories, or
- It argues that literary texts, like dreams, irrational beliefs
express the secret unconscious desires - Hiding in hopes of forgetting about them
and anxieties of the author (or the entirely
characters within the text).
- One may psychoanalyze a particular 3. Regression
character within a literary work, but it is - Some people who feel threatened or
usually assumed that all such characters anxious may unconsciously escape to an
are projections of the author's psyche. earlier stage of development
- Cry, tantrums, etc
CATHARSIS (Freud)
- Process of releasing, and thereby 4. Displacement
providing relief from, strong or repressed - You’re transferring your emotions from the
emotions person or situation that is the target of
your frustration to someone or something
else (of lesser authority) entirely. 

5. Sublimation
- It occurs when you transform your
conflicted emotions, unmet desires or
unacceptable impulses into productive
outlets.

6. Rationalization
- In the simplest terms, rationalization
Reasons and Good Sense (EGO) occurs when you try to explain your bad
Although it lacks the strong vitality of the behavior away.
id, it has the regulating abilities to regulate the
instinctual drives of the id so that such instincts 7. Projection
can be released safely and in a nondestructive - Often occurs when unwanted feelings are
manner. displaced onto another person
o E.g. We feel like a person who we
dislike, dislike us also
The Untamed Passion (ID)
Source of all pleasure and desire; does
GENDER – BASED APPROACH
not have a notion of good and evil, only driven by
- Gender-based approach views literature
the aggression to be satisfied. The id has the
as a representation of gender prejudice
potential to lead us to destruction and even self-
through means such as objectification and
destruction, if it will not be controlled by the ego
gender stereotypes.
and superego.
Feminism Theory
Conscience and Pride (SUPER EGO) - The advocacy of women's rights on which
The moral censoring zones. Through itself opposes all forms of exclusion,
or through the ego, the superego blocks off and suppression, and exploitation of women.
thrusts back into the unconscious those impulses Masculinist Theory
toward pleasure that society regards as - A relatively new comer to the field of
unacceptable. gender studies, this theory challenges the
many ways man is seen in the society.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (Freud) Queer Theory
1. Denial
 - A set of ideas based around the idea that
identities are not fixed and do not
determine who we are.
- Inclusion
- There is no set normal, only changing
norms that people may or may not fit into;
disrupts binaries in hopes that this will
destroy difference as well as inequality.
Current Genders under the Queer Theory
1. Platinum Gay (never touched a vagina
before even at birth)
2. Pansexual (attracted to all genders)
3. Bisexual (attracted to both male and
female)
4. Butch (lesbian of masculine appearance
or behavior; crossdresser)
FORMALISM
- Refers to the style of inquiry that focuses,
almost exclusively, on features of the
literary text itself, to the exclusion of
biographical, historical, or intellectual
contexts.
- The form of the work of literature is
inherently a part of its content, and that
the attempt to separate the two is
fallacious.
DEFAMILIARIZATION
- Language is used in such a way that
ordinary and familiar objects are made to
look different. It is a process of
transformation where language asserts
its power to affect our perception.

What things are considered as part of a text’s

form?
1. Language – concerning the use/choice of
words.
2. Meter or rhythm – long and short
patterns, the choice of which syllables are
stressed and unstressed. Involves
repetitions too.
3. Grammar – may include capitalization and
punctuation marks, repetition in
characters.