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The Capital Asset Pricing Model

The document discusses the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). It introduces CAPM, the market portfolio, beta risk, and the CAPM equations. It then provides more details on the market portfolio, including total market indexes that can serve as proxies. It also discusses the capital market line and derivation of the beta risk factor in CAPM. The key concepts covered are how CAPM calculates expected return based on beta and the risk-free rate, the market portfolio represents optimal risk for investors, and beta measures the risk of an asset relative to the market.

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Thái Nguyễn
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
71 views27 pages

The Capital Asset Pricing Model

The document discusses the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). It introduces CAPM, the market portfolio, beta risk, and the CAPM equations. It then provides more details on the market portfolio, including total market indexes that can serve as proxies. It also discusses the capital market line and derivation of the beta risk factor in CAPM. The key concepts covered are how CAPM calculates expected return based on beta and the risk-free rate, the market portfolio represents optimal risk for investors, and beta measures the risk of an asset relative to the market.

Uploaded by

Thái Nguyễn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The

 Capital  Asset  Pricing  Model    


Learning  Objec-ves    
2

¨  The  capital  asset  pricing  model  


¤  Expected  return  on  equity,  rE  

¤  Cost  of  equity,  kE  

¤  The  simplest  and  most  widely  used  model  for  this  
computa-on  
¨  The  market  porBolio  
¨  Beta  risk  

¨  Note:  The  CAPM  model  uses  expected,  mean  rates  

of  return  and  variance  over  some  planning  period  


¤  r  and  σ2  are  used  generically      
CAPM  Equa-ons  From  Topic  4  
3

E[rE ]  =  rF  +    β·∙(E[rM ]  -­‐  rF )

E[rE ] − rF
β=
E[rM ] − rF
E[ΔS] E[S t+1 − S t ] E[S t+1 ] − S t
E[rE ] = = =
St St St
CAPM  Equa-ons  from  Topic  4  
4

E[S t +1 ]
St =
1 + kE
E[S t +1 ]
St =
1 +  rF +  β ⋅ (Ε[rM ] − rF )
CAPM  Expected  Returns  
5

¨  In  topic  10  we  wrote    


¤  ri  =  rF  +  βi  (rM  –  rF)  

¨  Expected  returns  on  the  i  equity  security:              


th

~N(ri,  σi)  
¨  Expected  returns  on  the  market  porBolio:            

~N(rM,  σM)  
¨  Expected  returns  on  a  porBolio:  ~N(rP,  σP)  

¨  Returns  on  the  risk  free  security:  rF  ,  σF=0  

 
 
Market  PorBolio  
6

¨  As  more  risky  assets  are  considered,  the  fron-er  of  


op-mal  porBolios  expands  

rP  

Increasing  M  

σP  
The  Market  PorBolio  
7

M  
rM  

 
rF  
Finally  all  investable  risky  assets  
are  included  and  the  op&mal  
fron-er  becomes  the  efficient  
fron-er  
 
σM  

The  market  porBolio  is  the  op-mal  risky  asset  when  all  investable  risky  assets  
are  included.    The  market  porBolio  weights  are  defined  by  the  rela-ve  total  
equity  values  (market  capitaliza-ons)  of  the  risky  assets.
Market  PorBolio  Proxies    
8

¨  Total  Market  PorBolio  for  U.S.  stocks  


¤  46%  of  global  market  porBolio  
¤  Wilshire  5000  or  MSCI  Broad  Index  
n  ~6,700  stocks  and  99.5%  of  U.S.  equi-es    
n  Capitaliza-on  weighted  
n  Mutual  fund:  VTSMX  
n  ETF:  VTI      (3,607  stocks)  
¨  Total  World  Market  PorBolio  Ex  U.S.  stocks  
¤  54%  of  global  market  porBolio  
¤  VEU      (2,197  stocks)  
¨  Typical  Market  PorBolio  for  U.S.  stocks  
¤  S&P  500  
n  Mutual  fund:  VFINX  
n  ETF:  SPY    
Market  PorBolio  Proxies  
9
Market  PorBolio  Proxies  
10
The  Market  PorBolio    
11

¨  The  op-mal  risky  porBolio  on  the  efficient  fron-er  given  a  
risky  free  asset  is  the  market  por2olio,  M    
¤  The  sum  total  of  what  all  investors  own  must  be  op-mal  
¤  Investors  are  ra-onal,  have  all  available  informa-on,  have  the  same  
investment  horizon  and  sta-s-cal  return  es-mates,  use  mean-­‐
variance  op-miza-on,    
¤  More  will  be  said  on  ‘ra-onal’    and  ‘informa-on’  in  topic  12  
¨  It  is  ra-onal  for  investors  to  hold  the  market  por2olio  as  their  risky  
asset  along  with  the  risk  free  asset  
¤  54%  VEU  
¤  46%  VTI  

All investable assets → All tradeable assets → Equity assets globally →


U.S. total stock market index → S&P 500 index
Sharpe  Ra-o  and  CML  
12

¨  Capital  Market  Line  (CML)  connects  the  risk  free  


asset  and  the  market  porBolio  

CML   ST  
r   SM   CAL  
M
T  
rF  

σ  
Capital  Market  Line  
13

CML  
Market  PorBolio  
rM  

ri  
Si   CAL  
SM   Si  =  (ri  –  rF)  /  σi  

rF   Sharpe  ra-o  
SM  =  (rM  –  rF)  /  σM   for  asset  i  
Sharpe  ra-o  for  
market  porBolio  
σM   σi  
Deriva-on  of  the  Beta  Risk  Factor  
14

¨  Calculate  porBolio  variance  


¤  Split  into  market  propor-onal  variance  and  firm  specific  variance  
M M
σ =∑ 2
P ∑w ⋅ w ⋅ σ i j ij
σ ij ≡ βiβ jσ M2 + σ εij
i=1 j=1

M M
σ εij ≡ σ ij − βiβ jσ M2
σ   P2 = ∑ ⋅ (β ⋅ β ⋅ σ 2
∑ i j i j M +σεij )
w w
  i=1 j=1

M M M M
2 2
σ =∑ P
i=1
∑w w β β σ + ∑ ∑w w σ
j=1
i j i j M
i=1 j=1
i j εij
Deriva-on  of  the  Beta  Factor  
15

M M M M
¨  Split    σP2 = ∑          ∑
       w      j  β    i  β   jσM2   + ∑ ∑
     i  w   wiw jσ   εij    

i=1 j=1 i=1 j=1


 
  Market  propor-onal    Firm  specific  

  ⎛⎜ M M M
⎞ ⎛ M
⎟ ⎜ M M
⎞
⎟
σ  P2 = ⎜ ∑ w2iβ2iσM2 + ∑ ∑ wiw jβiβ jσM2 ⎟ + ⎜ ∑ w2iσ2ε + ∑ ∑ wiw jσε i ij ⎟
⎜ i=1 i=1 j=1 ⎟ ⎜ i=1 i=1 j=1 ⎟
  ⎝ j≠ i ⎠ ⎝ j≠ i ⎠
     variance                covariance                                        variance            covariance  
¨  Firm  specific  covariance  is  assumed  zero.  Split  the  

variances  and  covariances    


M M M
σP2 = ∑ w2i (β2iσM2 + σ2εi ) + ∑ w w
∑ i jijM
β β σ 2

i=1 i=1 j=1


j≠ i
Deriva-on  of  the  Beta  Factor  
16

M M M
2 2 2 2 2 2
σ = ∑ w (β σ + σ ) + ∑
P i i M εi w w
∑ i jijM
β β σ
i=1 i=1 j=1
j≠ i

2 2 2 2
σij = βiβ jσM2
Systemic    
σ =β σ +σ
i i M εi
risk  only  
2
Systemic  and     σiM = β β σ i M M
non-­‐systemic     2
(firm  specific)    
σiM = β σ i M
risk   σiM
βi = 2
σM
Deriva-on  of  the  Beta  Factor  
17

σiM
βi = 2
σM
Sub  into  CAPM  formula   Price  of  risk  

ri − rF rM − rF
σiM = 2
ri = rF + 2 (rM − rF ) σiM σM
σM
σiM = ρiMσi σM
σi
βi = ρiM
σM
PorBolio  Beta  Deriva-on  
18

σ PM
βP = 2
σM
cov(rP ,rM )
βP = 2
σM
M
cov(∑ w iri ,rM )
βP = i=1
2
σM
M M
∑ w cov(r ,r
i i M ) βP = ∑ wi ⋅ βi
βP = i=1
2
i=1
σ M
M

∑ (w σ i iM )
βP = i=1
2
σM
Security  Characteris8c  Line    
19

15.0%
Plot  of  Walmart  
vs.  SPX  excess    
10.0% returns  from  Jan  
2001  to  Nov  2005  
(r  –  rF)   β=.637  
5.0% α=.0003  
SCL  
β
0.0%
-12.5% -10.0% -7.5% -5.0% -2.5% 0.0% 2.5% 5.0% 7.5% 10.0%
Ordinary  Least  
-5.0% Squares  
Assump-ons  
εk
-10.0% εk ~ N(0, σ 2ε )
cor(ε k , ε k +1 ) = 0
-15.0%
σ2i = β2iσM2 + σ2εi
(rM  –  rF)                      
(r − rF ) = β(rM − rF ) + α + εk
Security  Characteris-c  Line  
20

 (r  –  rF  )  

(r – rF ) = β(rM – rF ) + α + εk   εk
β
β·∙(rM  –  rF  )

(rM  –  rF  )

εk ~ N(0, σ 2ε )
E[εk ] = 0
CAPM  Model  
21

•   α  assumed  zero  ex-­‐ante  


• Excess  returns  only  from  
taking  β  risk  
•  α  may  be  non-­‐zero  ex-­‐post  
•   non-­‐random  excess  returns   (r  –  rF  )k  
from  taking  firm  specific  risk  
• A  random  component  of  excess  
εk
β
return  will  be  present  ex  post      

β·∙(rM  –  rF  )k

(rM  –  rF  )k

σ2i = β2iσM
2
+ σ2εi
β2iσM2 β2iσM2
ex − ante : (r − rF ) = β(rM − rF ) R = 2 = 2 2
2

σi βi σM + σ 2εi
ex − post :  (r − rF ) = β(rM − rF ) + α + εk Yahoo  
Finance  
SML  ex-­‐ante  
22

CAPM  with  β  as  the  horizontal  coordinate  


According  to  CAPM,  fairly  priced  assets  lie  along  the  SML  

r  
TM  
ri − rF rM − rF
TM = =
rM   βi βM
βM = 1
ri  
ri − rF = βi ⋅ (rM − rF )

rF  

βi   βM β
SML  ex-­‐post  
23
r
According  to  CAPM  if    
rM   M  
αi  <  0,  the  asset  is  
under-­‐priced  assets   overpriced  and  should  
ri   rF+βj(rM-rF) be,  shorted,  or  under-­‐
αi weighted    (Ti  <  TM)  
-αj
rF+βi(rM-rF) α i  >  0,  the  asset  is  
underpriced  and  
rj   should  be  bought  or  
over-­‐weighted  (Ti  >  TM)  
over-­‐priced   α i  =  0,  the  asset  is  fairly  
rF  
assets     priced  according  to  
CAPM  (Ti  =  TM)  
βi   βj   βM   β

CAPM  parameter  interpreta-on    
24

¨  A  high  posi-ve  beta  for  an  asset  has  the  following  
interpreta-on.  
¤  The  asset  will  have  large  price  swings  driven  by  market,  SPX,  
movements  
¤  The  asset  will  increase  the  risk  in  the  investor’s  porBolio    
¤  The  investor  will  expect  a  high  return  
¤  The  asset  will  outperform  in  a  rising  market    

¨  Various  studies  show  that  posi-ve  alpha  is  open  associated  
with    
¤  Low  β  stocks  
EB
¤  High              (value  stocks)  
E
¤  Small  cap  stocks  
¤  High  dividend  yield  stocks  
Implica-ons  of  CAPM  
25

¨  The  market  price  of  risk  is  the  same  for  all  properly  priced  
securi-es  and  porBolios    
¨  Investors  will  choose  to  hold  combina-ons  of  the  market  
porBolio  and  the  risk  free  asset  
¨  The  market  porBolio  is  on  the  efficient  fron-er  
¨  Only  systema-c  risk  is  priced  into  an  asset    
¨  For  an  individual  stock,  the  only  risk  that  brings  excess  
return  is  the  risk  that  the  stock  contributes  to  the  market  
porBolio.  
CAPM  Model  Assump-ons  
26

Market  Assump8ons  
1.  All  assets  globally  are  traded  (can  be  shorted)  and  divisible    
2.  For  every  borrower,  there  is  a  lender  &  supply  =  demand    
3.  There  is  a  riskless  security    
4.  No  taxes  and  transac-on  costs    
5.  Investors  are  price  takers    
6.  Assets  returns  normally  distributed  (characterized  by  two  parameters)  
7.  All  investors  borrow  and  lend  at  the  riskless  rate  
Investor  assump8ons  
1.  Ra-onal,  risk  averse  and  maximize  expected  u-lity  of  return  
2.  U-lity  is  perceived  as  risk  adjusted  return  
3.  Risk  measured  as  standard  devia-on  of  return  
4.  Single  period  -me  horizon  
5.  Homogeneous  sta-s-cal  return  expecta-ons  
 
Essen-al  Concepts  
27

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