Chapter

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 Learning
Objectives
1. Differentiate between the five basic types of system units.
2. Describe system boards, including sockets, slots, and bus lines.
3. Recognize different microprocessors, including microprocessor
chips and specialty processors.
4. Compare different types of computer memory including RAM,
ROM, and flash memory.
5. Explain expansion slots and cards.
Computing Essentials

6. Describe bus lines, bus widths, and expansion buses.

7. Describe ports, including standard and specialized ports.
8. Identify power supplies for desktop, laptop, tablet, and mobile
devices.
9.
2017

Explain how a computer can represent numbers and encode

characters electronically. 2
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 Introduction

• Speed, capacity, and flexibility

determine the power of personal
computers.
• Knowledge of a computer’s power allows
you to make good buying decisions and to
Computing Essentials

determine if your current system will run

new applications.
• Competent end users need to understand
the functionality of the basic components
2017

of the system unit

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 System Unit

System Chassis
• Container that houses most of the electronic
components that make up a computer
system
Computing Essentials

System Unit
• Contains system’s electronic components
and selected secondary storage devices
2017

4
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 System Unit Types

1. Desktops
Sunit: In a separate case
Tower Units (Desktop)
All-in-Ones (Apple)
All components including monitor

2. Laptops
Computing Essentials

Portable and much smaller

Sunit: Housed with secondary storage +
input device
Ultrabooks – laptop and tablet in one
Two in one laptop
2017

Gaming laptop – high end graphics

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 System Unit Types cont.

3. Tablets
Mini tablet
Sunit: behind the monitor
4. Smartphone
Most popular device – handheld computer
Computing Essentials

Extend the capabilities of cell phones

SUnit: Behind the display screen
5. Wearables
Contain embedded computers on a chip
2017

Sunit: Behind the device

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 Components

• Although all devices

come in many
shapes and sizes
they have
similarities such as
• System boards
• Microprocessors
Computing Essentials

• Memory
2017

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 System Board

System board or mainboard or

motherboard controls
communication for the entire
computer system
• All components and devices
connect to the system
Computing Essentials

board
• Acts as data path and traffic
monitor
• Allows various components to
communicate efficiently with one
2017

another
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 Sockets and
Chips
The system board contains a
variety of electronic
components
• Sockets – the
connection point for
chips
Computing Essentials

• Chips
• Tiny circuit boards
etched onto squares of
silicon
• Also called silicon chip,
2017

semiconductor, or
integrated circuit
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 Slots and Bus Lines

Additional system board components:

• Slots
• Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards
• Provide expansion capabilities for the computer
• Bus lines
• Connecting lines that provide pathways to support
Computing Essentials

communication among electronic components

2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Microprocessor

• Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Processor

• Contained on a single chip call a
Microprocessor
• Brains of the computer
• Two Basic Components of the CPU
• Control unit
Computing Essentials

• Tells the computer system how to carry out a

program’s instruction

• Directs and coordinates most of the operations

2017

• Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

11
• Performs arithmetic and logical operations
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Microprocessor

List out two leading manufacturers of personal

computer processor chips:
1. ??
2. ??
 Relationship between Memory,
Processor, Storage, Input andOutput
Devices
• When user starts a program, its
instruction transfer from a storage
device to memory.
• Data needed by programs enters
memory from either an input device or
a storage device.
• The control unit interprets and
executes instructions in memory, and
Computing Essentials

the ALU performs calculations on the

data in memory.
• Resulting information is stored in
memory, from which it can be sent to
an output device or a storage device
for future access as needed.
2017

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 Processor Machine
Cycle
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic
operations, which comprise a machine cycle.
Computing Essentials
2017

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 Microprocessor Chips

• Chip processing capacities are expressed in

word size
• A Word is the number of bits that can be accessed
at one time by the CPU: 16, 32 or 64
• The more bits in a word, the more data a computer
can process at one time. (How much?)
Computing Essentials

• Chip processing speed (Clock Speed)

• Processing speed or the number of times the CPU
fetches and processes data or instructions in a
2017

second. (How fast)

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 Microprocessor Chips

• The processor relies on the system clock to

control the timing of all computer operations

• The pace (rate) of the system clock is called

the clock speed, number of ticks per second
and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
1 GHz = one billion ticks per second
2 GHz = ?
Computing Essentials

3 GHz = ?

• The faster the clock speed, the more

instructions the processor can execute per
second
2017

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 Multicore Chips

• Multicore Processors
• Two or more separate and independent CPUs within a
system unit
• Quad-core supports 4 core processes
• To be effective - Parallel Processing
• Computer’s ability to divide tasks into parts
that can be distributed across each core
Computing Essentials

• Windows 8 and Mac OS X support parallel processing

2017

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 Specialty Processors

• Coprocessors
• Designed to improve specific computing operations
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) / Graphics
coprocessors
• Designed to handle a variety of specialized tasks and
fast processing
Computing Essentials

• 3D images
• Encrypting data
• Standard features in gaming computers
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
Microprocessor

Name the two components of microprocessor.

a. ??
b. ??
 Memory

• Holding area for data, instructions, and

information
• Contained on chips connected to the system
board
• Reside on a memory module and are inserted into
Computing Essentials

memory slots
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Memory

• Three well-known memory chips:

• RAM
• Random Access Memory Volatile (Temporary)
• Cache
• Virtual
• ROM Non volatile (Permanent)
Computing Essentials

• Read Only Memory

• Flash Memory
2017

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 Memory
• The system unit contains two types of
memory:

Volatile Non volatile

memory memory
Loses its contents
Does not lose contents
Computing Essentials

when power is
turned off when power is removed
Example includes Examples include
RAM, cache ROM
memory and virtual
and flash memory
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 RAM

• Random Access Memory

(RAM) chips hold programs and
data that the CPU is presently
processing
• Volatile or temporary –
contents are lost when
computer is powered off
Computing Essentials

• Data and information can be

updated
2017

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 RAM

• Cache memory – temporary,

high-speed holding area
between the memory and CPU

• Speeds the processes of the

computer because it stores
frequently used instructions and
Computing Essentials

data

• Additional RAM can be added

using an expansion module
called a DIMM (Dual in-line
memory module)
2017

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 RAM continued

Virtual memory
A memory management capability that allow a computer
to compensate for physical memory shortage by
temporarily transferring data from random access
memory (RAM) to disk storage.
Computing Essentials
2017

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 RAM continued

• Each location in memory has an address (a unique number)

• To access data or instructions, the computer references the addresses that
contain bytes of data

• Memory size is expressed/measured in bytes:

• kilobytes (KB )
Computing Essentials

• megabytes (MB)
• Gigabytes (GB)
• terabytes (TB)
2017

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 ROM

• Read-only memory (ROM)

• Permanent data and instruction stored by the
manufacturer
• Non-volatile and cannot be changed
• CPU can read or retrieve data and programs
in ROM but the computer cannot change ROM
Computing Essentials

• Contain special instructions

• Start the computer
• Access memory
• Handle keyboard input
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Flash
Memory
• Flash memory combines of the features of:
• RAM, it can be updated
• ROM, it is non-volatile

• Stored startup information/instruction

Computing Essentials

• BIOS (basic input/output system)

• Amount/size of RAM
• Type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage
devices connected
2017

Many ROM chips are being replaced by flash memory

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Memory

Type Use

RAM Program and data

ROM Fixed start-up instructions

Computing Essentials

Flash Flexible start-up instructions

2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Expansion Slots and Cards

Expands your system’s

capabilities:

• Graphics cards - for high quality

3D graphics
• Network Interface Cards (NIC)
Computing Essentials

- connect devices to networks

via cables
• Wireless network cards - connect
devices to networks without
cables
2017

• SD cards - Expansion cards for

mobile devices
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 Bus Lines / Buses (How the bit travel)

• Pathway for bits representing data and

instructions
• Connect/link parts of the CPU to each other
and various other components on the
system board
• Bus width (multilane highway)
Computing Essentials

• Number of bits that can travel

simultaneously down a bus
• More lane/width, more efficient
2017

• Architecture and design are tied to the

speed and power for the computer
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 Bus Lines / Bus

• Two basic categories of buses

• System buses – connects CPU to memory

• Expansion buses – connects CPU to

Computing Essentials

other components including

expansion slots
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Expansion
Buses
Principle types:
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Connects external USB devices onto the USB bus
• FireWire
• Primarily used to connect audio and video equipment to
the system board
Computing Essentials

• PCI Express (PCIe)

• For most powerful computers
• Single dedicated path for each connected device
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Ports

Socket for connecting external

devices to the system unit
• Ports connect directly
• To the system board
Computing Essentials

• To cards inserted into slots on

the system board
• Two Types
• Standard Ports
2017

• Specialized Ports
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 Ports (PC)
Computing Essentials
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Ports (Laptop)
Computing Essentials
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Standard Ports

• USB
• Keyboards, mice,
printers, storage devices
• Ethernet
• High speed networking
Computing Essentials

• HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface

• High definition video and audio
• Thunderbolt
2017

• Provides high-speed connections

• Can connect up to 7 separate devices through 1
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Specialized
Ports
• External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
(eSATA)
• High-speed connection for external secondary storage
• Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
• Connect musical instruments, e.g ?
Computing Essentials

• Mini DisplayPort (MiniDP or mDP)

• Connection to large monitors
• VGA & DVI
• Connections to analog and digital monitors, e.g Projector
2017

• FireWire
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Cables

• Used to connect external devices to the

system unit via the ports
• One end of the cable is attached to the device
and the other end has a connector that is
attached to a matching connector on the port
Computing Essentials
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Making IT Work for You ~ TV
Tuners
• Using Windows Media Center as a DVR
• Install TV Tuner to connect your antenna or cable to
your computer
Computing Essentials
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Power Supply

• Computers require direct current

(DC) power converting
alternating current (AC) from
wall outlets or batteries
• Desktop computers have a
power supply unit in the system
Computing Essentials

unit
• Laptops use AC adapters in the
system unit
• Tablets and mobile devices use
internal AC adapters
2017

• Smartphones can use

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wireless charging platforms posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Electronic Data and
Instructions
• Digital electronic signals
• In one of two states: on or off
• Recognized by computers
• Analog signals
• Continuous signal vary in strength
and quality
Computing Essentials

• Created by voices
• Conversion must take place from
analog to digital before
processing can occur
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Numeric
Representation
• Two-state binary system consists
of only two digits called bits
• On = 1; presence charge
• Off = 0; absence charge
• Byte = 8 bits grouped together as
a unit. A byte represents a single
Computing Essentials

character in the computer

• Hexadecimal system
• Uses 16 digits to represent
2017

binary numbers
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)
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 Numeric
Representation
Computing Essentials
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Character Encoding
Character encoding standards – a unique sequence of binary representation
of a particular letter, number or special character. It is used to facilitate
communication among computers by using a common language code .

Types of Character Encoding:

• ASCII
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
• The most widely used coding scheme to represent data
Computing Essentials

• Used by personal computers

• EBCDIC
• Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
• Used by mainframe computers
• Unicode
2017

• New encoding due to explosion of the Internet

• Uses 16 bits
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 A Look to the Future

• Wearable computers
• Send and receive email
while jogging
• Maintain your
Computing Essentials

personal schedule
book
• Remember the names
of people at a party
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
QUIZ YOURSELF

1. This container houses most of the electrical

components for a computer system.

a. chip carrier c. system unit

b. system board d. Unicode
QUIZ YOURSELF

2. The most popular mobile device.

a. all-in-one c. smartphone
b. desktop d. ultrabook
QUIZ YOURSELF

3. The mainboard or motherboard is also known as

the:

a. computer c. mobile system

b. board processor d. system board
QUIZ YOURSELF

4. How many bytes can a 32-bit-word computer

access at one time?

a. 1 c. 8
b. 4 d. 16
QUIZ YOURSELF

5. In a personal computer system, the central

processing unit is typically contained on a
single:

a. bus c. module
b. chip d. RAM
QUIZ YOURSELF

6. This type of memory divides large programs into

parts and stores the parts on a secondary
storage device.

a. direct c. random-access
b. expanded d. virtual
QUIZ YOURSELF

7. Also known as NIC, this adapter card is used to

connect a computer to a(n):

a. AIA c. graphics
b. expansion d. network
QUIZ YOURSELF

8. This provides a pathway to connect parts of the

CPU to each other.

a. bus c. wired
b. cable d. wireless
QUIZ YOURSELF

9. The specialized port that connects musical

instruments like an electronic keyboard to a
sound card.

a. eSATA c. MIDI
b. HDMI d. Thunderbolt
QUIZ YOURSELF

10. Computers can only recognize this type of

electronic signal.

a. analog c. digital
b. bus d. maximum
 MATCHING
a. Cache 1. A type of multiprocessor chip that provides two or more separate and independent CPUs.
b. Flash 2. A type of memory that is volatile or loses its contents when power is turned off.
c. Multicore 3. System board component that provides a connection point for specialized cards or circuit
boards.

d. NIC 4. Provide connection points for chips.

e. Port 5. A type of memory that improves processing by acting as a temporary high-speed holding
area between the memory and the CPU.

f. random-access 6. A type of memory that provides a combination of features of RAM and ROM.
g. Slots 7. Another name for a network adapter card.
h. Sockets 8. This bus connects the CPU to memory on the system board.
i. System 9. This port can be used to connect many USB devices to the system.
j. USB 10. A socket for external devices to connect to the system unit.
 Open-Ended Questions (Page 1 of 3)

1. Describe the five most common types of personal

computers.

2. Describe system boards including sockets, chips, chip

carriers, slots, and bus lines.
Computing Essentials

3. Discuss microprocessor components, chips, and specialty

processors.
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Open-Ended Questions (Page 2 of 3)

4. Define computer memory including RAM, ROM, and flash

memory.

5. Define expansion slots, cards, including graphics cards,

network interface cards, wireless network cards, and SD
cards.
Computing Essentials

6. Describe bus lines, bus width, system bus, and expansion bus.
2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Open-Ended Questions (Page 3 of 3)

7. Define ports including standard and specialized ports.

Give examples of each.

8. Describe power supply including power supply units and

Computing Essentials

AC adapters.

9. Discuss electronic data and instructions.

2017

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