DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Year: 4th Semester:7th
Algorithm Lab-PCS-557
LAB MANUAL
Prepared By:HOD(CSE)
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
INDEX
S.No Practical’s Name Date Remark
1 Installation of LINUX
operating system
2 Installation of WINDOWS
operating system
3 Installation of office
productivity software (MS
Office/ Open Office)
4 User Management
5 Directory management
commands
6 Startup & Shutdown scripts
7 Process management
commands and their
execution.
8 Firewall Configuration in
Windows
9 Firewall configuration in
Linux
10 Study of Important LINUX
Services
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 1
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective: Installation of Linux operating system
Linux is the foundation of thousands of open source operating systems designed to
replace Windows and Mac OS. It is free to download and install on any computer.
Because it is open source, there are a variety of different versions, or distributions,
available developed by different groups. Follow this guide for basic instructions on how
to install any version of Linux, as well as specific instructions for some of the most
popular ones.
1) Download the Linux distribution of your choice. Linux distributions (known as
"distros") are typically available for free to download in ISO format. This format needs
to be burned to a CD or USB stick. This will create a Live CD or Live USB. A Live CD
or Live USB is a disk that you can boot into, and often contains a preview version of the
operating system that can be run directly from the CD or USB stick. Install an image
burning program, or use your system’s built-in burning tool if you are using Windows 7,
8, or Mac OS X. Pen Drive Linux and UNetBootin are two popular tools for burning
ISO files to USB sticks.
2) Boot into the Live CD or Live USB. Most computers are set to boot into the hard
drive first, which means you will need to change some settings to boot from your
newly-burned CD or USB. Start by rebooting the computer.
Once the computer reboots, press the key used to enter the boot menu.
If your computer doesn't give you direct access to the boot menu from the
manufacturer's splash screen, it's most likely hidden in the BIOS menu. You can access
the BIOS menu in the same way that you would get to the boot menu. Once you're in
the boot menu, select your live CD or USB. Once you’ve changed the settings, save and
exit the BIOS setup or boot menu. Your computer will continue with the boot process.
3) Try out the Linux distribution before installing. Most Live CDs and USBs can launch
a "live environment", giving you the ability to test it out before making the switch. You
won’t be able to create files, but you can navigate around the interface and decide if it’s
right for you.
4) Start the installation process. If you’re trying out the distro, you can launch the
installation from the application on the desktop. If you decided not to try out the
distribution, you can start the installation from the boot menu.
5) Create a username and password.
6) Set up the partition. Linux needs to be installed on a separate partition from any other
operating systems on your computer if you intend dual booting Linux with another OS.
If the installation process does not give you automatic partitions, make sure that the
partition you create is formatted as Ext4. If the copy of Linux you are installing is the
only operating system on the computer, you will most likely have to manually set your
partition size.
7) Boot into Linux. Once the installation is finished, your computer will reboot. You
will see a new screen when your computer boots up called ―GNU GRUB‖. This is a
boot loader that handles Linux installations. Pick your new Linux distro from the list.
This screen may not show up if you only have one operating system on your computer.
If this screen isn't being presented to you automatically, then you can get it back by
hitting shift right after the manufacturer splash screen.
If you install multiple distros on your computer, they will all be listed here.
8) Check your hardware. Most hardware should work out of the box with your Linux
distro, though you may need to download some additional drivers to get everything
working.
Some hardware requires proprietary drivers to work correctly in Linux. This is most
common with graphics cards. There is typically an open source driver that will work,
but to get the most out of your graphics cards you will need to download the proprietary
drivers from the manufacturer.
In Ubuntu, you can download proprietary drivers through the System Settings menu.
Select the Additional Drivers option, and then select the graphics driver from the list.
Other distros have specific methods for obtaining extra drivers.
You can find other drivers from this list as well, such as Wi-Fi drivers.
9) Start using Linux. Once your installation is complete and you’ve verified that your
hardware is working, you’re ready to start using Linux. Most distros come with several
popular programs installed, and you can download many more from their respective file
repositories.
Outcome:
To learn the installation process of Linux operating system
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 2
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective: Installation of WINDOWS operating system
1. Enter your computer's BIOS. Turn off the computer that you want to install Windows
on then turn it back on. When the BIOS screen appears or you are prompted to do so,
press Del, Esc, F2, F10, or F9 (depending on your computer’s motherboard) to enter the
system BIOS. The key to enter the BIOS is usually shown on the screen.
2. Find your BIOS's boot options menu.
3. Select the CD-ROM drive as the first boot device of your computer.Although this
method may vary among computers, the boot options menu is typically a menu of
movable device names where you should set your CD-ROM drive as the first boot
device.
4. Save the changes of the settings. Press the button indicated on the screen or select the
save option from the BIOS menu to save your configuration.
5. Shut off your computer. Either turn off the computer by choosing the shut-down option
in your current operating system, or hold the power button until the computer powers
off.
6. Power on the PC and the insert the Windows 7 disc into your CD/DVD drive.
7. Start your computer from the disc. After you have placed the disc into the disc drive,
start your computer. When the computer starts, press a key if you are asked if you
would like to boot from the disc by pressing any key. After you choose to start from the
disc, Windows Setup will begin loading.
8. Choose your Windows Setup options. Once Windows Setup loads, you'll be presented
with a window. Select your preferred language, keyboard type, and time/currency
format, then click Next.
9. Click the Install Now button.
10. Accept the License Terms. Read over the Microsoft Software License Terms, check I
accept the license terms, and click Next.
11. Select the Custom installation.
12. Decide on which hard drive and partition you want to install Windows on. A hard drive
is a physical part of your computer that stores data, and partitions "divide" hard drives
into separate parts.
13. Install Windows on your preferred hard drive and partition. Once you've decided on
where to install Windows, select it and click Next. Windows will begin installing.
Outcome:
To learn the Installation of WINDOWS operating system.
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 3
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective: Install MS Office
1) Visit the Office Setup page. Open office.com/setup in your web browser.
2) Enter your Office product key. This can be found on the card that came with your
retail purchase or in your confirmation email or Microsoft Account page if you
purchased online.
3) Sign in with your Microsoft Account.
4) Click the "Install" button.
5) Click on Run to start the installation.
6) Follow the prompts in the installer. You can click Next to move through the installer.
7) Stay online while Office installs.
8) Finish the installation. Click All done! to close the installer.
Outcome:
To learn the Installation process of MS Office.
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 4
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective:User Management
User management includes everything from creating a user to deleting a user on your
system.
Users can be people, meaning accounts tied to physical users or accounts which exist
for specific applications to use.
Each user has a unique numerical identification number called a userid (UID)
The user who creates a file is assigned as the owner. The file is also assigned separate
read, write, and execute permissions for the owner, the group, and everyone else. The
owner of a file can be changed only by the root user.
User Management Tools
User management can be done in three ways on a Linux system:
Graphical tools are easy and suitable for new users, as it makes sure you'll not run
into any trouble.
Command line tools include commands like useradd, userdel, passwd, etc. These
are mostly used by the server administrators.
Third and very rare tool is to edit the local configuration files directly using vi.
There are some important user administration files:-
1. /etc/passwd:- Keeps user account and password information.
2. /etc/shadow:-Holds the encrypted password of corresponding account.
The following command line tools can also be used to manage users:
1. useradd
With useradd commands you can add a user.
Syntax: useradd -m -d /home/<userName> -c "<userName>" <userName>
2. userdel
To delete a user account userdel command is used.
Syntax: userdel -r <userName>
3. usermod
The command usermod is used to modify the properties of an existing user.
Syntax: usermod -c <'newName'> <oldName>
4. Deleting Home Directories
By using userdel -r option, you can delete home directory along with user account.
Syntax: userdel -r <userName>
Outcome:
To understand the concept and importance of User Management.
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 5
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective: Write a syntax and usage the directory management commands
with all options.
Apparatus Required:
Hardware Requirements – Intel core II CPU
Software Requirements – Red-hat Linux
Procedure:
Command: ls
Usage :It is used to display the files in the current working directory.
Syntax :ls [Options]
[Options] :
-l - list the files in the long format
-a - list all entries, including the hidden files
-d - list the directory files instead of its contents
-t - lists in order of last modification time
Examples : $ls
Output: list all files in specified directory.
Command: cd
Usage : It is used to Change from the current Working directory to any other
directory Specified.
Syntax :cd [DIRECTORY]
Command: pwd
Usage :It is used to display the full path for the Current working directory.
Syntax :pwd
Example :$pwd
Output :To view the directory path.
Command: mkdir
Usage : It is used to create a new directory.
Syntax :mkdir<directory name>
Example :$mkdirnewdir
Output :Creates directory newDir
Command :rmdir
Usage : It is used to remove a directory specified in the command line. It requires
the specified directory to be empty before removing it.
Syntax :rmdir<directory name>
Example: $rmdirnewdir
Output :deletes the directory newDir. newDir should be empty
Result:
Thus the above Commands have been executed and checked the output successfully
Outcome:
To learn the syntax and usage the directory management commands with all options.
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 6
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective: Start-up and shutdown scripts on Linux.
Start-up and shutdown scripts are used to manually start up or shut down Couchbase
Server.
On Linux, Couchbase Server is installed as a standalone application with support for
running as a background (daemon) process during start-up through the use of a standard
control script, which is located in /etc/init.d/couchbase-server .
The startup script is automatically installed during installation from one of the Linux
packaged releases (Debian/Ubuntu or Red Hat/CentOS). By default, Couchbase Server
is configured to be started automatically at run levels 2, 3, 4, and 5, and explicitly shut
down at run levels 0, 1 and 6.
To manually start Couchbase Server using the startup/shutdown script:
>>sudo /etc/init.d/couchbase-server start
To manually stop Couchbase Server using the startup/shutdown script:
>sudo /etc/init.d/couchbase-server stop
.............................................................................................................................................
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Booting from a CD or DVD
Sometimes it may be necessary to start your system from the install media to repair
disks or recover damaged files. Both Red Hat and Oracle Enterprise Linux install
media include a rescue mode that allows you to start from the install disk and get into a
limited shell where you can scan for problems and manipulate your system disk.
When it is necessary to start the system in rescue mode, start up with the install disk in
the optical drive that was used to perform the install. When the main screen appears,
press the F5 key to enter rescue mode.
You are brought to the screen where you must type linux rescue to enter rescue mode.
You are then prompted for some information about what will be needed for resources
and then are presented with the rescue mode shell.
From here, scan for disk errors or manipulate the files on the system. When this is
done, eject the install disk, type exit and the system will reboot.
Startup and Shutdown Scripts
When Linux enters a given runlevel, the init process executes the scripts found in
/etc/rc#.d. Scripts within this directory starting with a K are kill scripts and are run first.
They stop processes that should not be running at the given runlevel. Scripts starting
with S are start scripts and start processes that should be running at the given runlevel.
These scripts are automatically passed an argument of stop in the case of K scripts, or
start in the case of S scripts. Because of this, it is typical for a start and kill script for a
given process to actually be the same script linked to S or K. The script uses the
argument to determine what action to take.
The S and K scripts in the rc#.d directories should always be symbolic links pointing at
the original script in the /etc/init.d directory. This allows one copy to be maintained but
referenced at different runlevels. These scripts can be manipulated by manually
creating and removing symbolic links but the chkconfig command offers a more
streamlined method to maintain them.
Outcome:
To learn the Start-up and shutdown scripts on Linux.
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 7
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective: Process management commands and their execution.
Apparatus Required:
Hardware Requirements – Intel core II CPU
Software Requirements – Red-hat Linux
Procedure:
Command :ps
Usage: This command commonly used to list down all the process which are
currently running in a machine.
Syntax : (Display Process info) ps [option]
Option: -u option to displays the process that belongs to a specific username
-e - to display all the processes.
-f - to display full format listing.
-l - List all the keyword options
Example: $ ps –e f
Output:
root 26551 5 0 Feb10 ? 00:03:41 [pdflush]
root 26570 5 0 Feb10 ? 00:00:20 [pdflush]
root 30344 3382 0 Feb21 ? 00:00:11 sshd: root@pts/14
The above example shows the options of ps command to get all the processes.
Command :nohup
Usage : The nohup utility which allows to run command./process or shell script
that can continue running in the background after you log out from a shell.
Syntax :nohup command-name &
Where,
• Command-name: is name of shell script or command name. You can
pass argument to command or a shell script.
• & :nohup does not automatically put the command it runs in the
background; you must do that explicitly, by ending the command line
with an & symbol.
Example:
1) Login to remote server
$ ssh [email protected]
2) Execute script called pullftp.sh
# nohup pullftp.sh &
3) Type exit or press CTRL + D exit from remote server.
# exit
Command : kill
Usage: Kill command is use to send signal to a process or to kill a process. Typically
use kill -SIGNAL PID, where you know the PID of the process. There are other
ways to effectively kill a process —
• killing a process by name,
SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION LAB MANUAL Page 16
• killing a process by specifying part of the name,
• killing a process by pointing out the process with cursor etc.,
Syntax : kill [options] [pids|commands]
Options : -a -> all process matching with PIDs between 2 and 35767
- p -> list only the PID
PID - > PID identification number
Example: $kill pid
21
Command : nice
Usage : To run a program with modified scheduling priority. Kernel decides how
much processor time is required for a process based on the nice value.
Possible nice value range is: -20 to 20
Syntax: nice [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...]
Option: -n, --adjustment=ADJUST
Increment priority by ADJUST first
--Help - display this help and exit
--Version - output version information and exit
Result: Thus the above process management Commands have been executed and
checked the output successfully.
Output:
To learn the Process management commands and their execution.
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 8
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective: Firewall Configuration in Windows.
1) From the Windows XP SP2 desktop, click Start, and then click Control Panel.
2) In Control Panel, click Security Center.
3) In Windows Security Center, under Manage security settings for, click Windows
Firewall.
4) In the Windows Firewall dialog box, select the Don't allow exceptions check box.
5) Click OK.
Configuring Windows Firewall Exceptions
By default, Windows Firewall displays a notification dialog box, whenever it blocks a
program.
1) In Security Center, under Manage security settings for, click Windows Firewall.
2) On the Exceptions tab, either clear or select Display a notification when Windows
Firewall blocks a program.
3) Click OK.
To configure Windows Firewall Program Exceptions
1) In the Windows Firewall dialog box, click the Exceptions tab.
2) Under Programs and Services, select the check box for the program or service that
you want to allow, and then click OK.
3) If the program or service that you want to allow is not listed, click Add Program.
4) From the list, scroll to the program that you want to add, select it, and then click OK.
5) Click Change scope.
6) Specify the set of computers for which this program is unblocked, and then click OK.
7) Click OK.
8) If the program that you want to allow is not listed in the Add a Program dialog box,
click Add Program and then click Browse.
9) Browse to the program that you want to add, select it and then click Open.
10) Click OK. The program will now appear in the Add a Program dialog box, under
Programs.
11) Click OK.
Outcome:
To understand the implementation of Firewall Configuration in Windows.
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 9
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective: Firewall Configuration in Linux.
In Linux Iptables is a straightforward firewall that provides protection from simple
attacks common to dedicated servers. Iptables provides IPv4 packet filtering and NAT,
which facilitates traffic filtering and blocking.
Iptables comes pre-installed on nearly every Linux distribution. We can use the
following command to update or retrieve the package:
sudo apt-get install iptables
Decide Which Firewall Ports to Block
The first step in firewall installation is deciding which ports to leave open on your
dedicated server. This will vary based on what you are using the dedicated host for. For
example, if you are running a web server, you would likely want the following ports
open:
Web: 80 and 443
SSH: Typically run on port 22
Email: 110 (POP3), 143 (IMAP), 993 (IMAP SSL), 995 (POP3 SSL).
Flush the Default Firewall Rules
In order to ensure we are starting with a fresh set of rules, run this command to flush the
rules from the firewall:
iptables –F
Block Common Server Attack Routes
We’ll run some standard commands here to block common attacks
Block syn-flood packets:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp ! –syn -m state –state NEW -j DROP
Block XMAS Packets:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp –tcp-flags ALL ALL -j DROP
Block null packets:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp –tcp-flags ALL NONE -j DROP
Open Required Ports
Now that common attack routes are covered, we can open up the ports we need. Here
are some examples for you to work off of:
Allow SSH access:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp –dport 22 -j ACCEPT
Open up LOCALHOST access:
iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
Allow web traffic:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp –dport 80 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp –dport 443 -j ACCEPT
Allow SMTP traffic:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp –dport 25 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp –dport 465 -j ACCEPT
Test Firewall Configuration
Run the following command to save the configuration and restart your firewall:
iptables -L –n
iptables-save | sudo tee /etc/sysconfig/iptables
serviceiptables restart
Outcome:
To understand the implementation of Firewall Configuration in Linux.
DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LAB MANUAL
Course Name: System Administration
Lab Experiment No. 10
Course Code : PCS-557 Branch: CSE Semester: VI
Faculty : Mr. Dhajvir Singh Rai
Objective: Study of Important LINUX Services.
1. Common Linux Services and How to Control Them
Starting and Stopping Services at Boot Time
Some common web related services running on a Linux server are, but not limited to,
include: httpd (Apache), mysqld (MySQL), vsftpd (Very Secure FTP), named (BIND),
iptables (packet filtering ruleset), sshd (Secure Shell), network (network related
services) and various others. Usually these services are started at boot time. To check
what services are installed on the server, you can use the chkconfig tool. For example:
[root@server ~]# chkconfig --list
sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
webmin 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
named 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
vsftpd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
httpd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
[root@server ~]#
You can also specify one service with chkconfig. For example, if you want to see if
mysqld is running, you can use this command:
[root@server ~]# chkconfig --list mysqld
mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
[root@server ~]#
When specifying a service, chkconfig will only return the settings for the specific
service. Chkconfig reports the service name and the status of the service at each run
level. In the example above, mysqld is set to not start at boot for any run level. This
means that you will need to manually start the service. To control the start (or not
starting) at boot is also done with chkconfig. For example, you would like the mysqld
service to start when the system is booted in to run level 3:
[root@server ~]# chkconfig --level 3 mysqld on
[root@server ~]# chkconfig --list mysqld
mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
[root@server ~]#
Mysqld will now start if the system is booted in run level 3.
If you would like to stop the service from starting in run level 3:
[root@server ~]# chkconfig --level 3 mysqld off
[root@server ~]# chkconfig --list mysqld
mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
[root@server ~]#
If you would like to simply ensure a service starts at the necessary run level, you can
run the following command:
[root@server ~]# chkconfigmysqld on
[root@server ~]# chkconfig --list mysqld
mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
Alternatively, you can run this command to ensure the service does not start at any run
level:
[root@server ~]# chkconfigmysqld off
[root@server ~]# chkconfig --list mysqld
mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
[root@server ~]#
You can use the chkconfig command to stop or start a service when booting into specific
run levels. Use:
[root@server ~]# chkconfig --list
To see which services are available to the chkconfigcommand.
Using the Service Command to Start and Stop Services
You can easily stop, start and restart services with a simple command line tool. The
service command can be used with any of the services listed with chkconfig --list. You
must be logged in as root to use the service command. For example, mysqld is not set to
start at boot but you wish to start it now. You can use the service command:
[root@server ~]# servicemysqld start
Starting MySQL: [ OK ]
[root@server ~]#
The service command can also be used to stop services. For example, you want to stop
the mysqld service. Use the following command:
[root@server ~]# servicemysqld stop
Stopping MySQL: [ OK ]
[root@server ~]#
If you want to check to see if a service is running (or not running), you can also use the
service command. For example:
[root@server ~]# servicemysqld status
mysqld is stopped
[root@server ~]#
2. Important Linux Daemons and Startup Services
These are programs or processes which are run at boot time. Some remain in memory to
execute various tasks when required (daemons). Most are started and stopped with
scripts in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The exact contents of this directory will depend
on which packages from a particular distribution are installed. For example, installing
the Apache package will cause an httpd script to be placed in /etc/rc.d/init.d.
• amd - runs the automount daemon for remote filesystem mounting such as nfs
• anacron - checks delayed `cron' tasks (see below) at boot time and executes them.
Useful if you have cron jobs scheduled but don't run your machine all the time.
• apmd - Advanced Power Management BIOS daemon. For use on machines, especially
laptops, that support apm. Monitors battery status and can shut down the system if
power is too low.
• arpwatch - keeps watch for ethernet IP address pairings that are resolved using the
ARP protocol.
• atd - runs jobs queued by `at'
• autofs - control the operation of automount daemons, used to mount and unmount
devices on demand
• bootparamd - allows computers to boot from a Linux machine using the BOOTP
network protocol. A server process that provides information to diskless clients
necessary for booting
• crond - automatic task scheduler. Manages the execution of tasks that are executed at
regular but infrequent intervals, such as rotating log files, cleaning up /tmp directories,
etc.
• cups - daemon for print services under the Common Unix Printer System, a
replacement for lpd
• dhcpd - implements the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and the
Internet Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP). Used to lease out IP addresses to remote
machines.
• drakfont - font server in Mandrake
• fetchmail - daemon to fetch mail at regular intervals from mail servers
• ftpd - ftp server daemon.
Outcome:
To understand the important services provided by LINUX .
