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5.1 definition of beam column

For many structural members bending and axial effect are acts at the same times.
For example if the beam is statistically indeterminate axial forces developed in the
beam. Also the column in frame is subjected to both axial and bending effects.

Beam-columns are structural members which combine the beam function of

transmitting transverse forces or moments (uniaxial bending or biaxial bending) with
the compression (or tension) member function of transmitting axial forces.

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5-2 interaction equation according Of ASIC

Example 1

The beam–column shown in Figure below is pinned at both ends and is subjected to
the loads shown. Bending is about the strong axis. Determine whether this member
satisfies the appropriate AISC Specification interaction equation.

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LRFD Solution

1- The axial load calculation

 The effect length

𝑘𝑦 𝐿 = 17(1) = 17 𝑓𝑡

From Table (4-1)

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∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 405 𝑘𝑖𝑝

𝑃𝑢 = 1.6𝑃𝑙 + 1.2𝑃𝑑 = 1.6(99) + 1.2(35) = 200.4 𝑘

2- Moment calculations

Since the beam-column bends about the strong axis, the terms related to My=0.

𝑙𝑏 = 17′ , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (3 − 10)𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙.

Or , we can calculated it by using the equations of moment strength as follows,

From Table(3-2)

𝐿𝑃 = 8.97 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐿𝑟 = 31.6 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (3 − 2)

Since 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿𝑟 , the beam will fail in inelastic LTB(Zone2)

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From Table (3-2) ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 = 227, 𝐵𝑓 = 3.67

Cb=1.32 from Table (3-1)

∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 [∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 − 𝐵𝐹(𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 )] ≤ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥

∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 1.32[227 − 3.67(17 − 8.97)] = 260.7 > 227 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 227 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

The maximum moment due to a concentrated load is,

𝑃𝑢 𝐿 [1.6(12) + 1.2(5)](17)
𝑀𝑢 = = 107.1 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘
4 4

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𝑃𝑢 200.4
= = 0.4948 > 0.2
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 405

Use Eq.(3-6)

𝑃𝑢 8 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 9 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑦

8 107.1
0.4948 + ( + 0) = 0.914 < 1.0
9 227

This member satisfies the ASIC specifications according to LRFD method.

ASD Solution

1-The axial load calculation

 The effect length

𝑘𝑦 𝐿 = 17(1) = 17 𝑓𝑡

𝑃𝑛
= 270 𝑘𝑖𝑝
Ω𝑐

𝑃𝑢 = 𝑃𝑙 + 𝑃𝑑 = 99 + 35 = 134 𝑘

2- moment calculations

𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑝𝑥 𝑀𝑝𝑥
= 𝐶𝑏 [ − 𝐵𝐹(𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 )] ≤
Ω𝑏 Ω𝑏 Ω𝑏

According to Table(3-2)

𝑀𝑝𝑥
= 151, 𝐵𝐹 = 2.44
Ω𝑏

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𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑛
= 1.32[151 − 2.44(17 − 8.97)] = 173.5 > 151 ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 151
Ω𝑏 Ω𝑏

The maximum moment due to a concentrated load is,

𝑃𝑎 𝐿 [12 + 5](17)
𝑀𝑎 = = 72.25 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘
4 4
𝑃𝑎 134
= = 0.4963 > 0.2
𝑃𝑛 270
Ω𝑐

𝑃𝑎 8 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑦
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
𝑃𝑛 /Ω𝑐 9 𝑀𝑛𝑥 /Ω𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑦 /Ω𝑏

8 72.25
0.4963 + ( + 0) = 0.922 < 1.0 𝑜. 𝑘
9 151

This member satisfies the ASIC specifications according to ASD method.

5.3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR REQUIRED STRENGTH

The foregoing approach to the analysis of members, subjected to both bending and
axial load, is satisfactory so long as the axial load is not too large. The presence of
the axial load produces secondary moments, and unless the axial load is relatively
small, these additional moments must be accounted for. As shown in Figure below.

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In addition to the secondary moments caused by member deformation (P-d moments,

shown in Figure above), additional secondary moments are present when one end of
the member translates with respect to the other. These moments are called P-Δ
moments and are illustrated in Figure below. In a braced frame, the member ends do
not undergo translation, so only the P-d moments are present. In an unbraced frame,
the additional moment, PΔ, increases the end moment. The distribution of moments
in the member is therefore a combination of the primary moment, the P-d moment,
and the P-Δ moment. An unbraced rigid frame depends on the transfer of moments
at its joints for stability. For this reason, unbraced frames are frequently referred to
as moment frames. Multistory buildings can consist of a combination of braced
frames and moment frames.

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Ordinary structural analysis methods that do not take the displaced geometry into
account are called first-order methods. Iterative analyses that account for these
effects are referred to as second-order methods.

5.4 THE MOMENT AMPLIFICATION METHOD

The moment amplification method entails computing the maximum bending

moment resulting from flexural loading (transverse loads or member end moments)
by a first-order analysis, then multiplying by a moment amplification factor to
account for the secondary moment.

The amplified moment to be used in design is computed from the loads and moments
as follows (x and y subscripts are not used here; amplified moments must be
computed in the following manner for each axis about which there are moments)

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In addition to the required moment strength, the required axial strength must account
for second-order effects. The required axial strength is affected by the displaced
geometry of the structure during loading. This is not an issue with member
displacement (δ), but it is with joint displacement (Δ). The required axial
compressive strength is given by

5.5 amplification moment at braced frame

Figure below shows a member subjected to equal end moments producing single-
curvature bending (bending that produces tension or compression on one side
throughout the length of the member). Maximum moment amplification occurs at
the center, where the deflection is largest. For equal end moments, the moment is
constant throughout the length of the member, so the maximum primary moment
also occurs at the center. Thus the maximum secondary moment and maximum
primary moment are additive. Even if the end moments are not equal, as long as one
is clockwise and the other is counterclockwise there will be single curvature
bending, and the maximum primary and secondary moments will occur near each
other.

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That is not the case if applied end moments produce reverse-curvature bending as
shown in Figure below. Here the maximum primary moment is at one of the ends,
and maximum moment amplification occurs between the ends. Depending on the
value of the axial load P, the amplified moment can be either larger or smaller than
the end moment.

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The maximum moment in a beam–column therefore depends on the distribution of

bending moment within the member.

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Here, always this reduction factor is taken as 1.0.

In the effective length and first-order methods, the flexural rigidity is unreduced, and
EI* = EI. The moment of inertia I and the effective length factor K1 are for the axis
of bending, and K1 = 1.0 unless a more accurate value is computed (AISC C3). Note
that the subscript 1 corresponds to the braced condition and the subscript 2
corresponds to the unbraced condition.

5.6 Evaluation of Cm

The factor Cm applies only to the braced condition. There are two categories of
members: those with transverse loads applied between the ends and those with no
transverse loads.

1. If there are no transverse loads acting on the member,

𝑀1
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 ( )
𝑀2

M1/M2 is a ratio of the bending moments at the ends of the member. M1 is the end
moment that is smaller in absolute value, M2 is the larger, and the ratio is positive
for members bent in reverse curvature and negative for single-curvature bending.
Reverse curvature (a positive ratio) occurs when M1 and M2 are both clockwise or
both counterclockwise.

2. For transversely loaded members, Cm can be taken as 1.0. A more refined

procedure for transversely loaded members is provided in the Commentary to
Appendix 8 of the Specification. The factor Cm is given as

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Example 2

The member shown in Figure is part of a braced frame. An analysis consistent with
the effective length method was performed; therefore, the flexural rigidity, EI, was
unreduced. If A572 Grade 50 steel is used, is this member adequate? Kx = Ky = 1.0.

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LRFD solution

1. Determine the applied axial load

𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑢 = 𝑃𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑃𝑙𝑡

Since the frame is braced, 𝑃𝑙𝑡 = 0

𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑢 = 1.6𝑃𝐿 + 1.2𝑃𝐷 = 1.6(210) + 1.2(70) = 420 𝑘

2. Determining the column strength ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 from Table(4-2)

𝐾𝐿 = (1)(14) = 14

∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 685 𝑘𝑖𝑝

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3. Selecting either beam-column formula to be used

𝑃𝑢 420
= = 0.613 > 0.2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑.
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 685

𝑃𝑢 8 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 9 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑦

4. Evaluating the flexural strength of the section ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥

Referring to Table(3-2)

𝐿𝑏 = 14 > 𝐿𝑝 = 11.9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑟

The section may fail in inelastic zone as well as local buckling in flange since the
section is noncompact as shown in figure

5. Calculating the inelastic LTB

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∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 [∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 − 𝐵𝐹(𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 )] ≤ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥

Note , the term ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 in Table (3-2) refers to the local buckling in flange
moment for a noncompact section rather than the plastic moment

 Calculating the Cb

The smaller moment 𝑀1 = 1.6(36) + 1.2(11) = 70.8 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

The larger moment 𝑀2 = 1.6(41) + 1.2(14) = 82.4 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

12.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝑏 =
2.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶
12.5(82.4)
= = 1.06
2.5(82.4) + 3(73.7) + 4(76.6) + 3(79.5)

 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 [∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 − 𝐵𝐹(𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 )]

∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 1.06[356 − 5.41(14 − 11.9)] = 365.31 < 356 ∴ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛

= 356 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

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6. Calculating the applied moment

𝑀𝑟 = 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐵1 𝑀𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑀𝑙𝑡

Since the frame is braced, 𝑀𝑙𝑡 = 0

 𝑀𝑛𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀2 = 82.4 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

𝐶𝑚
𝐵1 = ≥ 1.0
𝑃
1−𝛼 𝑟
𝑃𝑒𝑙

𝑀1 70.8
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 ( ) = 0.6 − 0.4 (− ) = 0.9437
𝑀2 82.4

𝜋𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑒𝑙 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥
(𝐾1 𝐿)2
− 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦

𝜋𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑥 𝜋 2 (29000)(533)

𝑃𝑒𝑙 = = = = 5405.13 𝑘𝑖𝑝
(𝐾1 𝐿)2 (𝐾𝑥 𝐿)2 (1.0𝑥14𝑥12)2

𝛼 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷

𝐶𝑚 0.9437
𝐵1 = = = 1.0232 > 1.0 𝑜. 𝑘
𝑃𝑟 420
1−𝛼 1 − 1.0𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑙 5405.13

𝑀𝑟 = 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐵1 𝑀𝑛𝑡 = 1.0232𝑥82.4 = 84.3 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

𝑃𝑢 8 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦 8 84.3

+ ( + ) = 0.613 + ( + 0) = 0.823 < 1.0
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 9 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑦 9 356

The Section W12x65 satisfies the AISC specifications according to LRFD method

H.W solve the preceding example using the ASD method.

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Example 3

The member shown in Figure is a W12 × 65 of A242 steel. First-order analyses were
performed with reduced member stiffnesses. The approximate second-order analysis
method of AISC Appendix 8 can be used, making this a direct analysis method. For
LRFD, the analysis results for the controlling factored load combination are Pnt =
300 kips, Mntx = 135 kips, and Mnty = 30 ft-kips. For ASD, the analysis results for
the controlling load combination are Pnt = 200 kips, Mntx = 90 ft-kips, and Mnty = 20
ft-kips. Use Ky = 1.0, and investigate this member for compliance with the AISC
Specification.

First, determine the yield stress Fy. From Table 2-4 in Part 2 of the Manual, we see
that A242 steel is available in three different versions. From the dimensions and
properties table in Part 1 of the Manual, a W12 × 65 has a flange thickness of tf =
0.605 in. This matches the thickness range corresponding to footnote l in Table 2-4;
therefore, Fy = 50 ksi.

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LRFD solution

1. Determining the column strength ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 from Table(4-1)

𝐾𝐿 = (1)(15) = 15

∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 662 𝑘𝑖𝑝

2. Selecting either beam-column formula to be used

𝑃𝑢 300
= = 0.453 > 0.2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑.
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 662

𝑃𝑢 8 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 9 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑦

𝑀𝑢𝑥
3. Evaluating the strong axis moment
∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥

Referring to table(3-2)

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𝐿𝑏 = 15 > 𝐿𝑝 = 11.9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑟

The section may fail in inelastic zone as well as local buckling in flange since the
section is noncompact as shown in figure

4. Calculating the inelastic LTB

∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 [∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 − 𝐵𝐹(𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 )] ≤ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥

Note , the term ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 in Table (3-2) refers to the local buckling in flange
moment for a noncompact section rather than the plastic moment

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 Calculating the Cb

The smaller moment 𝑀1 = 0 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

The larger moment 𝑀2 = 135 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

In this case the bending moment diagram has triangular shape, in which

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 2𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑀𝐴 = , 𝑀𝐵 = , 𝑀𝐶 =
3 2 3

12.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 12.5
𝐶𝑏 = = = 1.67
2.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶 2.5 + 3 + 4 + 2𝑥3
3 2 3

 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶𝑏 [∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 − 𝐵𝐹(𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 )]

∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 = 1.67[356 − 5.41(15 − 11.9)] = 566.5 < 356 ∴ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛

= 356 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

5. Calculating the applied moment

𝑀𝑟𝑥 = 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐵1𝑥 𝑀𝑛𝑡𝑥 + 𝐵2𝑥 𝑀𝑙𝑡𝑥

Since the frame is braced, 𝑀𝑙𝑡𝑥 = 0

 𝑀𝑛𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀2 = 135 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

𝐶𝑚
𝐵1𝑥 = ≥ 1.0
𝑃
1 − 𝛼 𝑟𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑥

𝑀1 0
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 ( ) = 0.6 − 0.4 (− ) = 0.6
𝑀2 135

Since a modified flexural rigidity, EI*, was used in the frame analysis, it must also

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be used in the computation of Pe1.

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 ∗ 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑥 𝜋 2 (29000)(533)(0.8)
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑥 = = = = 3766.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝
(𝐾1 𝐿)2 (𝐾𝑥 𝐿)2 (1.0𝑥15𝑥12)2

𝛼 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷

𝐶𝑚 0.6
𝐵1𝑥 = = = 0.652 < 1.0 , ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐵1𝑥 = 1.0
𝑃 300
1 − 𝛼 𝑟𝑥 1 − 1.0𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑥 3766.8

𝑀𝑟𝑥 = 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐵1𝑥 𝑀𝑛𝑡𝑥 = 1.0𝑥135 = 135 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

𝑀𝑢𝑦
6. Evaluating the strong axis moment
∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑦

Table (3-4) gives the flexural strength for W-shape with Fy=50, referring to it

∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 161 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

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Important note:- the member bent about minor axis will fail always in plastic zone,
unless the flange of it is non-compact, in this case local flange buckling will happen.

7. Calculating the applied moment

𝑀𝑟𝑦 = 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 𝐵1𝑦 𝑀𝑛𝑡𝑦 + 𝐵2𝑦 𝑀𝑙𝑡𝑦

Since the frame is braced, 𝑀𝑙𝑡𝑦 = 0

 𝑀𝑛𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀2 = 135 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

𝐶𝑚
𝐵1𝑥 = ≥ 1.0
𝑃
1 − 𝛼 𝑟𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑥

𝑀1 0
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 ( ) = 0.6 − 0.4 (− ) = 0.6
𝑀2 135

Since a modified flexural rigidity, EI*, was used in the frame analysis, it must also

be used in the computation of Pe1.

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 ∗ 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 (29000)(174)(0.8)
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑦 = = = = 1229.7 𝑘𝑖𝑝
(𝐾1 𝐿)2 (𝐾 𝐿)2 (1.0𝑥15𝑥12)2
𝑦

𝛼 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷

𝐶𝑚 0.6
𝐵1𝑦 = = = 0.794 < 1.0 , ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐵1𝑦 = 1.0
𝑃𝑟𝑦 300
1−𝛼 1 − 1.0𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑦 1229.7

𝑀𝑟𝑦 = 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 𝐵1𝑦 𝑀𝑛𝑡𝑦 = 1.0𝑥30 = 30 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

𝑃𝑢 8 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 9 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑦

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8 135 30
0.453 + ( + ) = 0.956 < 1.0
9 356 161

The section W12x65 is satisfactory according to LRFD method

H.W solve above example using ASD method.

5.7 MEMBERS IN UNBRACED FRAMES

In a beam–column whose ends are free to translate, the maximum primary moment
resulting from the side-sway is almost always at one end. The maximum secondary
moment from the side-sway is always at the end. As a consequence of this condition,
the maximum primary and secondary moments are usually additive and there is no
need for the factor Cm; in effect, Cm = 1.0. Even when there is a reduction,

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===========================================================

Example 4:-

A W12 × 65 of A992 steel, 15 feet long, is to be investigated for use as a column in

an unbraced frame. The axial load and end moments obtained from a first-order
analysis of the gravity loads (dead load and live load) are shown in Figure a. The
frame is symmetrical, and the gravity loads are symmetrically placed. Figure b
shows the wind load moments obtained from a first-order analysis. Both analyses
were performed with reduced stiffnesses of all members. All bending moments are
about the strong axis. If the moment amplification method is used, then we can
consider this to be the direct analysis method, and the effective length factor Kx can
be taken as 1.0. Use Ky = 1.0. Determine whether this member is in compliance with
the AISC Specification.

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LRFD SOLUTION
All the load combinations given in ASCE 7 involve dead load, and except for the
first one, all combinations also involve either live load or wind load or both. The
load combinations for this question can be summarized as;

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 1.4𝐷

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3: 1.2𝐷 + (0.5𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊)

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4: 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 0.5𝐿

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5: 1.2𝐷 + 0.5𝐿

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 6: 0.9𝐷 ± 1.0𝑊

The dead load is less than eight times the live load, so combination (1) can be ruled
out. Load combination (4) will be more critical than (3), so combination (3) can be
eliminated. Combination (5) can be eliminated because it will be less critical than
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(2). Finally, combination (6) should be investigated for an overturning effect. The
combinations to be investigated are therefore

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4: 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 0.5𝐿

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 6: 0.9𝐷 ± 1.0𝑊

Combination (6) will be investigated first. We will consider compression to be

positive. For a wind direction that produces uplift,

0.9𝐷 – 1.0𝑊 = 0.9(85) – 1.0(56) = 20.5 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

The positive result means that the net load is compressive, and we need not consider
this load combination further. Figure 6.18 shows the axial loads and bending
moments calculated for combinations (2) and (4).

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𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 (4 − 2), 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐾𝐿 = 1.0(15) = 15 𝑓𝑡, ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛

= 662 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 𝑃𝑛𝑡 = 454 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠, 𝑀𝑛𝑡 = 104.8 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑙𝑡
= 0 (𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠).
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠
𝑀𝑟𝑥 = 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐵1𝑥 𝑀𝑛𝑡𝑥 + 𝐵2𝑥 𝑀𝑙𝑡𝑥

Since the frame is braced, 𝑀𝑙𝑡𝑥 = 0

 𝑀𝑛𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀2 = 104.8 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

𝐶𝑚
𝐵1𝑥 = ≥ 1.0
𝑃
1 − 𝛼 𝑟𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑥

𝑀1 90
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 ( ) = 0.6 − 0.4 ( ) = 0.2565
𝑀2 104.8

Since a modified flexural rigidity, EI*, was used in the frame analysis, it must also
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be used in the computation of Pe1.

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 ∗ 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑥 𝜋 2 (29000)(533)(0.8)
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑥 = = = = 3766.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝
(𝐾1 𝐿)2 (𝐾𝑥 𝐿)2 (1.0𝑥15𝑥12)2

𝛼 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷

𝐶𝑚 0.2565
𝐵1𝑥 = = = 0.292 < 1.0 , ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐵1𝑥 = 1.0
𝑃𝑟𝑥 454
1−𝛼 1 − 1.0𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑥 3766.8

𝑀𝑟𝑥 = 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐵1𝑥 𝑀𝑛𝑡𝑥 = 1.0𝑥104.8 = 104.8 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

𝑀𝑢𝑥
Evaluating the strong axis moment
∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥

Referring to table(3-2)

𝐿𝑏 = 15 > 𝐿𝑝 = 11.9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑟

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The section may fail in inelastic zone as well as local buckling in flange since the
section is noncompact as shown in figure

Calculating the inelastic LTB

∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏 [∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 − 𝐵𝐹(𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 )] ≤ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥

Note , the term ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 in Table (3-2) refers to the local buckling in flange
moment for a noncompact section rather than the plastic moment

 Calculating the Cb

The smaller moment 𝑀1 = 90.0 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

The larger moment 𝑀2 = 104.8 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘

In this case the bending moment diagram has triangular shape, in which

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 2𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑀𝐴 = , 𝑀𝐵 = , 𝑀𝐶 =
3 2 3

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12.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 12.5(104.8)
𝐶𝑏 = =
2.5𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑀𝐴 + 4𝑀𝐵 + 3𝑀𝐶 2.5(104.8) + 3𝑥41.3 + 4𝑥7.4 + 3𝑥56.1
= 2.24

 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶𝑏 [∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 − 𝐵𝐹(𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 )]

∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥 = 2.24[356 − 5.41(15 − 11.9)] = 759.6 < 356 ∴ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛

= 356 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

𝑃𝑢 454
= = 0.6858 > 0.2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑.
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 662

𝑃𝑢 8 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 9 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑦

8 104.8
0.6858 + ( ) = 0.947 < 1.0 (𝑜. 𝑘)
9 356
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4: 𝑃𝑛𝑡 = 212 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠, 𝑀𝑛𝑡 = 47.6 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠, 𝑃𝑙𝑡
= 56 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑙𝑡 = 132 𝑓𝑡𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.
For braced part
 𝑀𝑛𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀2 = 47.6 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

𝐶𝑚
𝐵1 = ≥ 1.0
𝑃
1−𝛼 𝑟
𝑃𝑒𝑙

𝑀1 40.5
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 ( ) = 0.6 − 0.4 ( ) = 0.2597
𝑀2 47.6

𝜋𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑒𝑙 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥
(𝐾1 𝐿)2
− 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦

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𝑃𝑒𝑙 = 3767 𝑘𝑖𝑝

𝛼 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷

𝐶𝑚 0.2597
𝐵1 = = = 0.2751 < 1.0 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 1.0
𝑃𝑟 212
1−𝛼 1 − 1.0𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑙 3767

1.0
𝐵2 =
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
1−𝛼
𝑃𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
For the unbraced condition, the amplification factor for side-sway, B2, must be
computed. This requires a knowledge of the properties of all the columns in the story,
as well as H and ΔH, so that Pstory and Pe story can be computed. Since these
quantities are not available in this example, we will assume that the ratio of P story to
Pe story is the same as the ratio for the column under consideration. That is,
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 212 + 56
= = 0.0711
𝑃𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 3767
1.0
𝐵2 = = 1.077
1 − 1.0𝑥0.0711
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑠
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑢 = 𝑃𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑃𝑙𝑡 = 212 + 1.077(56) = 272.3 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐵1 𝑀𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵2 𝑀𝑙𝑡 = 1.0(47.6) + 1.077(132)
= 189.8 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Although the moments Mnt and Mlt are different, they are distributed similarly, and
Cb will be roughly the same; at any rate, they are large enough that ᶲbMp = 356 ft-
kips will be the design strength regardless of which moment is considered.
𝑃𝑢 272.3
= = 0.4113 > 0.2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑.
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 662
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𝑃𝑢 8 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ( + ) ≤ 1.0
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 9 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑥 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑢𝑦

8 189.8
0.4113 + ( ) = 0.885 ≤ 1.0 𝑜. 𝑘
9 356

This member satisfies the AISC Specification requirements.

H.W :- repeat the example using the ASD method.

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