SLIDE 1

A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other

devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. An example of a network is the Internet,
which connects millions of people all over the world. To the right is an example image of a home
network with multiple computers and other network devices all connected.

Examples of network devices

Desktop computers, laptops, mainframes, and servers.

Consoles and thin clients.

Firewalls

SLIDE 2

The term network topology describes the relationship of connected devices in terms of a geometric
graph. Devices are represented as vertices, and their connections are represented as edges on the graph.
It describes how many connections each device has, in what order, and it what sort of hierarchy.

SLIDE 3

Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single
cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology.
Features of Bus Topology
It transmits data only in one direction.
Every device is connected to a single cable

Advantages of Bus Topology

It is cost effective.
It is easy to understand.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

Cables fails then whole network fails.
If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network decreases.
It is slower than the ring topology.

RING TOPOLOGY

It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer,
with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.
Features of Ring Topology

A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if someone
wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to
pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the
network.

The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between
each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.

In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction in them. Also,
if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up.

Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass through each
node of the network, till the destination node.

Advantages of Ring Topology

Cheap to install and expand

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

STAR Topology

In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the
central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.

Features of Star Topology

Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.

Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.

Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.

Advantages of Star Topology

Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
Hub can be upgraded easily.
Easy to troubleshoot.

.Disadvantages of Star Topology

Cost of installation is high.

Expensive to use.
If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub.
Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

MESH TOPOLOGY

There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are :
Routing
Flooding

Features of Mesh Topology

Fully connected.
Robust.
Not flexible.

Advantages of Mesh Topology

Each connection can carry its own data load.

It is robust.
Fault is diagnosed easily.
Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

Installation and configuration is difficult.
Cabling cost is more.
Bulk wiring is required.

TREE Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical
topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.

Features of Tree Topology

Ideal if workstations are located in groups.

Used in Wide Area Network.

Advantages of Tree Topology

Extension of bus and star topologies.

Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
Easily managed and maintained.
Error detection is easily done.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

Heavily cabled.
Costly.
If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
Central hub fails, network fails.

HYBRID Topology

It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example if in an
office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used, connecting these
topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology).

Features of Hybrid Topology

It is a combination of two or topologies

Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.

Effective.
Scalable as size can be increased easily.
Flexible.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

Complex in design.
Costly.

SLIDE 6

Internet: Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible computer network of interconnected computer

networks (internetwork) that transmit data using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). Largest
Internetwork in the world is Internet.

The terms World Wide Web (WWW) and Internet are not the same. The Internet is a collection of
interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc.
The World Wide Web is one of the services accessible via the Internet, along with various others
including email, file sharing, remote administration, video streaming, online gaming etc. World Wide
Web (WWW) is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked together by
hyperlinks and URLs.

SLIDE 7

Intranet: An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. Typical intranet for a
business organization consists of many interlinked local area networks (LAN) and use any Wide Area
Network (WAN) technology for network connectivity. The main purpose of an intranet is to share
company information and computing resources among employees. Intranet is a private Internetwork,
which is usually created and maintained by a private organization. The content available inside Intranet
are intended only for the members of that organization (usually employees of a company).
SLIDE 8
An extranet is a controlled private network that allows access to partners, vendors and
suppliers or an authorized set of customers – normally to a subset of the information
accessible from an organization's intranet. An extranet is similar to a DMZ in that it provides
access to needed services for authorized parties, without granting access to an
organization's entire network.
Advantages[edit]
 Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
 Share product catalogs exclusively with trade partners
 Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts
 Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies
 Provide or access services provided by one company to a group of other companies,
such as an online banking application managed by one company on behalf of affiliated
banks
 improved efficiency: since the customers are satisfied with the information provided it
can be an advantage for the organization where they will get more customers which
increases the efficiency.

Disadvantages[edit]
 Extranets can be expensive to implement and maintain within an organization (e.g.,
hardware, software, employee training costs), if hosted internally rather than by
an application service provider.
 Security of extranets can be a concern when hosting valuable or proprietary information.

SLIDE 9