1. A single phase transformer has 350 primary and 1050 secondary turns.

The net cross-sectional

area of the core is 55 cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz single phase
supply, calculate (i) the maximum value of flux density in the core and (ii) the voltage induced
in the secondary winding.
Solution
Voltage applied to the primary = 400 V
Induced emf in the primary, E1  voltage applied to the primary, V1 = 400 V
Number of turns in the primary N1 = 350
Net cross-sectional area Ai = 55 cm2
= 55 10-4 m2
Frequency of the supply f = 50 Hz
Induced emf in the primary is given by
E1  4.44f m N1  4.44f Bm Ai N1 E1 =
Maximum value of flux density in the core,
400
Bm 
4.44  50  55  10 4  350
 0.93 T ( Wb / m 2 )
Number of turns in the secondary winding, N2 = 1050
For an ideal transformer,
E1 N1

E2 N 2
Voltage induced in the secondary winding,
N2
E 2  E1 
N1
1050
 400 
350
 1200 V

2. The required no-load voltage ratio in a single phase 50 Hz, core type transformer is 6600/500.
Find the number of turns in each winding, if the flux is to be 0.06 Wb.
Solution
6000
No-load voltage ratio =
500
No-load voltage of low voltage winding = 500 V
Flux = 0.06 Wb
 Frequency f = 50Hz

Induced emf in the low voltage winding (secondary) of the transformer is given by,
E2  4.44f m N 2
or 500  4.44  50  0.06  N 2
Number ut turns in the low voltage,
500
N2 
4.44  50  0.06
 37.5 ( not possible)
The number of turns in each winding should be a whole number, moreover each winding in the
core type transformer is accommodated on both the limbs. i.e. half number of turns of each winding
on one limb. As such the number of turns in each winding should be even.
Considering these facts , the number of turns in low voltage winding, N2 = 38
Number of turns in high voltage winding
V1 6600
N1 = N 2 × = 38 ×
V2 500
= 501.6 ( not possible)
Considering all the factors mentioned above, the number of turns in the high voltage winding
N1=500. Here the number of turns finally taken is 500 and not 502, because the high voltage
winding will be split up into a number of coils. With 250 turns on each limb, high voltage winding
on one limb can be split into 5 coils of 50 turns each.
3. A 20 kVA, 2500/250 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer gave the following test result
Open-circuit test (on L.V. side):250 V, 1.4 A, 105 W.
Short-circuit test (on H.V. side): 104 V, 8 A, 320 watts.
Compute the parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to high-voltage and low-
voltage sides. Also draw the exact equivalent circuit referred to the low -voltage side.
Solution
From open-circuit test:
105
No-load power factor, cos 0   0.3
250  1.4
0 = 72.55 and sin 0 =0.954
Ic = Ie cos 0 = 1.40.3 = 0.42 A
and Im = Ie sin 0 = 1.40.954 = 1.336 A

V 250
hence, R cL  1   595
I c 0.42
V 250
X mL  1   187 
I m 1.336
Alternatively, the value of RcL and XmL can be determined as follows:
 V 2 2502
R cL  1   595
Pc 105
V 250
Now Ic  1   0.42 A
R cL 595
and I m  I e2  I c2  1.42  0.422  1.336 A
V 250
X mL  1   187 
I m 1.336
From short circuit test:
V 104
ZeH  sc   13
Isc 8
P 320
reH  sc   8
2
Isc 82
2 2
 x eH  ZeH  reH  132  52  12 
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to L.V. side are:
RcL = 595  XmL = 187 

2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
reL  reH     5   0.05  ; x eL  x eH     12   0.12 
k  10  k  10 
This equivalent circuit is shown in Figure below (a)
x eL  0.12  reL  0.05 
0.025  0.06  0.06  0.025 

Ie Ie

R cL  595 X cL  187  595 187 

Figure (a) approximate equivalent circuit referred to L.V. side and exact equivalent circuit referred to L.V.
side.
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to H.V. side are:

R cH  R cL  k 2  595102  59,500

X mH  X mL  k 2  187102  18,700 
reH = 5 ; xeH = 12
An equivalent circuit showing these parameters can easily be drawn.
Exact equivalent circuit parameters referred to L.V. side are:
 1 1
r1L  r1' H  reL  0.05  0.025
2 2
1 1
x1L  x1' H  x eL  0.12  0.06 
2 2
RcL = 595  and XmL = 187 
The exact equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b)

Figure (b) approximate equivalent circuit referred to L.V. side and exact equivalent circuit referred to L.V.
side.

4. A 6600/440 V, single-phase transformer has an equivalent resistance of 0.02 p.u. and an

equivalent reactance of 0.05 p.u. Find the full-load voltage regulation at 0.8 pf lagging, if the
primary voltage is 6600 V. Find also the secondary terminal voltage at full load.

Solution
Figure (a) illustrates the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer referred to the secondary
side and the phasor diagram for this circuit is drawn in Figure (b) for a lagging power factor load.
For the calculation of voltage regulation, draw an arc of radius OD meeting the extension of line
OA in F. It may be seen from Figure (b) that OF (= E2) is approximately equal to OC.

E 2  OC  OA  AB  BC or B' C' 

 OA  AB' cos 2  DB' sin 2
 V2  I 2 re 2 cos 2  I 2 xe 2 sin 2
 F
D C’
2 C
E2 I2xe2
re2 xe2 2
+ + B B’
2
I2re2
E2 V2 A
V2

_ _
I2

2

Figure (a) approximate equivalent circuit of a 2-winding transformer, referred to secondary; (b) the phasor
diagram of the circuit of Figure (a) for lagging power factor load.
Thus the voltage drop in the secondary terminal voltage
E2  V2  I 2 re2 cos 2  I 2 xe2 sin 2
The change in secondary terminal voltage is equal to the magnitude of E2 minus the magnitude of
V2.
In above Eq., per unit voltage regulation for any load current I2 is
E2  V2 I 2 re2 I x
 cos 2  2 e2 sin 2
E2 E2 E2

  r cos 2   x sin 2
 0.020.8  0.050.6  0.046
P.u. voltage regulation

E 2  V2
  0.046
E2
For a primary voltage of 6600 V, the secondary no load voltage E2 is 440 V.
 The change in the secondary terminal voltage
E2  V2 = 440 (0.046) = 20.25 V
and secondary terminal voltage
V2 = 440 + 20.25 V

5. A short-circuit test, when performed on the H.V. side of a 10 kVA, 2000/400 V, single-phase
transformer gave the following data:
60 V, 4 A, 100 W
If the L.V. side is delivering full load (or rated) current at 0.8 p.f. lag and at 400 V, find the voltage
applied to H.V. side.
Solution
From short circuit data
 P 100
reH  sc   6.25 
2
Isc 42
V 60
ZeH  sc   15 
Isc 4
2 2
 x eH  ZeH  reH  152  6.252  13.61
For the L.V. side, the parameters are
2 2
1 1
reL  reH     6.25   0.25 
k  5
2 2
1 1
x eL  x eH     13.61   0.544 
k  5
Full load secondary current
S 10,000
I 2L    25 A
V2 400
E 2  V2  I 2 L reL cos 2  I 2 L x eL sin 2
Now
 25  0.25  0.8  25  0.544  0.6  13.16 V
For V2 = 400 V, E2 = 400 + 13.16 = 413.16 V
 The voltage applied to the primary is
2000
 413.16  2065.8 V .
400
6. A 100 kVA, 1000/10000 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer has an iron loss of 1100 W. The
copper loss with 5 A in the high voltage winding is 400 W. Calculate the efficiencies at (i) 25
%, (ii) 50 % and (iii) 100 % of normal load for power factors of (a) 1.0 and (b) 0.8. The output
terminal voltage being maintained at 10000 V. Find also the load for maximum efficiency at
both power factors.
Solution
Efficiency at 25% of normal load, unity pf:
Iron losses = 1100 W
Copper losses with 5 A in secondary = 400 W
Secondary full load current, I2
100  1000
I2 
10000
 10 A

Current in the secondary at 25 % full load = ¼  10 = 2.5 A

 2
 2.5 
Copper losses at 25% full load =    400
 5 
= 100 W
Output at 25% full load = 0.25  100  1000  1
= 25 000 W
Efficiency at 25 % load, unity pf
25000
 at 25%   100
25000  1100  100
 95.4%
Efficiency at 25 % full load, 0.8 pf:
25000 0.8
 at 25%   100
25000 0.8  1100  100
 94.34%
Efficiency at 50 % full load, unity pf:
Copper losses at 25% full load = 400 W
Output at 50 % full load, unity pf = 0.5  100  1000  1
= 50 000 W
Iron losses = 1100 W
50000 1.0
 at 50%   100
50000 1.0  1100  100
 97.65%
Efficiency at 50 % full load, 0.8 pf:
50000 0.8
 at 50%   100
50000 0.8  1100  400
 97.1%
Efficiency at 100 % full load, unity pf:
2
 10 
Copper losses at 100% full load =    400
5
= 1600 W
Output = 100  1000  1 = 100 000 W
Iron losses = 1100 W
100000 1.0
 at 100%   100
100000 1.0  1100  1600
 97.37%
Efficiency at full load, 0.8 pf:
100000 0.8
 at 100%   100
100000 0.8  1100  1600
 96.73%
Load for maximum efficiency at unity pf:
Maximum efficiency occurs when the iron losses equal the copper losses. Let the maximum
efficiency occur at x per cent of the full load.
Copper losses at x % of full load = x2 1600
Thus x2 1600 = 1100
x = 0.829
Load for maximum efficiency = 0.829  100 = 82.9 kVA
Load for maximum efficiency at 0.8 pf:
Load for maximum efficiency will remain the same irrespective of power factor
Thus load for maximum efficiency = 82.9 kVA
7. A single phase transformer working at unity power factor has an efficiency of 90% at both one
half load and at the full load of 500 W. Determine the efficiency at 75 % of full load.
Solution
Efficiency of the transformer at full-load = 0.9
Output at full load = 500 W
Let the iron losses of the transformer be = x watts
and the total copper losses at full load be = y watts
Then, the total losses at full load = x + y
Hence,
500
0. 9 
500  x  y
 10 A
Or 0.9x + 0.9y = 50 (i)
Efficiency of the transformer at half of full load = 0.9
2
1 y
Total copper losses at half of full load =    y 
2 4
Output of the transformer = ½  500 = 250 W
250
Thus, 0.9 
250  x  y
4
 0.9x + 0.225y = 25 (ii)
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)
y = 37 W
and x = 18.53 W
i.e. total copper losses at full load = 37 W
Iron losses = 18.53 W
Output of the transformer at 75 per cent of full load
= 0.75 x 500
= 375 W
Total copper losses at 75 per cent of full load
= (0.75)2 x 37
= 20.8 W
Efficiency at 75 percent of full load
375
 at 75%   100
375  18.53  20.8
 90.5%
8. A 3-phase transformer is used to step-down the voltage of a 3-phase, 11kV feeder line. Per-
phase turns ratio is 12. For a primary line current of 20A, calculate the secondary line voltage, line
current and output KVA for the following Connections:
(a) star-delta (b) delta-star (c) delta-delta (d) star-star. Neglect losses.
Solution
(a) Three-phase transformer with star-delta connection is shown in Figure 2.23(a)
V 11000
phase voltage on primary, VP1  L1  V
3 3
phase current on primary, I P1  I L1  20A
VP1 V
Here,  P2 and I p1  12  I p2  1
12 1
11000
 Phase voltage on sec ondary, Vp2   529.25V
3 x 12
Line voltage on sec ondary , VL2  Vp2  529.25V
Phase current on sec ondary I p2  12 I p1  12  20  240A
Line current on sec ondary I L2  3 I p2  3  240  415.68A
3Vp2 .I p2 11000 1
Output KVA   3.  240 x  381.04KVA
1000 3 x 12 1000
(b) Delta-star connection of 3-phase transformer is shown in Figure 2.23 (b)
VL1 11000 Vp1
Phase voltage on sec ondary VP 2   V  916.67V 
12 12 12
11000
Line voltage on sec ondary VL2  3 Vp2  3   1587.67V
12
20
Phase current on primary I p1  I L1 / 3  A
3
20
Phase current on sec ondary I p1  12 I p1  12   138.568A
3
Line current on sec ondary, I L2  I p2  138.568A
11000 12 x 20
Output KVA  3    381.04KVA .
12 1000 x 3
(c) Delta-delta connection of 3-phase transformer is shown in Figure 2.23(c)
VL1 11000 Vp1
Phase voltage on sec ondary, VP2   V  916.7V 
12 12 12
Line voltage on sec ondary, VL2  VP2  916.7V
20
Phase current on primary, I P1  A
3
20
Phase current on sec ondary, I P2  12 I P1  12  A
3
12  20
Line current on sec ondary, I L2  3 I P2  3 .  240A
3
11000 12x 20 1
Output KVA  3     381.04KVA .
12 3 1000

I L1  20A I L2
12:1
I L1  20A
VP1 I P1 VP 2  VL2 12:1
VL1  11000 V I P2 VP 2
I P2
VL1  11000 V I P1 VL2

(a)
(b)
I L1  20A I L2  3I P2 I L2
12:1 12:1
VP 2  VL2 VP1 I P1
VP2
VL1  11000 V I P2
VP1  11000 V I P2 VL2  3VP2
I P1

(c) (d)
 Figure for Example 8
(d) 3-phase transformer with star-star connection is shown in Figure 2.23(d)
V 11000
Phase voltage on sec ondary , VP2  P1  V
12 3 x 12
11000 11000
Line voltage on sec ondary, VL2  3 VP2  3  V
3 x 12 12
Phase current on Pr imary, I P1  I L1  20A
Phase current on sec ondary, , I P2  12 I P1  12  20  240A
Line current on Secondary, I L2  I P2  240A
3  11000 240
Output KVA    381.04KVA
3  12 1000

9. An 11000/415V, delta-star transformer feeds power to a 30 kW, 415V, 3-phase induction motor
having an efficiency of 90% and full-load pf 0.833. Calculate the transformer rating and phase and
line currents on both high and low voltage sides.
Solution
30
Transformer kVA rating   40KVA
0.9 x 0.833
Total load in VA 40,000
Line current on l.v. side of transformer    55.65A
3 x line voltage 3 x 415
.
For star connected 1.v. winding, phase current in 1.v. winding = line current on 1.v side = 55.65A.
40,000
Line current on HV, side of transformer =  2.1A
3 x 11000
For delta connected HV winding, phase current in HV winding:
1 1
= (line current on h.v. side) = x 2.1 = 1.212A
3 3