A Single Phase Transformer Has 350 Primary and 1050 Secondary Turns. The Net Cross-Sectional
A Single Phase Transformer Has 350 Primary and 1050 Secondary Turns. The Net Cross-Sectional
2. The required no-load voltage ratio in a single phase 50 Hz, core type transformer is 6600/500.
Find the number of turns in each winding, if the flux is to be 0.06 Wb.
Solution
6000
No-load voltage ratio =
500
No-load voltage of low voltage winding = 500 V
Flux = 0.06 Wb
Frequency f = 50Hz
Induced emf in the low voltage winding (secondary) of the transformer is given by,
E2 4.44f m N 2
or 500 4.44 50 0.06 N 2
Number ut turns in the low voltage,
500
N2
4.44 50 0.06
37.5 ( not possible)
The number of turns in each winding should be a whole number, moreover each winding in the
core type transformer is accommodated on both the limbs. i.e. half number of turns of each winding
on one limb. As such the number of turns in each winding should be even.
Considering these facts , the number of turns in low voltage winding, N2 = 38
Number of turns in high voltage winding
V1 6600
N1 = N 2 × = 38 ×
V2 500
= 501.6 ( not possible)
Considering all the factors mentioned above, the number of turns in the high voltage winding
N1=500. Here the number of turns finally taken is 500 and not 502, because the high voltage
winding will be split up into a number of coils. With 250 turns on each limb, high voltage winding
on one limb can be split into 5 coils of 50 turns each.
3. A 20 kVA, 2500/250 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer gave the following test result
Open-circuit test (on L.V. side):250 V, 1.4 A, 105 W.
Short-circuit test (on H.V. side): 104 V, 8 A, 320 watts.
Compute the parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to high-voltage and low-
voltage sides. Also draw the exact equivalent circuit referred to the low -voltage side.
Solution
From open-circuit test:
105
No-load power factor, cos 0 0.3
250 1.4
0 = 72.55 and sin 0 =0.954
Ic = Ie cos 0 = 1.40.3 = 0.42 A
and Im = Ie sin 0 = 1.40.954 = 1.336 A
V 250
hence, R cL 1 595
I c 0.42
V 250
X mL 1 187
I m 1.336
Alternatively, the value of RcL and XmL can be determined as follows:
V 2 2502
R cL 1 595
Pc 105
V 250
Now Ic 1 0.42 A
R cL 595
and I m I e2 I c2 1.42 0.422 1.336 A
V 250
X mL 1 187
I m 1.336
From short circuit test:
V 104
ZeH sc 13
Isc 8
P 320
reH sc 8
2
Isc 82
2 2
x eH ZeH reH 132 52 12
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to L.V. side are:
RcL = 595 XmL = 187
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
reL reH 5 0.05 ; x eL x eH 12 0.12
k 10 k 10
This equivalent circuit is shown in Figure below (a)
x eL 0.12 reL 0.05
0.025 0.06 0.06 0.025
Ie Ie
Figure (a) approximate equivalent circuit referred to L.V. side and exact equivalent circuit referred to L.V.
side.
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to H.V. side are:
R cH R cL k 2 595102 59,500
X mH X mL k 2 187102 18,700
reH = 5 ; xeH = 12
An equivalent circuit showing these parameters can easily be drawn.
Exact equivalent circuit parameters referred to L.V. side are:
1 1
r1L r1' H reL 0.05 0.025
2 2
1 1
x1L x1' H x eL 0.12 0.06
2 2
RcL = 595 and XmL = 187
The exact equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b)
Figure (b) approximate equivalent circuit referred to L.V. side and exact equivalent circuit referred to L.V.
side.
Solution
Figure (a) illustrates the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer referred to the secondary
side and the phasor diagram for this circuit is drawn in Figure (b) for a lagging power factor load.
For the calculation of voltage regulation, draw an arc of radius OD meeting the extension of line
OA in F. It may be seen from Figure (b) that OF (= E2) is approximately equal to OC.
_ _
I2
2
Figure (a) approximate equivalent circuit of a 2-winding transformer, referred to secondary; (b) the phasor
diagram of the circuit of Figure (a) for lagging power factor load.
Thus the voltage drop in the secondary terminal voltage
E2 V2 I 2 re2 cos 2 I 2 xe2 sin 2
The change in secondary terminal voltage is equal to the magnitude of E2 minus the magnitude of
V2.
In above Eq., per unit voltage regulation for any load current I2 is
E2 V2 I 2 re2 I x
cos 2 2 e2 sin 2
E2 E2 E2
r cos 2 x sin 2
0.020.8 0.050.6 0.046
P.u. voltage regulation
E 2 V2
0.046
E2
For a primary voltage of 6600 V, the secondary no load voltage E2 is 440 V.
The change in the secondary terminal voltage
E2 V2 = 440 (0.046) = 20.25 V
and secondary terminal voltage
V2 = 440 + 20.25 V
5. A short-circuit test, when performed on the H.V. side of a 10 kVA, 2000/400 V, single-phase
transformer gave the following data:
60 V, 4 A, 100 W
If the L.V. side is delivering full load (or rated) current at 0.8 p.f. lag and at 400 V, find the voltage
applied to H.V. side.
Solution
From short circuit data
P 100
reH sc 6.25
2
Isc 42
V 60
ZeH sc 15
Isc 4
2 2
x eH ZeH reH 152 6.252 13.61
For the L.V. side, the parameters are
2 2
1 1
reL reH 6.25 0.25
k 5
2 2
1 1
x eL x eH 13.61 0.544
k 5
Full load secondary current
S 10,000
I 2L 25 A
V2 400
E 2 V2 I 2 L reL cos 2 I 2 L x eL sin 2
Now
25 0.25 0.8 25 0.544 0.6 13.16 V
For V2 = 400 V, E2 = 400 + 13.16 = 413.16 V
The voltage applied to the primary is
2000
413.16 2065.8 V .
400
6. A 100 kVA, 1000/10000 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer has an iron loss of 1100 W. The
copper loss with 5 A in the high voltage winding is 400 W. Calculate the efficiencies at (i) 25
%, (ii) 50 % and (iii) 100 % of normal load for power factors of (a) 1.0 and (b) 0.8. The output
terminal voltage being maintained at 10000 V. Find also the load for maximum efficiency at
both power factors.
Solution
Efficiency at 25% of normal load, unity pf:
Iron losses = 1100 W
Copper losses with 5 A in secondary = 400 W
Secondary full load current, I2
100 1000
I2
10000
10 A
I L1 20A I L2
12:1
I L1 20A
VP1 I P1 VP 2 VL2 12:1
VL1 11000 V I P2 VP 2
I P2
VL1 11000 V I P1 VL2
(a)
(b)
I L1 20A I L2 3I P2 I L2
12:1 12:1
VP 2 VL2 VP1 I P1
VP2
VL1 11000 V I P2
VP1 11000 V I P2 VL2 3VP2
I P1
(c) (d)
Figure for Example 8
(d) 3-phase transformer with star-star connection is shown in Figure 2.23(d)
V 11000
Phase voltage on sec ondary , VP2 P1 V
12 3 x 12
11000 11000
Line voltage on sec ondary, VL2 3 VP2 3 V
3 x 12 12
Phase current on Pr imary, I P1 I L1 20A
Phase current on sec ondary, , I P2 12 I P1 12 20 240A
Line current on Secondary, I L2 I P2 240A
3 11000 240
Output KVA 381.04KVA
3 12 1000
9. An 11000/415V, delta-star transformer feeds power to a 30 kW, 415V, 3-phase induction motor
having an efficiency of 90% and full-load pf 0.833. Calculate the transformer rating and phase and
line currents on both high and low voltage sides.
Solution
30
Transformer kVA rating 40KVA
0.9 x 0.833
Total load in VA 40,000
Line current on l.v. side of transformer 55.65A
3 x line voltage 3 x 415
.
For star connected 1.v. winding, phase current in 1.v. winding = line current on 1.v side = 55.65A.
40,000
Line current on HV, side of transformer = 2.1A
3 x 11000
For delta connected HV winding, phase current in HV winding:
1 1
= (line current on h.v. side) = x 2.1 = 1.212A
3 3