CIE 205
Introduction to
Materials Science
Izmir University of Economics
Department of Civil Engineering
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
What do Engineers do?
Design and Build ....
n
As Civil Engineers we design and build civil
structures (residental buildings, hospitals, dams,
roads, towers, ...)
Materials Science and Engineering forms the
bedrock for the engineering disciplines because
the structures, components, and devices that
engineers design and use must be made out of
something, and that is a material.
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
n The properties of the materials that are available
define and limit the capabilities that the device or
structure can have, and the techniques that can be
used to fabricate it.
n Reinforced Concrete Bridges... ~5-10 m in span
n Prestressed Concrete Bridges... ~ 30-40 m in span
n Steel Bridges... ~ 60-70 m in span
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
n Selecting the best material is usually a difficult task,
requiring tradeoffs between different material
properties (including cost)
n Cost of a residential building:
n 65-75% materials cost
n 5% technical personel
n Rest is the labor cost
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
Therefore, an appreciation of the
n important materials characteristics,
n the connection between the behavior of the
material in its intended design setting,
n and the stuff the object is made from (and how it is
made)
is important to every engineer, even if they will never
create a new material but simply choose from
standard and widely available ones.
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
n As civil engineers our job is to:
n To make sure that the structure is functional during its
service life (it should be strong)
n To make sure that the structure should withstand the
environment (it should be durable)
n To make sure that the structure is aesthetic and
economic (it should be feasible)
n We need to know the properties of constructional
materials.
n Physical,chemical and mechanical properties
n Manufacturing processes
n Its behavior in its final form
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
n The service life of a civil engineering structure
does not ONLY depend on
n How good its design is
n How good its labor is
n You have to consider other factors such as:
n How good the material that you pick is
n How good the quality control is
n How you maintain the structure!
n Think about the maintenance requirements of
n your car !
n your house !
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
n To conclude:
Why do we need to know materials?
n Every engineer, whether mechanical, civil,
chemical or electrical, will at some point deal
with a design problem involving materials.
Examples might include a transmission gear, the
superstructure of a building, an oil refinery
component, or an integrated circuit chip.
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
Materials Science
n Materials Science: The study of the nature,
behavior and use of materials.
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
The purpose of this course is to:
n Learn the properties of materials
(strength, ductility, impact resistance, ...)
n Learn the internal structure of materials
(the atomic structure, bonding, ...)
n Learn how the internal structure of a material
affects its properties
n Metals: Metallic bonding à ductility
n Ceramics: Ionic and covalent bods à brittleness
n Plastics: Covalent and Van der Waals bondsàmoisture
resistance
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
Properties of Materials
n Mechanical : Define the behavior of the materials under
loads. (Strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, hardness,
etc.)
n Physical : Density, porosity, moisture content, shape,
surface texture, etc.
n Chemical : Oxide or compound composition
n Physico-chemical : Shrinkage, swelling
n Thermal : Conductivity
n Acoustical : Sound transmission or absorption
n Optical : Color These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
Classification of
Civil Engineering Materials
This classification can be done in so many
different ways:
n According to their state
n According to their chemical composition and
internal structure
n According to their intended use
n According to their mechanical behavior
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
1. According to Their State
n Gases (CO2, O2)
n Liquids (Water, Chemical Admixtures)
n Solids (Concrete, Steel)
n Semi-solids (Fresh Pastes, Mortar, Concrete)
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
2. According to Their Chemical
Composition and Internal Structure
n Metals → Metallic bond
n Ferrous (Iron, steel)
n Non-ferrous (Aluminum)
n Polymers → Long chain molecules
n Natural (rubber, resin, wood)
n Artificial (plastics)
n Ceramics → Alumino silicates
n Structural clay products
n Porcelains
n Composite Materials → combination of several materials
n Concrete
n Cement sandstone
n Reinforced Composite Materials
n Reinforced concrete
n Fiber reinforced plastics
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
3. According to Their Intended Use
n Structural Materials (concrete, steel, wood)
n Architectural Detailing Materials (glass, paint,
heat and sound insulators)
n Preservatives (paint)
v But some materials fall into all of the above
groups for example wood.
• Load carrying member
• Architectural
• Coating of chipboard
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
4. According to Their Mechanical
Behavior
n Elastic Materials
They deform under some load and when the
load is removed they return back to their
original position
Load
Deformation
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
n Plastic Materials
They deform under some load, but when
the load is removed there will be some
permanent deformation
P
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course δ
δperm: Permanent Deformation
n Viscoelastic Materials
The load-deformation depends on the rate of
loading
Load
Deformation
These lecture notes are taken from
METU CE241 Course
