Contemporary World interdependencies and exchanges while at the

same time fostering in people a growing

Module 1: Understanding Globalization
awareness of deepening connections between
Globalization involves broadening and deepening the local and the distant”
of interdependencies among peoples and state. - Start of globalization? – depends

- intensification of worldwide social relations As a Condition

which link distant localities in such a way that
- Globality
local happenings are shaped by events
- Scholte:
occurring many miles away and vice versa.
o transplanetary connectivity
(Giddens)
(establishment of social links between
- Internationalization and multinational-
people located at different places of the
ization: phases that precede globalization
planet – not geographic unit but as a
because the latter herald the end of the state
space)
system as the nucleus of human activity.
o supra-territoriality (social
(Grupo de Lisboa)
connections that transcend territorial
- as a concept refers to the compression and
geography – renders borders and
intensification of consciousness of the world
barriers irrelevant)
as a whole. (Robertson, 1992)
- process of interaction and integration among As an Ideology
the people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by - Exist in the people’s consciousness – ideas
international trade and investment and aided and beliefs about the global order
by information technologies (Sunny Levin - 6 Core Claims about Globalization
Institute) 1. About the liberalization and global
integration of markets.
- The expansion and intensification of social 2. Inevitable and irreversible.
relations and consciousness across the world 3. Nobody is in charge of
time and across world space” (Steger) globalization.
4. Benefits everyone in the long run
o Expansion – creation of new social
5. Furthers the spread of democracy in
networks and the multiplication of
the world.
existing connections that cut across
6. Requires a global war on terror.
traditional political, economic, cultural,
and geographic boundaries.
o Intensification – expansion, stretching
and acceleration of these networks.

World Systems Paradigm

By Immanuel Wallerstein
Globalization as a Process, Condition, and
• Globalization is not a recent phenomenon
Ideology
but as virtually synonymous with the birth and
As a Process spread of capitalism, c. 1500.
- Multidimensional set of social processes that • Not at all a new process, but something
generate and increase “worldwide social that is just continuing and evolving.
 • Capitalism - an economic and political o Global, production is organized on
system in which a country's trade and a global scale
industry are controlled by private owners for o Networked, productivity is
profit, rather than by the state. generated through global network
• Capitalist world system is divided into three
categories:
Space, Time, and Globalization
1. Core - powerful and developed centers
(Western Europe, North America and - Giddens “time-space distanciation”
Japan) • The intensification of worldwide
2. Periphery - those regions that have relations which link distant localities
been forcibly subordinated to the core in such a way that local happenings
through COLONIZATION (Latin are shaped by events occurring
America, Africa, Asia, Middle East and many miles away and vice versa
Eastern Europe) - David Harvey – time-space compression
3. Semi-periphery – states and regions • (produced by the very dynamics of
that were in the core and are moving capitalist development”
down or those in the periphery and are
moving up • Compression of geographic space
by means o faster transport and
communication
Global Capitalism - Sassen’s “The Global City” – proposes a
- Globalization is a new stage in the evolving new spatial order is emerging such as
system of world capitalism. London, New York and Tokyo – sites of
- New global production and financial system specialized services for transnationally
- Rise of processes that cannot be framed mobile capital that is so central to the global
within the nation-state/interstate system economy
- Robert Robertson “Glocalization” – ideas
about home, locality and community have
- Robinson been extensively spread around the world
Theory of global capitalism involving
three planks:
1. transnational production
Transnationality and Transnationalism
2. transnational capitalists
3. transnational state: class relations Transnationalism - an umbrella concept
encompassing a wide variety of transformative
processes, practices and developments that take
The Network Society
place simultaneously at a local and global level
- Technology and technological change
Transnational processes and practices – broadly
instead of capitalism
as the multiple ties and interactions – economic,
- Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network
political, social and cultural – that link people,
Society
communities and institutions across the borders of
- New economy:
nation-states.
o Informational, knowledge-based
Transnational links – more intense due to speed global economy, treaties, alliances, etc.
and relatively inexpensive character of travel and mainly by free trade Inter-national, of
communications and their impacts and free capital course, means between
mobility, but also by or among nations.
easy or uncontrolled
migration.
Global Culture
• Emphasize the rapid growth of mass media Includes a gamut of Includes activities by
and resultant global cultural flows and human activities that do entities such as
images in recent decades (global village – not require reference to corporations, states,
a state’s national international
Marshall McLuhan)
border. organizations, and even
• Focus: globalization and religion, nations individuals with
and ethnicity, global consumerism, global reference to national
communications and the globalization of borders and national
tourism governments

• Ritzer’s Mcdonaldization of society One Many

(homogenization, Weber’s process of
rationalization)
Globalization as Liberalization
• Efficient, predictable and
- Liberalization is the removal of barriers and
standardized lines → alienation,
restrictions imposed by national governments
waste, low nutritional value and the
so as to create an open and borderless world
risk of health problems
economy.
The Dimensions of Mcdonaldization - Globalization is realized when national
governments “reduce or abolish regulatory
- Efficiency: optimum method for getting measures like trade barriers, foreign –
from one point to another. exchange restrictions, capital controls and visa
- Calculability: emphasis on the quantitative requirements” (Scholte)
aspects of products sold and services • Problem with this misconception:
offered. • Confines the study within the debate
- Predictability: assurance that products and concerning the neoliberal
services will be the same over time and in all macroeconomic policies: pro and anti
locales. • Political implication – neo-liberalism is
- Control: nonhuman technology comes to the only available policy framework for a
exert control over human workers and truly global world.
customers • Debate about the pros and cons of laissez
faire has been happening for centuries

Misconceptions about Globalization by Scholte Globalization as Universalization and

Westernization
Globalization as Internationalization
- Universalization denotes a process of
Globalization refers to Internationalization spreading various objects, practices and
global economic refers to the increasing experiences to the different parts of the planet
integration of many importance of - Globalization is when things, values and
formerly national international trade, practices spread to the different parts of the
economies into one international relations, planet.
 - Implication: Homogenization of culture, - Flynn and Geraldez, the age of globalization
politics, economy and laws. Destroys began when all important populated
indigenous practices and cultures. continents began to exchange products
- When Western modernity spreads and continuously – both with each other
destroys – Westernization directly and directly via other continents –
- Issues arising from this misconception: and in values sufficient to generate crucial
• Universalization is not a new feature of impacts on all trading partners”
world history.
• Westernization is not the only path that
can be taken by globalization

Galleon Trade
- Was part of the age of Mercantilism (It
Module 2: Economic Globalization
advocated that a nation should export more
- Globalization is distinct from than it imported and accumulate bullion
internationalization (especially gold) to make up the difference)
- Szentes (2003) “In economic terms - 16th to 18th c – countries primarily Europe
globalisation is nothing but a process competed with one another to sell more
making the world economy an “organic goods as a means to boost their country’s
system” …by deepening the economic income (called monetary reserves later).
interdependencies among them.” - To defend their products from competitors,
- It involves State and Non-state actors these regimes imposed high tariffs, forbade
- Ex. Amazon colonies to trade with other nations,
restricted trade routes and subsidized its
International Trading System exports.
- Mercantilism – global trade with multiple
restrictions
Gold Bretton Post-Bretton The Gold Standard
Standard Era Woods Era Woods Era
- Between 1867 and 1933, most of the world’s
(1870-1914) (1945-1971) (1971-Present)
economies used the gold standard
- A system of fixed exchange rates in which
value of currencies was fixed relative to the
value of gold, and gold was used as the
primary reserve asset.
- The Silk Road – from China to Middle - Was still a very restrictive system as it
East to Europe compelled countries to back their currencies
• network of trade routes where goods with fixed gold reserves.
such as ivory, silver, iron, wine, and - During World War I, when countries
yes, silk were exchanged across the depleted their gold reserves to fund their
ancient world, from China to the armies, many were forced to abandon the
West. gold standard.
- 1571 – Galleon trade (Manila and - Great Depression (worst and the longest
Acapulco) America was directly connected recession experienced in the Western world)
to Asian trading routes
The Fiat Currency - a government-issued currency spiraling into credit crises. If economic
that isn't backed by a commodity such as gold. Fiat growth in a country slowed down
money gives central banks greater control over the - because there was not enough money to
economy because they can control how much money stimulate the economy, the IMF would step
is printed.  in. To this day, both institutions remain
keyplayers in economic globalization.
Bretton Woods System
Shortly after Bretton Woods, various countries
- After the two world wars, world leaders
also committed themselves to further global
sought to create a global economic system
economic integration through the following:
that would ensure a longer-lasting global
peace. - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- They believed that one of the ways to (GATT) in 1947.
achieve this goal was to set up a network of • main purpose was to reduce tariffs
global financial institutions that would and other hindrances to free trade.
promote economic interdependence and - World Trade Organization (WTO) (1995)
prosperity. • marked the biggest reform of
- Was inaugurated in 1944 during the United international trade since the end of
Nations Monetary and Financial conference the Second World War.
to prevent the catastrophes of the early • Whereas the GATT mainly dealt
decades from reoccurring and affecting with trade in goods, the WTO and
international ties. its agreements also cover trade in
- was largely influenced by the ideas of services and intellectual property.
British economist John Maynard Keynes The birth of the WTO also created
- who believed that economic crises occur new procedures for the settlement of
not when a country does not have enough disputes.
money, but when money is not being
Keynesianism
spent and, thereby, not moving.
- When economies slow down, governments - The high point of global Keynesianism came
have to reinvigorate markets with in the mid-1940s to the early 1990s.
infusions of capital. This active role of - The Bretton Woods system was largely
governments in managing spending served influenced by the ideas of British economist
as the anchor for what would be called a John Maynard Keynes
system of global Keynesianism - During this period, governments poured
money into their economies, allowing
Delegates at Bretton woods agreed to create
people to purchase more goods and, in the
two financial institutions.
process, increase demand for these products.
- International Bank for Reconstruction
- As demand increased, so did the prices of
and Development (IBRD, or World Bank)
these goods.
- responsible for funding postwar
reconstruction projects. - Western and some Asian economies like ]
- critical institution at a time when many of apan accepted the rise in prices because it
the world's cities had been destroyed by the was accompanied by general economic
war. growth and reduced unemployment.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF),
- which was to be the global lender of last - The theory went that, as prices increased,
resort to prevent individual countries from companies would earn more, and would
have more money to hire workers.
 - Keynesian economists believed that all this government or other non-profit
was a necessary trade-off for economic organizations, minimum state interference.
development. (Shah, 2010)
- Draws major criticism from social activists
Crash of the Stock Market
due to its perceived negative effects on
- The stock markets crashed in 1973- 1974 social welfare and the working class.
after the United States stopped linking the - From the 1980s onward, neoliberalism
dollar to gold, effectively ending the Bretton became the codified strategy of the United
Woods system. States Treasury Department, the World
- Stagflation - a decline in economic growth Bank, the IMF, and the World Trade
and employment (stagnation) took place Organization (WTO)
alongside a sharp increase in prices - Policies came to be called the Washington
(inflation). Consensus.
The Washington Consensus
- Set of 10 economic policy prescriptions
considered to constitute the "standard"
reform package promoted for crisis-wracked
developing countries by Washington D.C.-
based institutions such as the International
Monetary Bank (IMF), the World Bank and
the United States Department of the
Treasury.  

Neoliberalism
- Around this time, a new form of economic
thinking was beginning to challenge the
Keynesian orthodoxy.
- Economists such as Friedrich Hayek and
Milton Friedman argued that the
governments' practice of pouring money into - In the developing world, reduction of tariffs
their economies had caused inflation by and opening up of their economies, is the
increasing demand for goods without quickest way to progress.
necessarily increasing supply. - Certain industries would be affected and die,
- Government intervention in economies but they considered this "shock therapy"
distort the proper functioning of the market. necessary for long-term economic growth.
- Economic philosophy advocating the free- - Its advocates like US President Ronald
market and removal of restrictions on Reagan and British prime Minister Margaret
business and trade (domestic and Thatcher justified their reduction in
international), in order to generate maximum government spending by comparing national
profit (hence “liberal”—not necessarily economies to households.
mutually exclusive with social liberalism, - The case of post-communist Russia.
but nonetheless these beliefs clash
frequently). (Shah, 2010)
- Supports the deregulation of “public Criticisms of the Washington Consensus Policies
services” (e.g., healthcare, education)—
maintained by private businesses, not
 - The economists, such as Joseph Stiglitz and as investors clamored for more investment
Rodrik, who have challenged what are opportunities.
sometimes described as ‘fundamentalist’ - Banks became less discriminating
policies of the International Monetary Fund - Financial experts - wrongly assumed that
and the US Treasury for what Stiglitz calls a even if many of the borrowers were
“one size fits all” treatment of individual individuals and families who would struggle
economies. According to Stiglitz, the to pay, a majority would not default.
treatment suggested by the IMF is too Moreover, banks thought that since there
simple: one dose, ad fast—stabilize, were so many mortgages in just one MBS' a
liberalize, and privatize, without prioritizing few failures would not ruin the entirety of
or watching for side effects. the investment.
- Banks also assumed that housing prices
Keynesian Economics vs. Neoliberalism
would continue to increase.
Keynesian Economics – use government spending - In 2007, home prices stopped increasing as
on the public sector and infrastructure to boost the supply caught up with demand.
economy and provide jobs. - This realization triggered the rapid reselling
of MBSs, as banks and investors tried to get
rid of their bad investments.
Neoliberalism – reduce government spending and - This dangerous cycle reached a tipping point
public sector of the economy. Increase the role of the in September 2008, when major investment
private sector and market forces. banks like Lehman Brothers collapsed,
thereby depleting major investments.
- The crisis spread beyond the United States
since many investors were foreign
Global Financial Crisis of 2008: The Housing
governments, corporations, and individuals.
Crisis
- The loss of their money spread like wildfire
- The greatest recent rejection of the back to their countries.
Neoliberalism was the global financial crisis - These series of interconnections allowed for
of 2008-2009 when the world experienced a global multiplier effect that sent ripples
the greatest economic depression downturn across the world.
since the Great Depression. - Until now countries like Spain and Greece
- The crisis can be traced back to the 1980s are heavily indebted (almost like Third
when the United States systematically World countries), and debt relief has come
removed various banking and investment at a high price. Greece, in particular, has
restrictions. been forced by Germany and the IMF to cut
- Government authorities failed to regulate back on its social and public spending.
bad investments occurring in the US housing Affecting services like pensions, health care,
market. Taking advantage of 'cheap housing and various forms of social security, these
loans," Americans began building houses cuts have been felt most acutely by the poor.
that were beyond their financial capacities' - Moreover, the reduction in government
- To mitigate the risk of these loans, banks spending has slowed down growth and
that were lending houseowners' money ensured high levels of unemployment.
pooled these mortgage Payments and sold
Economic Globalization (Summary)
them as “mortgage-backed securities"
(MBSs) - In the recent decades, partly as a result of
- Since there was so much surplus money these increased exports, economic
circulating' the demand for MBSs increased
 globalization has ushered in an on their ecological balance and depleting
unprecedented spike in global growth rates. them of tthelr finite resources (like oil, coal,
- According to the IMF, the global per capita and minerals).
GDP rose over five-fold in the second half - International economic integration is a
of the 20th century. It was this growth that central tenet of globalization.
created the large Asian economies like - As a reminder, economics is just one
Japan, China, Korea, Hong Kong, and window into the phenomenon of
Singapore. globalization; it is not the entire thing.
- But, economic globalization remains an - Nevertheless, much of globalization is
uneven process with some countries, anchored on changes In the economy.
corporations, and individuals benefitting a Global culture, for example, is facilitated by
lot more than others. trade. Filipinos would not be as aware of
- The reductions in tariffs and other trade American culture if not for the trade that
barriers, but these processes have often been allows locals to watch American movies,
unfair. listen to American music, and consume
- First, developed countries are often American products.
protectionists, as they repeatedly refuse to - The globalization of politics is likewise
lift policies that safeguard their primary largely contingent on trade relations. These
products that could otherwise be days, many events of foreign affairs are
overwhelmed by imports from the conducted to cement trading relations
developing world. between and among states.
- Case of Japan’s refusal to allow rice imports -
into the country to protect its farming sector
Criticism of WTO
and the US protection of its sugar industry
- Poorer countries can do very little to make - Rich countries exploit developing countries
economic globalization more just. Trade by paying workers low wages and
imbalances, therefore, characterize employing in poor conditions
economic relations between developed and • But this isn’t under the WTO
developing countries. control. The WTO encourages free
- The beneficiaries of global commerce have trade.
been mainly transnational corporations - Barriers are lowered by developing countries
(TNCs) and not governments. whilst developed world still maintains
- TNCs are concerned more with profits than barriers in agriculture
with assisting the social programs of the - Free trade has meant the price of basic
governments hosting them. products produced in developing counties
- Host countries in turn, loosen tax laws, falls, whilst price of advanced products
which prevent, wages from rising, while from developed countries rise.
sacrificing social and environmental - Free trade means local cultures are replaced
programs that protect the underprivileged with Coca cola, Starbucks, and McDonald’s.
members of their societies. - WTO rules do not allow countries to set
- “race to the bottom" refers to countries' environmental restrictions on imported
Iowering their labor standards including the goods, so the environment is being
protection of workers 'interests plundered.
- Luring foreign investors seeking high profilt
margins at the lowest cost possible. Perhaps these are criticisms of free trade rather
- Governments weaken environmental laws to than the WTO, where we abide by the market
attract investors, creating fatal consequences
 mechanism. Perhaps also of - However, governance in an anarchic setting
technology/globalization as well. as been challenged by the self-interest of
major states and has exposed its limitations
- In 1945, nations were in ruins. World War
Module 3: Global Governance II is over, and the world wanted peace.
- The United Nations is an international
Global Interstate System and Global Governance organization founded in 1945 with the aim
Economic Globalization of preventing future wars, succeeding the
ineffective League of Nations. 
- Economic globalization can be understood - The UN can take action on the issues
as a process of absorbing national confronting humanity in the 21st century,
economies into an interlinked and such as peace and security, climate change,
interdependent global market sustainable development, human rights,
- The Bretton Woods System institutions disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and
created by the victors of the World War II in health emergencies, gender equality,
1944 are the International Monetary Fund governance, food production, and more.
(IMF), World Bank (WB), and the General - UN is a membership-directed organization,
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the members are all states (Wallensteen,
now World Trade Organization (WTO). 2012:241)
Their purpose is to aid the recovery of the - It is the only organization that can authorize
war-torn countries and to foster economic the use of force against an aggressor
cooperation among states. - Its primary concern is collectively military
- The international economic system has been security through the facilitation of peaceful
anchored in the neoliberal paradigm since settlements of disputes among member-
the 1980s. It involves reducing the states or by commanding allegiance of the
government regulation in order to extend the entire UN membership; sanctions
role of the private sector in the market and
the society.
- Global justice movements have sought to
expose the inadequacies of the system in
addressing the needs of the developing
world and its frailties and vulnerabilities to What UN Does:
financial crises. 1. Maintain international peace and security
2. Protect human rights
3. Deliver humanitarian aid
4. Promote sustainable development
Global Governance 5. Uphold international law
- The formal and informal arrangements that - By enabling dialogue between its members, and
produce a degree of order and collective by hosting negotiations, the Organization has
action above the state in the absence of a become a mechanism for governments to find
global government, that involve areas of agreement and solve problems
coordination among state and non-state together.
actors (Young, 1999:2)
 - The Secretary General is the chief - Issues included exposed population against
administrative office of the United Nation mass violation of human rights, ethnic
Secretariat. cleansing or genocide
- Article 24 of UN Charter state that SC is of
the mandated to act on behalf of the entire
6 Principal Council Organ UN body to fulfill primary responsibility for
maintaining international peace and security.
1. Economic and Social Council - Function may include investigating any
- primary objective is to advance the situation that has potential of creating
economic, social and environmental international tensions; call for military
dimensions of sustainable development. action toward an aggressor or threat, impose
- It serves an gateway of the UN’s partnership international sanctions and other measure.,
with the rest of the world for coordination, determine of a breach of peace and action to
policy, review, dialogue, recommendation, be pursued.
and implementation of international - If the state incapable to fulfill such
development goal. responsibility the intervention of the
international community is called upon to
address the violation of human rights.
2. Trusteeship Council - Peacekeeping is useful tools employed by
UN to assist host countries struggling from
- provide international supervision of Trust
armed conflict.
Territories that are under the administration
- UN peacekeeper are deployed to provide
of 7 member-states, to ensure that adequate
security to populations and political and
steps are being made to prepare the people
peace building support to countries from
of Trust Territories for self-governance.
conflict to peace.
5. General Assembly
3. International Court of Justice
- General Assembly GA is the only organ
- Its role is to settle legal disputes between
with universal representation with 193
states, and to provide advisory opinion on
member states represents in the body.
legal questions referred by the UN organ and
- The GA decides on essential question with
specialized agencies and in accordance to
simple majority which concern related to
international Law.
peace and security, budgetary and new
4. Security Council membership admission 2/3 majority.
- The assembly discuss international peace
- The SC is the most potent organ with the and security.
power to make legally binding resolutions. It - SC remain the primary decision maker of
is comprised the strongest military state and the UN in all matter of international peace
is concrete manifestation of the reality of and security.
power dynamics.
- The council has 15 members; 5 permanent 6. Secretariat (article 7 Chapter III).
members (PM) China, France, Great Britain,
- The Secretary General is the chief
Russia, United States.
administrative office of the United Nation
- 10 remaining seats: non-permanent members
Secretariat.
and elected by GA for overlapping for 2
years.
Funds, Programmes, Specialized Agencies and Module 4: Global North and South
Others
 The North – South divide can be related
1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to an economic division between richer
2. International Civil Aviation Organization and poorer countries. This explains the
(ICAO) reason why it is considered to be more of
a socio political and economic
3. International Fund for Agricultural classification
Development (IFAD)
 Group of 8 (G8)
4. International Labour Organization (ILO) o Canada
5. International Maritime Organization (IMO)
o France
o Germany
6. International Monetary Fund (IMF) o Italy
7. International Telecommunication Union o Japan
(ITU) o Russia
o United Kingdom
8. United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) o United States of America
 Asian Economic Tigers
9. United Nations Industrial Development o Singapore
Organization (UNIDO)
o Taiwan
10. Universal Postal Union (UPU) o South Korea
11. World Bank Group (WBG) o Hong Kong

11.1 International Bank for Reconstruction The Global North

and Development (IBRD)
 More Economically Developed
11.2 International Finance Corporation Countries (MEDCs)
(IFC) o Richer and more stable countries
11.3 International Development Association o Countries with better standard of
(IDA) living and quality of life
o Aspects like: life expectancy,
12. World Health Organization (WHO)
levels of education, health care,
13. World Intellectual Property Organization technology, etc.
(WIPO)
The Global South
14. World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
 Commonly referred to as “the
15. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO or South/developing/poor”
WTO)  These countries are known as developing
Problem With UN: countries, meaning their GDP, HDI,
general standard of living are considered
The United Nations has consistently fallen short inferior with that of the “North”
when addressing major international problems.
 Less Economically Developed Countries
(LEDCs)
 o They are LEDs due to their
unstable government, poor
economy
o Their citizens have poor standard
of living and quality of life
o Low GDP and low HDI
o Some have skewed HDIs due to
relatively high GDP and an
exceptionally low standard of
living. Example is Indonesia  Many scholars of Globalization consider
this designation of North and South
First, Second, Third Worlds
ambiguous because it uses a simple
 Influenced by the Cold War era between geographical criteria to describe a
the USA and USSR complex social situation with
 This was conveniently drawn upon distinguishes the poor countries from the
political ideologies and alliances with wealthiest
the US and much of the Western world Flashpoints
who preached Democracy and
Capitalism tagged as the First World 1. The World has changed considerably
 The Communist Bloc led by the USSR, since the time when the North-South
China and other states who employed the relationship was articulated, although the
Marxist principles are deemed to be part terms continue to be used today as they
of the Second World were then
 The Third World corresponds to the non- 2. However, the fact remains that
aligned states, the underdeveloped inequality and inequity remain inherent
nations, and the states with unstable and almost foundational characteristics
political and economic conditions of the North South divide
3. Systems and institutions of global
Developing States economic and financial governance
 Previously part of the Third World; continue to be dominated by the North
those who found themselves the despite attempts by developing countries
necessity and means to grapple with the to secure greater power. (Guttal, 2016)
economic realities at the demise of the 4. The term Global South is a historic and
Cold War era de contextualized. It omits a critical core
 Associated with the industrialization of dynamic variables that characterize
attempts by many Asian economies once different kinds of countries
dubbed as the Asian Tigers, Economic 5. It should be added also that the term
Tigers, or NICs (Newly Industrialized Global South rids itself of the negative
Countries) like Taiwan, Hong Kong, political and economic labeling that
Singapore, and South Korea Third World had before as it is generally
seen to be more apolitical
6. As opined by Mendez (2015), there is
this ongoing global transformation is a
Brant Line
 phenomenon known as “South- South the dramatic increase in international
cooperation”. economic ties to foster economic growth
and prosperity among its member states
BRICS
Asia (East, Southeast, and South Asia)
 Brazil
 Russia  Mongolia
 India  China
 China  Korea
 South Africa  Japan
 Pakistan
Factors that affect the Development of the
 India
Global South
 Nepal
 élite behavior within and between nation  Bhutan
states;  Bangladesh
 integration and cooperation within  Laos
'geographic' areas  Macau
 and the resulting position of states and  China
regions within the global world market  Hong Kong
and related political economic hierarchy  Taiwan
 Philippines
 Vietnam
Module 5: Asian Regionalism  Cambodia
Regionalism  Thailand
 Myanmar
 Perceived opportunities, threats,  Sri Lanka
challenges prompted countries to bond  Singapore
together / forge ties and alliances built
 Malaysia
on solid , legal framework.
 Brunei
 Regionalism is an important
 Indonesia
development that aids nation states in
their pursuit of collective progress. Why would we consider ASIA as an emerging
o regional organizations are treaty Global Force?
and charter based thus giving
them formal status in  the center of gravity of the global
international law through economy is shifting to Asia; and
recognition and status  play a larger role in global economic
 Most of the enduring regional blocs like leadership
the E.U and the ASEAN were crafted 2018 Economic outlooks
out of a shared commonality and
oneness of aspiration. Asia Pacific Economies
 Economic regionalism can be viewed as  China 6.5% - economic growth to
a conscious attempt to manage the continue its slow but steady transition
opportunities and constraints created by
 towards an economic model based on  1.5 Argentina
services and consumption
How regionalism can benefit Asia?
 India 7.3%
 Malaysia 5.2%  Regional cooperation, effectively
 Korea 3.0% - increased government structured and implemented, is a
spending, a healthy global economy and powerful new tool in Asia’s policy
a boost from the PyeongChang winter arsenal.
Olympics are expected to support the  It can help Asia address regional
economy this year challenges as well as provide stronger
 Taiwan 2.4% foundations for its global role.
 Thailand 3.8%
How can we achieve this?
 Indonesia 5.3%
 Australia 2.8%  Cooperation
 New Zealand 2.9% o Yet the challenge of cooperation
should not be underestimated; it
Emerging Market Economies in 2019
will require trust, innovation, and
 1.7 Russia compromise—and, most likely,
 2.5 Poland time.
 3.6 Romania How Asian regionalism can benefit the world?
 3.0 Czech Republic
 2.8 Greece  As long as Asia’s economies continue to
 3.5 Turkey integrate not just with each other, but
 3.2 UAE also with the rest of the world, sustained
Asian dynamism, strengthened through
 6.3 China
by regional cooperation, could bolster
 7.5 India
Asia’s role as a new and stabilizing
 2.8 Korea
engine of global economic growth.
 2.4 Taiwan
 6.6 Philippines Asia as The Subject of Globalization
 5.3 Indonesia
 What are the proofs?
 4.9 Malaysia o Spice trade
 3.8 Thailand o China’s unprecedented maritime
 2.0 South Africa fleet
 2.3 Angola o Colonies in Asia influenced the
 2.9 Nigeria West
 2.8 Qatar  Colonization
 5.1 Egypt o 1641 - Malacca (Dutch)
 3.7 Morocco o 1560s - the Philippines (Spain)
 2.2 Mexico o 1819 - Singapore (Britain)
 3.1 Colombia o By 1913 - Burma, Malaya,
 2.5 Brazil Borneo territories
 3.8 Peru
 3.5 Chile
 o French-Indochina (Vietnam,  The region is also increasingly becoming
Laos, Cambodia) a global foreign direct investment (FDI)
o Dutch - Indonesia hub.
o Portugal - Portuguese Timor  In terms of both incoming and outgoing
o Spain - the Philippines (until FDI, the Asia-Pacific region now
1898), USA (Spanish-American accounts for almost one quarter of global
war) FDI stock. Hong Kong and Singapore
 Japanese development enjoy special roles as hubs of foreign
 China is one of the world’s importer of investment in Asia.
raw materials Asian Region as an alternative to Globalization
 Availability of Chinese goods and loans
for consumption  Asia is a source of resistance to
 India’s textile and low wage sector Globalization – Globalization (Western
 Source of international migrant labor and Powers)
domestic helpers  Examples
 Adoption of “open regionalism/open o East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
membership in Asian organizations –  (1930s-1940s)
APEC  “ASIA for ASIATICS”
 Source of wide variety of cultural  Japan, Manchukuo, Outer
phenomena (Hello Kitty, Anime, Mongolia, China, Burma,
Pokemon, Power Rangers, Kung Fu Philippines, Vietnam,
Panda, Bollywood, K-wave) Kampuchea, Laos,
Thailand as members of
Why Asia is important? the Sphere (Beasley, 2000
as cited by Kimura, 2014)
 The economic importance of the Asia-
o “Asian Values”
Pacific region has increased substantially
in recent years.  (Mid to late 1990s)
 “Asia has culturally
 Growth rates faster than the global
distinct characteristics
average.
that make it different
 The Asia-Pacific region accounted for
from Western liberal
roughly one quarter of global GDP in
democracies” (Kimura,
2005. A decade later it was already
2014 citing Mohamed
almost one third.
Mahathir)
 In 2020 it is expected to make up more
 In a democratic
than 35 percent of the world economy.
framework, the Asian
 Most prominently, the share of China way is reaching
tripled from 5 percent in 2005 to 15 consensus on national
percent in 2015, while Japan lost in goals, which is in contrast
relative importance. with the Western values
 In Asean the per-capita GDP has where every individual
doubled, in China it rose fivefold; in can do what he likes…
South Korean and Australia it has
increased by more than 40 percent.
 (Langlois, 2001 as cited Cooperation; and, (5)
by Kimura, 2014) establish an ASEAN Plus
 “Asians tend to respect Three Cooperation Fund”
authority, hard work,
Issues And Problems
thrift, and emphasize
community over the  Regional Conflicts
individual” (Kimura,  Failure To Use Available Instruments Of
2014) Conflict Prevention And Resolution
 “Concepts such as  Failure Of Regional Trust Building
individual rights, political  No Regional Free-Trade Area Under
liberalism, and Apec
democracy are Western
 No Standing Regional Humanitarian
concepts, antithetical to
And Disaster Assistance Mechanism In
the Asian tradition”
Place
(Kimura, 2014)
 Human Rights And Social Issues
o “Asian Regional Arrangements”
 Move To Problem Solving
 ASEAN + 3 = ASEAN,
China, Japan, Korea
 Asean + 3 Second Joint
Statement On East Asia
Cooperation of 2007
(Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of Japan, n.d.)
 “Plus Three Process
would remain as the main
vehicle towards the long-
term goal of building an
East Asian community,
with ASEAN as the
driving force
 “…The future scope of
ASEAN Plus Three
cooperation would
include, but not be limited
to, the following areas:
(1) Political and Security
Cooperation; (2)
Economic and Financial
Cooperation; (3) Energy,
Environment, Climate
Change and Sustainable
Development
Cooperation; (4) Socio-
cultural and Development