List of Experiments 1 Measurement of phase difference and frequency of a sinusoidal ac voltage using C.R.O. - 3 Measurement of voltage, current and resistance using DC potentiometer - 6 Measurement of low resistance by Kelvin’s double bridge-10 Measurement of inductance through various bridges (Maxwell's bridge, Hay’s bridge, Anderson's bridge)-13 Measurement of capacitance through various bridges (Owen’s bridge, De Sauty bridge, Schering bridge)-25 Determination of BIT curve using solenoid-36 Determination of transfer function of DC machines-40 Determination of transfer function of servo motors-44. Digital simulation (MATLAB) of first and second order systems using time and frequency methods and obtaining the performance specifi respons Design of compensator (Jead,lag, lag-lead) of a system by digital simulation (MATLAB).~49 Department of EEE, Veltech University 2Experiment 1: Measurement of phase difference and frequency of a sinusoidal ac voltage using C.R.O. Aim e and frequency of two signals using cathode ray ascillose: ‘To measure the phase differen: Apparatus Required S.No| APPARATUS _| RANGE | QUANTITY 1 _| Resistance 1ka 1 2 | Capacitance 1000 ys F 1 3 _| Function Generator = 1 4 [CRO - 1 5 _| Bread Board - 1 Formula For Frequency: Frequency of unknown signal, f, = K fu where, Jo = Frequency of known signal applied to horizontal deflection plates ‘fn = Frequency of unknown signal applied to vertical deflection plates K = Tangents in horizontal / tangents in vertical For phase difference Phase difference of the unknown signal, @) Department of EEE, Veltech UniversityCircuit Diagram Phase difference R=1KQ + Function 1000nF CRO Generator Patterns for measurement of frequency a 2 1 1 1 K=1/2 2 k=2 1 1 2 3 1 a K=1/3 2 3 K=3 Department of EEE, Veltech University 4Patterns for measurement of phase difference y. vs 7 Procedure 1. Connections are made as per the cirenit diagram. 2, Signal 1 is apply to horizontal deflection plate, 3. Signal 2 is apply to vertical deflection plate 4, Note down the y and yp readings. 5. Calculate the phase difference. Result Viva voce Department of EEE, Veltech UniversityExperiment 2: Measurement of Voltage, Current and Resistance Us- ing DC Potentiometer Aim To measure the voltage, current and resistance using DC potentiometer Apparatus Required APPARATUS RANGE | QUANTITY DC Potentiometer - 1 Rheostat 2500, 2A 1 RPS DG (@-30)V 1 4 Galvanometer - 1 5 Galvanometer key - 1 6 Voltmeter (0-50)V, MC 1 Theory The principle of operation of all potentiometers is based on the circuit which shows the schematic diagram of the basic slide wire potentiometer. With switch ’S’ the operate position and the galvanometer key K open, the battery supplies the working current through the reheostat R and the slide wire. The working current through the slide wire may be varied by changing the theostat setting. The method of measuring the unknown voltage, B, depends up on finding a position for the slliding current such the galvanometer shows zero deflection. ie. indicates mull condition, when the galvanometer key, K is closed. Zero galvanometer deflection or a null means that the unknown voltage, E is equal to the voltage drop E,, across portion ac of the slide wire. Thus determination of the value of unknown voltage now becomes a matter of evaluating the voltage drop E,, along the portion ac of the slide wire. The slide wire as a uniform cross section and hence uniform resistance along its entire length. A calibrated scale in em and fractions of cm is placed along the slide wire so that the sliding contact can be placed accurately at any desired position along the slide wire. Since the resistance of slide wire is known accurately, the voltage drop along the slide wire can be controlled by adjusting the value of working current. Operation of DC POT Basically a resistance potentiometer or simply a POT, (a resistive potentiometer used for the purpose of voltage division is called a POT) consists of a resistive element provided with a sliding contact is called a wiper. The motion of the sliding may be translator or rotational 1, Translational potentiometer 2. Rotational potentiometer Department of EEE, Veltech University 6Some POTS use the combination; of the two motions, i.e. translational as well as rotational. These POTS have their resistive element in the form of a helix and therefore, they are called heliports ‘The translational resistive elements are straight devices and have a stroke of 2mm to 0.5m. The rotational devices are circular in shape and are used for measurement of angular displace- ment. They may have a full scale angular displacement as small as 10 deg. OGRa Procedure 1, Connections are made as per the circuit diagram, 2. Connect the unknown inductance at Lx (unknown) point. 3. Keep R3 in minimum position. 4, Connect the CRO or multimeter across P & Q terminals. 5. Switch ON the unit 6. Vary the resistance R3 and choose R2, such that you can obtain a maximum variation of output. 7. Vary the resistance R3 and to obtain minimum amplitude or zero amplitude and also obtain a minimum output voltage or zero output voltage. Department of EEE, Veltech University 188. Remove the patching at R3 and find the resistance using multimeter and note down the reading according to the table give below and calculate he value of unknown inductance. 9. At that time the audio amplifier switch is ON position you will hear a minimum noise or Tabulation Result: Thus the value of unknown inductance was measured using Hay’s bridge Department of EEE, Veltech University 19Experiment 4: Measurement of Inductance through various bridges c) Anderson’s bridge Aim To measure the self inductance of a given coil using Anderson’s bridge. Apparatus Required S.NO | APPARATUS QUANTITY 1_| Anderson's bridge trainer kit 1 2 Decade inductance box 1 3__| Multimeter I 4 CRO 1 Theory This is one of the types of AC bridges. The AC bridges are mainly designed to measure the electrical quantities such as inductance, capacitance. These AC bridges are improved versions of the Wheatstone bridge. The consist of four arms for maintaining balance, connecting the unknown value and an AC power source and detector circuit. The Andersons Bridge is one such type of bridge normally used measurement of self inductance se bridges Anderson’s Bridge The Anderson's bridge is most commonly used for the measurement of self inductances. The sclf-inductance is measured in terms of a standard capacitor. This method is applicable for presice measurement of self ~ inductance over a very wide range of values. The connection diagram and the phasor diagram of the bridge circuit are shown below. Let, L.= self inductance to be measured, R,= resistance of self inductor. resistance connected in series with self induetor, 1,Ro,Rs,Ry =known non inductive resistanc, and C= fixed standard capacitor At balan¢ N= hand b Department of EEE, Veltech University 20I. = hjwCRs Circuit Diagram Writing other balance equations (ry + Ry + july) = IyRy + Ter and Ie) Ra Substituting the value of in the above equations, we have (ri + Ri + jwL1) = Ro + hjwCRer Or I(r + Ry + jul — jwCRar) = InRp and Department of EEE, Veltech University 2jwCRgh(r + Or I (GwORgr + jwCRyRy) = Ry Fog) = le jw Rs) from the above equations, we obta + jwCRoRs) quations, one easily conclude that to obtain easy convergence of balance, rl and r should be balanced alternately as they appear in only one of the two balance equations. In case adjustments are carried out by manipulating control over rl and r, they become independent of each other. A study of convergence conditions would reveal that it is much easier to obtain may be used for accurate determination of inductance in terms of capacitance. ‘The difficulty that a person faces when using this type of bridge is that it is more complex that its counterpart i.c., Maxwell’s bridge. Even the balance equations are more tedious than others. And one more difficulty is that an additional junction point increases the difficulty of shielding the bridge. The hit has a inbuilt 1KHz oscillator circuit for giving input to the bridge and an audio amplifier with a speaker to detect the output. The speaker produces either no sound or least sound possible at the point of balance. Formula Paks Ra Unknown Resistance: Ry = Unknown Inductance: Ly = of [r(Ry + Ry) + RoR) 7 Procedure(by using CRO ) 1, Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown above. 2. Connect the unknown inductance at the Lx (unknown) point. 3. Keep r1 and r potentiometers in minimum position, 4, Connect A to A and B to B. Department of EEE, Veltech University 2210, Connect the CRO across P and Q. Switch ON the unit, Vary the potentiometer r such that the amplitude of sine wave is decreases and at one point it will obtain amplitude and then it will start increasing at that point stop the tuning and now vary the potentiometer rl such that the amplitude of sine wave is decreases and at one point it will obtain a minimum amplitude and then it will start increasing at that point stop the tuning. Repeat the above procedure for some extent whenever the output is zero amplitude or minimum amplitude, Remove the patching at r and rl find the resistance using multimeter and note down the reading according to the table given below and calculate the value of unknown inductance. One can verify the balancing condition by connecting the bridge output (P & Q) to the input (P & Q) of audio power amplifier and you can hear a minimum noise or no noise Procedure(by using Multimeter) 1 2 Sonnections are made as per the circuit diagram shown above. Connect the unknown inductance at the Lx (unknown) point. Keep rl and r potentiometers in minimum position Connect A to A and B to B. Connect the CRO across P and Q. Switch ON the unit Vary the potentiometer r such that the output voltage will decrease and at one point it will obtain a minimum point and then start increase at this point stop the tuning and then vary rl. Here also the output voltage will decrease and at one point it will obtain a minimum point and then start increase. Repeat the above step such that you will obtain minimum voltage or zero voltage. Remove the patching at r and r] find the resistance using multimeter and note down the reading according to the table given below and calculate the value of unknown inductance. One can verify the balancing condition by connecting the bridge output (P & Q) to the input (P & Q) of audio power amplifier and you can hear a minimum noise or no noise. If you vary the potentiometer r and rl you can hear a maximum noise. Department of EEE, Veltech University 23Tabulation C=01p R3, R2, R4 = 470.2 S.NO [FQ | F1(Q) Result Thus the self-inductance of a given coil is determined by using Anderson's bridge Department of EEE, Veltech University 4Experiment 5: Measurement of Capacitance through various bridges a) Owen’s bridge Aim To measure the inductance of a given coil in terms of capacitance by using Owen's bridge. Apparatus Required S.NO | APPARATUS QUANTITY 1_ | Owen's bridge trainer kit 1 2 Decade inductance box 1 3 Multimeter 1 4 CRO 1 Theory Alternating current bridge methods are of outstanding importance for measurement of elec trical quantities. Measurement of inductance, capacitance, storage factor, loss factor may be conveniently and accurately be employing a.c bridge networks. ‘The a.c bridge is a natural outgrowth of the Wheatstone bridge. an a.c bridge in its basic form consists of four arms, a source of excitation and a balance detector. In an a.c bridge, each of the four arms is impedance, and the battery and the galvanometer of the Wheatstone bridge are replaced respectively by an a.c source and a detector sensitive to small alternating potential differences. ‘The usefulness of a.c bridge circuits is not restricted to the measurement of unknown impedances and associated parameters like inductance, capacitance, storage factor, dissipation factor otc., and these circuits find other applications in communication systems and complex electronic circuits. Alternating current bridge circuits are commonly used for phase shifting providing feedback paths for oscillators and amplifiers, filtering out undesirable signals and measuring the frequency of audio signals. Sources and detectors for measurements at low frequencies, the power line may act as the source of supply to the bridge circuits. For higher frequencies, electronic oscillators are universally used as bridge source supplies. These oscillators have the advantage that the frequency is constant, casily adjustable, and determinable w: ‘The waveform is much closed to a sine wave, and the power output is sufficient for most bridge measurement. A typical oscillator as a frequency range of 40Hz to 125Hz with a power output 7W. The detectors commonly used for acc bridges are (i) head phones (ii) vibration galvanometers, and (iii) tunable amplifier detectors For ordinary a.c bridge measurements of induc acitance, a fixed frequenc oscillator of 1000Hz and output of about 1W is adequate. For more specialized work continuously, variable oscillators are preferable. For more specialized work continuously, variable oscillators are preferable, with outputs up to SW. The high power may be necessary on some occasions, but in practice it is better to limit the power supplied to the bridge. Another practice which is accur ce and Department of EEE, Veltech University 25usually followed is to use a UN tuned amplifier detector. The balance detection is sensed both orally by headphones, and visually by a pointer galvanometer having a logarithmic defle avoid damage to the galvanometer which may be caused by unbalance). Circuit Diagram Owen’s Bridge This bridge may be used for measurement of an inductance in terms of capacitance. Figure shows the connections and phasor diagrams, for this bridge, under balance conditions. Let [y= Unknown self ~ inductance of resistance, R= Variable non-inductive resistance, R= Fixed inductive resistance, C= Variable standard capacitor, Cy= Fixed standard capacitor, Department of EEE, Veltech University 26At balance (Ri + )Rs (Ra jue,’ Separating the real and imaginary terms, we obtain: “Gy Formula 1, = PaRsCs Ca Ry = Ry G Procedure 1, Switch on the trainer and check the power supply to be +12V Patch the circuit as per the wiring diagram Observe the 1KHz output at the output of the audio amplifier Connect the unknown value of the inductance at the LX terminals provided Select the values of the capacitor for the bridge balance, if the bridge does not balance change the values of capacitor for the bridge balance 6. Connect the bridge output to the audio amplifier input and observe the amplified output at the output terminal 7. You may hear the bridge balance with the speaker provided, the balance is observed with the CRO also, 8. For example for the values of 200mIT and the capacitance of 0.047mf the bridge will balance 9, You can calculate the unknown inductance using the formula given below Lx = R4 R2 C3 Tabulation S.NO | R2 (KM) [Ra (KN) | Ci (uF) [ Lx, Unknown Inductance, (H) Department of EEE, Veltech University 27Result Thus the inductance value of given coil is determined using Owen’ Department of EEE, Veltech University s bridge. 28Experiment 5: Measurement of Capacitance through various bridges b) De Sauty’s bridge Aim To measure the inductance of a given coil in terms of capacitance by using De Sauty’s bridge. Apparatus Required S.NO | APPARATUS. QUANTITY 1_| De Sauty’s bridge trainer kit 1 2 Decade inductance box 1 3__| Multimeter 1 4 CRO 1 Theory The desauty’s bridge is one of the types of AC bridges. These bridges are mainly designed to measure the electrical quantities such as inductance and capacitance. These bridges normally consist of four arms of which one are an unknown arm i.e., the unknown quantity is connected are used to balance the bridge. the input to the bridge is given through an oscillator producing a 1KHz waveform and the output part consists of an audio amplifier which gives the output in the form of sound where in at balanced condition, either the speaker produces no sound or least sound possible. The desauty’s is one such type of bridge which is used for the measurement of capacitances. across it and all the other arn De Sauty’s bridge The desauty’s bridge is most commonly used for the measurement of capacitances. This bridge is the simplest method of comparing two capacitances. The connection and phasor diagram of this bridge are as shown in figure. Let Cx = Cl = Capacitor whose capacitance is to be measured, C =A standard capacitor And R3, R4 = non ~inductive resistors. Department of EEE, Veltech University 29Circuit Diagram At balance The balance can be obtained by varying cither RyorRy, This method does not give accurate results for dissipation factor since its value depends on difference of quantities (RIR4/R3) and R2. These quantities are moderately large and their difference is very small and since this difference cannot be known with a high degree accuracy the dissipation factor cannot be determine accurately: The trainer kit has an in-built IKHz oscillator circuit for giving input to the bridge and an audio amplifier with a speaker to detect the output. The speaker produces either no sound or least sound possible at the point of balance. The output can be viewed through CRO or by using multimeter. Department of EEE, Veltech University 30Procedure 1 10, Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Connect the unknown capacitance at Cx (unknown) point, Select the capacitance C such that the output is maximum tunable, Keep R1 and R3 potentiometers in minimum position, Connect the CRO across P and Q Switch ON the unit Vary the potentiometer R3 such that the amplitude of sine wave decreases and at one point it will obtain a minimum amplitude and then it will start increasing, at that point, stop the tuning and now vary the potentiometer R1 such that the amplitude of sine wave decreases and at one point it will obtain a minimum amplitude and then it will start increasing, at that point, stop the tuning, Repeat the step 7 for some extent where the output is zero amplitude or minimum amplitude. Remove the patch chord connection across R3 and find the resistance using multimeter and note down the reading according to the table given below and calculate the value of unknown capacitance By switch ON the audio amplifier one can verify the balancing condition; by connecting the bridge output (P&Q) to the input (P&Q) of the audio power amplifier you can hear a minimum sound or no sound. If you vary the potentiometer R1 and R3 you can hear a maximum sound. Tabulation S.NO | © (iF) | RIM | R3O | Cx, Unknown Result Thus the value of unknown capacitance was Department of EE! calculated using a De $ nity's bridge. ’, Veltech University 31Experiment 5: Measurement of Capacitance through various bridges c) Schering bridge Aim To determine the unknown cap: citance by using Schering bridge Apparatus Required S.NO | APPARATUS QUANTITY 1_| Schering bridge trainer kit 1 2 Decade inductance box 1 3 Multimeter 1 4 CRO 1 Theory Alternating current bridges are of outstanding importance of electrical quantities. Measurement of inductance, capacitance ete may be made conveniently and accurately by employing AC bridge networks. An AC bridge is an improved version of the Wheatstone bridge and consists of a source of excitation and a detector sensitive to small alternating potential differences. The Schering Bridge is one such type of AC Bridge used for the measurement of capacitance Schering bridge The Schering Bridge unlike the other bridges consists of four arms, One arm has a range selection is provided so as to sclect the correct point of balance of the bridge. This arm provides the point to sclect the range between which the bridge can be balanced. ‘The other arm consists of a fixed capacitor connected in parallel to a variable resistance which is used as one of the variable arm of the bridge. The third arm has a standard variable resistance which is varied along with the other variable resistance to obtain exact balance point. The circuit diagram and the phasor diagram of the bridge are as shown below. The balance conditions for the bridge is as shown below Let Ct = capacitor whose capacitance is to be measured rj =a series resistance representing the loss in the capacitor Ci Cz =a standard capacitor Ry = anon ~ inductive resistance Cy =a variable capacitor Rg = a variable non inductive resistance in parallel with variable capacitor Cy Department of EEE, Veltech University 32.Circuit Diagram At balance Re r+ yy nm joan + jwRa 1 Ry . (r+ aq Ra = saeq(l + Hehe) p, —iPs _ iRa , CaRaRy MSG, wl” C2 Equating the real and imaginary terms, we obtain Two ependent balance equations are obtained if and are chosen as the variable elements, Dissipation factor: wC,R¢ Department of EEE, Veltech University 33.Formula RC Unknown Resistance: ry = 2 Co Unknown Inductance: Cy = Rs Procedure(by using CRO) 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown above. 3. Keep R4, R3 in minimum position. 4, Connect the CRO aer ss P and Q 5. Switch ON the unit Connect the unknown capacitance at the Cx (unknown) point 6. Vary resistance R3 to some extent. (above 2K is suggested) Choose C2, such that you can obtain a maximum variation of output. 8. Vary the potentiometer R4 such that the amplitude of sine wave will decrease and it one points it will obtain a minimum of zero amplitude and then it will start increasing at that point stop the tuning and vary R3. Here also the amplitude of sine wave will decrease and at one point it will obtain a minimum of zero amplitude and then it will start increasing at that point stop the tuning 9, Repeat the above step such that you will obtain minimum amplitude or zero amplitude. 10, Remove the patching atR and R3, find the resistance us 1g multimeter and note down the reading according to the table given below and calculate the value of unknown capacitance. 11. One can vary the balancing condition by connecting the bridge output (P&Q) to the input (P&Q) of the audio power amplifier and you can hear a minimum noise or no noise. If you vary the potentiomete Procedure(by using Multimeter) Ra you can hear a maximum noise. 1, Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown above, 2. Connect the unknown capacitance at: the Cx (unknown) point. 3. Keep Rd, R3 in minimum position. 4, Connect the multimeter across P and Q (AC mode) Switch ON the unit. Department of EEE, Veltech University 346. Vary resistance R3 to some extent. (above 2K is suggested) 7. Choose C2, such that you can obtain a maximum variation of output 8. Vary the potentiometer R4 such that the output voltage decreases and at one point it will obtain a minimum voltage or zero voltage and then it will start increasing at that point stop the tuning and vary R3. Here also the voltage will decrease and at one point it will obtain a minimum voltage or zero voltage and then it will start increasing at that point stop the tuning, 9. Repeat the above step such that you will obtain minimum voltage or zero voltage. 10. Remove the patching atR4 and R3, find the resistance using multimeter and note down the reading according to the table given below and calculate the value of unknown capacitance. 11. One can vary the balancing condition by connecting the bridge output (P&Q) to the input (P&Q) of the audio power amplifier and you can hear a minimum noise or no noise. If you vary the potentiometer R4 you can hear a maximum noise. Tabulation ‘Cx, Unknown S.NO | C2@:F) | R20) Result Thus the value of unknown capacitance was measured using a Schering Bridge. Department of EEE, Veltech University 35Experiment 6: Determination of BH curve using solenoid Aim To determine the BH curve of a solenoid by the method of reversal Apparatus Required S.NO | APPARATUS QUANTITY, 1 | BH curve trainer kit 1 2 | Patch chords Few 3 _ | Multimeter 1 4 | CRO & CRO probes 1 Theory There are two windings on the specimen. The primary is fed low AC voltage. This produces a magnetic field TI in the specimen. The voltage across R1 connected in series with the primary is proportional to magnetic field. This is given to the x axis of CRO. The magnetic field induces a voltage in a secondary coil. The voltage induced is proportional to dB/dt and is applied to passive integration circuit. The output of integrate is proportional to B and fed to the vertical input of the CRO. As a result of application of voltage proportional to H the horizontal axis and voltage proportional to B in the vertical axis a loop is formed. The measurement of loop leads to evaluation of energy loss in the specimen, Basic Definitions B-H Curve—a graphical curve showing the ratio of flux density to magnetic field intensity Flux Density—fux density is the number of Webers per square meter in a cross section normal to the direction of the flux. This number is referred to as Tesla and given the symbol B Magnetic Field Intensity —the magneto motive force per unit length in a magnetic circuit. This quality is represented with the symbol H. Solenoid —a solenoid is a device comprised of a coil of wire, the housing and a moveable plunger (armature). When an electrical current is introduced, a magnetic field forms around the coil which draws the plunger in, More simply, a solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Bobbins— usually made with a plastic construction in either nylon or peek and can be molded or machined Coil— the copper windings on the solenoid that provide an electrical element through which a current is passed to generate a magnetic field, During the winding process, precision wound coil follows a prescribed pattern in which each turn is laid precisely beside the previous turn, This allows the maximum amount of copper to be wound in the allotted space. A coil with no specific winding pattern is called a random wound coil Department of EEE, Veltech University 36Coil Resistance—is the property of a coil that impedes is applied to the coil. Resistance values are shown in ohms. Current Flow—signifies the amount of current flowing through the solenoid coil when ene and is expressed as amperes .¢ flow of the current when a voltage ized Circuit Diagram AC supply input ov R=040hm “ey het f Wee] 4 Lyre | R=100bm xiI6 PRI <|5 sec Se | PRIMARY SECONDARY zooturns —-100tums Procedure 1, The AC input is fed to the primary of the solenoid along with R1 in series connection, Value of R1 can be selected from either 0.19 or 1 9 or 10 2 3. The connections across R1 should be given to the CRO horizontal axis 4. Care should be taken to connect the ground correctly, otherwise the loop will not be formed in current shape secondary side of the coil is connected in series with capacitor of 4.7 jf and 680 2 6. The connections across capacitor should be given to the CRO vertical axis, The horizontal and vertical gains are adjusted such that the loop occupies maximum area on the screen. 8. The loop is traced on a translucent paper and the area is calculated using a graph sheep by counting the number of small squares. This will give in sq.mm convert the same to sq.mm. Calibration of CRO 1. Do not disturb the X and Y axis gains while doing this 2. Remove the X and Y axis connection to the CRO Department of EEE, Veltech University 373 Do not disturb the gain control Horizontal Calibration Connect only the x axis to the CRO This will result in a line bring displayed along the x axis Note the length of this line (Lx) in em and convert the same to meters Measure the voltage using multimeters (Vrms - x) Vp v2x Vims Remove the CRO connection Horizontal sensitivity Vpp/length of line (Lx) Vertical Calibration 1 2, Connect only the y axis to the CRO This will result in a line bring displayed alone the y axis Note the length of this line (Lx) in em and convert the same to meters Measure the voltage using a multimeter (Vrms - y) Vp v2x Vims Vpp = 2x Vp Remove the CRO connection Vertical sensitivity = Vpp / length of line (Lx) Area of loop Count the number of small squares in graph sheet. This will give area in sq.mm convert the same to sq. meters Department of EEE, Veltech University 38BH Curve att (rel Ne Bent Comey if ™~e 4 — | @ —__— H agaton Face Neooterarone ImOepateDroton / os se, xo, Sipe eam 8 BS rforatn Result Thus the BH curve testing torroid is determined, Department of EEE, Veltech University 39)Experiment 7: Determination of transfer function of DC machine Aim To determine the transfer function of self excited DC generator on load and no load condition. Apparatus Required 'S. NO. | APPARATUS QUANTITY 1 | Ammeter (0-25), (0-20)A 2 2 | Voltmeter (0-300)V 1 3__| Starter 3 Point 1 4 | Puse 204 2 5__| Rheostat 2 Formula No load: Vi(s) p(s) ~ [e+ slr] where, K, = Gain Constant, Re= Ficld Resistance in , Ly = Field Inductance in H, On load: Vi(s) _ Ee(s) [Re(Ra + Re)(1 + sTr)(1 + sTa)) K, 7 = Gain Constant Le Rr Re= Field Resistance in 9, Ly = Field Inductance in H, Field time constant Tr Le © RoR, Armature time constant where, R,= Amnature Resistance in 2, R= Armature Inductance in H, Department of EEE, Veltech University 40Circuit Diagram 3 point sare ix 109 wa re) ao al bom i Pp mov lip as 5 Tt ouw \ 2A 208 Procedure ‘To determine Kg 1. Connections are made as per circuit 2, The motor field rheostat is in minimum position and generating field rheostat is in maximum position Switch on the DPST switch 4, Using 3 point starter start the DC motor and adjust the rheostat postition to get rated speed of the motor. 5, Note down the Ey, J values by varying generator field rheostat, 6. Repeat the steps till 125% of rated voltage. 7. Plot the graph for the above readings. Model Graphs fo H(A) ILA) Department of EEE, Veltech University 4Load charactersties 1, Connections are made as per cireuit. 2, The motor field rheostat is in minimum position and generating field rheostat is in maximum position 3. Switch on the DPST switch 4, Using 3 point starter start the DC motor and adjust the rheostat postition to get rated speed of the motor 5. Repeat steps till 120% of its rated capacity. 6. Note down the readings of ViandI, Plot the graph for the above readings. ‘To determine Field Indu 1, Connections are made as per circuit 2. Auto transformer is varied in steps for different voltages 3, Note down the readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter 4. Calculate Field impedance 5. Field resistance and Field inductance can be caleulated by using Ly ‘To Determine armature Inductance 1. Connections are made as per circuit 2, Auto transformer is varied in steps for different voltages. ssistance and Armature Inductance are calculated by Tabulation LOAD [Vi [ir [Tr | Fy Department of EEE, Veltech University 42Result Thus the transfer function of the self excited DC generator on load and no load condition is studied and performance characteristies are drawn. Department of EEE, Veltech University 43,Experiment 8: Determination of transfer function of DC servo motors Aim To determine the transfer function of armature controlled DC serve motor Apparatus Required S.NO | APPARATUS QUANTITY 1 | DC servo motor trainer kit 1 2 | Connecting wires Few Formula Transfer function of the armature controlled DC servomotor is given by 4(s) Kn s(1 + sTa)(1 + 8Tm) + Ke K, motor gain constant, Kym, = Re motor torque constant Ky = = tor torq Z Torquel’ = 9.552 ya Back emf Ey = Va — Tala V, = Exciatation voltage in volts Back emf constant Ki, a 2nN 0 Armature Time Constant, Angular velocity win = Mechanical Time Constant, Try = B Procedure ‘To determine torque 1. Remove the load and switch on the module 2, Note down the no load current and no load speed 3. Adjust the potentiometer for the rated voltage of 24v 4, Adjust the load in steps till the current of 0.8 A 5. At each load note down the speed Department of EEE, Veltech University 46. Calculate the corresponding torque and plot the torque-speed charateeristics Circuit Diagram Ra la ‘To determine Kt and B RE Al 5 = supp u = er ay e 4B 1. Switch on the main supply unit and switch on the DC power supply to the motor 2, Run the motor at nominal speed and progressively increase the load upto 80 % of the rate max. current. 3. Note down the values of armature current and speed. 4, Calculate the corresponding torque constant and Friction coefficient Tabulation Va | Ia | Speed | angular velocity | back emf Ta | Speed,N | Angular Velocity | Torque | Friction coefficient Va [Ia | speed ,N | Load | Torque Result Thus the transfer function of DC servo motor is obtained experimentally. Department of EEE, Veltech UniversityExperiment 9: Digital simulation of first and second order system using time and frequency response methods and obtaining the perfor- mance specifications Aim To simulate the time response for first and second order system Apparatus Required S.NO | APPARATUS | QUANTITY | {1 | MATrAB) - | [2 [COMPUTER = | Theory Order of the system The order of the system is given by the order of differential equation governing the system input output rclationship of a system can be expressed by transfer function of a system and is obtained by taking the laplace transformation of the differential equation governing the system and rearranging them as ratio of output and input polynomial in ’s', The order of the system is given by the maximum power of ’s' in the denominator polynomial P(s) T(s) y Qs) P(3)= Numerator polynomial Q(s)= Denominator polynomial Qs) = aos" + ays"! + ays"? + tag nS + On if n = 0, then the system is zero order system ifm = 1, then the system is first order system if n = 2, then the system is second order system ‘Type of the system The type of the system is given by the number of poles of the transfer function _ Pls) (s+ 20s GIO) = KO) = SEP Ne POP) if N = 0, then the system is type zero s if N = 1, then the system is type one 5) Department of EEE, Veltech University 46if N = 2, then the system is type two system First order type zero system ‘The generalized transfer function for first order Type zero system is Cs) y= Te) = Fy C(s} = output of the system R(s) = input of the system Procedure 1, First choose the differential equation 2, Open MATLAB software and open file 3. Select option New and script 4, Type numerator of the equation 5. Type denomenator of the equation 6. write the step command Compile the program and save the plot. Second order system The desired performance characteristics of control system are specified in terms of the time domain specification. Systems with energy storage elements cannot respond instantaneously and will exhibit transient response whenever they are subjected to inputs or disturbance: The desired performance characteristics of a system of any order may be specified in terms of the transient response to a unit step input signal The transient response characteristics are: Delay time ‘This taken for reponse to reach 50% of the final value for the very first time Rise time It is the time taken for response to rise from 0 to 100% for the very first time. For under damped system Risetime = o wa Department of EEE, Veltech University a7Peak time It is the time taken for the response to reach the peak value for the ver taken for the response to reach the peak overshoot, Settling time ‘tling time, 7,, is the time required for the The ‘em ouput to fall within a certain percentage of the steady state value for a step input or equivalently to decrease to a certain percentage of the initial value for an impulse input. Procedure 1. First choose the differential equation 2, Open MATLAB software and open file 3. Select option New and script 4, Type numerator of the equation 5, Type denomenator of the equation 6. write the step command Compile the program and save the plot Result The time response charateristics of the given second order system is simulated digitally and vorified the result Department of EEE, Veltech University 48,Experiment 10: Design of compensator of a system by digital simula- tion Aim To study the lead-lag compensator. Apparatus Required S.NO | APPARATUS | QUANTITY 1 | Lead network 2 | CRO - 20Mhz. MATLAB coding with compensator for loop system Num = [1 151 0.1774] Den = [1 0.739 0.921 0] Pitch = tf(num, den); Alead = 200; Tlead = 0.0025; K=01 Lead = if(k[alead* tlead 1 J, [tlead 1)) Bode(lead*pitch) Sys.cl = feedback (lead* pitch,10); De = 0.2; T=0: 01:10 Figure Step(de*syscl,t) Title(’ bode plot for closed loop system with compensator *) MATLAB coding without compensator for loop system Num = [1 151 0.1774); Den = [1 0.739 0.921 0} Pitch = tf(num, den); Sys.cl = feedback ( piteh,1) De = 0.2; T = 0:01:10; Figure Step(de*sys.!, t) Syscl = feedback(pitch, 10); De = 0.2; T = 0:01:10; Bode(sys.cl, t); Grid on; Department of EEE, Veltech University 49Title(’ bode plot for closed loop system without compensator *) MATLAB coding with compensator Num = 0 0 100 5}; Den = [400 202 1 0); Sys = (sys) Margin(sys) (gm, ph, wsc, wgc) = margin(sys) Title(’ bode plot compensator system’) MATLAB coding without lag compensator Num = [0 0 3] Den=([2 1 0); Sys = if(num, den): Margin(s (gm, ph, wpe, wge) = margin(sys) Title(’ bode plot compensator system’) Lag compensator: Gain = B/A = Y0/X0 = 20log(B/A) Phase @ = —sin-'(X0/A) = —sin-(Y0/B) Procedure 1. Enter the command window of MATLAB. 2. Create a new M-file by selecting new Mile 3. Type and save the program. 4, Execute the program by pressing F5 or delay run. 5. View the results. 6. Analysis the results. With lead compensator 1. Enter the command window of MATLAB. 2. Create a new Mcfile by selecting new M-file Department of EEE, Veltech University 50Type and save the program. Execute the program by pressing F5 or delay run. View the results. Analysis the results. Lead Compensator Y0/X0 = 20log(B/A) Phase @ = —sin-'(X0/A) = —sin-"(Y0/B) Procedure 1 2 3 Enter the command window of MATLAB. Create a new M-file by selecting new M-file. Type and save the program. Execute the program by pressing F5 or delay run. View the results, Analysis the results. With lead compensator 1 Enter the command window of MATLAB. Create a new M-file by selecting new M-file Type and save the program Execute the program by pressing F5 or delay run. View the results. Analysis the results, Result Thus the system response of a lag and Jead compensator has been detained. Department of EEE, Veltech University 51