DATE FILED: May 24, 2021

CASE NUMBER: 2021SA97

temporary tax credits as provided in House Bill 21-1164 without again obtaining

voter approval. Here, school district voters previously approved waivers of the

applicable TABOR limits; per the erroneous advice of the Colorado Department of

Education, the school districts did not implement those waivers; and, in House Bill

21-1164, the General Assembly seeks to eliminate the tax credits at issue simply to

effectuate what the voters had previously authorized. In these circumstances, the

court perceives nothing in TABOR requiring further voter approval.

Accordingly, the court answers the General Assembly’s two-part

interrogatory in the affirmative.

 The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203

2021 CO 34

Supreme Court Case No. 21SA97

Original Proceeding Pursuant to Article VI, Section 3 of the
Constitution of the State of Colorado

In Re: Interrogatory on House Bill 21-1164 Submitted by the Colorado General

Assembly.

General Assembly’s Interrogatory Answered

en banc
May 24, 2021

Attorneys for the Colorado General Assembly:

Recht Kornfeld, P.C.
Mark G. Grueskin
Denver, Colorado

Sharon L. Eubanks, Director, Office of Legislative Legal Services

Julie A. Pelegrin, Deputy Director, Office of Legislative Legal Services
Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Governor Jared S. Polis:

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General
Terry Gill, First Assistant Attorney General
Russell D. Johnson, Senior Assistant Attorney General
Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Attorney General Philip J. Weiser:

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General
Natalie Hanlon Leh, Chief Deputy Attorney General
Eric R. Olson, Solicitor General
Kurtis T. Morrison, Deputy Attorney General
Noah C. Patterson, Assistant Solicitor General
Denver, Colorado
Attorneys for Senators John B. Cooke, Don Coram, Bob Gardner, Dennis
Hisey, Chris Holbert, Barbara Kirkmeyer, Larry Liston, Paul H. Lundeen, Ray
Scott, Cleave Simpson, James C. Smallwood Jr., Jerry Sonnenberg, and Rob
Woodward; and Representatives Mark Baisley, Rod Bockenfeld, Terri Carver,
Marc Catlin, Tim Geitner, Ron Hanks, Richard Holtorf, Colin Larson,
Stephanie Luck, Mike Lynch, Hugh McKean, Patrick Neville, Rod Pelton,
Andres Pico, Kim Ransom, Janice Rich, Shane Sandridge, Matthew Soper,
Tonya Van Beber, Kevin Van Winkle, Perry Will, Dave Williams, and Dan
Woog:
Public Trust Institute
Daniel E. Burrows
Lakewood, Colorado

Attorneys for Colorado Rising State Action:

Maven Law Group
Suzanne Taheri
George H. Brauchler
Denver, Colorado

Attorney for the TABOR Foundation:

Rebecca R. Sopkin
Lakewood, Colorado

JUSTICE GABRIEL delivered the Opinion of the Court.

JUSTICE SAMOUR concurs in the answer only.
CHIEF JUSTICE BOATRIGHT dissents.

2
¶1 This case implicates two provisions of our state constitution that many

Coloradans and, particularly, members of our General Assembly have often found

to be in tension: the constitutional requirement that the legislature “provide for

the establishment and maintenance of a thorough and uniform system of free

public schools throughout the state,” Colo. Const. art. IX, § 2, and the

constitutional limitations set forth in the Taxpayer’s Bill of Rights (“TABOR”),

Colo. Const. art. X, § 20.

¶2 Pursuant to article VI, section 3 of our constitution, we accepted jurisdiction

to consider what we perceive to be a narrow, albeit significant, interrogatory posed

by the General Assembly:

Given that most school districts obtained voter approval to retain all
excess property tax revenue but were required, without legal
authority, to subsequently reduce their total program mill levies, can
the General Assembly, having already mandated that those school
districts reset their total program mill levies to the levels that would
have been in effect but for the unauthorized reductions, now require
such school districts to: (a) gradually eliminate the temporary
property tax credits as provided in House Bill 21-1164; and (b) do so
without again obtaining voter approval?

¶3 In the unique circumstances now before us, we conclude that the General

Assembly may require the districts at issue to gradually eliminate the temporary

tax credits as provided in House Bill 21-1164 without again obtaining voter

approval. Here, school district voters previously approved waivers of the

applicable TABOR limits; per the erroneous advice of the Colorado Department of

3
Education (“CDE”), the school districts did not implement those waivers; and, in

House Bill 21-1164, the General Assembly seeks to eliminate the tax credits at issue

simply to effectuate what the voters had previously authorized. In these

circumstances, we perceive nothing in TABOR requiring further voter approval.

¶4 Accordingly, we answer the General Assembly’s two-part interrogatory in

the affirmative.

I. Facts and Procedural History

¶5 For almost ninety years, Colorado has funded its school system by a

combination of local property tax levies and direct state contributions. Mesa Cnty.

Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs v. State, 203 P.3d 519, 523 (Colo. 2009). In accordance with

this dual funding system, in 1952, the General Assembly enacted the first School

Finance Act. Id. This Act provided each school district with an equalization

“support level” in an effort to make the amount of money spent per pupil more

equitable across the state. Id. Although the Act has changed over time, it has

always aimed at eliminating spending disparities between school districts through

a combination of local and state funding. Id. at 523–24.

¶6 In 1992, Colorado voters adopted TABOR, which amended our constitution

to limit the ability of governmental entities to impose new taxes or increase their

tax revenue absent voter approval, among other things. Colo. Const. art. X, § 20.

Under TABOR, “The maximum annual percentage change in each district’s

4
property tax revenue equals inflation in the prior calendar year plus annual local

growth, adjusted for property tax revenue changes approved by voters after 1991

and [certain reductions not pertinent here].” Id. at § 20(7)(c). TABOR, however,

authorizes voters to waive this limitation. Id. at § 20(7)(d) (“If revenue from

sources not excluded from fiscal year spending exceeds these limits in dollars for

that fiscal year, the excess shall be refunded in the next fiscal year unless voters

approve a revenue change as an offset. . . . Voter-approved revenue changes do

not require a tax rate change.”). The parties do not dispute that the foregoing

provisions apply to school districts. See id. at §§ 20(1), (2)(b) (providing that certain

of TABOR’s limits apply to “districts” and defining a “district” as “the state or any

local government, excluding enterprises”).

¶7 Two years after TABOR was adopted, the General Assembly passed the

Public School Finance Act of 1994 (the “PSFA”). The PSFA, as amended, provides

the formula for determining state and local funding for the state’s school districts.

See Lobato v. State, 2013 CO 30, ¶¶ 25–27, 304 P.3d 1132, 1140. The PSFA funds the

so-called “total program” (i.e., the total amount of money a district receives for

operating expenses), first through local funding and then, if a district’s local share

generates insufficient funds to meet the total program, through state funding. Id.

The local portion of school funding includes revenue from, among other things,

the assessed valuation of the taxable property within the district’s boundaries. Id.

5
at ¶ 26, 304 P.3d at 1140.

¶8 As pertinent here, the PSFA addressed TABOR’s property tax revenue limit

on school districts through limitations on the districts’ local share mill levies.

Specifically, the PSFA provided that, for the 1994 property tax year and for

property tax years thereafter, school districts’ property tax mill levies were limited

to the lesser of:

(a) The number of mills levied by the district for the immediately
preceding property tax year;

(b) The number of mills that will generate property tax revenue in an
amount equal to the district’s total program for the applicable budget
year minus the district’s minimum state aid and minus the amount of
specific ownership tax revenue paid to the district; or

(c) The number of mills that may be levied by the district under the
property tax revenue limitation imposed on the district by section 20
of article X of the state constitution.

§ 22-54-106(2), C.R.S. (1994 cum. supp.).

¶9 As a result of TABOR’s above-referenced revenue limits, school districts

found themselves unable to retain all of the revenue that would otherwise be due

them under the 1952 Act and the PSFA. Mesa Cnty., 203 P.3d at 524. Consequently,

beginning in 1995, voters in many local school districts began to exempt their

districts from these limitations through waiver elections, as authorized by

article X, section 20(7)(d) of our constitution. Mesa Cnty., 203 P.3d at 524. In the

end, between 1995 and 2006, 175 of Colorado’s 178 school districts conducted

6
successful waiver elections, with all but one of these measures containing broadly

worded ballot language. Id. at 524 & n.3 (noting that the Steamboat Springs School

District had passed a ballot measure allowing the district to retain only revenues

other than property tax revenue). Although the ballot language differed

somewhat from district to district, the ballot measures in the 174 districts adopting

more broadly worded provisions authorized the districts to retain and expend “all

revenue” or “full revenue” from “any source,” notwithstanding TABOR’s

limitations. Id. at 524–25.

¶10 Despite the fact that TABOR’s revenue limits had been waived immediately

after each of these elections, the CDE continued to advise local school districts to

calculate mill levies in accordance with TABOR’s growth-plus-inflation limits, as

if the districts’ voters had not waived those limits. See id. at 525, 535. As a

consequence, in districts in which property tax revenue grew faster than the

TABOR revenue limits allowed, the voter-approved waivers of those limits were

not applied, and school districts were required to reduce their mill levies or face

reductions in the state’s share of total program funding. Id.

¶11 The effect of the foregoing was to reduce the average school district mill levy

from thirty-eight mills to twenty-one mills, ultimately resulting in school districts

losing billions of dollars in property tax revenue. This, in turn, reduced the

districts’ local share for the total program and required the state to increase its

7
level of funding to meet the total program funding level. See id.

¶12 To address this significant increase in the state’s share of the total program

relative to the districts’ local share, in 2007, the General Assembly passed, and

Governor Ritter signed into law, Senate Bill 07-199. Senate Bill 07-199 amended

the mill levy provisions of the PSFA in two ways.

¶13 First, it amended section 22-54-106(2)(a)(III) (one of the mill levy limitations)

to read:

Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this subsection (2), for

reorganized districts, for the 2007 property tax year and property tax
years thereafter, each district shall levy the lesser of:

....

(III) For a district that has not obtained voter approval to retain and spend
revenues in excess of the property tax revenue limitation imposed on the
district by section 20 of article X of the state constitution, the number of
mills that may be levied by the district under the property tax revenue
limitation imposed on the district by section 20 of article X of the state
constitution.

Ch. 199, sec. 5, § 22-54-106(2)(a), 2007 Colo. Sess. Laws 733, 736 (emphasis added).

This amendment ensured that for those districts in which voters had not waived

TABOR’s revenue limits, those limits would remain in force.

¶14 Second, Senate Bill 07-199 amended the mill levy provisions by adding a

state-wide limit of twenty-seven mills. Ch. 199, sec. 5, § 22-54-106(2)(a)(V), 2007

Colo. Sess. Laws 733, 736.

¶15 In so amending the PSFA, Senate Bill 07-199 recognized that school districts

8
whose voters had approved broadly worded waivers were not subject to the

property tax revenue limits set forth in article X, section 20(7)(c) of TABOR. Mesa

Cnty., 203 P.3d at 526. In addition, Senate Bill 07-199 defined districts’ local share

so as to implement the results of the above-described school district elections,

stabilize mill levies, and allow school districts to receive increased property tax

revenues due to increased property values. Mesa Cnty., 203 P.3d at 526. Although

Senate Bill 07-199 did not alter the applicable property tax rate in any school

district, by allowing school districts to retain revenue attributable to increased

property values, Senate Bill 07-199 resulted in the collection of an additional

$117,838,000 at the local school district level for fiscal year 2007–08. Mesa Cnty.,

203 P.3d at 526.

¶16 A number of taxpayers subsequently challenged the constitutionality of

Senate Bill 07-199, arguing, as pertinent here, that it violated TABOR’s

requirements of advance voter approval for (1) tax policy changes directly causing

net tax revenue gains to any district, (2) the removal of the property tax revenue

limit, and (3) the weakening of any “other limit.” Mesa Cnty., 203 P.3d at 528

(citing and quoting Colo. Const. art. X, §§ 20(1), (4), (7)). The case ultimately

reached this court, and we rejected each of these arguments. Id. at 536. In so

ruling, we determined, among other things, that (1) TABOR did not require an

additional election for legislation directing a local school district to use funds

9
received as a result of prior valid waiver elections; (2) the above-described local

school district elections validly waived TABOR’s subsection (7)(c) revenue limits,

although the results of these elections were not implemented due to the incorrect

manner in which the CDE implemented the PSFA; and (3) because the school

districts remained the relevant taxing authorities for purposes of the locally raised

revenue, a statewide vote was not required to waive a revenue limit at the local

level. Id. at 535–36.

¶17 Notwithstanding the foregoing, the impact of the incorrect mill levy

reductions that the CDE had directed between 1998 and 2007 persisted because

each reduction created a new, lower limit on the affected school districts’ total

program mill levies above which the PSFA would not allow the mill levies to

increase. Accordingly, during the 2020 regular legislative session, the General

Assembly passed, and Governor Polis signed into law, House Bill 20-1418, which

was designed, in part, to correct the unauthorized reductions. Under this law,

beginning in the 2020 property tax year, most school districts were required to

correct their total program mill levies in such a way as to reverse the previous,

unauthorized reductions. School district taxpayers did not immediately pay more

in property taxes due to this corrective action, however, because House Bill

20-1418 also required that school districts for which the total program mill levy

was corrected grant a temporary property tax credit for the number of mills by

10
which the mill levy increased above the number of mills levied in the 2019

property tax year.

¶18 To allow the districts to retain the additional revenue from the corrected mill

levies, during the 2021 regular legislative session, the General Assembly passed

House Bill 21-1164, the legislation that is the subject of the interrogatory now

before us. House Bill 21-1164 directs the CDE to adopt a schedule to implement

the total program mill levy corrections incrementally, by requiring school districts

to reduce the temporary property tax credits adopted in House Bill 20-1418 by no

more than one mill per year beginning in the 2021 property tax year. This would

result in a complete correction of the mill levy rates in all impacted school districts

by 2040. With the implementation of House Bill 21-1164’s correction schedule, 127

school districts will impose on their taxpayers a higher number of mills for the

total program mill levy for the 2021 property tax year than was imposed for the

2020 property tax year.

¶19 In petitioning this court to accept jurisdiction over the present interrogatory,

the General Assembly has represented to us that substantial questions have been

raised regarding House Bill 21-1164’s constitutionality, including as to:

(1) The underlying assumption that the General Assembly may

correct the CDE’s unauthorized mill levy reductions by requiring
school districts to reset their total program mill levies to the levels at
which the levies would have been but for the unauthorized
reductions, without requiring a school district to obtain prior voter
approval under article X, section 20(4) of TABOR; and

11
 (2) The fact that, in implementing the correction of its total program
mill levy by reducing the temporary property tax credit in accordance
with the correction schedule, a school district is assessing a “mill levy
above that for the prior year”, which normally requires prior voter
approval under article X, section 20(4) of TABOR.

¶20 We accepted jurisdiction.

II. Analysis
¶21 We begin by addressing our jurisdiction over this matter, and in connection

with that discussion, we consider the argument of the group of legislators whom

we will respectfully call the Opposing Legislators, that we should dismiss as

improvidently granted the General Assembly’s petition to consider the

interrogatory now before us. After declining to dismiss the petition, we proceed

to the merits of the issues presented in the interrogatory.

A. Jurisdiction
¶22 Pursuant to article VI, section 3 of the Colorado Constitution, this court has

original jurisdiction to give its opinion on “important questions upon solemn

occasions when required by the governor, the senate, or the house of

representatives.”

¶23 In complying with this constitutional mandate, we have long observed that

the duty rests on us to determine the solemnity of the occasion and the importance

of the questions propounded. In re Interrogatories of the House, 162 P. 1144, 1144

(Colo. 1917). In addition, we have observed, “It has been the universal rule in this

12
jurisdiction that in order to secure answers to legislative questions they must be

connected with pending legislation, and relate either to the constitutionality

thereof, or to matters connected therewith pertaining to purely public rights.” Id.;

accord In re Submission of Interrogatories on House Bill 99-1325, 979 P.2d 549, 554

(Colo. 1999).

¶24 Here, the interrogatory at issue is indisputably connected with pending

legislation, and it directly relates to the constitutionality of that legislation.

Moreover, we have little difficulty concluding that the legislation presents

important questions upon a solemn occasion. As the General Assembly observed

in the joint resolution authorizing its petition to this court, unless we resolve the

questions presented, (1) the state and local school districts will lack certainty as to

the appropriate level of school districts’ total program mill levies and the

concomitant level of state funding required for public education beginning in the

2021–22 fiscal year; (2) in proceeding without a determination as to House Bill

21-1164’s constitutionality, school districts would risk the costs and delays of legal

action and potentially substantial refund obligations under TABOR if the increases

in total program mill levies are ultimately found to be unconstitutional, thereby

significantly taxing school districts’ already strained finances; and (3) individual

lawsuits brought against multiple school districts in multiple judicial districts

would create substantial unnecessary costs for, and confusion among, school

13
districts and could result in a patchwork of inconsistent district court decisions.

¶25 Accordingly, we conclude that this case is an appropriate one for the

exercise of our jurisdiction under article VI, section 3 of our constitution. In so

deciding, we respectfully disagree with the Opposing Legislators’ assertion that

this court should dismiss the General Assembly’s petition as improvidently

granted because (1) the factual record is undeveloped and any decision by this

court could prejudice the rights of parties not before us; (2) the question presented

is a difficult one; (3) the court must construe multiple statutes or constitutional

provisions; (4) the court’s opinion should be sought only as a last resort and

ordinarily after the legislature has first sought the opinions of the Attorney

General or the legislature’s own Office of Legislative Counsel; and (5) the court

should be careful not to involve itself in what is essentially a political dispute.

¶26 As to the Opposing Legislators’ first two concerns, those apprehensions

would seem likely to apply to any interrogatory regarding proposed legislation

submitted by the General Assembly. By its very nature, proposed legislation is

not likely to have been litigated (although in the present case, we actually have the

benefit of the factual development that occurred in the Mesa County case), and we

deem it safe to assume that the General Assembly would not take the

extraordinary step of submitting an interrogatory to us unless the matter raised

difficult questions. In addition, for two reasons, we do not perceive a material risk

14
of prejudice to the rights of absent parties in this case. First, the court has

benefitted from the excellent briefing of all parties and amici curiae in this case, as

well as the excellent oral arguments of lead counsel for both the General Assembly

and the Opposing Legislators. As a result, we feel confident that we have been

well advised as to the issues now before us and that the interests of any absent

parties have been well represented. Second, as noted above, although the issue

presented is certainly significant, we deem it to present a narrow question,

principally requiring us to construe the pertinent provisions of TABOR in light of

the undisputed and unique facts before us.

¶27 With respect to the Opposing Legislators’ concern that the interrogatory at

issue requires us to construe multiple statutes or constitutional provisions, many

cases require the same of us, and we do not perceive that fact alone as a reason to

decline to exercise jurisdiction.

¶28 As to the Opposing Legislators’ view that this court’s opinion should be

sought only as a last resort and ordinarily after the legislature has first sought the

opinions of the Attorney General or the legislature’s own Office of Legislative

Counsel, we perceive no such requirement in our constitution. In addition, any

such opinions would not be binding on us. And in any event, the Attorney General

has submitted a brief in this case. Accordingly, we have the benefit of his position

on this matter.

15
¶29 Lastly, although we acknowledge the Opposing Legislators’ admonition

that we should be careful not to involve ourselves in what is essentially a political

dispute, we are not persuaded that deciding whether proposed legislation is

consistent with our constitution necessarily mires us in such a dispute, particularly

when, as here, deciding this question does not require any underlying factual

determinations. And to the extent that the interrogatory before us has political

overtones, we expect that the same could be said of any interrogatory in which a

minority of legislators opposed the submission to us. Our colleagues in the

legislature grapple with difficult policy questions all the time. The fact that the

proposed legislation on which we are asked to opine may potentially implicate

difficult policy questions is therefore unsurprising, and, in our view, it does not

provide a sufficient reason for us to decline to consider this matter. Indeed, to

conclude otherwise might incorrectly suggest that we may not consider an

interrogatory submitted by the General Assembly unless legislators unanimously

agree to its submission. Our constitution, however, does not require such

unanimity, and we are not at liberty to impose such a requirement.

¶30 For these reasons, we decline to dismiss the petition before us as

improvidently granted, and we proceed to the merits of the questions presented.

B. Whether House Bill 21-1164 Complies with TABOR

¶31 In construing a constitutional provision like TABOR, our goal is to

16
determine and effectuate the will of the people in adopting the measure. Bolt v.

Arapahoe Cnty. Sch. Dist., 898 P.2d 525, 532 (Colo. 1995). To accomplish this

purpose, we give the provision’s terms their ordinary and plain meanings, and we

endeavor to avoid constructions that would produce unreasonable or absurd

results. Id. In addition, we favor a construction that harmonizes different

constitutional provisions over one that creates conflict between the provisions. Id.

And if more than one interpretation is supported by TABOR’s language, then

TABOR instructs that “[i]ts preferred interpretation shall reasonably restrain most

the growth of government.” Colo. Const. art. X, § 20(1); accord Bolt, 898 P.2d at 532.

That said, we have consistently rejected interpretations of TABOR that “would

hinder basic government functions or cripple the government’s ability to provide

services.” Barber v. Ritter, 196 P.3d 238, 248 (Colo. 2008).

¶32 Turning then to the statutory and constitutional provisions at issue, we

begin by noting the General Assembly’s legislative findings in the PSFA, as

amended, because those findings necessarily underlie the legal issues now before

us. Those findings are as follows:

The general assembly finds that, for property tax years 1994 through
2006, subsection (2)(a)(III) of this section, as it existed before May 9,
2007, was wrongly interpreted and applied to reduce several districts’
property tax mill levies to the number of mills that a district could
levy under the property tax revenue limitation imposed by section 20
of article X of the state constitution, even though the district had
obtained voter approval to retain and spend revenue in excess of that
property tax revenue limitation. The general assembly finds,

17
 therefore, that the reductions in district mill levies for property tax
years 1994 through 2006 were not authorized by statute and are void
for purposes of determining a district’s correct mill levy pursuant to
this subsection (2.1) for the 2020 property tax year and property tax
years thereafter, and the determination and levy of the correct
number of mills that a district is required to levy pursuant to this
subsection (2.1) does not require action by the district other than to
certify the mill levy.

§ 22-54-106(2.1)(a), C.R.S. (2020).

¶33 The PSFA then states, in pertinent part:

For the 2020 property tax year, except as otherwise provided in

subsection (2.1)(e) of this section for reorganized districts:

(I) A district that has obtained voter approval to retain and spend revenue in
excess of the property tax revenue limitation imposed on the district by
section 20 of article X of the state constitution shall levy the lesser of:

(A) Twenty-seven mills;

(B) The number of mills that the district would have been required to
levy under subsection (2)(a) of this section for the 2020 property tax
year if not for the unauthorized reductions in the district’s mill levy
in property tax years following the property tax year in which the
district obtained voter approval to retain and spend revenue in excess
of the property tax revenue limitation imposed on the district by
section 20 of article X of the state constitution, which reductions
resulted from the unauthorized application of subsection (2)(a)(III) of
this section as it existed before May 9, 2007; or

(C) The number of mills that will generate property tax revenue in an
amount equal to the district’s total program for the applicable budget
year minus the amount of specific ownership tax revenue paid to the
district.

§ 22-54-106(2.1)(b) (emphasis added).

¶34 And the PSFA provides:

18
 In a property tax year in which a district, pursuant to this
subsection (2.1), is required to levy a greater number of mills than it
levied in the 2019 property tax year, the district board of education by
resolution shall grant a temporary property tax credit equal to the
number of mills levied in the applicable property tax year that
exceeds the number of mills levied in the 2019 property tax year.

§ 22-54-106(2.1)(d).

¶35 In an effort to correct the CDE’s unauthorized mill levy reductions and to

reset school district mill levies to the levels at which they would have been but for

the unauthorized reductions, House Bill 21-1164 now proposes to eliminate, over

time, the temporary tax credits set forth in section 22-54-106(2.1)(d) and to do so

without again obtaining voter approval. The question before us is whether doing

so would violate TABOR. We conclude that it would not.

¶36 Subject to certain exceptions, TABOR requires the state and any local

government to obtain advance voter approval for, among other things, “any new

tax, tax rate increase, mill levy above that for the prior year, . . . or a tax policy

change directly causing a net tax revenue gain to any district.” Colo. Const. art. X,

§ 20(4)(a).

¶37 Because the state and local government obligations under TABOR are

independent of one another, whether TABOR requires advance voter approval to

reduce the temporary tax credits at issue requires us to analyze separately

TABOR’s application to the state and to the school districts. See Mesa Cnty.,

203 P.3d at 528 (noting that because districts, as defined under TABOR, are viewed

19
as separate entities, the court was required to determine independently whether

TABOR was violated at the state level and whether it was violated at the local

school district level).

¶38 The question of whether the incremental elimination of the temporary tax

credits requires statewide voter approval need not detain us long. As we observed

in Mesa County, 203 P.3d at 528, in Colorado’s dual-funded school finance system,

“the local government is the relevant taxing authority for the local share of the

dual funding program, even if the tax is levied under the direction of the state.”

This is because the state itself is not authorized to levy a local property tax. Id.

Rather, from a constitutional perspective, local governments like the districts here

“are responsible for imposing, collecting and expending local property taxes.” Id.

Accordingly, only the school districts are in a position to impose or effectuate any

new tax, tax rate increase, mill levy above that for the prior year, or tax policy

change directly causing a net tax revenue gain to any district. See id.; see also id. at

530 (noting that because the school district is the relevant taxing authority in

Colorado’s dual school funding system, “the school district is the only ‘district’

with the authority to change tax policy within the meaning of article X, section 20”

and therefore subsection (4)(a) of TABOR does not require an additional vote at

the state level).

20
¶39 The question thus becomes whether TABOR requires the school districts to

seek advance voter approval for the incremental elimination of the temporary tax

credits established in House Bill 20-1418. This, in turn, obliges us to consider

whether the elimination of such credits, on the facts presented, amounts to a new

tax, tax rate increase, mill levy above that for the prior year, or tax policy change

directly causing a net tax revenue gain to any district. Colo. Const. art. X,

§ 20(4)(a).

¶40 As an initial matter, we note that the parties and amici curiae do not appear

to agree on which of the foregoing TABOR-related events is arguably implicated

in this case. We, however, agree with the General Assembly, the Governor, and

the Attorney General that the proposed legislative action before us most directly

implicates TABOR’s prohibition on the imposition of a mill levy above that for the

previous year without prior voter approval. Accordingly, we will begin there.

¶41 The Opposing Legislators and their amici curiae characterize this as a simple

case: House Bill 21-1164 proposes the adoption of a correction schedule that would

expressly allow districts to reduce the temporary tax credit as quickly as possible

but by no more than one mill each property tax year, and this necessarily means

that the mill levy will increase over the prior year. But this argument ignores the

voter waiver elections that occurred after the PSFA became law. Although, to be

sure, those waiver elections were specifically aimed at TABOR’s revenue limits, as

21
we made clear in Mesa County, it would belie reality to suggest that these elections

were unrelated to the then-existing mill levies. Specifically, in Mesa County,

203 P.3d at 525, we observed that because of the CDE’s incorrect guidance, the

voter-approved waivers of the revenue limits were not applied, and the school

districts were required to reduce their mill levies. We further deemed it logical to

assume that voters who waived the limits on “all revenues” and “full revenues”

understood their votes to apply to the greatest portion of those revenues, namely,

property taxes, and not simply to peripheral funding sources. Id. at 534. In light

of the foregoing, we agree with the General Assembly that it likewise makes sense

to assume that in voting to waive TABOR’s revenue limits, school district voters

understood that their votes were predicated on the continuation of the mill levy

rates then in effect. To conclude otherwise and to ratify the CDE’s actions in

effectively forcing mill levy decreases on the school districts in the wake of the

successful waiver elections would be contrary to the voters’ expressed intent to

allow their school districts to retain and expend for school financing purposes “all”

or “full” revenue from “any source,” based on the mill levy rates then in effect,

notwithstanding the limitations set forth in TABOR.1

1 We perceive nothing in our view that runs contrary to our Constitution’s

single-subject rule. Colo. Const. art. V, § 1(5.5). That rule provides, “No measure
shall be proposed by petition containing more than one subject, which shall be

22
¶42 Accordingly, in our view, in voting to waive the TABOR revenue limits in

connection with the PSFA, the voters who authorized those waivers necessarily

approved the mill levies in effect at the time they voted, which mill levies resulted

in the very excess revenues for which the waivers were required. As a result, the

elimination of the tax credits at issue must be understood as an effort to restore the

mill levy rates that the voters had previously approved but that were not

implemented due to the CDE’s erroneous guidance, and the question becomes

whether another election is required for that purpose.

¶43 In this regard, although, strictly speaking, the question before us is one of

first impression, we perceive a number of our prior cases to be instructive.

¶44 In Bolt, 898 P.2d at 536, for example, taxpayers challenged, among other

things, a particular mill levy increase on the ground that the levy was above that

for the prior year and therefore required prior voter approval under TABOR. Bolt

concerned a scenario in which property owners had successfully contested the

county assessor’s property valuations. Id. at 528–29. As a result, the assessor

clearly expressed in its title.” Id. No party in this case, however, has suggested
that TABOR elections are petition measures, nor are we aware of any authority
suggesting that they are. In addition, TABOR itself provides that “districts may
consolidate ballot issues,” suggesting that several TABOR-related changes could,
in fact, be combined for purposes of a single vote under TABOR. Colo. Const.
art. X, § 20(3)(a).

23
issued either refunds or abatements to the owners (depending on whether they

had already paid the erroneously assessed taxes) and adjusted the amount of tax

revenue to which the school district was entitled. Id. at 529. This adjustment

resulted in net losses to the district of nearly $1.3 million, and to recoup that lost

revenue, the district increased its mill levy, resulting in the challenge on TABOR

grounds. Id. We, however, rejected this challenge, concluding that the mill levy

at issue did not require prior voter approval. Id. at 537. We reasoned, “Even

though the abatements and refunds mill levy was technically above that for the

prior year, it operates merely to recoup lost revenue that, but for the assessor’s

errors, would have been collected from the property owners.” Id. Accordingly,

we determined that the mill levy did not operate as a tax increase requiring prior

voter approval. Id. To conclude otherwise would have produced “a rigid

interpretation” of TABOR that “would have [had] the effect of working a

reduction in government services,” and we declined to adopt such an

interpretation. Id.

¶45 Thereafter, in Mesa County, 203 P.3d at 528, a group of taxpayers challenged

the constitutionality of Senate Bill 07-199, contending that it was enacted in

violation of several TABOR provisions requiring advance voter approval. We,

however, rejected this challenge, ultimately concluding, “Once a revenue limit is

validly waived, it is unnecessary to require a second election for later legislation

24
directing the use of the additional funds that a district received as a result of the

waiver election.” Mesa Cnty., 203 P.3d at 530.

¶46 And in Huber v. Colorado Mining Ass’n, 264 P.3d 884, 886–87 (Colo. 2011), we

considered a challenge to what the plaintiffs deemed a tax rate increase requiring

advance voter approval. In Huber, a statute enacted several years before TABOR’s

effective date established a formula for calculating the amount of tax due per ton

of coal extracted by coal companies. Id. at 886. Specifically, this statute established

a tax with a tax rate comprising two components, namely, a base rate of $0.36 per

ton of coal extracted and a quarterly one percent increase or decrease to the base

rate premised on changes to the producers’ prices index. Id. The Department of

Revenue employed this formula until TABOR went into effect, after which the

Department stopped using the mechanism set forth in the statute for calculating

upward adjustments in the amount of coal severance tax owed. Id. Some fifteen

years later, however, after a State Auditor’s review, an Attorney General’s opinion,

and a rulemaking proceeding, the Department recommenced applying the statute,

and the subsequent implementation resulted in a tax of $0.76 per ton of coal

extracted, as compared with the $0.54 per ton that had been collected at the time

TABOR was adopted. Id. at 886–87. The Colorado Mining Association and a

number of taxpayer coal companies then sued, asserting that, under TABOR,

whenever the Department calculates an upward adjustment in the amount of tax

25
due under the statute, it must obtain voter approval. Id. at 887. We ultimately

disagreed, however, holding that the Department’s implementation of the statute

was not a tax rate increase, but rather was a non-discretionary duty required by a

pre-TABOR taxing statute. Id. Accordingly, advance voter approval was not

required, and we thus upheld what we described as “[t]he Department’s

correction of [its] incorrect practice” of failing to enforce its legislative mandate to

apply the statutorily prescribed formula and collect the tax due. Id. at 887, 893.

¶47 We believe that the reasoning of these cases applies with equal force here.

As in Mesa County, the school district voters validly waived TABOR’s revenue

limits and, for the reasons set forth above, necessarily approved the mill levies in

effect at the time they voted. House Bill 21-1164 does no more than effectuate the

voters’ expressed intent. Accordingly, we perceive no basis for requiring a second

election to ask the voters to re-approve what they have already approved.

¶48 Similarly, as in Bolt and Huber, we are not persuaded that a new election is

required when the government acts to correct an error (here, the CDE’s incorrect

guidance) and to implement a taxation mechanism that should have been in place

all along. To conclude otherwise would mean that (1) school district voters can

vote to waive TABOR revenue limits so that their districts may retain and expend

“all” or “full” revenue from “any source”; (2) the state can undermine the express

will of the voters and violate the PSFA by improperly forcing districts to lower

26
their mill levies (thereby depriving the districts of the excess revenues that the

voters approved); and (3) the state and the school districts would be powerless to

remedy such a violation without a new election. We, however, must avoid a

construction that would produce so unreasonable or absurd a result. See Bolt,

898 P.2d at 532.

¶49 Stated simply, although the mill levies at issue will ultimately return to the

rates in effect when the voters authorized the retention of all revenues in excess of

TABOR limits, no new vote is required because House Bill 21-1164 simply

effectuates what the voters have already approved and does not permit mill levies

above that level. See Bruce v. Pikes Peak Libr. Dist., 155 P.3d 630, 632 (Colo. App.

2007) (upholding a mill levy increase based on pre-TABOR voter approval when

the voters had approved an increase of the maximum mill levy from two mills to

no more than four mills and the mill levy never exceeded four mills). Moreover,

as we said in Mesa County, 203 P.3d at 535, “There were no time limits included in

the waiver elections that would bar the General Assembly from acting at a later

date” to implement the results of earlier elections.

¶50 For the same reasons, to the extent that one could construe House Bill

21-1164’s elimination of the tax credits at issue as either a new tax or a tax rate

increase (and it is not clear to us that it is either), no new vote is required because

the voters have already approved what the Opposing Legislators and their amici

27
curiae appear to characterize as a new tax or tax rate increase.

¶51 And we are unpersuaded that House Bill 21-1164 effectuates a tax policy

change directly causing a net tax revenue gain to the district. House Bill 21-1164

proposes to eliminate the temporary tax credits created by House Bill 20-1418.

Because these tax credits were never intended to be permanent, phasing them out

does not reflect any change in tax policy.

¶52 For these reasons, we conclude that the General Assembly may, consistent

with TABOR’s requirements, gradually eliminate the temporary property tax

credits adopted in House Bill 20-1418 without obtaining further voter approval.

¶53 In reaching this conclusion, we are unpersuaded by the Opposing

Legislators’ contention that House Bill 21-1164 violates article X, section 7 of our

constitution. That provision states, “The general assembly shall not impose taxes

for the purposes of any county, city, town or other municipal corporation, but may

by law, vest in the corporate authorities thereof respectively, the power to assess

and collect taxes for all purposes of such corporation.” Id. For the reasons set forth

above, however, the General Assembly has not imposed any state tax for the

purposes of any local governmental entity here. Rather, the school districts are the

relevant taxing authorities, and “a dual state/local funded program is

constitutionally permitted if both the state and the local entity have an interest in

the subject matter of the program.” Mesa Cnty., 203 P.3d at 528.

28
¶54 We likewise are not persuaded by the Opposing Legislators’ contention that

House Bill 21-1164 violates article IX, section 15 of our constitution. That

provision, known as the Local Control Clause, grants locally elected school boards

“control of instruction in the public schools of their respective districts.” As we

stated in Lobato, ¶ 34, 304 P.3d at 1141, however, “The dual-funded public school

financing system complies with the Local Control Clause because it affords local

school districts control over locally-raised funds and therefore over ‘instruction in

the public schools.’” House Bill 21-1164 does no more than implement, in part,

this dual funding system, and, contrary to the Opposing Legislators’ position, we

perceive nothing in that legislation that can be deemed as coercive.

¶55 Finally, contrary to the arguments presented by the Opposing Legislators

and amicus curiae Colorado Rising State Action, answering the interrogatory

before us in the affirmative in no way condones a two-step procedure for evading

TABOR. Specifically, these parties express concern that if we answer the present

interrogatory in the affirmative, then the General Assembly could, hypothetically,

in Year 1, approve a one dollar per gallon gas tax increase along with a

corresponding one dollar per gallon temporary tax credit (resulting in no net tax

increase) and then in Year 2, simply eliminate that tax credit (completing a

perceived end-run around TABOR’s voter approval requirements). For purposes

here, we need only observe that in this case, in contrast to the hypothetical gas tax

29
increase, the voters have previously approved what the General Assembly is

attempting to implement, and we have made clear that, in such circumstances,

corrections like these are permissible without additional voter approval. See, e.g.,

Bolt, 898 P.2d at 536 (noting that “the school district had voter approval in advance

for its bond redemption mill levy increases” and that this satisfied the

requirements of TABOR); cf. Huber, 264 P.3d at 893 (permitting the “correction of

[an] incorrect practice” when the Department of Revenue had failed to enforce a

legislative mandate for calculating upward adjustments in the amount of coal

severance tax owed). Thus, allowing the mill levy corrections before us will not

open the door to “trickery” by the General Assembly, as the Opposing Legislators

and Colorado Rising State Action suggest. Nor may the General Assembly simply

label any past mill levy as “incorrect” as a cover for raising taxes without prior

voter approval. Rather, we simply conclude, in the unique circumstances

presented, that the General Assembly may act to effectuate mill levies that voters

have previously approved but that, due to an error, were not given full effect. We

express no opinion on, nor should anything in this opinion be read to condone, the

type of two-step procedure for evading TABOR requirements that the Opposing

Legislators and Colorado Rising State Action posit.

III. Conclusion

¶56 For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that in the circumstances presented

30
here, the gradual elimination of the tax credits previously adopted in House Bill

20-1418 does not impose or effectuate a new tax, tax rate increase, mill levy above

that for the prior year, or a tax policy change directly causing a net tax revenue

gain to any district. Instead, this legislative action simply implements what voters

in most Colorado school districts approved when they voted to authorize their

school districts to retain and expend “all revenue” or “full revenue” from “any

source,” notwithstanding TABOR’s revenue limitations. Accordingly, we

conclude that the General Assembly may, consistent with TABOR’s requirements,

gradually eliminate the temporary property tax credits enacted in House Bill

20-1418 without obtaining further voter approval.

¶57 We therefore answer the General Assembly’s two-part interrogatory in the

affirmative.

JUSTICE SAMOUR concurs in the answer only.

CHIEF JUSTICE BOATRIGHT dissents.

31
JUSTICE SAMOUR, concurring in the answer only.

¶58 I align with the majority in purpose, though not in approach. While I agree

that we should answer the General Assembly’s two-part interrogatory in the

affirmative, I write separately because, in doing so, I would take a slightly different

tack.

¶59 The majority’s rationale is premised, in part, on the “assum[ption] that in

voting to waive” the revenue limits in the Taxpayer’s Bill of Rights (“TABOR”),

“school district voters understood that their votes were predicated on the

continuation of the mill levy rates then in effect.” Maj. op. ¶ 41. That assumption

may well be reasonable, notwithstanding the dissent’s protestations. But I don’t

think we need to go there. In my view, the years-long 1994 Public School Finance

Act (“PSFA”) violations—not implied voter consent to static mill levy rates—serve

as the better linchpin for our decision. And while that shift in focus may seem, at

first blush, to be largely cosmetic, the differences in the resulting analysis are

eminently substantive and have the collateral benefit of neutralizing the dissent’s

principal contentions. Therefore, I respectfully concur in the answer only.

1
 I. The Mill Levy Decreases Made Pursuant to Erroneous
CDE Guidance Are Ultra Vires (or Illegal) and Void1
¶60 To set the stage for my conclusion—and that of the Attorney General—that

the mill levy decreases made pursuant to erroneous Colorado Department of

Education (“CDE”) guidance are ultra vires (or illegal) and void, I must first revisit

the PSFA’s statutory text. In limiting school districts’ local share of mill levies, the

PSFA provides that, “[f]or the 1994 property tax year and property tax years

thereafter, each district shall levy the lesser of”:

(a) The number of mills levied by the district for the immediately
preceding property tax year;

(b) The number of mills that will generate property tax revenue in an
amount equal to the district’s total program for the applicable budget
year minus the district’s minimum state aid and minus the amount of
specific ownership tax revenue paid to the district; or

(c) The number of mills that may be levied by the district under the
property tax revenue limitation imposed on the district by section 20
of article X of the state constitution.

¶61 § 22-54-106(2), C.R.S. (1994 cum. supp.) (emphasis added). The last of these

options, option (c), is the lens through which the 1995–2006 PSFA violations come

1An ultra vires act is one that “[a] governmental agency lacks legal authority to
perform.” 18 McQuillin Mun. Corp. § 53:77.28 (3d ed.). Under Colorado law, ultra
vires acts are considered void.

2
into focus.2 As relevant here, TABOR, which is enshrined in section 20 of article X

of the Colorado Constitution and incorporated by reference in PSFA’s option (c),

limits the year-over-year increase in property tax revenue a district can receive to:

“inflation in the prior calendar year plus annual local growth, adjusted for property

tax revenue changes approved by voters after 1991.” Colo. Const. art. X, § 20(7)(c)

(emphasis added). Put simply, TABOR sets forth a property tax revenue limit but

allows voters to waive it at the ballot box.

¶62 Indeed, that is exactly what happened in 175 of Colorado’s 178 school

districts. In those 175 districts, the 1994 PSFA’s “lesser of [the following mill

levies]” formula should have included only options (a) and (b). See § 22-54-106(2)

(setting forth that “each district shall levy the lesser of” the three outlined levy

options). And the reason is straightforward: By previously authorizing their

districts to retain revenue in excess of TABOR’s limit, voters had effectively struck

the third option—option (c)—from the PSFA formula.

¶63 But despite the fact that the PSFA referenced all of article X, section 20—

2 This date range is bookended by: (1) 1995, the year after the PSFA was enacted,
see § 22-54-106(2), C.R.S. (1994 cum. supp.), and (2) 2006, the year before the
General Assembly amended the PSFA in SB 07-199 to include explicit reference to
TABOR’s waiver provision, see Ch. 199, sec. 5, § 22-54-106(2)(a), 2007 Colo. Sess.
Laws 733, 736.

3
including the TABOR waiver provision in option (c)—the CDE applied the PSFA

as if TABOR’s waiver provision did not exist. It altogether neglected that

provision. Districts that had successfully waived TABOR’s property tax revenue

limit—and were therefore required to ignore option (c) under the PSFA’s

non-discretionary formula—were instead improperly forced by the CDE to consider

it. And because that last option, option (c), was often the “lesser of” the outlined

mill levies, and because each illegal reduction lowered the levy limit for the

following year, the local share of public education funding steadily decreased until

the passage of SB 07-199 in 2007, resulting in the predicament Colorado finds itself

in today.3

¶64 Having examined the interplay between the PSFA, TABOR, and the waiver

elections, I can now pull the curtain back and spotlight the leitmotif of my

approach: The mill levy decreases that took place as a result of CDE’s erroneous

3While SB 07-199 may have stopped the bleeding by explicitly calling attention to
the TABOR waiver provision, it did not heal the wound; thus, the mill levies from
2007 to present cannot “serve as the reference point[s] for setting mill levy rates
today.” Diss. op. ¶ 96 n.10. Why the General Assembly did not attempt a curative
when it first identified the error, see id. at ¶ 23 n.12, we cannot say. But its decision
to do so now in HB 20-1418 and HB 21-1164 reflects a policy decision that we, as
the judiciary, cannot second guess. What we do know is this: The current levy
rates cannot serve as reference points because they are impacted by, and therefore
perpetuate, illegal levy limits.

4
guidance weren’t just unnecessary, “perhaps mistaken,”4 or merely in tension with

implied voter consent; they were downright illegal. The PSFA’s mill levy formula

uses the word “shall.” § 22-54-106(2). That formula was, therefore, mandatory,

not merely suggestive. People v. Hyde, 2017 CO 24, ¶ 28, 393 P.3d 962, 969 (“The

legislature’s use of the word ‘shall’ in a statute generally indicates its intent for the

term to be mandatory.”). As such, it was not subject to the CDE’s discretion. And,

as a mandate, it was either applied correctly, or it wasn’t.

¶65 Here, for far too long, it wasn’t: Between 1995 and 2006, the CDE, for all

intents and purposes, instructed most school districts—those that had held waiver

elections—to violate the PSFA by incorrectly applying a non-discretionary

formula. Whether the CDE did so intentionally or negligently is not reflected in

the record and is, in any event, beside the point. What matters for our purposes is

that the CDE instructed the school districts in such a way and that, as a result, the

mill levies set during that time are void as ultra vires actions—those that “[a]

governmental agency lacks legal authority to perform.” 18 McQuillin Mun. Corp.

4Diss. op. ¶ 93 (“Furthermore, the CDE direction that required districts to decrease
their mill levy rates—though perhaps mistaken—is nothing like a mere
miscalculation of property values by a local assessor.” (Emphasis added.)).

5
§ 53:77.28 (3d ed.).5

¶66 That conclusion is supported by our decision in Mesa County, where we

lamented that voter intent “was not implemented because of the manner in which

the CDE administered the [PSFA].” Mesa Cnty. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs v. State,

5 The dissent asserts that it is “unwilling to make assumptions about the CDE’s
guidance or the district’s implementation of such guidance.” Diss. op. ¶ 88 n.6.
To be clear, however, we need not make assumptions. The record reflects that the
districts, at the CDE’s behest, acted without authority in violating the PSFA. And
where, as here, a governmental agency’s actions are without authority and violate
Colorado law, those actions are ultra vires and void. See, e.g., Town of Superior v.
Midcities Co., 933 P.2d 596, 602 (Colo. 1997). On this point, our opinion in Midcities
Co. is instructive. There, the town of Superior effected an annexation in violation
of the Municipal Annexation Act of 1965 (“Annexation Act”). Id. at 598. After
assessing the town’s conduct, this court voided the ordinances effecting the
annexation under section 31-12-116(3), C.R.S. (2020). Midcities Co., 933 P.2d at 602.
In support of our decision, we relied on the ultra vires doctrine as set forth in
Glendinning v. Denver. Id. at 602 n.8 (citing Glendinning v. Denver, 114 P. 652, 652
(Colo. 1911) (“All municipal ordinances must be in harmony with the general law
of the state; if they are inconsistent or repugnant to such general law, they are void,
ultra vires, and no one can be convicted for violating a void ordinance.”). While
Superior, as a municipality, had the authority to annex land, it did not have the
authority to do so in violation of the Annexation Act. Similarly, here, although the
school districts had every right to certify mill levies, they did not have the
authority to do so in violation of the PSFA. In the same vein, while the CDE may
have had authority to issue guidance on levy-limit compliance, it did not have
authority to direct districts to violate the PSFA or TABOR (or both). See City &
Cnty. of Denver v. Palmer, 342 P.2d 687, 688 (Colo. 1959) (reasoning that “any
attempt by the City to legislate [driving with a suspended license] is ultra vires
and void,” as it is an issue of statewide importance, which must be prosecuted
under state statute).

6
203 P.3d 519, 535 (Colo. 2009). This was a problem, we reasoned, because “[t]he

waiver elections were effective immediately” and had given school districts “the

right to receive property tax revenue above the [revenue] limit” set by TABOR. Id.

But rather than recognize that “all limits had been waived immediately,” we

continued, the CDE had kept advising school districts “to certify mill levies in

accordance with the property tax revenue limit of subsection (7)(c), and to reduce

their mill levies when property tax revenues rose faster than the revenue limits

permitted.” Id.

¶67 The General Assembly took to heart our remarks in Mesa County and

codified the notion that mill levy reductions made pursuant to the CDE’s

erroneous guidance “were not authorized by statute and are void for the purposes

of determining a district’s correct mill levy.” § 22-54-106(2.1)(a), C.R.S. (2020).

And my colleagues in the majority imply that they, too, view the mill levy

decreases in question as illegal. See maj. op. ¶ 48 (explaining that answering the

interrogatory in the negative would permit the state to “violate the PSFA”).

¶68 With that, act one of my analysis concludes. I turn to act two next.

II. The Last “Prior Year” Means the Last, Legally Levied
Year

¶69 TABOR requires that the state or any local government entity obtain

advance voter approval for “any new tax, tax rate increase, [or] mill levy above

that for the prior year.” Colo. Const. art. X, § 20(4)(a) (emphasis added). But no one

7
can reasonably contend—and no one does here—that illegally levied mills should

serve as a basis for subsequent calculations of TABOR-compliant levy limits.

Recall that illegal levies are void. Void levies cannot serve as reference points for

subsequent calculations. So, where does that leave us? Moving forward, we must

calculate levies by turning to the last legally levied year. That is exactly what

HB 21-1164 aims to do. Given that context, until the levies are fully reset and no

longer impacted by statutory violations, “the prior year,” for TABOR purposes,

has to mean “the prior [legally levied] year.” This determination doesn’t add

words to the constitution, see diss. op. ¶ 79 n.1, but instead effectuates Colorado

law in general and the ultra vires doctrine in particular.

¶70 To conclude otherwise would be to permanently intertwine future levy

limits with past illegal levy limits and render Colorado powerless to halt the

domino effect of statutory violations like the ones that occurred here. It would

also incentivize an entity like the CDE to, at worst, intentionally disregard the law,

and, at best, negligently misapply it. Such a result would be unjust, absurd, and

unreasonable, and should therefore be avoided. Bickel v. City of Boulder, 885 P.2d

215, 229 (Colo. 1994) (“[A]n unjust, absurd[,] or unreasonable result should be

avoided when construing a constitutional provision.”).

¶71 While on the surface, and devoid of context, it may seem that HB 21-1164

yields a series of unconstitutional mill levy increases, the reality is far more

8
complex. Indeed, for every year that HB 21-1164 includes a property tax credit to

offset a portion of the reset levy rates, there will be, for TABOR purposes, a mill

levy decrease. Then, when the last credit has been phased out, the mill levy rate

will be at equilibrium with that of the “prior [legally levied] year.” Viewed in this

light, there is no year-over-year mill levy increase or correction. As such, nothing

in TABOR requires the General Assembly or school districts to obtain voter

approval before implementing the contemplated legislative action.

III. The Void as Ultra Vires Approach Better Supports Our

Answer

¶72 Finally, as an epilogue, I note that the void as ultra vires approach has the

ancillary advantage of warding off the dissent’s most potent criticisms. I take them

each in turn.

¶73 First, the dissent chides the majority for “assum[ing] that in voting to waive

TABOR’s revenue limits, school district voters understood that their votes were

predicated on the continuation of the mill levy rates then in effect.” Diss. op. ¶ 83

(“That is a big assumption—one I am unwilling to make, and in my view, one that

the constitution prohibits anyone from making.”). But the void as ultra vires

approach turns on no such “big assumption” and, notably, leads to the very same

conclusion that the majority reaches today: The General Assembly’s two-part

interrogatory should be answered in the affirmative.

¶74 Second, and relatedly, the dissent professes concern that the majority’s

9
reasoning ascribes two subjects to HB 21-1164, in violation of Colorado’s

“single-subject” requirement, which “is intended to ensure that each proposal

depends upon its own merits for passage.” Id. at ¶ 8 (quoting Matter of Title, Ballot

Title, Submission Clause, Summary for 1997-98 No. 84, 961 P.2d 456, 458 (Colo. 1998)

(internal quotations omitted)). In contrast to the majority’s approach, however,

the void as ultra vires approach does not require me to conclude that the voters

both explicitly waived the revenue limit and impliedly approved of the

then-existing mill levy rate for all future years. The proof is in the pudding: My

analysis relies only on the voters’ explicit revenue limit waiver, which we

previously acknowledged in Mesa County, 203 P.3d at 525.

¶75 And third, the dissent takes issue with the majority’s characterization of

HB 21-1164 as a “correction” because, in the dissent’s view, the “correction” is

really an increase in a correction’s clothes. Diss. op. ¶ 87. Under the void as ultra

vires approach, however, there is no increase. Instead, TABOR-compliant levy

limit calculations would simply reference the “prior [legally levied] year” until the

statutory and constitutional violations no longer impact levy rates. As mentioned

above, it would defy reason and fly in the face of justice to shoehorn illegal,

unauthorized levies into levy limits moving forward. Doing so would be

improper because it would be tantamount to undermining the will of the

electorate. See Zaner v. City of Brighton, 917 P.2d 280, 283 (Colo. 1996) (“Courts

10
should not engage in a narrow or technical reading of language contained in an

initiated constitutional amendment if to do [so] would defeat the intent of the

people.”). Understanding “prior year” to mean “prior [legally levied] year” is the

only tenable approach.

¶76 In my view, the void as ultra vires framework avoids some of the potholes

thrown into sharp relief by the dissent’s beacon. But even assuming its points are

valid, the dissent ultimately reaches the wrong result. For that reason, I join my

brothers and sisters in the majority. However, I do so only as it relates to the

affirmative answer to the two-part interrogatory.

IV. Conclusion

¶77 In this unique and narrow set of circumstances, there is nothing in TABOR

that requires the General Assembly or school districts to obtain voter approval

before passing and implementing HB 21-1164. And while I ultimately rendezvous

with the majority, I take a less obstructed path to reach our shared landing place.

Therefore, I respectfully concur in the answer only.

11
CHIEF JUSTICE BOATRIGHT, dissenting.

¶78 Fully funded schools are essential, and the value of education cannot be

overstated. The plain language of our state constitution, nevertheless, requires

that the state or any local government entity obtain advance voter approval for

“any new tax, tax rate increase, [or] mill levy above that for the prior year.” Colo.

Const. art. X, § 20(4)(a). Here, without voter approval, HB 21-1164 will increase

the mill levy “above that for the prior year” in 127 school districts. The bill is

projected to generate $91.7 million in additional property tax revenue in the first

year and $145.5 million in the second year. This increase in revenue—which is

expected to continue increasing over the next nineteen years in some districts—

will be generated from property owners all across our state. Put simply, due to

the mill levy increase, property owners will pay more taxes from one year to the

next. That is the very definition of a tax increase under our constitution.

Therefore, in my view, this bill violates our constitution by raising tax rates

without voter approval. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

¶79 The majority concludes that HB 21-1164 is merely a legislative correction.

Maj. op. ¶ 55. But to reach this conclusion, the majority must engage in some

mental gymnastics: It asserts that because voters agreed to waive their school

districts’ revenue limits, they—by default—approved of the then-existing mill

levy rates, and therefore, HB 21-1164 effectuates their implicit intent by returning

1
the since-decreased mill levy rates to the rates existing at the time of the waiver

elections. Id. at ¶¶ 41, 49. In so reasoning, the majority relies on Mesa County Board

of County Commissioners v. State, 203 P.3d 519 (Colo. 2009), to assert that the

General Assembly has the authority to make such a “correction.” The bill at issue

in Mesa, however, imposed no tax increase. And of course, to reach its conclusion,

the majority minimizes the fact that the elimination of the tax credits here, for all

intents and purposes, is an increase in the effective tax rate. In short, I find the

majority’s rationale unpersuasive.

¶80 In 1992, Colorado voters adopted article X, section 20 of the Colorado

Constitution (“TABOR”), an amendment designed to limit the amount of revenue

the government can retain and prohibit the imposition of taxes without voter

approval. Article X, section 20(4)(a) provides that districts must obtain advance

voter approval for “any new tax, tax rate increase, mill levy above that for the prior

year, . . . or a tax policy change directly causing a net tax revenue gain to any

district.” (Emphasis added.) There are no exceptions relevant to this case, and

there is certainly no language qualifying “mill levy above that for the prior year.”

In fact, the provision uses the word “any.”1 Thus, it does not exempt a tax increase

1 Despite the fact that “the word ‘any’ means ‘all,’” BP American Product Co. v.
Colorado Department of Revenue, 2016 CO 23, ¶ 18, 369 P.3d 281, 286, the
concurrence adds qualifying language to the constitutional provision, suggesting

2
for the purpose of making a “correction.” The majority recognizes our standards

for interpreting constitutional provisions like this one. But instead of “giv[ing] the

provision’s terms their ordinary and plain meanings” or “effectuat[ing] the will of

the people in adopting the measure,” maj. op. ¶ 31, the majority, in effect, usurps

the role of voters, approving of a state-wide plan to increase mill levy rates. Our

standards for interpreting constitutional provisions should not be so easily cast

aside.

¶81 This mill levy saga began over two decades ago when voters in 174 school

districts waived the revenue limit imposed by TABOR, meaning the school

districts could retain excess revenue. In so doing, however, voters did not approve

of any tax rate increase, and they certainly did not vote to lock in the mill levy rate

in effect at the time. To conclude otherwise, as the majority does, supplants voter

intent, conflates tax revenue with tax rates, and raises concerns about the

single-subject rule. In my view, HB 21-1164 is not the kind of legislative correction

that our precedent permits. But regardless of whether this “correction” falls in line

with precedent, at its core, the majority’s approval of the tax credit elimination in

that any “mill levy above that for the prior year” actually means any “mill levy
above that for the prior [legally levied] year,” conc. op. ¶ 69 (emphasis added). But
that is not what the constitution says.

3
HB 21-1164 creates a loophole that circumvents TABOR’s voter approval

requirements. Finally, HB 21-1164 will have a different impact from one school

district to the next, and I am concerned that this court’s consideration of the

interrogatory, without the benefit of a factual record, may be too hurried to

account for districts’ varying circumstances. Even though it would be difficult and

time-intensive, because school funding is an extremely important issue and this

action will affect so many property owners across the state, it should receive

thorough consideration in ordinary judicial channels. I would, therefore, conclude

that the interrogatory was improvidently granted. I take each contention in turn.

I. Voters Have Not Approved this Tax Increase

¶82 Though often recognized for its complexity, at its essence, TABOR consists

of two primary components that are relevant here. First, TABOR limits the amount

of revenue that state and local governments may retain, meaning any excess

revenue must be returned to taxpayers unless voters waive the revenue limit.

Colo. Const. art. X, § 20(7). Second, TABOR requires voter approval for new taxes

and tax rate increases. Id. at § 20(4). TABOR provides an opt-out: Citizens may

vote to waive TABOR’s revenue limit, and citizens may vote to increase tax rates;

importantly, those two votes are completely independent of one another. Id. at

§§ 20(4), 20(7). Here, the voters only voted on the revenue limit. Specifically, the

majority of voters in 174 of Colorado’s 178 school districts waived TABOR’s

4
revenue limit. Additionally, it is undisputed that there was never a vote asking to

freeze the mill levy rate in effect at the time. As a result, no voter agreed to the

increases in mill levies that will begin to take effect next year.

¶83 In fact, 161 of the 174 ballot measures during the waiver elections explicitly

warranted that waiver of the revenue limit would have no effect on mill levies, and

that in the event of any future mill levy increase, voter approval would again be

required. Specifically, those measures commonly asked voters whether TABOR’s

revenue limit should be waived “provided, however, that no local or property tax

mill levy shall be increased at any time, nor shall any new tax be imposed, without

prior consent of the voters.”2 (Emphases added.) This explicit assurance—at times,

capitalized or underlined for emphasis—makes even more clear that voters never

approved of, nor have they been asked to approve of, the tax rate increase that will

occur from 2021 to 2022, and the nineteen subsequent years.3

2 Although the ballot measure language varied from one district to the next, this
language was most commonly used. Some measures asked whether TABOR’s
revenue limit should be waived “without imposing any new taxes or increasing
tax rates,” and others noted that “nothing [therein] shall permit any increase in the
property tax mill levy.”
3 For example, one ballot measure read: “Shall the Las Animas School District
RE-1, Colorado be authorized to collect, retain and expend all revenues and other
funds collected during 1995 and each subsequent year from any source,
notwithstanding the limitations of Article X, Section 20 of the Colorado
Constitution, effective January 1, 1995, provided, however, that no property tax

5
¶84 True, HB 21-1164 will eventually reinstate the mill levy rates in existence at

the time of the waiver elections, but this does not effectuate voter intent. This is

so because the voters in the waiver elections never voted to keep the mill levy rates

the same, nor did they vote to change the mill levy rates. Rather, the only issue

before the voters—and thus the only issue on which they conceivably could have

expressed their intent—was whether TABOR’s revenue limit should be waived.

In other words, no one knows what the voters intended to do about the mill levy

rates in their districts because they were never asked. But, the majority “assume[s]

that in voting to waive TABOR’s revenue limits, school district voters understood

that their votes were predicated on the continuation of the mill levy rates then in

effect.” Maj. op. ¶ 41 (emphasis added). That is a big assumption—one I am

unwilling to make, and in my view, one that the constitution prohibits.4 With the

majority’s decision today, voters must now be aware that any vote on revenue

limits may act as permission to always maintain applicable tax rates at their

mill levy shall be increased at any time nor shall any new tax be imposed without
the prior approval of the voters of the Las Animas School District RE-1.”
(Emphasis in original.)
4 Even if the voters who waived the revenue limit also approved of the mill levy
rates in effect at the time, their intent to keep mill levy rates the same is irrelevant
because, since those elections, the mill levy rates have decreased, meaning that our
constitution requires a new vote to increase those rates. Colo. Const. art. X,
§ 20(4)(a).

6
current levels. Maj. op. ¶ 42 (“[I]n voting to waive the TABOR revenue limits . . .

the voters who authorized those waivers necessarily approved the mill levies in

effect at the time they voted.”).

¶85 Furthermore, I find the majority’s reasoning to be problematic because the

majority opinion, itself, runs contrary to our single-subject rule. Our state enforces

a single-subject rule because we favor clarity in the issues we place before voters.

See, e.g., Colo. Const. art. V §§ 1(5.5), 21; see also In re Proposed Initiative for 1997-98

No. 84, 961 P.2d 456, 460 (Colo. 1998) (unless components of a ballot initiative

encompass “a single definite object or purpose,” the component that is not

expressed in the ballot title is rendered void). Here, the majority’s rationale clearly

assigns two subjects to one measure.5 First, it concludes that the voters waived the

revenue limit. Second, it concludes that voters approved of the then-existing mill

levy rate for all future years.

5 I recognize that “districts may consolidate ballot issues,” Colo. Const. art. X
§ 20(3), but I do not assert that the ballot measures here violated the single-subject
rule. I simply believe the majority’s rationale in interpreting the ballot measures
is concerning when juxtaposed with the policy underlying our single-subject rule.
I would add that it does not matter whether districts can consolidate ballot issues
because they did not do so here. Most ballot measures applicable here clearly
encompassed only one subject. Indeed, most measures explicitly precluded the
second subject that the majority now assumes.

7
¶86 But waiving the revenue limits and approving the mill levy rates are two

different subjects that are “distinct and have separate purposes.” See In re Proposed

Initiative for 1997–98 No. 84 at 460–61 (holding that a ballot measure proposing both

tax cuts and reductions in state spending violated the single subject rule, while

recognizing that “[v]oters would be surprised to learn that by voting for local tax

cuts, they also had required the reduction . . . of state programs”). Seeing as this

court has concluded that tax cuts and reduced spending constitute two subjects,

surely waiver of revenue limits and approval of existing rates are similarly two

subjects. It follows that the voters here would be surprised to learn that a waiver

of TABOR’s revenue limit was also permission to resume taxing at the

then-existing rate at any time. And it goes without saying, but property owners

across the state are going to be surprised when their property tax rates increase

without their votes.

¶87 In an attempt to justify its decision that a vote to waive TABOR’s revenue

limit also implies permission to increase since-decreased tax rates back to their

prior levels, the majority asserts that, in Mesa, we tied the tax rate to the revenue

limit, such that they are one and the same. Maj. op. ¶ 41. From my perspective,

we did no such thing. Of course, tax rates and tax revenue are related—one cannot

have tax revenue without tax rates—but waiving the tax revenue limit is not the

same as approving the tax rate. To me, Mesa makes this distinction clear. In that

8
case, we analyzed the constitutionality of SB 07-199, which froze mill levy rates

and implemented the voters’ waivers of TABOR’s revenue limit. 203 P.3d at 526.

We concluded that SB 07-199 was constitutional because it “did not establish a new

tax or increase tax rates,” but instead, it “simply applied [the] broad based waivers

passed by school districts.” Id. at 534. We also noted, several times, that “there

[was] neither a new tax nor a tax rate increase at issue, but the removal of a revenue

limit.” Id. at 533; see also id. at 526, 534, 536. Thus, in my view, Mesa supports my

conclusion by emphasizing that the lack of a tax rate increase is dispositive for

determining whether TABOR applies.

¶88 Unlike in Mesa, the taxpayers here will see an increase in their mill levy rates

as a result of HB 21-1164. The voters today did not approve of this, and neither

did the voters in the late 1990s. Therefore, I would conclude that voter approval

is required before HB 21-1164 can impose a “mill levy above that for the prior

year.” One can dispute the policy implications of such a conclusion because it

affects school funding, and one can similarly debate the merits of TABOR’s voter

approval requirements, but as it stands, our constitution plainly requires advance

voter approval prior to implementation of any “mill levy above that for the prior

year.” Recharacterizing this increase as a “correction” does not—and should not—

alter the calculus.

9
 II. The General Assembly Does Not Have Authority to
Make this Correction
¶89 Despite the fact that no voter has approved of HB 21-1164’s effective tax rate

increase, the majority endorses this legislation by concluding that the General

Assembly is within its authority to make this “correction.” Because there was no

evidentiary hearing on this matter, we don’t know exactly what the Colorado

Department of Education’s (“CDE”) guidance to the school districts was. 6 We do

know, however, that the school districts hold the authority for setting their mill

levy rates. Mesa, 203 P.3d at 528. And again, because there was no evidence taken,

we don’t know why the districts actually opted to reduce their mill levy rates.

Perhaps property values increased beyond expectations? I don’t know. But

because of the procedural posture here, we can’t be sure why the school districts

decreased their mill levy rates, and therefore, we can’t be sure of what exactly the

General Assembly seeks to “correct.”

¶90 I do agree with the majority that only the school districts have the authority

to adjust their mill levy rates. Maj. op. ¶ 38 (“[O]nly the school districts are in a

position to impose or effectuate any new tax, tax rate increase, mill levy above that

6The concurrence emphasizes that the CDE “improperly forced” school districts to
decrease their mill levy rates. Conc. op. ¶¶ 63–64. But again, without a factual
record, I am unwilling to make assumptions about the CDE’s guidance or districts’
implementation of such guidance.

10
for the prior year, or tax policy change directly causing a net tax revenue gain to

any district.”). But if only the school districts have such authority, then what is

the General Assembly’s authority to “correct” the school districts’ decisions by

imposing a mill levy increase? In other words, even if TABOR does not apply to

this situation, why isn’t it the school districts’ responsibility to correct any

“mistakes”? To me, the majority is inconsistent when it highlights the school

districts’ exclusive authority to increase mill levies on the one hand, maj. op. ¶ 38,

yet endorses the General Assembly’s authority in HB 21-1164 to increase mill

levies on the other, maj. op. ¶ 52. The majority explains away this inconsistency

by citing back to the basis for its conclusion—that HB 21-1164 does not impose a

tax increase—but the fiscal note for HB 21-1164 expressly notes “district level

impacts,” which include increased mill levy rates in 127 districts. With this clear

indication that HB 21-1164 imposes a tax increase, I can’t agree that the General

Assembly is acting within its authority to “correct” the school districts’ rates.

¶91 And while I don’t doubt the General Assembly’s authority to correct errors

in taxation, I am skeptical that this multi-year phasing out of tax credits is the type

of “correction” that is contemplated by our case law. From my perspective, none

of the cases cited by the General Assembly are analogous to the issue before us,

and I am unpersuaded by the majority’s reliance on those cases.

11
¶92 In Bruce v. Pikes Peak Library District, 155 P.3d 630, 632 (Colo. App. 2007), a

division of the court of appeals concluded that a district could increase its mill levy

without voter approval because voters had already approved of the mill levy

increase. In that case, unlike here, the voters in the district actually voted on the

mill levy rate, agreeing to “increase the maximum tax levy from two mills to no

more than four mills for public library funds.” Id. Because the voters expressly

agreed to a four-mill maximum, and the district never exceeded that maximum,

voter approval was not required. Id. If the ballot measures here included any

language about setting a mill levy rate, I might be more persuaded by the

majority’s reliance on Bruce, but because the ballot measures here only pertained

to revenue limits, I do not find Bruce persuasive.

¶93 In my opinion, Huber v. Colorado Mining Ass’n, 264 P.3d 884 (Colo. 2011) is

equally unpersuasive. In Huber, where the Colorado Department of Revenue

failed to collect taxes in accordance with the coal severance tax formula, we

concluded that the Department did not need voter approval to implement and

adjust the coal severance tax according to that statutory formula. Id. at 893. The

taxpayers in that case argued that voter approval was required each time the

Department calculated an increase in accordance with the statutory formula. Id.

at 887 (“Colorado mining asserts that, whenever the Department calculates an

upward adjustment in the amount of tax due under the statute, it must obtain

12
voter approval.”). I am not aware of any non-discretionary statutory formula that

school districts across Colorado are currently failing to follow in calculating their

mill levy rates. Furthermore, I don’t find a “non-discretionary duty required by a

pre-[TABOR] taxing statute,” id. (emphasis added), to be analogous to the

discretionary action taken by the General Assembly here, post-TABOR.7 The

General Assembly can make corrections, just as the Department did in Huber, but

it cannot violate the constitution in doing so. Today, unlike when the statute in

Huber took effect, voter approval is required for any tax rate increase.

¶94 Finally, I am not convinced that the reasoning in Bolt v. Arapahoe County

School District No. Six, 898 P.2d 525 (Colo. 1995), is applicable here either. In Bolt,

taxpayers challenged the constitutionality of a statute that required their school

district to include abatements and refunds in its mill levy. Id. at 528–29. This

“abatements and refunds mill levy” allowed the school district to recoup revenue

that was lost as a result of the county assessor’s errors in property valuation. Id.

at 537. We noted that the levy “[did] not operate as a tax increase” and “[did] not

increase the overall tax burden on the taxpayers.” Id. Ultimately, we approved of

7“[T]he voter-approval requirements of section 4(a) apply only to new taxes, tax
rate increases, and tax policy changes adopted by legislative bodies after
November 4, 1992.” Huber, 264 P.3d at 891.

13
the school district’s adjustment of the mill levy rate to collect taxes that property

owners would have owed but for errors in property valuation. 8 Id. We did not

broadly approve of mill levy increases without voter approval. Rather, we

clarified that TABOR “does not require the school district to obtain voter approval

for every tax or mill levy, but only for those taxes which are either new or represent

increases from the previous year.” Id. at 534 (emphasis added). What the General

Assembly seeks to do here—impose a state-wide tax rate increase—is not

analogous to a school district accounting for revenue lost as a result of a county

assessor’s errors. Furthermore, the CDE’s guidance to districts to decrease their

mill levy rates—though perhaps mistaken—is nothing like a mere miscalculation

of property values by a local assessor. Here, the tax rates will incrementally

increase for up to nineteen years. Given these distinctions, I am not persuaded

that HB 21-1164’s tax increase is a “correction” under our current law.

8 In Bolt, we noted that the abatements and refunds levy “simply moves [the mill
levy] adjustment to the following year or years, and does not operate as a tax
increase.” 898 P.2d at 537 (emphasis added). We explained that, “if the school
district knew before certifying its mill levy for the next year that the upcoming mill
levy of ‘x’ mills would fail to produce the anticipated revenue due to errors in the
assessor’s valuation of the property, the school district would adjust the mill levy
accordingly to compensate for the shortfall.” Id. HB 21-1164 is nothing like an
“adjustment” to compensate for shortfalls resulting from a county assessor’s
errors.

14
¶95 I have additional concerns about the majority’s approval of this new

two-step “correction.” The General Assembly passed legislation, HB 20-1418, just

last year, requiring that school districts increase their mill levy rates to reverse

previous rate reductions.9 This legislation also required that school districts grant

property tax credits to account for any increase, so property owners never actually

paid higher rates. By coupling a mill levy rate increase with tax credits one year

and then eliminating those tax credits the next year, the General Assembly

effectively increases tax rates without voter approval. The majority condones this

two-step maneuver by holding that “the gradual elimination of the tax credits

previously adopted in House Bill 20-1418 does not impose or effectuate a new tax,

tax rate increase [or] mill levy above that for the prior year.” Maj. op. ¶ 56. In

simple terms, by approving a “gradual elimination of tax credits” the majority

allows the General Assembly to increase mill levy rates that are off-set by tax

credits one year, then allows the General Assembly to eliminate those tax credits

in the following years. I cannot view this as anything other than a tax rate increase

9 While HB 20-1418 is not before us here, I question the constitutionality of this

legislation as well. It seems that HB 20-1418 required school districts to increase
their mill levy rates, and although taxpayers did not see an increase in the amount
they paid because of off-setting tax credits, the bill nonetheless imposed a “mill
levy above that for the prior year.”

15
that circumvents TABOR’s voter approval requirements. And although the

majority issues a narrow ruling, the narrowness of the opinion does not allow

HB 21-1164 to pass constitutional muster.

¶96 By the same token, I fear that the majority’s ruling draws a technical

distinction that undermines the will of the electorate. See Zaner v. City of Brighton,

917 P.2d 280, 283 (Colo. 1996) (“Courts should not engage in a narrow or technical

reading of language contained in an initiated constitutional amendment if to do

[so] would defeat the intent of the people.”). From the perspective of Colorado’s

property owners, it is irrelevant whether the General Assembly simply increases

tax rates or uses this two-step maneuver to increase tax rates because the practical

effect is the same: The mill levy rates will be “above that for the prior year,” and

consequently, property owners will pay more in taxes. This falls plainly within

the purview of TABOR’s voter approval requirements. Thus, by calling this a

“correction,” the majority reaches a desirable result for school funding, but it does

so at the expense of our constitution’s plain language and the rights of voters.

¶97 Like the majority, the concurrence overlooks the plain language of the

applicable constitutional provision. Under the concurrence’s reasoning, we

should refer back to the mill levy rates in effect at the time of the waiver elections

as the last “legally levied” rates because, in its view, the districts’ mill levy

16
reductions made pursuant to the CDE’s guidance are void as ultra vires acts. 10

Conc. op. ¶¶ 65, 69. But my logic still stands: As a result of HB 21-1164, mill levies

will be “above that for the prior year,” thus imposing a tax increase on property

owners across the state. Neither voiding mill levy rates nor recasting this increase

as a “correction” can change this plain and simple fact.

III. This Interrogatory was Improvidently Granted

¶98 The General Assembly recognizes that HB 21-1164’s mandate “may lead to

different funding outcomes across school districts” and that “school districts have

different mill levies and may require different levels of correction.” But it contends

that this interrogatory was providently granted because it is a “pure legal

question” that only this court can answer. Now that briefing and argument have

occurred, I would dismiss this interrogatory as improvidently granted.

¶99 Under our state constitution, “[t]he supreme court shall give its opinion

upon important questions upon solemn occasions when required by the governor,

the senate, or the house of representatives.” Colo. Const. art. VI, § 3. While we

10 Even if we were to accept the argument that the mill levy rates from 1995 to 2006
are somehow “void,” why would the mill levy rates from the 1990s serve as the
reference point for setting mill levy rates today rather than the rates beginning in
2007? In Mesa, we approved of SB 07-199, which froze the mill levy rates in 2007,
meaning districts’ rates were at least “legal” since 2007. So, if our reference point
is the last “legal” rate (though I don’t agree that our constitution supports such an
interpretation), then why wouldn’t the current rates serve as the reference point?

17
have no absolute rule for what constitutes a “solemn occasion,” we have declined

to exercise our jurisdiction to answer questions “that call for ‘hasty consideration’

rather than the thorough analysis the interrogatories require” and “questions that

readily could be addressed through ordinary judicial channels.” In re Interrogatory

on House Joint Resol. 20-1006, 2020 CO 23, ¶ 27, __ P.3d __ (first citing In re House

Bill No. 1503 of Forty-Sixth Gen. Assembly, 428 P.2d 75, 76–77 (Colo. 1967), then

citing In re Senate Resol. Relating to Senate Bill No. 65, 21 P. 478, 472–73 (Colo. 1889)).

Although I maintain that the straightforward application of TABOR’s

requirements provides the proper legal analysis, I believe this question warrants

more thorough consideration, and I further believe that ordinary judicial channels

could provide such thorough consideration with the development of a factual

record.

¶100 Without knowing more, we cannot adequately account for the varying

circumstances that each district faces. During the waiver elections, the ballot

measure language varied from one district to the next, and the information

provided to voters in their bluebooks likely varied as well. Further, it seems that

most school districts received the CDE’s direction to comply with TABOR’s

revenue limit, but it is unclear whether all districts received the direction, and if

they did, whether that direction was the sole reason for each and every mill levy

decrease. In fact, the petition itself introduces ambiguity as to what guidance or

18
advice the CDE provided and how it was followed.11 Regardless, HB 21-1164 will

lead to different outcomes in each district, and without understanding the

circumstances in each district, our court is left ill-equipped to decide the issue in

this procedural posture. The complexity of both the circumstances and the legal

question presented suggest that we should have declined to answer this

interrogatory.12 And now, we should dismiss the petition as improvidently

granted. The better approach would be to wait for it to inevitably come before us

after going through the proper judicial process. HB 21-1164’s wide-reaching and

significant impact on education is all the more reason to have this issue considered

in that manner rather than requiring this court to craft a one-size-fits-all holding.

11 The Petition to Accept Interrogatory states, “WHEREAS, Despite the waiver

elections, the [CDE] continued to instruct each school district to limit its total
program mill levy to no more than the number of mills that could be imposed
under the school district’s TABOR property tax revenue limit . . . .” (Emphasis
added.) But the petition, just one clause below, states, “WHERAS, Between 1998
and 2007, CDE, without authority to do so, instructed over 100 school districts to
reduce their total program mill levies to remain under their TABOR property tax
revenue limits . . . .” (Emphasis added.) Therefore, it is unclear to me whether all
school districts received guidance from the CDE, which instills some doubt as to
whether there is anything to “correct” in those districts that did not receive CDE
guidance. Of course, this ambiguity becomes moot with the majority’s decision
today.
12The concurrence introduces additional uncertainty into the events leading up to
this legislation. Why did the General Assembly declare all mill levies from 1994
to 2006 “void” in HB 20-1418 (passed in 2020) but not in SB 07-199 when it first
acknowledged the decrease in mill levy rates?

19
 IV. Conclusion

¶101 For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.

20