12/16/2020 Co2 Dosing System - Sewage Treatment - Reverse Osmosis - Waste water Treatment

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Co2 Dosing System

Desalinated water is poor in terms of minerals, making it corrosive and unpalatable. A certain degree of
remineralization is necessary in order to overcome these problems. A commonly used remineralization process is
to pass desalinated water dosed with CO2 through a bed of limestone or lime slurry dosing, reintroducing
bicarbonate alkalinity and calcium hardness to the water.

Carbon dioxide, CO2, is gaining acceptance for pH control in water treatment plant. It reduces high pH levels
quickly. It is not stored as an acid solution so it is safer than sulfuric acid. It is non-corrosive to pipes and
equipment. It requires less equipment and monitoring costs. It requires no handling costs. It can be utilized via a
completely automated system.

CO2 is also used for Re-carbonation for two purposes in a lime-softening plant: (1) for pH adjustment, and (2) for
the neutralization and precipitation of the calcium hydroxide in the primary basin e uent in cases where high-
magnesium waters are softened by application of excess lime followed by re-carbonation.

Carbon dioxide dissolves in water forming carbonic acid according to the following reaction:

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

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Carbonic acid is then ionized into HCO3- species

H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

The pH value is reduced to about 6.0 by dissolving carbon dioxide. Evolution of carbon dioxide from water leads an
increase in the pH value according to the reverse of the net reaction of the preceding two reactions:

CO2 + H2O = H+ + HCO3-

Under normal conditions, CaCO3 is only slightly soluble in water. However, its dissolution in water can be enhanced
in acidic conditions. The use of CO2 for this purpose is advantageous because it will both lower the pH and convert
to alkalinity as the calcite raises the pH of the water. When CO2 is added to water, the acid equivalent of CO2 in
water, carbonic acid (H2CO3) is formed, which is regularly used in soft drinks.

In calcite dissolution by CO2, the rst step is the carbonic acidi cation of the water, shown in

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

Calcite will then react with the carbonic acid as indicated below.

CaCO3 + H2CO3 = Ca2+ + 2HCO3

 
Liquid CO2 is stored in insulated storage tanks with
refrigeration system. Ambient heating of the storage tank
results in the heat entry to the storage tank even though it is
well insulated. This heat entry results into vaporization of the
stored liquid CO2 and if left unchecked will result into higher
tank pressure. If no CO2 vapour/gas is being withdrawn from
the storage tank, the refrigeration system is used to cool the
vapor in the tank vapour space. This cooling of the vapour/gas
results in a phase change of the vapour to liquid in the vapour
(http://www.aesarabia.com/wp- space and thus reduce the storage tank pressure to an
content/uploads/2015/12/CO2DOSINGIMG1.jpg) acceptable level. Otherwise, the storage tank pressure will
PH & CO2 Equilibrium Diagram continue to increase and eventually reach the set point of the
storage tank safety relief valves and CO2 vapour/gas will then
be vented to atmosphere until the pressure level in the tank is reduced to the reset pressure of the safety relief
valve. However, if vapour is being withdrawn from the tank process, then the vapour being evaporated by the

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12/16/2020 Co2 Dosing System - Sewage Treatment - Reverse Osmosis - Waste water Treatment

ambient heating tends to help control the tank pressure without running the tank refrigeration system. If the CO2,
vapour/gas demand exceeds the CO2 vapor/gas evolution generated by ambient heating, then the vaporizer will be
energized to augment the CO2 vapor/gas supply as required by the system.

The storage tank refrigerant system will maintain the liquid in the tank at approximately 0 ºF by maintaining the
vapor space during periods of low or no CO2 vapor withdrawal. The vaporizer is a pressure building vaporizer. This
unit receives liquid CO2 from the bottom of the storage tank. The vaporizer heating element heats the liquid CO2.
As more heat is added to the liquid CO2 in the vaporizer pot, the liquid either in the pot or in the vaporizer return
line to the storage tank goes through a phase change and CO2 vapor/gas is produced. The vapor returns to the
vapor space in the storage tank. The liquid CO2 vaporizer control panel controls the operation of the above the
equilibrium pressure at the minimum allowable pressure vessel temperature and the pressure where liquid CO2
undergoes the liquid to solid phase change. As CO2 in the vaporizer is heated, the tank pressure rises, and at a pre-
de ned set pressure the vaporizer is automatically de-energized. The liquid/vapor discharge side of the
CO2,vaporizer is piped to the tank vapor space. Therefore the normal operating pressure range for the storage tank
is maintained.

The process CO2, vapor/gas is piped from the storage tank vapor space to the vapor heater and then to CO2, gas
feed (pH control) panel. The pH of the process water in the basin is controlled by di using CO2 gas in the basin
through a ne bubble di user assembly and measuring the pH of the water in the basin following the introduction
of the CO2 gas. The gas feed panel CO2 ow control valve controls the ow of CO2 gas being introduced.

 
Typically a CO2 dosing systems contains following
components:

1. CO2 Storage Tank(s): The storage tanks are fully insulated

mild steel pressure vessels. The CO2 is stored at around 300
psi & (-) 20C. A complete automatic refrigeration system is
provided to maintain storage tank at (-) 20 C and 300 psi. The
tank is complete with lling/withdrawal lines & necessary
(http://www.aesarabia.com/wp-
instrumentation for safe operation.
content/uploads/2015/12/CO2DOSINGIMG2.jpg)
2. Vaporizer/Vapour Heater: A Vaporizer is provided to vaporize
Typical CO2 Vaporizer Schematic
the liquid CO2 to gaseous state as per requirement. Vapour
heater is provided to heat (-) 20C CO2 to near room
temperature. Both Vaporizer & vapour heater are provided with necessary safety and measurement
instrumentation.
3. CO2 Regulator: Carbon dioxide pressure reducing regulator is provided each storage tank, which is mounted
in the CO2 pipeline after dioxide vapor heater. Each regulator shall be used to reduce the pressure from
approximately 300 psig to 100 psig. The outlet pressure of each regulator shall be easily adjusted through the
use of an adjustment screw.

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12/16/2020 Co2 Dosing System - Sewage Treatment - Reverse Osmosis - Waste water Treatment

4. CO2 Di users: A set CO2 gas di user assembly with tube type fused alumina, porous, ne bubble di users
are provided to input carbon dioxide into the re-carbonation basin.

The CO2 system is provided with safety features like CO2 gas leakage detector etc.

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