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Drilling in Mining

Drilling methods can be classified based on the mode of energy application, method of mounting, or type of power source. The main methods are percussion, top hammer, bottom hammer/DTH, and rotary. Key components of a rotary drill rig include the mast, rod changer, rotary head, pull down mechanism, and drill pipes. Hole cleaning during drilling requires sufficient return air velocities to remove cuttings, typically 5000 feet/min or higher depending on conditions. Proper air quantities and velocities are necessary to effectively cool the bit and transport cuttings.

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858 views

Drilling in Mining

Drilling methods can be classified based on the mode of energy application, method of mounting, or type of power source. The main methods are percussion, top hammer, bottom hammer/DTH, and rotary. Key components of a rotary drill rig include the mast, rod changer, rotary head, pull down mechanism, and drill pipes. Hole cleaning during drilling requires sufficient return air velocities to remove cuttings, typically 5000 feet/min or higher depending on conditions. Proper air quantities and velocities are necessary to effectively cool the bit and transport cuttings.

Uploaded by

TEN TV
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Classification of Drilling Methods and Machines


• Drilling is basically method of penetrating rock. The


machine that carries out the drilling operation is called
drill. Rock can be penetrated by overcoming its
resistance to penetrate by providing external energy.
Depending on how this energy is imparted and how the
broken mass produced by drilling is removed to get new
surfaces to drill, the drilling methods and the drill can be
classified into several category.
Classification of Drilling Methods and
Machines
Basis Variants Example
Mode of energy Percussion Churn or cable tool drill,
application. Top Hammer jack hammer,
  For shallow holes, the
Bottom Hammer (Down whole drill strings offer
the hole hammer or hammering
DTH) For hole larger than 150
mm and deeper holes,
offers increased rod and
coupling life and less
noisy.

Rotary Auger or rotary drill,


Diamond drill,

Rotary Percussion DTH, Top hammer drill


Method of mounting Hand held Jack Hammer

Skid mounted

Wagon mounted Typical hole size 63-150


mm (Percussion)
Crawler mounted Single pass drilling from
7.6 to 15.2 m, hole size
Type of power Electric 120 to

Pneumatic Less costly, high noise

Hydraulic May be diesel or


electrically powered
hydraulically operated
Principle of Rock tool interaction in drilling


• The principle of rock drilling involves the rock


tool interactions to make a penetration in rock.
In the normal drilling process mechanical
energy is dissipated through a bit to a rock.
• The mechanical energy can disintegrate rock
mass by crushing, impact crushing or
scratching. Crushing takes place when heavy
and steady force is exerted on the rock mass
through hard drilling bit. The resistance to
penetration of rock is called drilling strength or
drillability of rock.
Rock Penetration in Percussion
Drilling
• In percussion drilling a chisel type or button
type bit hammers blows the rock mass while
turning the tool in between two successive
blows called blow indexing.
• An axial thrust is applied to keep the bit in
contact with the rock when the blow is applied.
• The rock penetration takes place because of
formation of a crater under the action of the
blow.
• This involves:
• The rock is inelastically deformed, with crushing of surface
irregularities.
• Subsurface micro cracks form from stress concentrations
and confinement at the bit/rock interface enclosing a
wedge of material, which is crushed
• Secondary cracks propagate along shear trajectories to
the surface, forming large fragments or chips
• Broken particles are ejected by the rebound of the bit and
the cleaning action of any circulation fluid, resulting in
formation of crater.
This process is repeated at each blow and drilling
propagates.
• Rotary drilling uses different type of rotary
bits like conventional drag bit, tricone roller
bit or pollycrysta-lline diamond (PCD) bit.
Primary assemblies in a rotary drill rig

Mast:
• To accommodate the rotary head and
enable its up and down translatory motion
• To accommodate the pipe changer
• To support the components that move the
pipe changer in desired position
• To support the components that enable
making and breaking tool joints
Rod Changer:
• To hold the drill pipes while they are not being used in
the drill string
• Accommodate the components that enable locking and
unlocking of the drill pipes
Rotary Head:
• To accommodate all components for transmitting the
rotary motion with desired torque at desired speeds to
the drill pipes.
• To accommodate the hydraulic or electric motors that
generate rotary motion
• To accommodate the components that fasten the rotary
head to the pull down mechanism
• Pull Down Mechanism: To exert the necessary
downward or upward force on the rotary head
in the mast
• Air Compressor: To supply desired volume of
compressed air at the desired pressure
• Drill Pipes: To transmit the pulldown force and
rotary speed and torque to the drill bit
• Dust Ducting: To prevent mixing of the dust
with atmosphere by means of a hood around
the blast hole and dust ducting
Prime mover: To act as main source of power and give
desired quantity of power to various components for
drilling or traveling operations
Operators Cab:
• To allow a driller and helper to properly sit and
control the drill
• To accommodate all the components and instrument
for controlling the drilling and travel operations
• To give desired protection to the operator from heat
or cold, rain and falling objects or flyrocks
• To properly place annunciation panel for indicating
equipment condition.
Hole Cleaning and Bailing Velocities


• For efficient drilling and higher penetration rate the chips


are to be removed as soon they are produced. Air
flushing is normally used in blast hole drilling. The return
air velocity in the hole varies according to the drilling
conditions i.e. weight of cuttings, hole depth, amount of
moisture encountered in the hole etc. As a thumb rule it
was considered that 5000 feet per min i.e. 1524 /min
represents a minimum value.
• For better performance of the drill when heavy cuttings
result from the drilling operation, or excessive hole depth
or under high moisture content, higher return velocities
are required.
• Bailing velocity can be determined from
the following formula:

 CFM ×144
BV =

 A
 Where, BV= bailing velocity in feet/min
• CFM= air feed in cubic feet per min
• A= area of annulus, square inch
The circulation air as drilling fluid medium has two primary
functions
• Cooling of the bit
• Removal of the cuttings from the hole
• The compressed air from the compressor is carried
through the mast stand pipe, hose, swivel and tool string
to the bit. There is sudden release of pressure as the air
leaves the bit, this causes considerable drop of the
temperature of the air around the bit.
• Annular velocity is determined to calculate the air
quantity for the cutting removal. The annular velocity
depends on the hole diameter, drill pipe outer diameter
and air quantity.
• For maximizing the upward air velocity for a given quantity of
air, the annular area between the hole wall and the drill pipe
should be minimized.
• However, the linear gap between the hole wall and the drill
pipe should be sufficient to permit the free upward flow of
cutting chips. This clearance will depend on the chip size;
however, the minimum clearance should be 7 mm.
• If the clearance is not sufficient to allow free flow of chips and
cleaning of the hole is not effective, it may damage the drill
stem. Thus it is necessary to estimate the optimal uphole air
velocity for effective chip removal.
• It is recommended to use air velocities from 1200 m/min to
2500 m/min depending on the rock type being drilled. Lower
values should be utilized for drilling through soils and soft
rocks and higher values for harder rocks.
• The air quantity required can be calculated as:

• Where, ( 2
π D −D V
h
2
p )
• Q= Air quantity Q = annular space,6 m3/min
in the
• Dh= Hole diameter, mm 4 ×10
• Dp= Outer diameter of drill stem, mm
• V= air velocity in the annular space, m/min
For conventional rotary drilling upto depth of 80 m the air pressure is
not very high. 3.5 kg/cm2 may be sufficient.
In DTH the penetration rate is proportional to the air pressure in
exploratory drilling pressure upto 24 kg/cm2 has been tried.
Commonly, used DTH work at 7.5 kg/cm2.

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