Management and Innovation for a Sustainable Built Environment ISBN: 9789052693958

20 – 23 June 2011, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA: A

CONTRACTOR’S PERSPECTIVE

EFFIE PAPARGYROPOULOU
Department of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, RAZAK School of Engineering and
Advanced Technology,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia
E-mail: [email protected]

PROF DR CHRISTOPHER PREECE

Department of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, RAZAK School of Engineering and
Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia
E-mail: [email protected]

DR RORY PADFIELD
Department of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, RAZAK School of Engineering and
Advanced Technology,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia
E-mail: [email protected]

ANIS ADILA BT ABDULLAH

Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (UIAM), Malaysia
E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The Malaysian construction industry continues to grow, benefiting the country’s economy
and providing essential infrastructure. However, this thriving industry is responsible for one
of the single largest waste streams in the country. This paper focuses on the current status of
waste management in the Malaysian construction sector. It builds on existing research and
assesses the level of sustainable practices on construction sites in terms of waste
management. It is a reflective paper examining the attitudes and reaction of Malaysian
contractors towards a more structured approach to on-site sustainable resource and waste
management, the “Site Waste Management Plan”. The Site Waste Management Plan, is a
framework that has been used in Europe and has successfully reduced on-site construction
waste generation. The aim of this study is to gauge the industry’s appetite and commitment
to sustainable waste management and ultimately guide the future development of a
framework for the management of construction wastes in Malaysia. A number of semi-
structured interviews were conducted with Malaysian contractors, with no previous
experience of Site Waste Management Plans. This exercise allowed the researchers to
explore the industry’s level of awareness and commitment to sustainable waste management,
identify current barriers and suggest future recommendations for an implementation strategy.
Keywords: sustainable development, construction waste management, contractors, Malaysia,
environment

INTRODUCTION

The construction industry is one of the main contributors towards the development of nations,
providing the necessary infrastructure and physical structures for activities such as
commerce, services and utilities. The industry generates employment opportunities and
injects money into a nation’s economy by creating foreign and local investment opportunities
(M. Agung, 2009). However, despite these contributions, the construction industry has also
been linked to global warming, environmental pollution and degradation (Jones &
Greenwood, 2009).
Construction waste generation and unsustainable use of depleting natural resources as
building materials, are also linked to the adverse environmental impacts of the construction
industry. Globally, it is estimated that approximately 10 to 30 per cent of wastes disposed off
in landfills originates from construction and demolition activities (Fishbein, 1998). In
Malaysia, construction waste is one the single largest waste stream and yet despite a number
of government policy initiatives to address this issue,, sustainable resource and waste
management on site remains a low priority for the majority of the contractors (Begum, 2009).
This study explores the Malaysian contractors’ perspective in relation to sustainable resource
and waste management and in particular the application of a more structured management
framework, based on the “Site Waste Management Plan” (SWMP) approach. The paper
examines what appetite there might be for the adoption of SWMP, to explore the industry’s
level of awareness and commitment to sustainable waste management, to identify current
barriers and suggest future recommendations for an implementation strategy. The paper
concludes with recommendations for the formulation of a Malaysian SWMP, based on the
empirical findings of this investigation.

SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THE MALAYSIAN

CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

Sustainable Development and Waste Management in Malaysia

During the second half of the 20th Century, there were increasing calls for action by
scientific, political and civil society groups who raised the need to address the negative
impact of human activities on the natural environment. The publication of the Brundtland
Report in 1987 followed by the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 helped to establish
the concept of ‘sustainable development’; an approach to development now supported by a
wide spectrum of governments. The concept rests on the notion of ‘development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs’ (Brundtland, 1987).
As a developing country aspiring to achieve developed country status by 2020, Malaysia is
faced with the challenge of decoupling economic growth and waste generation (National
Economic Advisory Council, 2010). Sustainable growth is a central theme of the 10th
Malaysia Plan (Economic Planning Unit, 2010) and demonstrates the Government’s
commitment to sustainable development. In 2005 the “National Strategic Plan for Solid
Waste Management” was adopted forming the basis for solid waste management policy and
practice in peninsular Malaysia until 2020 and providing the foundation for the subsequent
years (United Nations Development Programme, 2008). The Government’s efforts to address
this pressing issue include the introduction of the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing
Management Act 2007, and the establishment of two new federal institutions aiming to
implement the country’s solid waste management policy, the National Solid Waste
Management Department and the Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing
Corporation, the latter being the operational arm.
Solid waste management has been a concern in Malaysia for some time, due to poor
management and handling practices which in turn affect the environment as well as the
public. Malaysians produce approximately 25,600 tonnes of waste daily, in response to rapid
development and urbanisation (Fazleena Aziz, 2010). Solid wastes are generated from
residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal
services and other human processes (UNESCAP, 2009). Only 76 per cent of solid wastes are
successfully collected in Malaysia, and only around 5 per cent is recycled, with 95 per cent of
collected wastes disposed at the country’s 112 landfills (Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd., 2007).
According to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG), the majority of
landfills are at full capacity and operate to old standards with limited leachate and landfill gas
control. This is a far reach from the Government’s target for 22 per cent waste minimisation
and recycling (Nadzri, 2007), 100 per cent separation at source and closure of all historic,
unsanitary dump sites by 2020 (Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2006).
It is clear to see that current practice does not reflect waste management policy in place.
Factors such as a lack of implementation, weak enforcement, uncertainty over roles and
responsibilities amongst governing authorities and limited stakeholder coordination have all
contributed towards this disconnect between policy and practice. Furthermore, despite efforts
by the MHLG, public awareness of the environment and, more specifically, waste
management is low. However, the Malaysian Government recognises that appropriate waste
management is essential in achieving sustainable development as highlighted by the
Malaysian Government Model (National Economic Advisory Council, 2010).
In terms of general awareness of sustainability in the Malaysian construction and building
sector, the launching of a national initiative called the Green Building Index (GBI) and
increasing attention towards international sustainability assessment standards, such as
Greenmark, LEAD and BREEAM have served to raise awareness of the broader issues
associated with sustainability. However, as long as these initiatives remain voluntary and
outside of the remit of government legislation, broad scale uptake of sustainability standards
across the sector will remain low.

Status of Construction Waste Management in Malaysia

A study from Mohd Nasir et Al., (1998) reported that 28 per of municipal solid waste
originates from industrial and construction waste in the central and southern regions of
Malaysia. Waste minimization, reuse and recycling practices are limited in the construction
sector and natural resources required as building materials are available at relatively low cost
(Begun et al 2009). In addition there is no mandatory requirement for construction companies
to practice sustainable resource and waste management and illegal dumping is still an issue
for the authorities (Begun et al 2009).
In response, the Government formed an agency called the Construction Industry
Development Board (CIDB); one of its aims is to transform the industry by improving its
environmental performance. In support to national policy, CIDB has reinforced the industry’s
commitment to sustainable development and an environmentally responsible industry in the
“Construction Industry Master Plan” (Construction Industry Development Board, 2007) and
is continuing to educate the industry’s key players with series of training courses, workshops
and awareness raising events. In addition, the introduction of the GBI is providing a
framework to design and construct green sustainable buildings and raises awareness within
the sector.
In 2009 the Malaysian construction sector reported a 5 per cent productivity growth
(Malaysia Productivity Corporation, 2009). On one hand this figure demonstrates the crucial
role the Malaysian construction sector can play in contributing towards the Government’s
commitment to sustainable development. On the other, it supports predictions that
construction waste generation rates will continue rising, putting increasing pressure on the
already overstretched waste management infrastructure of the country.
In summary, there are number of policies and voluntary initiatives supporting sustainable
resource and waste management in the Malaysian construction sector, however the reality
remains challenging. The continuous growth of the sector provides an opportunity for a wider
uptake of sustainable waste practices, contributing to the country’s aspirations for sustainable
development.

Site Waste Management Plans

A Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP) provides a framework which can help contractors
or project managers to forecast and record the amount and type of construction waste that is
likely to be produced in a project, as well as assist in setting up appropriate management
actions that reduce the amount of waste that will be sent to landfill (WRAP, 2007). A
construction waste management plan aims to improve materials resource efficiency by
implementing reuse, recovery and recycling as well as to minimise issues such as illegal
dumping by properly documenting waste removal processes (Defra, 2009).
In number of developed countries such as United States, United Kingdom and Australia,
construction waste management plans have been gaining popularity as an important tool to
minimise the adverse impacts of the construction industry towards not only the environment
but also the nations’ economies. The plan requires the cooperation between all parties
involved in a construction project, including the client, contractor, designer, engineer, sub-
contractors, workers and even the suppliers. It is initiated during the project’s pre-planning
stage and involves activities throughout the duration of the project up to its completion to
ensure the waste management plan’s effectiveness and efficiency.
In United States, the framework called Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) Green Building Rating System is popularly used, which is a set of standards for
environmentally sustainable construction incorporating practices for sound waste
management into construction activities (LEED, 2004). Construction projects gain points
when they adhere to LEED requirements which subsequently secure a certification. Similar
frameworks for sustainable buildings and developments include the Building Research
Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) rating system in the UK, the
Green Building Index certification (Real Estate and Housing Property Developers'
Association Malaysia, 2010) in Malaysia, Green Mark in Singapore, Green Star in Australia
and many more. Sustainable resource and waste management features in all of these
frameworks, encouraging the adoption of a form of site waste management plan to guide the
process from the design to the decommission of the development.
In most countries SWMPs are voluntary. However, in 2008 SWMPs eventually became
compulsory for projects in England exceeding £300,000 (BRE, 2009). This move was
supported by developing and offering a SWMP template and other related tools such
Netwaste and SMARTwaste for designers, engineers, contractors, developers and other
professionals in the constructions industry (WRAP, ). Guidance and training courses are
freely available to aid the industry achieve waste reduction, re-use and recovery, from the
procurement, pre-construction and construction phases of a project.
Typically a SWMP will require the project manager to provide basic information about the
type, scale and value of the project, identify the responsible persons involved in the stages of
the project (principal contractor, engineer, client, designer, person responsible for waste
management on site etc), a proposed timescale and programme of works. The Key
Performance Indicators (KPIs) for waste minimisation, recycling, materials recovery or waste
generation per area unit, or other relevant targets will be agreed during this initial stage.
Figure 1 presents a broad outline of a SWMP.
In the next stage, the series of waste prevention, waste reduction, waste management and
recovery actions to be taken during the design, procurement and construction will be agreed
and recorded by the project team. Following this, the type, source and quantity of waste
arisings anticipated from the project are forecasted with the aid of benchmarks for the various
types of development (residential, education, health, infrastructure, commercial, retail etc).
Details of the suitably licensed waste carriers and ultimate waste management destinations of
waste arisings are recorded to ensure Duty of Care and prevent illegal dumping or other
inappropriate handling of wastes. The actual waste arisings, prevention, recovery, recycling
and reuse actions are recorded and compared against the forecasts and KPIs to measure
performance, adjust and improve the SWMP as required. Training of staff on site is crucial to
the success of a SWMP. Monitoring and reporting continues for the duration of the
construction project and informs the final project review and recommendations for future
improvements.

Figure 1: Proposed Outline of SWMP

Project Stage SWMP Actions

Project Set Up • Enter project details
Concept Design • Record waste prevention actions
Detail Design • Forecast waste
• Record waste reduction actions
Pre Construction • Specify waste carriers
• Plan waste destinations
• Record waste management and recovery actions
Construction • Enter actual waste arisings, reduction, recovery and management
activities.
• Carry out training, monitoring and recording.
Post • Compare actual against forecast waste management activities
Construction • Assess performance based on KPIs
• Suggest improvement for next project
Note: Adapted from WRAP Site Waste Management Plan Template version 2.3

METHODOLOGY

The study included a literature review on sustainable development, the effects of human
activities on the environment, the solid waste management systems used in Malaysia and
their impact to the nation’s development and environment. SWMPs from developed countries
were reviewed to identify their main elements and how they affect a project for contractors.
An outline SWMP was created by simplifying the elements in the site waste management
plans from other countries, extracting the perceived best practices and combining them into
one proposed framework to be tested in Malaysia.
Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted as part of this research to determine the
uptake of any form of SWMPs by Malaysian contractors, the suitability of existing SWMPs
in relation to the local environment, and their impact on the actual project and the
environment as a whole. According to the literature review carried out, SWMPs are relatively
new in Malaysia and levels of awareness and adoption by contractors are low. Therefore, the
target sample chosen were eight (8) contractors located around the Kuala Lumpur and
Selangor area who have never implemented SWMPs. The selected contractors were seen as a
representation of the Malaysian construction industry which does not have an official system
or guidelines for managing construction wastes on site, yet.
The contractors interviewed, were randomly chosen and are considered a convenience
sample. The selected companies had different backgrounds and experiences, and are assumed
to be reliable samples by the researchers as they will represent different groups in the
construction industry. In this research, seven (7) out of the targeted eight (8) contractors
located in the Kuala Lumpur and Selangor area were successfully interviewed using
exploratory, semi-structured interviews. All chosen contractors were class G-7 companies
with extensive experience in civil, infrastructure works and structures for the commercial,
industrial and residential uses, among others. Meanwhile, the respondents interviewed were
experienced project managers and engineers with extensive involvement in construction
projects.
The interviews were conducted to obtain reviews for the outline SWMP produced by the
researchers based on literature review. The selected contractors were asked to review and
comment on the proposed framework, in particular the perceived benefits to a project and its
effectiveness. Contractors were also asked about their awareness of the campaigns made by
the Government and Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) in encouraging
contractors to take up a SWMP, and the incentives that can be awarded by the Government to
encourage contractors to adopt SWMPs.
There were limitations to this research which could have inadvertently affected the results.
Some of the selected firms were unresponsive and unsupportive, therefore making the data
for the research incomplete and possibly biased. There were also time limitations to complete
the research, thus fewer interviews were conducted than initially planned for. One the main
barriers to this study was the low level of awareness amongst Malaysian contractors
regarding sustainable resource and waste management and in particular SWMPs. The lack of
knowledge about SWMPs made contractors more reluctant to implement any form of a
SWMP. Finally, this study was conducted as a preliminary exploratory exercise to gauge the
industry’s level of awareness and commitment to sustainable waste management, identify
current barriers and suggest future recommendations for an implementation strategy. Further
investigations would be required to build on the findings of this study.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

Specific Findings

From the target sample of eight contractors, seven were successfully interviewed for the
purpose of this research. The questions asked to the interviewees were broadly grouped in the
following categories: barriers to SWMPs, awareness of environmental impacts, on site
sustainable management practices and recommendations for improvements. The following
section details the findings from these specific questions before leading into a broader
discussion of the implications for sustainable waste management in Malaysia.

Barriers to SWMPs

The interviewees felt that the main factors preventing contractors from using SWMPs in
Malaysia are the lack of promotion and encouragement by the Government and CIDB, and
the perception that appropriate solid waste management practices reduce contractors’ profits.
57 per cent of contractors stated the perceived cost implications of SWMPs as the main
reason why they would not implement one, whereas 43 per cent identified the lack of
available information and guidance, incentives and practical tools about SWMPs as the main
barrier.

Level of awareness of environment impact of construction waste generation and current

waste practices

The majority of the interviewees (85 per cent) were unaware of the adverse impacts of waste
to the environment. 6 out of 7 contractors send all of their wastes to landfill or burn them on
site illegally, while 1 contractor admitted to disposing construction wastes on site.

Sustainable resource and waste management practices on site

Despite the low levels of environmental awareness and unsustainable waste management
activities, there are some examples of sound waste management practices on site.
According to the contractors that were interviewed some waste segregation at source is
practiced with the ultimate aim to recycle materials with some value. Waste materials such as
scrap metal are separated and stored on site to be sold on to waste recycling companies, while
other wastes are mixed together into one container and either sent to landfill, burned or
illegally buried on site.
There are some sustainable practices carried out on site by the contractors, such as recycling
and re-using of certain materials or using Industrialised Building System (IBS) which reduces
the amount of wastes produced on site. None of the interviewed contractors have targets with
regards to waste management on site, which shows that contractors still lack knowledge and
awareness on encouraging sustainable practices.

Recommendations for improvement

Six of the contractors felt that the Government should promote SWMPs better, while
financial incentives such as tax reduction were perceived the best way to increase uptake.
Finally, the interviewed contractors felt that they would support the creation of legislation
making SWMPs compulsory as it would ensure the success of their projects and allow them
to deal with their wastes more responsibly.

Discussion

Based on the contractor interviews, it can be concluded that there is a greater likelihood of
adoption of SWMPs by contractors if there is the correct level of encouragement, incentives,
promotion and training. The factors preventing contractors from using SWMPs could be
eliminated with suitable training, guidance material and awareness raising. Indeed, the main
issue preventing the use of construction waste management plans on site relates to the lack of
information on both the contractors and CIDB’s part. Before any of these parties can develop
construction waste plans for the Malaysian construction industry, they must first equip
themselves with the knowledge and understanding of the topic. However, given the
limitations in the research as well as the small number of samples taken, more data is needed
to confirm this assumption.
The interviews reveal that the Malaysian construction sector relies solely on initiatives led by
the government bodies and CIDB and is reluctant to invest time and effort to drive change.
The UK experience demonstrates that industry driver initiatives are also required to change
the face of the industry. Based on the SWMPs developed in other countries, it is evident that
the implementation of construction waste management plans is beneficial to contractors in
terms of the promotion of good management practices, reduction of unnecessary wastes on
site, cost and time savings and more. CIDB should also take a step towards increasing
promotions for construction waste management as part of the industry’s need to deliver
sustainable practices for the benefit of the society, economy and the environment.
The study also tested the industry’s appetite for regulation on sustainable construction waste
management, making SWMPs a mandatory requirement. The industry appeared surprisingly
positive and supportive for such a measure appreciating the business benefits it could lead to.
This response suggests that a the Malaysian government should consider creating regulation
on construction waste management which will address the increasing problems caused by
excessive development and environmental degradation and create awareness among
contractors to implement SWMPs for their projects. By creating legislation on construction
waste management, the efforts in promoting recycling, reducing and re-using activities which
the Government has been campaigning in the past years would be fully addressed.
The interviewed sample’s response to proposed outline SWMP framework was positive. The
contractors felt that the proposed waste guideline was comprehensive and encompassed all
stages of a construction project. Most of the activities carried out in the guideline were also
seen as achievable and beneficial for contractors if properly carried out. Furthermore, the
contractors highlighted the need for waste reduction during the design stage, avoiding
unnecessary designs and specifying using durable and reusable building materials.
Finally the inadequate waste management infrastructure of the country and current policy
lacking coordination were raised as a concern by the Malaysian contractors. The
interviewees were aware that suitable and adequate recycling plants and related infrastructure
are crucial to ensuring the success of SWMPs. An example of the disjointed policy is the fact
that the Public Works Department’s authority has yet to certify and accept the use of recycled
materials for construction projects. Therefore, currently the lack of relevant infrastructure,
supporting policy, legislation and enabling mechanisms make it difficult to promote
sustainable activities like recycling in the Malaysian construction industry and limit the
number of options for contractors in the implementation of SWMPs.

CONCLUSION

SWMPs provide a useful framework for the sustainable resource and waste management of
construction waste, offering environmental, social and financial benefits. The aim of their
implementation on site is to increase the resource efficiency of materials through recycling,
reusing or recovering products before they are disposed, and reducing environmental
problems, such as illegal dumping and open burning (DTI, 2004). There are many proven
benefits of construction waste management plans for contractors, such as cost and time
savings, increased productivity on site, good corporate social responsibility and the ability to
control the quality and ensure the safety of project sites as a result of a clean site
environment.
However, despite these benefits construction waste management remains poorly implemented
in construction projects in Malaysia, despite some promotion from the Government and
CIDB. It is clear that more efforts are required by CIDB and the Government to promote and
develop SWMPs into the local construction industry and contribute to the country’s
aspirations for sustainable growth. Based on the results of this exploratory exercise guidance,
practical tools, regulation and incentives are amongst the priorities highlighted by the
Malaysian contractors. Construction waste management guidelines such as the one proposed
by this research aims to promote sustainable construction practices by contractors in
Malaysia to ensure a comprehensive and integrated management of wastes on site.
In terms of further research, studies exploring the practices that can be adopted by the
construction industry to promote sustainable development are recommendation. Currently,
there is limited if any research investigating behaviour change in the industry that would lead
to improved waste management attitudes and practices. Furthermore, the development of a
national standard for SWMPs for Malaysia supported and promoted by CIDB would benefit
the sector and improve sustainable resource and wasre management of construction waste in
the country.

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