Profibus

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March 9, 2021
Introduction

ProfiBus was created in 1989 by the German government in

cooperation with several manufacturers of automation
equipment.
It is a messaging format specifically designed for high-speed
serial I/O in factory and building automation applications.
It is an open standard and is recognized as the fastest
FieldBus in operation today.
PROFIBUS is openly published as part of IEC 61158.
It is based on RS-485 and the European EN50170 Electrical
Specification.

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Origin

Association started in Germany in 1986 with a goal to

implement and spread the use of a bit-serial field bus based
on the basic requirements of the field device interfaces
(project "fieldbus").
First, the complex communication protocol Profibus FMS
(Field bus Message Specification), was specified.
Subsequently, in 1993, the specification for the simpler and
thus considerably faster protocol PROFIBUS DP
(Decentralised Periphery) was completed.

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Profibus Variations
There are two variations of PROFIBUS in use today
PROFIBUS DP (Decentralised Periphery): used to operate sensors and
actuators via a centralized controller in production (factory) automation
applications.
A PLC has its input/output channels arranged centrally. By
introducing a network bus between the main controller
(master) and its I/O channels (slaves), we have decentralized
the I/O.
PROFIBUS PA (Process Automation) is used to monitor measuring
equipment via a process control system in process automation
applications.
This variant is designed for use in explosion/hazardous areas
The Physical Layer (i.e. the cable) conforms to IEC 61158-2,
allows power to be delivered over the bus to field instruments,
while limiting current flows so that explosive conditions are
not created, even if a malfunction occurs.
PA has a data transmission rate of 31.25 kbit/s.
PA uses the same protocol as DP, and can be linked to a DP
network using a coupler device
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Topology

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Transmission technology

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Transmission technology in hazardous areas
When operating fieldbuses in hazardous areas, the interface PROFIBUS MBP is the
typical choice. Besides the IEC 61158-2, the more stringent explosion protection
standard IEC 60079-11 (electrical equipment for hazardous areas) must be observed.
Here two concepts are principally used:
The FISCO model (IEC 60079-27)
The High-Power Trunk Concept

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OSI Conformance

ProfiBus is based on universal international standards and

oriented to the OSI (Open System Interconnection)
ProfiBus DP uses only layers 1 & 2 of this model, plus the
Application layer. Layers 3 to 6 are not used.

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Master/Slave

A ProfiBus system uses a bus master to poll slave devices on an RS485 serial
bus.
A ProfiBus slave is any peripheral device (I/O transducer, valve, network drive,
or other measuring device) which processes information and sends its output to
the master.
The slave forms a "passive station": has not access rights, only
acknowledge received messages or sends response messages
ProfiBus slaves have the same priority
ProfiBus DP defines two classes of masters.
A class 1 master handles the normal communication or exchange of data
with the slaves assigned to it.
A class 2 master is a special device primarily used for commissioning
slaves and for diagnostic purposes.
Some masters may support both class 1 and class 2 functionality.
Master-to-master communication is normally not permitted in Profibus
except in order to grant bus access rights to another master via the
exchange of a token.
However, master-to-master communication between two mono-master
systems can be facilitated using a DP-DP gateway.

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Class 1 Master

A class 1 master device is normally a central programmable controller (PLC), or

a PC running special software.
The class 1 master sets the baud rate and the slave’s auto-detect this rate.
The class 1 master handles the data exchange with the slaves assigned to it
acts as the main controller for the exchange of I/O information with its
distributed slaves
cyclically retrieving user I/O data according to a defined message cycle
A master can communicate actively with its assigned slaves, but only passively
(upon request) with another class 2 master device.

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Class 2 Master

The class 2 master is usually a configuration device

a laptop or programming console
provided for commissioning, maintenance, or diagnostic purposes.
Acts like a "supervisory" master in that it can actively communicate with class 1
masters and their slaves in addition to its own slaves
usually only for the purpose of configuration, problem diagnosis, and
data/parameter exchange
All exchanges between a class 2 master and class 1 master originate with the
class 2 master.

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Class 1/2 Masters

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ProfiBus DP Operation

ProfiBus DP normally operates using a cyclic transfer of data

between master(s) and slave(s) on an RS485 network.
All data communication exchanges between a master and
slave originate from the master device.
Each slave device is assigned to one master
Only that master may write output data to that slave
Other masters may read information from any slave

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ProfiBus DP Operation

Masters can address

Individual slaves
A defined group of slaves (multi- cast)
All connected slaves (broadcast)
Slaves will return a response to all telegrams addressed to
them individually
do not respond to broadcast or multi-cast telegrams from a
master device.
ProfiBus sends Broadcast and Multi-Cast messages as global
control telegrams using address 127 and an optional group
number for a targeted group of slaves.

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ProfiBus DP Operation

ProfiBus uses a cyclic (periodic) polling mechanism between

masters and slaves
Deterministic
the behavior of a ProfiBus system can be reliably predicted
over time
ProfiBus was designed to guarantee a deterministic response
time
To contrast, CAN and Ethernet are event-driven bus systems
and consequently form non- deterministic systems.

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ProfiBus DP Operation

The length (and timing) of the I/O data to be transferred

from a single slave to a master is predefined in the slave’s
device data base or GSD file.
The GSD files of each device connected via the network
(slaves and class 1 masters only) are compiled into a master
parameter record which contains
parameterization and configuration data
an address allocation list
bus parameters for all connected stations
A master uses this information to set up communication with
each slave during startup.

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ProfiBus DP Operation

After a master receives its master parameter record, it is ready to begin

exchanging data with its slaves.
During startup/reset/return to power, a master will attempt to re-establish
contact with all the assigned slaves starting from the lowest address before
assuming the cyclic exchange of I/O data.
Each slave must already have a unique valid address from 0-125 in order to
communicate with the master.
Any slave that has a default address of 126 will await the Set_Slave_Address
command from a class 2 master before it can be parameterized.
A master will send parameterization and configuration telegrams to all of its
assigned slaves
a slave may only be write-accessed by its assigned master, the master that
parameterized and configured it during startup
The parameterization and configuration telegrams ensure that the functionality
and configuration of a slave is known to the master.
If an additional slave is added to the network bus and is not already accounted
for in the master record, a new master record must be generated and a new
configuration performed

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ProfiBus DP Operation

ProfiBus DP most often uses a single class 1 master device (mono- master)
ProfiBus also allows for acyclic communication between class 2 masters and
slaves
A class 1 master will automatically detect the presence of a new active station
connected to the network bus (a class 2 master).
When the class 1 master completes its polling cycle, it will pass a token to the
class 2 master granting it temporary access to the bus.
Deterministic behavior is maintained because the class 2 master can only use
the time allotted to it via the gap time specified (Token half-time or Token
hold-time TH ).
Although, mono-master operation is generally recommended, it is not
mandatory.
A ProfiBus system may have more than one class 1 master
master to master communication is not permitted, except for the granting
of bus access rights via token exchange.

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ProfiBus DP Operation

It is possible for a class 2 master to temporarily take over control of a DP slave.

During this time, the DP slave will stop its normal data exchange with its
class 1 master.
The class 1 master recognizes this and will proceed to cyclically request
diagnostics from the slave, checking the Master Address field for as long as
another valid address is present.
After the class 2 master finishes its communication with the slave, it sets the
Master Address field of the slave to invalid (255).
This causes the class 1 master to attempt to regain control of the slave and it
will reparameterize and reconfigure the slave before resuming data exchange
with it.

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ProfiBus DP Operation
The following state machine helps illustrates how ProfiBus DP
operates with respect to the slaves.

Figure:Profibus
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Technology

Application layer (OSI-Layer 7)

To use these functions, various service levels of the DP protocol were defined:
DP-V0 for cyclic exchange of data and diagnosis
DP-V1 for acyclic data exchange and alarm handling
DP-V2 for isochronous mode and data exchange broadcast (slave-to-slave
communication)

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Technology

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Technology

Security layer (OSI-Layer 2)

The security layer FDL (Field bus Data Link) works with a hybrid access
method that combines token passing with a master-slave method.
In a PROFIBUS DP network, the controllers or process control systems are the
masters and the sensors and actuators are the slaves.
Each byte is secured with an even parity and transferred asynchronously with a
start and stop bit.
There may not be a pause between a stop bit and the following start bit when
the bytes of a telegram are transmitted.
The master signals the start of a new telegram with a SYN pause of at least 33
bits (logical "1" = bus idle).
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Technology
Various telegram types are used. They can be differentiated by
their start delimiter (SD):

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Technology

Fields:

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Technology

Fields:

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Technology

Bit-transmission layer (OSI-Layer 1) Three different methods are specified for the
bit-transmission layer:
EIA-485 (Primarily used with PROFIBUS DP)
Twisted pair cables with impedances of 150 ohms in a bus topology.
Bit rates from 9.6 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s can be used.
The cable length between two repeaters is limited from 100 to 1200 m,
depending on the bit rate used.

Optical transmission via fiber optic

star-, bus- and ring-topologies
The distance between the repeaters can be up to 15 km.
MBP (Manchester Bus Powered) transmission technology (for PROFIBUS PA.)
Data and field bus power are fed through the same cable.
The power can be reduced in such a way that use in explosion-hazardous
environments is possible.
The bus topology can be up to 1900 m long and permits branching to
field devices (max. 60 m branches).
The bit rate here is a fixed 31.25 kbit/s.

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Profiles

Profiles are predefined configurations of the functions and

features available from PROFIBUS for use in specific devices
or applications.
Specified by PI working groups and published by PI.
There are PROFIBUS profiles for Encoders, Laboratory
instruments, Intelligent pumps, Robots and Numerically
Controlled machines

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 Thanks

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