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Art App Compiled

This document provides an overview of an Art Appreciation course for weeks 1-2. It includes the learning outcomes, which are to define key terms like humanities and art appreciation, discuss the importance of art, and identify different types of art. The document also lists the weekly topics, such as an introduction to art appreciation, the meaning and importance of art, and the kinds and nature of art. It concludes by reflecting on the important roles of art in society and how art can be used as a form of expression.

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Krisha Salta

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

365 views116 pages

Art App Compiled

Uploaded by

Krisha Salta

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 116

3/7/2021 CODE 050- ART APPRECIATION -

CODE 050- ART APPRECIATION

Week 1-2

Introduction to Art Appreciation/Kids of Art/Nature of Art

Meaning and Importance of Art

Topics: Art Appreciation and Humanities

Kinds of Art

Nature of Art

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

· define humanities, art, and art appreciation

Learning Outcomes:
· discuss the importance of art in contemporary society

· enumerate some important roles arts has to play in our society

· identify the different kinds of arts

Date Topics Activities or Tasks

January 27-29 Read the General Introduction part

Read Lessons and reflect/ponder on some questions

Orientation/Setting of Expectations posted

The USL-Vision-Mission-Values

Meaning and Importance of Art Accomplish and submit the worksheet in the Activities
portion of the LMS
Art Appreciation and Humanities

February 1-5 Read Lessons on Kinds and Nature of Arts

Kinds of Art
Nature of Art
Accomplish the worksheet in the Activities Portion of
LMS

Submission of learning task

LEARNING CONTENT

Introduction:
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There are a lot of changes that happened in this world most especially with the spread of the novel corona virus. Right now, being an
artist is the best occupation or activity you can have due to the solitary nature of artistic creation like you can be alone in your studio or home,
you don’t necessarily need to go out that much, it doesn’t mean that you are stuck. Whenever you are painting, you are opening a huge
universe so even if you stay at home and kind of feeling stressed and lonely then think of an escape way to open an infinite world around you,
so it’s not solitary, its actually opening doors of imagination so if you’re already an artist or if you already have some experiences or this is
your first time, then maybe this is the right time to start making art. Start using this time efficiently, be creative, explore and open new doors
for your imagination even if you can’t go out.

So as you can see, the situation we have here in the Philippines right now and in other countries of the world, we are in some sort of
confinement, as some are experiencing community quarantine or lockdowns. We’re not allowed to get out so we’re pretty much stuck so we
can just help our parents, stick together and avoid to have too many contacts to avoid spreading the disease. You may have asked yourselves,
what’s the meaning of all this, what’s the meaning of art, what’s the point of studying art? Art is not helping like practically speaking you’re not
healing people you’re not putting on anybody’s table but it can still help by providing spiritual comfort in a way or it can be a source of
entertainment.

If you paint a beautiful landscape with just a happy vibe, then you are taking people in another dimension where they can forget all the
sufferings in the world or when you are painting a harsh painting with dark and in a very cruel portrayal, you are also helping maybe understand
some sort of hidden message that it may have and may even give a sense of enlightenment for some people. Whenever you post your funny
tiktok videos, you are giving joy to a lot of viewers. When you sing a beautiful song, you may have touched another person’s heart and
probably made him/ her realize some stuffs which are worthy to ponder upon. That inspirational poem you originally composed and shared
online would have probably motivated someone to go on with his or her life.

Now as we proceed with our lesson, I would like to inspire you to reflect more on the important

roles arts has to play in our society. Imagine for a moment the world without arts, without music, without cinema,dance,opera,literature, poetry.

That world will be a very very dull place. We create art through the use of imagination, the one thing that distinguishes us as human
beings from other species. Without art reality would be quite unbearable as we need art in order not to perish from the truth. Most of us can
attest as to how important art is most especially during this pandemic. Some of you would listen to music, watch vlogs and films to lessen
your boredom. Others sing and dance to entertain their friends and families. There are also those who paint and draw to convey their emotions
or to sublimate ones unacceptable feelings and adapt oneself to the present situation. These are just few of the numerous advantages we
may get from art. Indeed, we use different media to express ourselves and to color our lives.

We can only thank arts for its extraordinary services. Without it, we may have been living in emptiness and despair. So join me as we
explore more the world or art.

I am truly inspired to guide you throughout this term towards the very goal of this course which is for you to be able to appreciate art
along
with appreciation of one’s talent, unleashing of one’s potential and the utilization or art as way to contribute for the welfare of our society and
most specially to use art as a platform to positively express oneself.

Let us continue understanding what this course has to offer by defining art appreciation, humanities and establishing the relationship of
both.

Lesson Proper:
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MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ART

Art is a subject under humanities. Since art is subjective in the sense that people differ in their perception of an object
or thing. Hence, there can be no one universal definition of it. What may be beautiful and meaningful for some people may be
considered as something ugly and meaningless to others. In other words, different authors and writers define art in various
ways as they perceive it. Moreover, the meaning of art has changed throughout history due to multicultural settings. Thus, every
time a new movement in art emerged, the meaning of what is art, what is acceptable as art, is being challenged.

Hereunder are some of the definitions of art given by various authors and writers.

Art is derived from the Latin word “ars,” meaning ability or skill- J.V. Estolas

Art is a product of man’s need to express himself- F. Zulueta

-emotions need not only be felt but expressed. These are emotions transformed into something that is beautiful worthy to
be shared. Art lets people express their emotions creatively and productively.

Art is that which brings life in harmony with the world- Plato

-art is meant to “express only images of good, and to prohibit them from exhibiting the opposite forms of vice and intemperance
and meanness and indecency” the main moral concern is the effect of art on minds and development of the character of
citizens.

Art is not what you see but what you make others see-Georgia O’Keeffe & Edgar Degas

-one of the things that makes a great art is its ability to convey message and its efficiency to stir up people’s ability to think and
interpret the artwork. Its influence or its impact on the viewers must be considered.

Art is the right reason of making things. It is the process of creating things that is guided by good intention and it
does not violate the universal concept of justice.- Aristotle

There are many reasons to make art. Some make art to make money. Well this is just fine, but Aristotle has his own
standard of what a real art is. For him, the artist must take into consideration the impact of a particular artwork to its viewers.
It must be created with good intention and for the greater good of all the people and not to demean or to cause injustice/s to
the people.

From the above definitions of art, it can be concluded that there are several ways of defining art as there are many people,
authors, and writers in the universe. Each definition is influenced by the unique perspective of the above authors and writers
as well as their own personality and character.

Nevertheless, a glimpse of the above definitions bring us four (4) common essentials of art.

Art is man-made, not God-made1.

-Art is a perceived, conceived idea on many items designed by man. We are driven to arrange our surroundings which for
want of a better term we call nature. Art is nature framed by the artist to reveal something specific about it. It reflects the
artist’s view of nature.

-Art must be creative because it’s a product of our imagination. We can use art as an expression of our feelings, emotions and
selves. Art must be not imitative because every piece of art has its own artist.The artist has the property of those artworks. We
can adapt other people’s style but not the work itself.

Art benefits and satisfies man-when he uses art in practical life through artistic principles, taste, and skill3. .

-Let’s take into account the University’s Kaibigan ng Kalikasan Program (KKP) activity. The main purpose why we implement
this program is because of our care for the environment. Do we benefit from this? The benefit afforded to us by the program is
enough example to speak of art benefiting and satisfying man.

Art is expressed through a certain medium or material by which the artist communicates himself to his fellows.4.
-The Spoliarium of Juan Luna would give us a message that Spanish friars are too much in handling the Filipino people due to
abuses suffered by the latter under their hands.

What are the importance of arts to my life as a student?

Arts play a valuable role to students in such a way that:

Through participation in arts-music, dance, drama, media arts, and the visual arts-1.

students can develop their creativity, self-awareness, self-confidence, sense of well-being and to learn about their identity

Arts create a safe space for students to explore talents and build their confidence

Through intense involvement in artistic activities2.

students experience a sense of wonder and joy when learning though the arts

Working together for a common purpose teaches students that their contribution is important, which is
perfect for the collaborative nature of the arts.

students can be motivated to participate more fully in cultural life

Arts provide a unique platfom to discuss many different cultures, socioeconomic levels, and current events.
Through arts, students have a place not only to learn about different

cultures than their own, but also to ask questions and be more informed about the daily struggles and
realities of people who may seem different.

students are able to gain educational opportunities which they can use later in their career life.

By working collaboratively on a project, students learn to communicate more effectively , compromise when
necessary, and work hard even if their role may seem small.

Other definitions of art

Ancient Latin, ars (“craft” or specialized form of skill)

Art then suggested the capacity to produce an intended result from carefully planned steps or method. (build a house)

It is considered as the “Lifeblood” of humanities

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Without arts, it is impossible to speak of a human person. As a human person is bound to express his ideas and thoughts.
Such can be done only through medium of expression which is propounded by arts.

Everything around us, all that you can see is an art, and without it, man cannot survive

Any creative skill, a talent, a painting, a design, a colorful creation, an original composition and a masterpiece.

-Art can be expressed in many forms and it is commonly manifested by the skills embedded in person. Our innate gifts and
talents are enhanced through different art activities

It is an essential factor that motivates an individual to create and appreciate a thing of beauty.

-It is impossible to appreciate something without our own standard that will help us to give our opinion about a work of art.
The existence of standards that we have will always motivate us to improve further as to our satisfaction level of arts. In
this case, it will motivate us to either create and improve further.

What are the significance of Humanities?

It introduces us to places we have never visited.

-It gives us a vicarious experience of going to places we have never been before by means of paintings, films, books and the
like. More so during this whole pandemic thing. We’re all kind of deprived to visit places we want to visit face to face. But with
the different products of arts, we can somehow experience going to places that are deemed impossible to go to. It is just
amazing how we could get a glimpse of what is happening in a place, real time with real people and get to feel how they are
feeling too. By just simply reading a fiction book where a character gets to travel to Dysney land gives us also the opportunity
to experience the place. This could be the cheapest way possible for us to go to places we have never visited and yet provides
all sorts of experience.

It introduces us to ideas that never crossed our minds.

-By just merely looking at someone else’s creation, it gives us the opportunity to reflect and or formulate ideas that never crossed
our minds.
You may even get to say, “oo nga ano, pwede pala to” or “ang galing naman ng gumawa nito, magaya nga din”. That’s another
thing about arts. It activates our creativity in the sense that it introduces us to concepts that we never have thought of and not
alone just to do the same but to have it as our basis in refining whatever is in our hands and in our minds.

It introduces us to persons we never met

-You may never get to experience a face to face interaction or encounter with your favorite artists but you know a lot and you
have a lot to say about them for you have been watching them through televisions, hear about them through radios and read
about them through books/newspapers. It gives us some sort of a connection to people who are beyond our reach, even beyond
our knowledge. A person can get inspired by a stranger he/she just met from a newspaper being read , or the journal being
studied. Thanks to youtube you’ve got to know and let yourselves be entertained and or even influenced positively by your
favorite vloggers.

By showing how others have lived and thought about life, it helps us decide what is important in our lives and
what we can do to make them better.

-It gives us the chance to discover other people and their way of living, thinking and feeling. We get to see through them how
we can improve and decide for ourselves in a way that does not destroy us, rather to make us reach our potentials and grow
as a person.

We have been so openly presented with a lot of stories from which we are drawn to reflect on, to criticize, to look up to and or
to study and all of these are meant not only to touch our senses but to touch even the deepest of our core as a person.

By connecting us with other people, they point the way to answers about what is right or wrong, or what is true
to our heritage and our history.

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-It’s always nice to connect with other people. Through them we get to learn a lot of stuff like things our immediate family
members or friends have never taught us or have made us realize. As we broaden our connection, we enrich our lives as well
with life lessons and wisdom. Their experiences and opinions help us become critical of what is good and bad, what is true to
our heritage and to our history.

Indeed it is just beneficial to get to know other people apart from our close ones. We get to hear variety of stories not only of
their present, but even stories of their past where we can learn all sorts of things. It is just fair to say that we learn from all the
people that we meet or have met even if it’s just one or two or too many. We learn from even the littlest of things.

It helps us address the challenges we face together in our families, our communities, and as a nation.

-It helps us build better relationships and helps us cope with the different adversities of life by means of enlightenment. It inspires
us to get united and not divided.

By now, we are living in a world that needs more of unity, compassion, and resiliency. What better way is there for us to
overcome so many adversities in life but to have ourselves be enlightened of what really is happening around us.

It develops ones critical and imaginative thinking

-It broadens your perspective. You may be able to use your critical and creative thinking skills to dissect the steps it took to
create a worldfamous sculpture or painting. In this scenario, the humanities degree is less about you and more about your
ability to appreciate another person’s hard work. It makes us understand and appreciate the experiences of others. Because
by appreciating alone means we give respect of the artist’s talent, hardships and intention of creating such beauty. In turn, we
get not only the pleasures of experiencing the artwork but the wonders it could create from the inside of your intellect. You must
have experienced just merely looking at an artwork and you were just so entertained and amazed by how one could even
possibly think of it, how such ideas could come across the that person’s mind and how thrilled you could possible be to be as
creative and as imaginative. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Arts and humanities are considered as two of the oldest fields of knowledge available to man. The difference between the two
is often seen with ambiguity. While art is seen as more all-inclusive field, humanities, on the other hand, takes into
consideration a diverse and oftentimes unrelated set of disciplines from literature to political history. Both humanities and arts
can prepare you to think critically, act creatively, and succeed in a rapidly changing world

Kinds of Art

The following are the different kinds of art. Definitions and examples are included below for you to better understand the lesson.

Kinds of Art Definition Examples

These are art forms that create works that are

Visual Arts
primarily visual in nature such as painting, drawing,
printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography,
video, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture.

This is also called a motion picture, a medium used

to simulate experiences that communicate ideas,
Film stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty or atmosphere
by the means of recorded or programmed moving
images along with sensory stimulations.

The movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually

Dance
to music and within a given space, for the purpose of
expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, or
simply taking delight in the movement itself.

Poetry performance ex. Ang Huling Tula na isusulat ko para

sayo by
Juan Miguel Severo
It is a poetry that is specifically composed for or
during a performance before an audience. -also
known as spoken poetry

It is an artwork or art exhibition created through actions

executed by the artist or other participants. and presented
Performance art to an audience within a fine art context, traditionally
interdisciplinary.

It is the integrative discipline of ideation, literary

appreciation and multi-modal creative writing.

- In the most basic sense, literary art is any form or piece

Literary of art, made by use of word’s and language. Like the paint
to an artistic painter. Whether this takes form in books,
speeches,
poem’s, news articles or anything else.
Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo by Dr.
Jose Rizal

Architecture It is both the process and the product of planning,

designing, and constructing buildings or any other
structures.

It is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live

Theater
performers, typically, actors or actresses, to present
the experience of a real or imagined event before a
live audience in a specific place, called stage.

Applied Arts These are arts that apply design and decoration to
everyday and essentially practical objects in order to
make them aesthetically pleasing.

Nature of Art

Art is everywhere

-When you wake up in the morning what do you see? When you go to school or hangout in Robinsons place with your friends
what do you see? When you shop in Lazada or shopee for a home décor or gadgets or school materials what do you see?
Basically, almost everything that we see around us, including the things that we use are all products of arts. You may have just
realized it by now that have created not just one but myriads of what we call now as art.

Art is part of one’s life. He/she cannot ignore its presence even if he/she tries to.

-We are all artists in some ways. Your choice of pairing of clothes is an art. The way you tie your hair is art. The movies you
watch, books you read, musics you listen to are all sorts of arts. So basically, arts has been part of our day to day life. In fact,
we desperately look for art much as we want to ignore it. Artworks have been some sort of an opium that fills the void in our
lives. With it, we kept entertained. Our lives have been so much easier and comfortable with its presence and that is why people,
the artists, continuously create more of it up until now. The creations improve and becomes far more impressive as time
progresses.

ART as expression and communication

-Art is the expression of inner feelings, idea, thought about something or the environment.

Art is created through expressing ones feelings, emotions, intuitions, and desires, but it is even more personal than that; it’s
about sharing the way we experience the world, which for many is an extension of personality.

Art is not nature

A work of art is man-made whereas nature is given around us. Although art may closely resemble nature, it can never duplicate
nature.
It is only man’s way of interpreting nature.

Art perfects nature

Although nature displays order and harmony, sometimes it is in its chaotic state. Artist duplicate things they like and eliminate
the undesirable elements in nature to convey their message of love and beauty.

Art and culture are linked. Art is an expression of a particular person or group of people.

Art mirrors the beliefs and practices of a certain group of people. Thus art reveals not only the identity of the artist but even the
society he/she belongs to.

Art must be universally significant.

The works of Rizal and Francisco Balagtas are not read because they are old but because they are beautifully written.
Arts, regardless of its origin, time, and place are liked and enjoyed by people continuously.
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CODE 050- ART APPRECIATION
Week 3-4

Module 2

UNIVERSITY PRAYER

O God, wellspring of goodness and blessings, we give you thanks and praise as one Louisian community. The graces You incessantly grant upon us and
Your divine providence have sustained our beloved University throughout the years of mission and excellence.

Having been founded by the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, we pray that You keep us committed and dedicated to our mission and identity
to serve the Church and the society as we become living witnesses to the Gospel values proclaimed by Jesus. For if we are steadfast in our good and
beautiful mission, our works will bring success not only to ourselves but also to those whom we are bound to love and serve.

Inspired by St. Louis our Patron Saint, who was filled with a noble spirit that stirred him to love You above all things , may we also live believing that we are
born for a greater purpose and mission as we dwell in Your presence all the days of our life.

Grant all these supplications through the intercession

of Mother Mary and through Christ our Lord. Amen.

ONLINE LEARNING MODALITY

ARTS 1013 (Arts Aprreciation)

AY 2020-2021

Week 3-4

Definitions of Beauty
Types of Beauty

Philosophical Import of Art

Classifications of Art
Topics:
Functions of Art
Subject Type

Kinds of Subject
Ways of Representing The Subject

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

· identify the different types of beauty

Learning Outcomes: · Differentiate the three functions of art by giving examples with explanation

· create a painting of their choice among the different ways of representing

the subject

· classify a given example based on the different classifications of art

Date Topics Activities or Tasks

February 15-20 Philosophical Import of Art Read and understand the lessons
Definitions of Beauty

Types of Beauty

Classifications of Art
Functions of Art

Subject Type

Kinds of Subject
Read and understand the lessons
Ways of Representing The
February 22-24 Subject
Accomplish and submit the worksheet
Elements of Art in the Assessment” portion of this
Principles of Design module

Returning of Module and Acquisition

February 26
of new module

“TE

TELECONFERENCE LINK : https://meet.google.com/obz-qjuz-pch

DATE AND TIME: FEB 26, 2021 (9:30-10:30)
PPT: /files/7853922/WEEK_3-4_ARTS(2).pptx
LEARNING CONTENT
Introduction:

Let us make it our practice to recite the Louisian prayer in every beginning of our lessons. Include also in your
prayer the well-being of everybody most especially those who are suffering from any kind of illnesses. To begin
with, let me congratulate everybody for a job well done. I can see that everybody are giving the best they can to
comply with the requirements of this subject. I appreciate all the efforts and the time you have given in your
studies. Keep doing a great job! Let us continue our lesson with the different definitions of beauty.

The word beauty connotes balance and proportion, something that is pleasing to the eye, perfection,
pleasure. These are just few of the words that are usually associated with beauty. But what really is beauty?

The term has always been linked with positive qualities but to require for a universal single definition of the word
beauty would be considered as an invalid claim as the word itself is relative in nature. What may be beautiful for a
particular country may not be considered as such in another place. Given also the fact that the definition itself is
indeed fleeting in nature.

Nevertheless, it is, but just acceptable to have it defined based on how a particular society sets standard of
their own.
Thus, below are some diversified definitions of beauty.

Lesson Proper:
DEFINITIONS OF BEAUTY

Webster dictionary: Beauty is an assemblage of perfection through which an object is rendered pleasing to the
eye.
Plato: Beauty is equated with the sublime identity with good. Basically, for Plato, a thing is not considered
beautiful if it does not serve a good intention. The same is true to a person as he/she will be considered
beautiful so long as the beauty applies both on the outside and on the inside (personality).
Aristotle: Beauty is a symmetry, proportion, and an organic order of parts into united whole. For Aristotle, what
we can certainly state is that our attraction to another person’s body increases if that body is symmetrical and in
proportion. *Scientists believe that we perceive proportional bodies to be healthier.
Spinoza: A thing is beautiful if we desire it, and desire it because it is good; and if it is good, it is therefore
beautiful. He dismisses beauty as mere sensual content. The standards include your desire on that particular
thing. Hence, beauty for Spinoza is subjective.
Idealist: “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.” We have different standards of beauty. What may be beautiful for
me may not be beautiful to you. We cannot really judge other people of their choices because we perceive things
differently and as a matter of fact, matters of taste are not matters of dispute.
Santayana: Beauty is pleasure objectified. It is when the experience and emotion of pleasure intertwines with the qualities of the
object that beauty arises.

With art, beauty has become an artist’s definitive goal. But surprisingly, an artist’s passion transcends beyond
his master pieces. It is his ultimate goal to touch and connect with human emotion. Artists are able to stimulate
their audiences in some way that which would create feelings, curiosity and interest. It is capable of bringing
the audience into another dimension that which play with their thoughts and memories and thus bring beauty
in a sensual way.

TYPES OF BEAUTY

IDEAL BEAUTY

One finds from objects or scenes in nature which conforms or approximate to his idea of how beauty should be
made or formed, which expectation is the result of man’s accumulated knowledge or total aesthetic experiences.
This type of beauty resembles perfection.

REAL BEAUTY

A type of beauty which conforms to the general expectations of man in a particular society, period and culture
according to subject, function or genre that it represents. One best example for this is Liza Soberano. Liza’s beauty
matches the standard/ tastes of Filipino about being beautiful. However, this does not mean that Liza’s beauty
accords with all other people in other countries.

NATURAL BEAUTY

Natural beauty is aA type of beauty as found in nature and is not man-made. Objects which exhibits
manifestations that there has been no intervention made by man are qualified under this type of beauty. One
example for this is the Blue water located in Baggao,Cagayan

ARTIFICIAL BEAUTY

This is a type of beauty is realized the moment man tries to make some changes in nature in order to realize
some concept, atmosphere or mood. This is some sort of a corrective measure man does to qualify a thing or a
person on the standards they have for beauty. An example of this is the Banaue Rice Terraces.

DECORATIVE BEAUTY

The type of beauty that is realized from the actual physical or material presence of the work of art. It refers
to the decorative function of the work of art that helps beautify the place. An example of this is the chapel with
impressive lighting Callao Cave (Penablanca Cagayan).

SPIRITUAL BEAUTY
This type of beauty is discerned from works of art in which subjects are about religion, or beauty found in
noble and virtuous life. This type of beauty surpasses physical beauty. This type of beauty includes qualities
such as joy, love, grace, gentleness, unselfishness and not only limited to spiritual materials such as the bible

and its content, churches and spiritual statues. When we express these Godlike qualities, actively live them,
we're actually expressing beauty! The picture on the right shows a lot of these qualities.

INTELLECTUAL BEAUTY
This type of beauty is discerned after giving due consideration to points or elements or a meaning found
beyond the surface or composition’s observable features. Just like how the picture on the right illustrates how
our medical frontliners are, without a doubt, the biggest heroes during this COVID-19 pandemic. They've
sacrificed their time and effort, and even put their lives on the line, just to make sure that we're safe.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

1. Practical or Useful Arts

It is concerned with the skills and methods of practical subjects such as manufacture and craftsmanship.
These types of arts are human creations used to produce artifacts, tools, and utensils used in doing
household and everyday chores. Examples: basket weaving, agriculture

2. Liberal Arts

Liberal arts, also referred to as the humanities, includes the study of history, literature, writing,
philosophy, sociology, psychology, creative arts, and more. It involves the development of man’s intellectual
reasoning More broadly speaking, students earning a liberal arts degree learn to formulate effective
arguments, communicate well, and solve problems.

Examples: Mathematics, Philosophy, Psychology

3. Fine Arts

These types of arts are the products of human creative activity as they express beauty in different ways
and media for the satisfaction and relaxation of man’s mind and spirit.

The term "fine art" refers to an art form practiced mainly for its aesthetic value and its beauty ("art for
art's sake") rather than its functional value. Fine art is rooted in drawing and design-based works
Examples: painting, Sculpture, Architecture, printmaking

*The set of “fine arts” are sometimes also called the major arts, with "minor arts" equating to the
decorative arts.

4. Minor Arts

The minor arts include jewelry, silverware, coins, miniature sculptures and carvings - in short, anything excluded by the "major arts" such
as paintings, prints and monumental sculptures are products of minor arts. The minor arts may be small, but, as the saying goes,
good things come in small packages. It is really hard separate minor from practical arts since these works are
connected with each other. In a way, we can categorize practical arts under minor arts.

5. Major Arts

Major arts are characterized by their actual and potential expressiveness and by a purely disinterested
purpose. Major arts require tremendous amount of training, effort, time and focus. Although the same
demands go with performing a minor art but this classification demands for a more serious and long-term
practice to perform and excel on it. Thus, requires an extensive training, focus and commitment to practice.
Major arts, unlike minor arts had undergone further development/ enhancement to improve its purpose,
hence more mature than minor arts. Examples: Music, Poetry, Sculpture

ACCORDING TO MEDIA AND FORM

1. Plastic Arts

The term "plastic art" - derived from the word "plasticize", meaning "to mould" - describes
any art
form which involves
modelling or moulding in three dimensions. The most common example of the plastic arts is
sculpture. This is because sculptors chip, carve, shape or modulate a range of traditional materials,
such as marble, granite, sandstone, bone, ivory, wood, and terracotta, as well as contemporary
materials such as concrete, aluminium, and foam rubber. These are developed through space and
perceived by the sense of sight. Examples: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture
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2. Phonetic Arts

These are based on sounds and words as media of expression. Example: Music, Drama, Literature

3. Kinetic Arts

It makes use of rhythmic movement as the elements of expression. It is an art from any medium that
contains movement perceivable by the viewer or depends on motion for its effect. Canvas paintings that
extend the viewer's perspective of the artwork and incorporate multidimensional movement are the earliest
examples of kinetic art. Example: Dance, optical illusion paintings

4. Pure Arts

These are artworks in which the artist utilizes only one and no other medium of expression. We can use
this to categorize the other classifications of arts. This type of art is not as experimental/exploratory as mixed
art. It focuses only on one medium probably to require focus or attention to the audiences Example: Sound
in music, Color in painting

5. Mixed Arts

As opposed to pure arts, this type of art uses two or more media to express oneself. It is playful,
exploratory, experimental and provides variety of exposure on different mediums resulting into a beautiful
harmony.

Example: Opera which includes music, drama, and poetry all together.

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FUNCTIONS OF ART

Art’s general function is to satisfy our individual needs for personal expression, our social needs for display,
celebration, and communication and our physical needs for utilitarian objects and structures.

Below are the three functions of art. Read carefully and understand the differences between the three.
SOCIAL FUNCTION
It seeks or tends to influence the collective behavior of people as opposed to one person's point of view or
experience. It is

created to be seen or used primarily in public situations.

Arts with social function have the power to affect all of us. These would include posters, political cartoons,
religious paintings, bill boards, in other words, these are created works of art that are targeted to an audience.
Even works that we might assume to have been done merely for the artist’s pleasure may have in fact been
painted to serve a social function.

In Death and the Mother, Kollwitz seems to effortlessly describe a myriad of powerful emotions exposed in the
confrontation of death. The mother appears to be locked in a desperate struggle with a skeletal figure
personifying death as she cradles her dying child, trying to keep the figure at bay. The look on her face is shock,
more so than fear. It is the shock of realization, that regardless of all her efforts, she cannot save her child. It is
final.

PHYSICAL
FUNCTION

The forms and structures of art make one to live his/her life comfortably. This type of function is the easiest
to spot and understand for it can be realized through the objects and environments we create which fill a
utilitarian need. The processes through which a designer arrives at a solution to a problem (an answer to a need)
is surely a creative process.

Examples of work of arts that serves their functions include architecture, jewely, and furnitures

PERSONAL FUNCTION

Why do artists make art? Obvious answers, "because they choose to, because they want to, because they
need to, because they can." All of these answers all point to the personal function.

Most artists produce work done specifically to satisfy their own desire to produce work. It can be that simple
as the artist simply enjoys painting, drawing or sculpting. They are pleased with their ability to represent the
world, and they derive a certain satisfaction from doing so. Perhaps the artist finds the process art making,
therapeutic. It calms them or relieves stress.

You performing arts this pandemic such as vlogging, painting, singing, sculpting or dancing to reduce the
burden and stress is art serving its personal function.

PHILOSOPHICAL IMPORT OF ART

Philosophy, science and art differ principally according to their subject-matter and also the means by which
they reflect, transform and express it. In a certain sense, art, like philosophy, reflects reality in its relation to man,
and depicts man, his spiritual world, and the relations between individuals in their interaction with the world.
1. ARTISTIC INTEGRITY

Integrity gives us a foundation from which to draw on for future projects. It serves as our secret back up system.
We automatically know our strength because we have proven it to ourselves.

Artistic integrity is generally defined as the ability to omit an acceptable level of opposing, disrupting, and
corrupting values that would otherwise alter an artist's or entities' original vision in a manner that violates their
own preconceived aesthetic standards and personal values.

Always painting with passion

Never copying but taking ideas and tweaking them to make them our own
Being original….not normal
Having the courage to take a chance
Always remembering your artistic vision comes from your life, your thoughts….your courage
Creating a painting because it comes from your soul and not for recognition or prizes
Being willing to be scared….to create on the edge
To continue creating when doubt in yourself appears
Doing your very best each and every day

2. PROPORTION AND SCALE

These are the principles of art that describes the size, location, or amount of one element in relation to another.
They have something to do with the overall harmony of an individual piece and our perception of the art.

Scale is used in art to describe the size of one object in relation to another, each object is often
referred to as a whole.
Proportion has a very similar definition but tends to refer to the relative size of parts within a
whole. In this case, the whole can be a single object like a person's face or the entire artwork as in
a landscape. This will be further discussed in the next module

3. RADIANCE

It is the quality of an object that makes us want to continue perceiving it.

The image Aquinas has in mind here is light. A radiant object shines before us. This doesn’t necessarily have to be
actual light. Radiance might involve real light, but it is also metaphorical for the quality that captures our
attention and holds onto it.

In viewing art, there are clues that mediate between the artwork and the viewer, allowing the viewer to more
easily comprehend what he is seeing. These clues which are also the three basic components of a work of art
include the subject, content, and form. Starting with the SUBJECT which is the visual focus of the image that
may be extracted from examining the artwork. This is the “what”. Next is the CONTENT or the meaning that is
communicated by the artist or the artwork. This is the “why”. Lastly, we have the FORM which is s the
development and configuration of the artwork. The form is how the elements and the medium or materials are
put together. This is the “how”.
Subject The “what”
Content The “why”
Form The “how”

SUBJECT TYPE

There are two types of art - representational art and non-representational art. Each of them has different styles
of artwork and can be easily distinguished.
A. REPRESENTATIONAL ART- is the type of art that we see the most. Representational means
descriptive, figurative and symbolized. Briefly, it depicts something easily recognized by most people. For example,
the painting below is called Thunder Magic by Marcia Baldwin. People can generally recognize it as a horse without
doubt. Although the using of colour may not be realistic, it represents an actual subject from reality. Painting,
sculpture, the graphic arts, literature and the theater arts are generally under this category. Some musical
composition have subjects, they are called Program music.

B. NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART- The opposite of representational art is complete abstraction, where

the lines, colors, and shapes themselves are the focus of the artwork, rather than any existing thing. This is known
as nonrepresentational art.

For example, the painting below by Wassily Kandinsky is a great example. Kandinsky may well have intended for
this composition to represent something which already exists, but the abstraction is so extreme that to most
people, it is just an assortment of lines, colors, and shapes.

Music, architecture and many of the functional arts fall under this type. The kind of music without subject may
imitate

natural sounds.

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------- In short, representa onal art can describe a physical object clearly and the expression of ar sts can
be easily understood by people. Non-representa onal art on the other hand is abstract that the ar sts
view the subjects in a non-tradi onal manner. The meaning behind the picture is not obvious and may
not be perceived by all people consistently. Nevertheless, the sake of both types of art is the same -
express the thoughts or emo on of ar sts. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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KINDS OF SUBJECT

There are many different kinds of subject in a painting. Some of the most common are:

1. Landscapes- An outdoor view of nature, such as mountains, rivers, sky desert, fields or forests. In a
Landscape, Seascape, or Cityscape, an artist creates the illusion of a three-dimensional world on a flat
canvas or paper.
Landscapes include people, animals, buildings (barns, houses, or sheds), quiet roads or
streets. If people or animals are included, they are not the focal point.
Seascapes- A scene at sea (a ship on the water) or a scene including a portion of the sea, like
waves along the beach. The water (ocean or sea) is the focal point, or a larger part of the
scene and;
Cityscapes- A scene including city buildings, bridges, streets or traffic lights. A Cityscape might
include a river or a park surrounded by skyscrapers.

Landscape Seascape Cityscape

2. Still-life- groups of inanimate objects arranged in an indoor setting. The objects themselves are the focal point.
In general, almost any object can be included, as long as it is inanimate(nonliving) and small enough to fit on a
table. Occasionally, a live animal that can be “still” is included (goldfish in a bowl, bird in a cage, sleeping cat).
A Still Life is usually set indoors and contains at least one man-made object, such as a vase or bowl. Flower
arrangements are a popular object found in Still Life paintings. Cut flowers no longer growing in the garden are
considered inanimate. You might see some of these objects in a Still Life painting:

-Fruits -Baskets

-Vegetables -Other Food (cake, muffins, eggs, feast)

-Vines or -Pottery

Houseplants

-Vases -Jugs

3. Animals- Along with the human form, animals were subjects of the earliest art ever created. They are the
earliest artworks known to us most especially in cave paintings.

4. Portraits- These have realistic likeness of a person in a sculpture, painting, drawing or print. Portraits might
show only the face, but may include part, or all, of the body as well. Portraits may be set inside or outdoors.
The subject usually fills most of the picture. Some artist’s portraits do not look realistic. A portrait may be a
painting, a photograph, or even a sculpture.

5. Figures- unlike portraits, the emphasis here is on human body, either nude. The two pictures below are

examples of a portrait and a figure respectively

Portrait Figure

6. Everyday life-this includes a set up similar to what is happening in our daily lives. The content here must be
realistic.

7. History and legend- legend refers to the story of a definite place, local custom and haunted place. Example:
Biag-ni-Lamang (Ilocano), Biuag and Malana
(Itawes)

8. Dreams and fantasies- How a given artist renders the world of dreaming is clearly not all about fantasy.
Images of dreams might also demonstrate, speak to the intellectual, sexual, social, and artistic values of artist
and audience. It is easy to identify a subject as such for it has magical and unfamiliar contents.

9. Religions and myths- myth refers to the story that deals with supernatural tradition, men, culture, heroes
and beliefs. Ex. Si Malakas at Si Maganda
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Look for art pieces around you and identify what are their subjects!
WAYS OF REPRESENTING THE SUBJECT

1. REALISM
Artists working in the Realist style rejected the standards of Romanticism (1800-
1850), a genre

defined by a heightened sense of emotion. Typically, Romantic paintings feature

either mythological figures or sublime scenes of nature. In either case, it glorifies its subjects—a trait that Realist
artists directly dismissed.

The realist style attempts to portray the subject as it is. The artist’s main function is to describe as accurately
and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses. In the process of selection and presentation of his
material, he is influenced by his feelings and thoughts. From the word real, you can identify a painting as such
when the image would appear realistic (“makatotohanan”). Paintings identified as realism are quite usual and
familiar as it portrays images from our day to day lives.

2. ABSTRACTION

This is a direct opposite of realism as it does not attempt to represent an accurate

depiction of a visual reality but instead, uses shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect.

It is used when the artist becomes so interested in one phase of a scene or a situation that he does not show
the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea, or his feelings about it. Abstract means “to move away
or separate”. It deviates from the actual visual reality.

An interesting thing about this type of painting is that most people would say that it is hard to interpret one.
Well actually it’s not. We are just so afraid that we might be wrong, but you see, this is actually the beauty of an
abstract painting. It is open to interpretation. All it requires is an open mind and a big imagination. It requires you
to enter the painting and see where it takes you. Abstract art gives you the freedom to explore the artwork and
assign your own meaning to the piece.

You may have seen myriads of abstract paintings that seem worthless. You may have encountered lots of
highly admired and expensive abstract paintings which you think even a five-year old kid can do. So, does creating
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and understanding an abstract painting come naturally to everyone? The answer to this question is no. What
people don't realize is that the best abstract artists have excellent drawing skills, a finely honed sense of
composition, and a deep understanding of the workings of color. Most abstract artists have the ability to draw a
perfectly rendered rose or a realistic portrait, but they choose not to. Instead they choose to express their
creativity by creating a visual experience that is freer and more unencumbered by the weight of objects.

Stylistically, abstract art included the movements of Surrealism, Dadaism,

Cubism, and Fauvism. a. Distortion

It is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition or the regular the shape is twisted out. There is
an alteration of the original shape of something.

-Example: Recumbent Figure 1938 by Henry Moore

b. Elongation
It is when the art subject is lengthened, a protracted or an extended much more than the reality.

Ex. Gaston Modot (Oil on Canvas), by Amedeo Modigliani

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c. Mangling
It is showing subjects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked with repeated blows. Ex. The Weeping
Woman by Pablo Picasso

d. Cubism
It stresses abstract form through the use of cone, cylinder or a sphere at the expense of other pictorial elements.
The cubists want to show form in their basic geometrical shape.

Ex. Violin and Paletteby Georges Braque

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e. Abstract expressionism
In many paintings under the movement of Abstract Expressionism an expression of reality is expressed in a
nonrepresentational statement with line, colour and size as well as the aggressive mingling of colours, shapes and
forms that creates a painting of pure thought and emotion.

It is characterized by great verve, the use of large canvasses, and a deliberate lack of refinement in the application
of the paint. Strong color, heavy impasto, uneven brush strokes, and rough texture are other typical
characteristics. It is messy and has unconventional application of paint usually without a recognizable object. Ex.
Door to the River by Willem de Kooning

3. SYMBOLISM

It is an emblem that assumes new meaning originating from a highly personal and
unique association in the mind of the creator. Symbolist painters used a wide variety of subjects including heroes,
women, animals, and landscapes. They typically gave these subjects deep meanings such as love, death, sin,
religion, or disease. Taking for example the painting below
(Spoliarium, by Juan Luna) https://usl-

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Spoliarium- The painting, shows how the Filipinos were treated before when they were colonized by
Spaniards. It shows that they were forced to entertain the Roman oppressors and the Spaniards with their lives
and sacrifice themselves for the Roman's and Spaniard's honor.

Examples: Alfred Lord Tennyson’s “Crossing the Bar”, Matthew 18: 2-14, Juan Luna’s “Spolarium” (Exposicion
Nacional de
Bellas Artes), Bertel Thornwaldsen’s “The Lion Monument”

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At the center of Luna’s painting are fallen gladiators being dragged by Roman soldiers. On the left, spectators
ardently await their chance to strip off the combatants of their metal helmets and other armory. In contrast with
the charged emotions featured on the left, the right side meanwhile presents a somber mood. An old man carries
a torch perhaps searching for his son while a woman weeps the death of her loved one.
4. FAUVISM

It was the first art movement in the 1900’s headed by Henry Martisse and others such as
Andre
Derain, Raoul Drify,
George Rouault. The used of extremely bright colors which symbolizes comfort, joy, and pleasure characterized
this method. Ex. The Girl from Rat Mort by Maurice de
Vlaminck

It is characterized with a radical use of unnatural colors that separated color from its usual representational
and realistic role, giving new, emotional meaning to the colors. It uses bold brush strokes using paint straight
from the tube instead of preparing and mixing it

Imagine trees that don't have to be green and brown, people who are blue and green, and red skies in
paintings. All of these ideas, which express the feelings of the artist through a somewhat irrational use of color,
create the Fauvist style.

5. DADAISM

Dada began among artists, writers, and intellectuals who fled to neutral Switzerland during World
War I. The
movement was a form of protest
against the society that allowed the bloodshed to take place. It challenged the perceptions of nationalism,
materialism, and rationalism during this “humiliating age”.

The Dadaist reached to what they believed were outworn traditions in art, and the evils they saw in the society.
They tried to shock and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of writing, poetry recitals, and art exhibitions.
The only rule of Dada is not to follow any known rules. Still, Dadaist works shared some characteristics: satire and
wit, irreverence, and spontaneity. It is playful and highly experimental art.

The name “dada” a French word means “hobby horse”. The best known Dadaist was the French artist Marcel
Duchamp.

6.FUTURISM

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It was developed in Italy.Futurist painters wanted their works to capture the speed and force of modern industrial
society. Their paintings glorified the mechanical energy of modern life. Subjects include automobiles, motorcycles
and railroad trains that express the explosive vitality of a modern city.

7. SURREALISM
Surrealism has no unified style, but, in painting, one can distinguish a range of possibilities falling between
two extremes. At one pole, the viewer is confronted by a world that is completely defined and minutely depicted
but that makes no rational sense: realistically painted images are removed from their normal contexts and
reassembled within an ambiguous, paradoxical, or shocking framework.
The surrealists claim to create form and images not primarily by reason but by unthinking impulse and blind
feeling or even by accident. The surrealists declare that a magical world- more beautiful than the real one-can be
created in art and literature.

Example: Philosopher's Lamp by René Magritte

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8. EXPRESSIONISM

The proponents of expressionism believed in the necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in
an age that was fast becoming influenced by materialism. The emotional expression in expressionistic painting
could be described as involving pathos, morbidity, violence or chaos and tragedy. It sometime portrays defeat.

Expressionism artists used the expressive possibilities of colour and line to explore dramatic and emotion-laden
themes, to convey the qualities of fear, horror, and the grotesque, or simply to celebrate nature with
hallucinatory intensity. They broke away from the literal representation of nature in order to express more
subjective outlooks or states of mind. Example: Starry Night by Van Gogh

CODE 050- ART APPRECIATION

WEEK 5-6
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Elements of Art | Principles of Design

Introduction
This module will take you through the seven elements of arts and the different principles of design to hopefully
give you a head start in this creative environment. So, stay tuned, get comfy, and let’s discuss some elements and
principles.

Lesson Proper:

Elements of Art
An element is one of those basic visible things. In science, the elements are what everything thing on the earth
has been created from (like those in the periodic table of elements). In art, it is an element if it is visible and
there is nothing more simple or basic to define it. This section contains the Ingredients for a great Composition.

The Elements of Art are the “tools” that artists use to make art. There are 7 of them:

1. Line
2. Value

3. Texture

4. Shape

5. Form

6. Space

7. Color

LINE
– is a mark on a surface that describes a shape or outline. It can create texture and can be thick or thin. Line can
be actual
or implied, such as the horizon line in a Landscape.
Five basic line types – horizontal, vertical, diagonal, curved, and zig zag
Line quality refers to the description of a line – thick, thin, dotted, etc.

Horizontal Lines are generally restful, like the horizon, where the sky meets land.

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Vertical lines seem to be reaching, so they may seem inspirational like tall majestic trees or church steeples

Diagonal lines tend to be disturbing. They suggest decay or chaos like lightening or falling trees

Lines can convey emotion as well. They may show excitement, anger, calmness, tension, happiness and many
other feelings. Because of this, some are said to be expressive.

Expressive Lines tend to be found in nature and are very organic.

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Other lines that are very measured, geometric, directional and angular are called Constructive lines. They tend to
appear to be manmade because of their precision.

SHAPE
Shape is created when a line becomes connected and encloses space. It is the outline or outward appearance of
something. Shapes are 2 Dimensional (2-D) which means there are 2 ways they can be measured. You can measure
its HEIGHT and its WIDTH.

There are two basic types of shape.

Geometric shapes have smooth even edges and are measurable. This include the square, the circle, the triangle
and the rectangle.

Organic shapes have more complicated edges and are usually found in nature. Leaves, flowers, ameba, etc.

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FORM
–is a three-dimensional object having volume and thickness. A Form is a shape that has become 3- Dimensional
(3-D) Form has
HEIGHT, WIDTH and DEPTH--which is the 3rd dimension.Depth shows the thickness of the object. Forms are NOT
flat like shapes are!

It is the illusion of a 3-D effect that can be implied with the use of light and shading techniques in a 2-D work of
art. Form can be viewed from many angles.

Turning Shapes into Forms

A triangle becomes a cone or a pyramid

A square becomes a cube

In order to turn a circle into a sphere, you must shade it. You can’t add another side to it!

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VALUE
– is the degree of light and dark in a design. It is the contrast between black and white and all the grays between.
Value applies to colors as well, with all the tints, shades, and tones between the primary, secondary and
intermediate colors.

Value makes objects appear more real because it imitates natural light. When showing value in a work of art, you
will need a LIGHT
SOURCE.

A light source is the place where the light is coming from, the darkest areas are always on the opposite side of the
light.

In order to have a successful drawing, you will need to show a full value range, which means that there are very
light areas, middle tones, and very dark areas. This is a way of giving a work of art Contrast.
In drawing value can be added several ways:

A. Cross-hatching is when you use irregular lengths of parallel lines that cross over each other diagonally.
The closer together the lines are placed, the darker the value.

B. Stippling is the use of dots to create shade. This is accomplished by placing dots very close together to
create dark values and farther apart to create lighter values.

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B. Soft shading is when you use your pencil to create soft gradual movements from one value
to the next using full value range.

COLOR
– refers to specific hues (another word for color) and has properties of Intensity and Value. The color wheel is a
way of showing the chromatic scale in a circle using all the colors made with the
Primary triad (red, blue, and yellow)

Secondary colors (orange, purple, and green) are mixed from the primary colors.

Intermediate (tertiary) colors are a combination of a primary and a secondary color (found next to each other on
the color wheel) mixed (blue-green).

When light is reflected through a prism, colors can be seen. These colors are: Red, Yellow, Orange, Green, Indigo,
Blue and Violet

Remember the anagram: ROY G BIV

Black and white can be added to produce tints (add white), shades (add black), and tones (add gray).

Complimentary colors are opposite each other on the color wheel (yellow, purple).

Color can add interest and reality to artwork. The use of a 12-step color wheel will help us understand color more effectively.
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Color Wheel

A long time ago, artists decided that these colors would be more useful to them if they were placed in a wheel fashion. This became
known as the color wheel

There are 3 primary colors:

Red, Yellow and Blue

These colors are primary for 2 reasons:

1. They can’t be mixed to be made

2. They make all the other colors on the color wheel
3. When you mix 2 primary colors together, you get a secondary color. For example:

When you mix a primary and a secondary color together you get an intermediate (or tertiary) color For example:
Red and Orange= Red-Orange

Yellow and Green=Yellow-Green

Blue and Green=Blue-Green

Red and Violet=Red-Violet

Yellow and Orange=Yellow-Orange

Blue and Violet=Blue-Violet

Color Schemes

Color is divided into groups based on the way they are placed on the color wheel:

3-4 colors “next-door-neighbors” to each other creates an analogous color scheme

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2 colors that are directly opposite each other (going across the center) creates a complimentary color scheme

A Split-Complimentary color scheme is a complimentary color and the two colors on either side of its compliment.

A Triadic color scheme uses 3 colors that are equally spaced apart on the color wheel

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When you use only one color plus its tints and shades, you are using a monochromatic color
scheme A tint is a color plus white

A shade is a color plus black

Color have temperatures

Colors can convey emotion and feelings too.

Have your ever felt “blue?” Been

“green’ with envy?

Called a “yellow” coward?

It is important that artists understand the effects of color when they are trying to get the viewers of their art to feel a particular
way. Warm colors are those that have Reds, Yellows and Oranges. Warm colors seem to advance (or come forward) in
an artwork. Cool colors are those that have Blues, Greens and Violets. Cool colors seem to recede (or go back into) an
artwork.

TEXTURE
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is the way the surface of an object actually feels.

In the artistic world, we refer to two types of texture---tactile and implied

Tactile (or Real) Texture is the way the surface of an object actually feels. Examples would be sandpaper, cotton balls, tree bark, puppy
fur, etc.

Implied Texture is the way the surface of an object looks like it feels. This is the type of texture that artists use when they draw and
paint. Textures may look rough, fuzzy, gritty, or scruffy, but can’t actually be felt.

Space is basically divided into 3 parts: Foreground, Middle Ground and Background

Generally, the background area is considered to be the upper 1/3 of the picture plane. The middle ground area is considered to be
the middle 1/3 of the picture plane. The foreground area is considered to be the lower 1/3 of the picture plane.

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Space can be shallow or deep depending on what the artist wants to use. Shallow space is used when the artist has objects very close
to the viewer.

Deep Space may show objects up close but objects are shown far away too.

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Positive and Negative space is a way that an artwork is divided. When planning a work of art, both areas must be examined
so that they balance one another. Drawing items running off the page and zooming in on objects are ways to create visual
interest within a work.

Positive space is the actual object(s) within the artwork

Negative Space is the area in and around the objects. It is the “background” and it contributes to the work of art---you can’t
have positive space without negative space

Perspective is also a way of showing space in a work of art. Perspective is when the artist uses a vanishing point on the horizon and
then creates a sense of deep space by showing objects getting progressively smaller as they get closer to the vanishing point.

Objects may overlap as well. When objects are overlapped it is obvious that enough space had to be in the picture to contain all the
objects that have been included

The Elements of Art in Review

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The Elements of Art are the “tools” that artists use to make art. They are the basic “foundation” of a good composition
Line Value Color Space

Texture Shape Form

Principles of Design

A principle is something that can be repeatedly and dependably combined and used with the elements to produce some visual effect in
a composition. The principles of design are the recipe for a good work of art. The principles combine the elements to create an
aesthetic placement of things that will produce a good design. Principles of design help artists carefully plan and organize the elements
of art so that an artwork will hold interest and command attention. This is sometimes referred to as visual impact. Principles of design
successfully “glue” the artistic elements together.

BALANCE – a feeling of visual equality in shape, form, value, color, etc. Balance can be symmetrical (evenly balanced) or asymmetrical
and unevenly balanced.

SYMMETRICAL Balance

Achieved by placing identical objects on either side of a central point.

Creates a quiet, restful feeling.

Suggests restraint, orderliness, formality.
Also called, FORMAL balance.

ASYMMETRICAL Balance

Achieved by placing different objects of equal visual weight on either side of a central point.

Creates more interesting arrangements.

Suggests informality, relaxed.
Also referred to as INFORMAL balance.

RHYTHM – a sense of movement in which some elements recur regularly. Like a dance, the work will have a flow of objects (shapes),
lines, or colors that will seem organized similar to the beat and rhythm of music.

It leads the eye from one point to another, creates motion.

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SCALE & PROPORTION

Scale relates to the size of a design in relation to the height and width of the area in which it is
placed. Proportion relates to the parts of the object and how one part relates to another.

Scale

Relates to the actual and relative size and visual weight of the design and its components.

Furniture and accessories must be in scale to the room

Proportion

The Golden Mean – the division of a line or form so that the smaller portion has the same ratio to the larger as the larger has to the
whole.

Effective Ratios are 2:3, 3:5, 5:8, 4:7, etc.

Square is the least pleasing shape.
Rectangles are more pleasing, especially with a ratio of 2:3.

The creative use of color, texture, pattern, and furniture arrangement can create illusions of properly proportioned space.

CENTER OF INTEREST/EMPHASIS

This refers to the area that first attracts attention in a composition. When there is a feature that commands attention and makes a
design visually interesting. This area is more important when compared to the other objects or elements in an artwork. Emphasis can be
created by placement in the format, contrast of values or more colors.

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Ways to create emphasis:

Arrangement of furniture around a focal point.

Use of color, texture, or pattern.
Placement of accessories.
Use of lighting.

The point of emphasis should command attention, but not dominate the overall design.

Other features within the room should not compete for the emphasis.

HARMONY/UNITY/VARIETY

A composition brought together with similar units or elements. If an artwork were begun using wavy lines and organic shapes, it would
need to be finished with the same types of line and shapes. A single geometric shape or a single straight line would disrupt the harmony
and unity.
Using the combination of wavy lines as well as organic shapes creates variety in the composition.

There are 2 types of harmony.

Unity
Variety

Unity occurs when all the parts of a home or room are related by one idea. A unified design has consistency of style

Variety- when two or more different elements of design are used to add interest to a design. Variety can be achieved by combining
different styles and materials, as long as they are compatible.

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Harmony is achieved when unity and variety are effectively combined.

Carrying variety too far creates confusion.
A lack of unity may make a small home seem even smaller .

CODE 050- ART APPRECIATION

Midterm Week I and II

Week 7 and 8
Topics:
Reading the Image

At the end of this module, you are expected to: ·

Learning Outcomes:
Identify various planes in art

· Categorize and organize information from different sources by reading and interpreting images.

Date Topics Activities or Tasks

March 15-
Read and understand the lessons
18, 2021
Reading the image
March 19
Accomplish worksheet in the Activity portion of the module.
2021

Lesson Proper:

Reading the Image

Image online Source: https://www.academia.edu/24582046/Reading_the_Image

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READING THE IMAGE

Art has two interrelated aspects.
Two interrelated aspects in the study of art:
The first is that art has its specificity: that is, its particular language or vocabulary has something to do with
the mediums, techniques, and visual elements of art that constitute it as a distinct area of human knowledge
and signifying practice.
The other aspect is that art, while it has its specificity, is at the same time historically situated and shaped by
social, economic, and political forces
Both these aspects need to be taken into account so as to be able to fully understand and appreciate art.
For a study of the formal elements alone will not lead to a full understanding of the work, in the same way, that the
exclusive study of the social determinants risks collapsing the artistic into the sociological.
Meaning in art is a complex of intellectual, emotional, and sensory significations which the work conveys and to
which the viewer responds, bringing in the breadth of his or her cultural background, artistic exposure and training,
and human experience in a dialogic relationship with the art work.
The analytic study of how the various elements and material features of the work produce meaning should lead to a
more stable and consensual field of meaning, away from erratic, whimsical, purely subjective and impressionistic
readings.
FOUR PLANES OF ANALYSIS
1. THE BASIC SEMIOTIC PLANE - is the study of "signs”. It consists of “signifier" or its material/physical aspect
and its "signified" or non-material aspect as concept and value.

The visual elements and how they are used conveys meaning which form the text of the work. It also includes the
choice of medium and technique that refers to material and style that the artist exercises free selection. Then, the
format of the work which are symbolic representations that participates in its meaning (fragment). Lastly the
physical properties and marks of the work such as notations, traces, and marks(fragment). Semiotic plane is
concerned with everything that can be taken as a sign. The elements of the visual arts derive their meaning-
conveying potential from two large sources: human psychophysical experiences and the socio-cultural
conventions of a particular society and period.

BASIC SEMIOTIC PLANE

– study of signs, elements, technical and physical aspects of work.

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Visual Elements
Choice of medium and technique
– material and style
Format of work
– symbolic elements, figurative representations
- shape of work
Physical Properties and marks of

the work – significations of the work

(importance/relevance)

Details of the art:

When: The Third of May

1808 What time: Early

hours of the morning

What: uprising.

Description of the art: two masses of men: (1) one a rigidly poised firing squad, (2) disorganized group of captives
held at gun point.

How the art is being portrayed: Executioners and victims face each other across a narrow space

Analysis: Contrast the soldiers' attitudes and the steely line of their rifles, with the crumbling irregularity of their
target.

Symbol of the artwork:

A square lantern situated on the ground between the two groups

Meaning of the art work:

-dramatic

The brightest illumination falls on the huddled victims to the left, whose numbers

include a monk or friar in prayer.

Physical Description

Position:
right and center, condemned figures stand next in line to be shot. The central figure is the brilliantly lit man
kneeling his arms flung wide in either appeal or defiance. (surrender). Yellow and white clothing repeats the
colors of the lantern. Plain white shirt and sun-burnt face show he is a simple laborer.
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Background:
Between the hillside and the shakos, crowd with torches, onlookers, more soldiers or victims.

2. THE ICONIC PLANE OR THE IMAGE ITSELF- is still part of the semiotic approach since it is still based on the
signifier-signified relationship. The only difference is that the material elements of the work have something
to do with the particular features, aspects, and qualities of the image. The iconic plane includes the choice of
the subject which may bear social and political implications. Also part of the iconic plane is the positioning of
the figure (frontal, in profile, three-fourths, etc.) that implies its bearing to the meaning of the work.

This is important not only in defining the relationship of subject and viewer but also in describing pictorial space.
This plane also takes into account the relationship of the figures to one another, whether massed, isolated or
juxtaposed in terms of affinity or contrast. The style of figuration or the proportion of the body deals with the
image itself. In the basic semiotic plane which deals with the material aspect of the work and in the iconic plane
which deals with the features of the image itself, one can see that as the signifier cannot be separated from the
signified, concrete fact or material data cannot be divorced from value

ICONIC PLANE OR IMAGE

Signifier(Signs)-signified (the meaning of

symbol) relationship
Particular features, aspects, and

qualities of the image

Includes the choice of subject

(socio-political implications)
Position of figures
Presentation of the image

(frontal, three-fourths, etc.)

Style of figuration
The proportion of the body

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Position the man with raised arms is compared to a crucified Christ. Similar pose in Juan Luna’s Spoliarium,
and Picasso’s Guernica. The figure displays stigmata-like marks on his right-hand center of the canvas. The
traditional attribute of the Roman soldiers who arrested Christ in the garden.\

3. THE CONTEXTUAL PLANE- Resituating the work in its context will bring out the full meaning of the work in
terms of its human and social implications. The viewer draws out the dialogic relationship of art and society.
If one does not view the work in relation to its context but chooses to confine the analysis to the internal
structure of the work then he reduces its meaning. The meaning of a work is a complex that involves
concepts, values, emotions, attitudes, atmospheres, and sensory experiences that arise from the three
planes. The experience of a work cannot be reduced. Broad knowledge of history and the economic, political,
and cultural conditions, past and present, of a society, is called upon in the contextual plane. It shows the
progress of time

CONTEXTUAL PLANE
Full meaning of the work
(human and social implications)
-Relationship of art and society
-Complex such as –
concepts, values, emotions,
attitude, atmosphere,
sensory experience
The personal and social circumstances of its production.
It contains allusions to personal or public
events, conditions, stages, as well as
influences

Full meaning
It shows the progress of time
Death presents a conclusive episode, imbued with
the virtue of heroism. It presents a mechanical
formalization of murder.

-the corpse of a man, splayed on the ground in the lower left portion of the work.

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disfigured head and body render

resurrection impossible. The painting
cannot be described as pleasing

-colors are restricted to earth tones and black, punctuated by bright flashes of white
and the red blood of the victims. -quality of the pigment foreshadows Goya's later
works: a rough solution producing a matte, sandy finish -Finally, there is no attempt
by the artist to soften the subject's brutality through technical skill.

4. THE AXIOLOGICAL OR EVALUATIVE PLANE -it has something to do with analyzing the values of a work. The
plane of analysis that examines the value of work having a dialogic relationship with public. The evaluation of
a work necessarily includes the analysis and examination of its axiological content since values are expressed
in the work which holds a dialogic relationship with reality. The style of figuration where subject is taken from
visible world; object may be stylized but still recognizable.

EVALUATIVE PLANE
Form and content
Evaluation of the material

Full meaning of the work

Real life and the real world

Analysis and examination

It depicts an execution, an early
event in the so-called Peninsular
War between France and Spain.
-no attempt to find transcendence, and

-no sense that the sacrifice of life will lead to salvation.

-he wears yellow and white: the heraldic colors of the papacy.
The victim
-is as anonymous as his killers

-(beneath) a bloody and disfigured corpse

- (behind and around) others share the fate

-nobility is replaced by futility and irrelevance, the victimization of mass

murder, and anonymity as a hallmark of the modern condition.

Deeper Meaning
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- It is indiscriminate killing of civilians by French soldiers

-It is a painting of the massacre
-It shows terrified civilians facing a firing squad
-It intends to arouse anger and hatred
-It is a highly romantic picture of a deeply emotional episode.
-It is cited as an influence on Pablo Picasso's 1937 Guernica, which shows the aftermath of the Nazi German
bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.

GUIDE IN READING THE IMAGE

Basic Information
Title of the Work
Artist’s Name
Medium and Technique
Dimension or measurement
Date of work
Provenance

BASIC SEMIOTIC PLANE

Visual Elements
Choice of medium and technique
Format of work
Physical Properties and marks of the work

DESCRIPTION
When:
What time:
What:
Description:
How:
Analysis:
Symbol:
Meaning:

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Position: (At least 3-5)

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Background: (At least 3-up)

ICONIC PLANE OR IMAGE

Signifier-signified relationship (At least 3-5)
Position of figures (At least 2)
Style of figuration (At least 2-5)
Position: (At least 5-up)

CONTEXTUAL PLANE
Full meaning of the work (human and social implications) (At least 5-UP)

EVALUATIVE PLANE
Form and content:
Full meaning of the work:
Analysis and
examination: Deeper
Meaning:
Main Subject:
Other subjects:
The art as a whole:

Cave Art
Importance of Cave Art

Cave art is significant because it was what people in prehistoric times did in order to record history and culture. But, prehistoric cave art was also significant because it
also served as a warning to people who were to come later. For example, they could show the way to kill a beast or warn them of a beast. In today’s generation, this art
helps us indicate the ability to think symbolically, and to be creative. It’s truly astounding that this art is old and survived.

Prehistoric Art: Paleolithic Origins

Humans make art. We do this for many reasons and with whatever technologies are available to us. Extremely
old, non-representational ornamentation has been found across Africa. The oldest firmly-dated example is a
collection of 82,000-year-old Nassarius snail shells found in Morocco that are pierced and covered with red
ochre. Wear patterns suggest that they may have been strung beads.

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Nassarius snail shells – Image source: http://www.ancientfacts.net/7-oldest-pieces-jewelry-world/
Nassarius shell beads found in Israel may be more than 100,000 years old and in the Blombos cave in South
Africa, pierced shells and small pieces of ochre (red Haematite) etched with simple geometric patterns have
been found in a 75,000-year-old layer of sediment.

Image online sourcehttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cobble-being-removed-from-the-Toolkit-1-Tk1-abalone-shell-showing-the-ochre-compound_fig2_280622197

The oldest known representational imagery comes from the Aurignacian culture of the Upper Paleolithic
period. The Aurignacian is an archaeological tradition of the Upper Paleolithic associated with European early
modern humans lasting from 43,000 to 26,000 years ago. Archeological discoveries across a broad swath of
Europe (especially Southern France, Northern Spain, and Swabia, in Germany) include over two hundred caves
with spectacular Aurignacian paintings, drawings and sculpture that are among the earliest undisputed
examples of representational image-making.

The oldest of these is a 2.4-inch tall female figure carved out of mammoth ivory that was found in six fragments
in the Hohle Fels cave near Schelklingen in southern Germany. It dates to 35,000 B.C.E. (see image below)

Image online source: https://the-above.tumblr.com/post/127884965301/the-oldest-representational-art

The caves at Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc (see the image below), Lascaux, Pech Merle, and Altamira contain the best
known examples of prehistoric painting and drawing. Here are remarkably evocative renderings of animals and
some humans that employ a complex mix of naturalism and abstraction. Archeologists that study Paleolithic
(old stone age) era humans, believe that the paintings discovered in 1994, in the cave at Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc in
the Ardèche valley in France, are more than 30,000 years old. The images found at Lascaux and Altamira are
more recent, dating to approximately 15,000 B.C.E. The paintings at Pech Merle date to both 25,000 and 15,000
B.C.E. Cave painting with bison, rhinos, and horses.

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Online Image Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/masteryart1/chapter/oer-1-17/

What can we really know about the creators of these paintings and what the images originally meant? These
are questions that are difficult enough when we study art made only 500 years ago. It is much more perilous to
assert meaning for the art of people who shared our anatomy but had not yet developed the cultures or
linguistic structures that shaped who we have become. Do the tools of art history even apply? Here is evidence
of a visual language that collapses the more than 1,000 generations that separate us, but we must be cautious.
This is especially so if we want understand the people that made this art as a way to understand ourselves. The
desire to speculate based on what we see and the physical evidence of the caves is wildly seductive.

The earliest known rock paintings are dated to the Upper Paleolithic, 40,000 years ago, while the earliest
European cave paintings date to 32,000 years ago.

Online Image Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/masteryart1

The earliest known rock paintings are dated to the Upper Paleolithic, 40,000 years ago, while the earliest
European cave paintings date to 32,000 years ago. This period was marked by the rise of the homo sapiens and
their ever developing ability to create tools and weapons “OLD STONE AGE”. Cave art is the painting or
drawing of figures called pictographs and petroglyphs to portray a story or to record known history. It is
sometimes even used to design plans for hunting or gathering.

IN ALTIMIRA, SPAIN…
The first cave paintings were found in 1870 in Altimira, Spain by Don Marcelino and his daughter. They were
painted by the Magdalenian people between 16,000-9,000 BC. This would have been 11,000-19,000 years ago.
These paintings are sometimes called “The Sistine Chapel of Paleolithic Art”.

Image online Source: https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/spain-will-keep-sistine-chapel-of-palaeolithic-art-open-to-the-public-113284

In Lascaux, France…
There are two boys two boys chased after their dog into a hole where their ball got stuck in. When they
followed the dog, they were astonished/surprised to discover a cave with beautiful paintings at Lascaux Cave,
France in 1940. These paintings were created around 15,000 BC, which would make them about 17,000 years

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old. There are seven chambers in the Lascaux cave; the Great Hall of the Bulls, the Painted Gallery, the Lateral
Passage, the Chamber of Engravings, the Main Gallery, the Chamber of Felines, and the Shaft of the Dead Man.

Image online source: https://fineartamerica.com/featured/lascaux-hall-of-the-bulls-aurochs-weston-westmoreland.html

Paleolithic art is intricately bound to anthropological and archaeological studies. It concerned itself with
either food (hunting scenes, animal carvings). Its predominant theme was animals. It is considered to be an
attempt, by Stone Age peoples, to gain some sort of control over their environment, whether by magic or ritual.
It represents a giant leap in human cognition: abstract thinking.

Humans had not known how to write during the prehistoric time period. So, they communicated through cave
paintings. Prehistoric humans were basically hunters. Thus, most paintings are of animals. Early paintings are
believed to be of social and religious significance. The painting of the animal sends a message to its spirit, that
great respect is intended and that only those needed for survival will be hunted and killed.

There are three general themes that tend to appear in cave paintings:
1. Humans

Humans are rarely depicted in caves. When they are shown, they are drawn as a cartoon-like silhouette.

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2. Animals

The most abundant animal depictions are those of horses. A quarter of all the animal images painted in caves
in Western Europe are horses. Images of Bison are also very common. The animals tend to be painted larger
than the other images.

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3. Signs

Signs are abstract symbols that are difficult to interpret because of their ambiguity. Signs are commonly
associated with hunting equipment and the female form.

INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE during this period:

Cro-Magnons
Cro-Magnons were the first species of the Homo sapiens sapiens. They lived in Europe during the period
before the emergence of Indo-Europeans, from 40,000 to 8,000 BCE. The Magdalenian civilization of cro-
magnons, which populated Spain and France, were responsible for the cave paintings found in Lascaux, France
dating about 17,000 years ago and Altamira, Spain dating about 12,000 years ago.

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Shamans
The shaman would retreat into the darkness of the caves, enter into a trance state and then paint images of
their visions, perhaps with some notion of drawing power out of the cave walls themselves. Shamanism is a
form of worship based on direct, personal interaction between a shaman and the spirit world. Typically, this
interaction occurred when the shaman entered a trance, or altered state of consciousness, sometimes state,
the shaman could obtain supernatural power in the form of a spirit helper.

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MEDIUM of artwork during this period:

Prehistoric people would have used natural objects to paint the walls of the caves. To etch into the rock,
they could have used sharp tools or a spear. The paint or color that they probably used was from berries, clay,
soot, charcoal or animal fat. The tools used to apply the paint could have been made by attaching straw,
leaves, moss, or hair to sticks. They might have used hollow bones or reeds to spray the color on, similar to an
airbrush technique. Their art forms painting, drawings, engravings, and handprints

Art History
Art history is the study of objects of art considered within their time period. Art historians analyze visual
arts’ meaning (painting, sculpture, architecture) at the time they were created.
Art history is not simply listing all the art movements and placing them on a timeline. It is the study of
objects of art considered within their time period. Art historians analyze visual arts’ meaning (painting, sculpture,
architecture) at the time they were created. Also, another of art history’s mission is to establishes authorial
origins of artworks, i.e. discovering who created a particular artwork, when, when and for what reason.

Iconography is a major part of art history. It consists in analyzing the symbolism of works of arts. For
instance, art historians identify the visual elements of a painting and interpret its meaning. Art historians are
interested in what the works of art represented at the time they were created. It is a way to learn about the
civilizations of the past.

Beginning of Architecture
The beginning of architecture was when the early man began the practice of burying the dead. The first
architectural structures were the menhirs, dolmens, and cromlechs. They were associated with funeral and
religious purpose
1. Menhirs were simple monuments consisting of a single large piece of stone called megalith.

2. Dolmens were made up of a number of vertical megaliths with a horizontal slab spanning them. They are
beginning of post-and-lintel system (this is a building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by
strong vertical elements with large spaces between them.)

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3. Cromlechs were more complex structures made up of a number of megaliths in concentric circles extending over
a wide area. An example of the cromlech is the famous Stonehenge in Salisbury Plain, England, which served as
a huge calendar.

River Civilization
At the onset of warmer weather throughout the world, man migrated and settled along the banks of the river:

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The first writing system was invented: The cuneiform writing of the Phoenicians
Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. It is
considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among
those of the Sumerian city of Uruk which advanced the writing of cuneiform c. 3200 BCE.

In Mesopotamia arose the kingdoms of Sumeria and Babylonia. The first codes of law
were drawn up,
the most famous of which is the Code of Hammurabi with its principles: “Eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” - or
the law of retaliation is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar
degree by the injured party. In softer interpretations, it means the victim receives the estimated value of the
injury in compensation.

In Babylonia, known for its Tower of Babel, was erected the ziggurat, a
tower-like structure
which strove to reach the skies. Sculpture was generally associated with the religious function. All the arts were in
the service of religion and the glory of the ruler.

Egyptian Art
The art of the Egypt was closely knit with religion and its very core is profound preoccupation with death and
immortality. The basic religious scripture was the Book of the Dead with its funeral prayers and rituals. The
remains of the dead were preserved through mummification, and their image was preserved in painting and
sculpture. Egyptians devoted more time in the building of tombs rather than the construction of dwellings. The
earlier and simpler type of tomb was the mastaba. This later developed, with the addition of several levels into
the step pyramid.

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PYRAMIDS
The great pyramids of the kings, especially that of King Khufu or Cheops, were the highest points of Pyramid
construction. Within the chambers of the royal dead were spacious apartments with interconnecting corridors.
Here the treasures of Pharaoh were kept. The king’s mummy was concealed beneath several layers of gold and
silver sarcophagi, which also doubled as full-length images of Pharaoh. All around the walls were painting of the
king surrounded by his family and other deities. These paintings were stylized linear geometric style. The
paintings, with the face in profile, have a fully delignated eye, and the shoulders in frontal position.

TEMPLES
It is in the ancient Egypt temples that the visual arts – painting, sculpture, and architecture – found fullest
expression. Egyptian architecture developed the use of post-and-lintel system. It is also made use of columns
with lotus and papyrus. Examples of temples were:

History: Built for the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Hatshepsut, who died in 1458 BC, the temple is located beneath
the cliffs at Deir elBahari on the west bank of the Nile near the Valley of the Kings.

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History: The Abu Simbel Temples were constructed during the rule of Pharaoh
Ramesses II in
around 1264 BCE. The pharaoh commissioned the construction of the monuments as a commemoration of his
victory against the Hittite Empire led at the ancient city of Kadesh during the Battle of Kadesh in May 1274 BCE.
The temples were also meant to showcase Egyptian religious superiority to its neighbors. Archeologists and
historians believe that it took 20 years to complete the temples which were dedicated to the Egyptian deities Ptah
and Ra-Horakhty.
Ancient Greek Art
The Greeks were known to excel in various fields and aspects of society. For example, their political ideals
eventually became the framework for the democratic form of government in modern times.
They also valued poetry, drama, and philosophy, which remain interesting fields of study for the contemporary
times. For those who want to be involved in arts such as painting, sculpture, and architecture, it is required to
have a certain skill sets and body of knowledge.
The Greeks were known to place prime importance in the use of reason. For the civilization, man was at the
center of society and how they train their minds could be the very foundation of how they lived their lives. The
humanist ideals of the Greeks were reflected in their democratic form of government.
This certain level of freedom was also reflected in their artworks, architecture, literature, and philosophy. They
were notably passionate about natural phenomenon and believed that nature should be in perfect order. These
principles, belief system, and ideologies are at the core of Greek art and architecture.

The development of Greek art can be divided into four periods:

1. Geometric Period was a time when Greece was starting to get back from the onslaught of what seemed to
be their Dark Ages. It was a period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight in most of the
artworks.
Here are some samples of their art:

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2. Archaic Period, on the other hand, placed importance on human figures. This was primarily a result of
Greece's trading activities with other civilizations
Here are some samples of their art:

3. Classical Period - The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture. In the early 5th century Greek artists began
consciously to attempt to render human and animal forms realistically.
This entailed careful observation of the model as well as understanding the mechanics of anatomy - how a body
adjusts to a pose which is not stiffly frontal but with the weight shifted to one side of the body, and how a body
behaves in violent motion.
Here are some samples of their art:

4. Hellenistic Period. It was during this time when the Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and
focusing on creating artworks. The time of Alexander the Great was called the Hellenistic Period. During this time,
art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and depicting reality. Hellenistic sculptures started to emphasize
balance while showcasing dynamic poses and a number of emotions evoked by the subjects.

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One of the famous Hellenistic sculptures is the "Laocoon and His Sons." The sculpture depicts Laocoon, a Trojan
priest, and his sons being strangled by serpents. Their position was a result of Laocoon's instructions during the
Trojan War. He instructed to keep the gates of Troy locked up because he felt that the wooden horse offered by
the Greeks as a gift to Athena was a trick. Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea was enraged by such action which
led him to send serpents to strangle Laocoon and his sons. (This is an example of work wherein the Greeks
emphasized the details of the body. Most subjects of their work included that of the gods from Greek mythology)

The origins of theater and drama can be traced back during the Greek civilization. The followers of Dionysus-the
god of fertilitystarted the Greek theater. People who devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while
giving their offerings to their god. Eventually, the Dionysians devised a more structured form of drama involving
dances and choral songs, which depicted Greek mythologies. Eventually the Greeks organized theatrical contests
where the performances were held in front of large citizens.

Ancient Rome Art

The Roman Republic was established around 500 BCE. This civilization eventually transformed into one of
Western Europe's mightiest empires. Since they had expanded and covered many territories, they interacted with
neighboring civilizations, particularly with the Greeks. It can be said that Roman civilization came of age during
the Hellenistic Period. As mentioned earlier, it was a period when the Greek culture's influence has reached its
peak in the Mediterranean world. The Romans were fond of the Greeks and their achievements in the arts. The
fusion of Greek and Roman cultures can be seen in most Roman artworks. Some would argue that the Romans
merely copied Greek art. This eventually made the Romans produce artworks that are often looking stern, harsh,
and strong. They also invoked the principles of realism in most of their works, highlighting the features of human
beings. Aside from this, the Romans were also known to be master builders, which earned their reputation for
grand monuments and architectural infrastructures. One of their architectural achievements would have to be
the Colosseum. This amphitheater was planned and constructed during the reign of Emperor Vespasian. One of
its main uses was for entertainment purposes like public events and gladiator games. This structure was a
concrete manifestation of Roman builders' craftsmanship which focused on logical organization of the entire
edifice.

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“Poseidon and Medusa." Just like the Greeks, the Romans valued their gods and this was evident with their
sculptures and artworks. Ancient Greece had a huge impact in the formation of Roman culture. There are a lot of
Greek influences evident in Roman theater and drama. Writers of comedy like Plautus and Terence have
patterned their works to those of Greek works. Since the Roman audience was not as enthusiastic about
theatrical works unlike their Greek counterparts, most plays had to be included in the Roman games.

Middle Ages
Introduction:
As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. It was a
period that is characterized by ignorance and darkness Another dominant characteristic of the period was that
the Church was the central figure and authority of the period. Since the Church was the most important figure,
the most important products of the early Middle Ages would have to be copied of the Christian scriptures.
The printing press came later after the Middle Ages, so copies 0l the scriptures were done by hand. These copies
were also done with illustrations and decorations which highlight the religious focus of the period. During this
time, great cathedrals were built. These cathedrals can be categorized into two periods: Romanesque, inspired by
the old Roman Empire; and Gothic, which had a more northern flavor from the Goths which refers to vulgar and
barbarian.

Renaissance Art
During the Renaissance Period, artists valued the "individual" as a subject of arts. The influence of humanism
shifted the focus of some artworks during the Renaissance Period to empower the "individual." Most artworks
emphasized naturalism, which was also an influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis on the
proportionality of the human body. Most artists also added perspective of depth wherein spaces were explored in
different artworks. This technique provided a three-dimensional perspective of most Renaissance paintings,
Renaissance artists also gave importance to non-religious themes or subjects. This was also brought by the
privatizations of the art during the Renaissance Period, however most artworks remained religious in its focus and
theme.

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Michelangelo, "David." This sculpture is an example of how humanism was a dominant belief system during the
Renaissance. There is emphasis on the details of the body of the human being. During the Renaissance Period,
there was also a revival of Roman theatrical plays These plays were performed during special Occasions at the
courts of Italian princes. The plays were done in such a way that showcased grand and lavish entertainment for
the audience. Aside from the song and dance numbers, they invested in elaborate stages and costumes for the
actors. Eventually, this would lead to Italy's opera, which have greatly influenced their tradition of popular
theater.

Mannerism Art

Mannerism was a period in art history, which was a product of the Renaissance Period. During the Renaissance,
artists would observe nature and try their best to emulate it based on their observations.
As the Renaissance ended, artists started directly copying subjects from existing works of art.
Most artworks during this period displayed distorted figures, two-dimensional spaces, discordant hues and colors,
and lack of defined focal point.
Here is a sample art work: “Perseus and Andromeda” 1611 made by Joachim Wtewael

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Baroque and the Rococo Art

The term "baroque" is derived from the Portuguese term barocco which is translated as "irregularly shaped
pearl." This is a suitable description that Rome was the birthplace of the Baroque Period, which according to
some historians was a response to Protestantism. This period roughly spanned from 1600 to 1750. Although it
was a period following the Renaissance, it can be said that a lot of artists have developed styles and techniques
different from their Renaissance predecessors. Most artists used colorful palettes and ornamentation in their
works. This was a time when Italy in particular, strengthened not only their religion but also other aspects like
politics and art. Expansion was the central theme of this period, which became very much evident in the artworks
produced during this time. Motion and space were taken into consideration by artists like the use of dramatic
lighting and the concept of time.

Aside from art, music also flourished during the Baroque Period. This is because
people believed
that music could serve as powerful tool to communicate messages that can evoke certain feelings among its
listeners. Baroque music was able to clearly distinguish loud from soft and solo from ensemble. Since the
birthplace of this period was in Rome, it did not come as a surprise that most composers come from Italy. This
include Vivaldi, Corelli, and Monteverdi. Eventually, the influence of Baroque music spread outside Italy and
reached other parts of Europe. Other well-known Baroque composers include Germany's Bach and Handel. Since
Baroque composers, through their works, tried to evoke certain emotions from their audience, they began to
make more complex musical compositions and performances. However, it can be noted that initially, this kind of
music was limited only to powerful institutions like the Church and individuals like the patrons. Eventually, such
performances would be made accessible to the middle class and the masses.

"The Assumption of the Virgin." A painting by Titian located at Venice, Italy. The Biblical event in the painting
shows how the Baroque Period reverted to having religious subjects in their works.

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Neoclassicism Art

There seems to be a debate among historians as to the beginnings of modern art. There are accounts that would
attribute for the emergence of this kind of art during the French Revolution in 1789. However, other historians
claim that it was the year 1863 when there was an emergence of modern painting exhibitions. Neoclassicism was
a movement in Europe that transpired during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It was the
dominant art movement that time which basically aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and
Roman into art and architecture. The ancient Greeks and Europeans had placed emphasis on human reason and
keeping society in order. These very principles were also the dominant principles during the Enlightenment
Period. Some historians would also say that this movement was a reaction to the artworks produced during the
Baroque Period. There was a call to veer away from such extravagance in terms of style and form of the Baroque
Period.

Romanticism Art

Romanticism, as an art movement, used the central themes of Neoclassicist artworks as a springboard.
Romanticists have highlighted heroic elements into their work. During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a
tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic movements. One of the major revolutions in history would be the
French Revolution. Such revolutionary movements became the focal point of most Romantic works.
The major and central themes of Romanticism movement include the emphasis on the goodness of mankind.
Most works also promoted justice, equality, and social order. Artists also emphasized emotions and feelings of
man, which was a deviation from the humanist principles of rationalism.

Realism
Realism as a style of work focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirrors reality. There is
little room for imagination in this movement since emphasis is placed in observable traits that can concretize

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through artworks. Realism was heavily influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture since most artworks during that
period placed emphasis on the human body.
Realism as a modern movement in art veered away from traditional forms of art. In a way, it revolutionized
themes and techniques in paintings. In addition, this movement also expanded and widened existing notions of
what can be considered as art.
Since artists worked within the context of revolutions and social change, artistic works began to depict real-life
events. Idealistic concepts and images were replaced by real manifestations of society. There is a move to
combine both art and life in artistic works since the modern world were suitable for subjects of art. This
movement also reexamined existing belief systems and traditions.

Impressionism Art
The Impressionism movement started in France, which led to a break from the tradition in European painting.
Impressionism is a style of painting that emerged in the mid- to late 1800s. Impressionist artists incorporated
scientific principles to achieve a more distinct representation of color. The distinctive characteristic of this style is
that it allows the artist to emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event or scene. The said
impression is communicated by the artist through his work and can be seen through the brushstrokes, distinction
of colors, and the lights and shadows used by the artist.

Berthe Morisot, by Manet (1869). Impressionist artists started moving art outdoors which aimed to include the
shifting light they wanted to capture in their works. This work by Morisot is one of the first few "open air'
paintings under the impressionism movement.

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Post-Impressionism Art

It is an art movement that emerged in France, which is a result of both the

influence
and rejection of Impressionism. Most artists that belong to this movement started off as impressionists but later
on saw the inherent limitations and flaws of impressionism. This eventually led to the development of individual
style that gave emphasis to defining from with the use of broken colors and short brush stroke. Some of the
famous post-impressionism artists include Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, and Vincent van Gogh,
among others. Most of the works of the said painters became the framework of the contemporary techniques
and trends during the twentieth century.

Neo-Impressionism Art

As an art movement, neo-impressionism is considered as a response to empirical realism of impressionism. Most

painters who subscribe to such movement rely on a systematic and scientific techniques that have a
predetermined visual effect not only on the art work itself but also how the audience perceive the art. The
leading figure in neo-impressionism was Georges Seurat who recorded optical sensations on a more scientific
manner. His color theories paved the way for the technique called pointillism. This art technique basically utilizes
discrete dots and dashes of pure color. These elements are believed to blend with the viewer's perspective. Aside
from Seurat, other neo-impressionist artists include Henri-Edmond Cross, Maximilien Luce, and Camille Pissarro,
among others.
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Art Nouveau
Between 1890 and 1910, countries from Europe and the United States witnessed the emergence and flourishing
of a new art style. This ornamental style of art was a break from the conservative historicism, which was the
prevailing and dominant theme of most Western artworks. This ornamental style uses long and organic lines that
are concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry and glass design, among others. In most works, the defining
characteristic of Art Nouveau is the asymmetrical line that usually is in the form of insect wings or flower stalks.
The line is done in such a graceful and elegant manner that somehow evokes a certain power to it.

Emile Galle, Vases and lamps, “Celebration of Spring” on 1846–1904

His work was inspired by nature and literature. He would collect and study plants and bugs in his free time for
inspiration, pioneering experimental techniques in glass making that he later patented. Many of his work had
floral motifs and poems sealed within, written for the owner.

Fauvism
This is a style of painting that emerged in France around the turn of the twentieth century. What makes fauvists
revolutionary is that they used pure and vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint tubes directly to the
canvas. This is done to produce a sense of explosion of colors in the canvas. The fauves, just like the
impressionists, painted directly from nature. The difference lies with how the fauves have this strong and
expressive reaction to how they portray their subjects. Most fauvist works reject the conservative and traditional
renderings of three-dimensional space. What artists did was they introduced and promoted a picture space that is
defined by the movement of color.

Details: In Boats in the Harbour, also known as Bateaux dans le port,

Collioure,
Andre Derain amplifies the charm and vibrancy of the small fishing village, Collioure. His use of a bright color
palette and bold brushstrokes are the perfect example of the fauvist artists’ personal expression on the then new
genre.
Technically, the painting is wild, with neat colors, as though used straight from the paint tube. The inconsistent
brushstrokes not only intensify the composition, but also cause distraction and minimize traditionalism. On an

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emotional level, Boats in the Harbor evokes the soaring degree of elation Andre Derain must have felt while
creating it. The paintings atmosphere is joyful, yet serene, not an easy feat for any artist.
The broken brushstrokes on the water and in the sky bring these elements to life, and create a depth that extends
way beyond the shoreline, where a man is seen pensively overlooking the marina. Boats in the Harbor takes the
viewer on a journey to Collioure, where both Derain and Matisse spent time admiring the beautiful view.

Cubism

Between 1907 and 1914, French artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque introduced a new visual arts style
called cubism. This style would later on have a huge influence on artists during the twentieth century. Cubists
highlighted the two- dimensional surface of the picture plane. Focusing on a flat surface was a rejection of the
dominant techniques like the use of perspective, foreshortening, and modeling. In addition, one of the things that
cubism rejected was the existing and prevailing notion that art should imitate nature. Cubists emphasized that
they are not in any way obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space. They presented a new depiction of reality
that may appear fragmented objects for viewers.

Futurism
It is an early twentieth century art movement that started in Italy, which highlighted the speed, energy,
dynamism, and power of machines. In addition, common themes for works in this movement are restlessness and
the fast-pace of modern life. Later on, the movement's influence branched out not only in Europe but also in
Russia. The greatest impact of futurism is evident in poetry and visual arts.

This image is part of Sant'Elia's design for a new city and this reflects the architect's ideas of modernity. He
expressed these in The Manifesto of Futurist Architecture in 1914, writing that "We must invent and rebuild our
Futurist city like an immense and tumultuous shipyard, active, mobile, and everywhere dynamic, and the Futurist
house like a gigantic machine". In this part of the design, elevators can be seen ascending the façade of the
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building, and modern modes of transportation, highways and trains, run alongside and into the complex. The
building itself is multi-leveled and as well as more traditional vertical lines it is composed of elliptical and diagonal
lines, which Sant'Elia wrote were "dynamic by their very nature".

GAMABA

GAMABA or Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan also known as the National Living Treasures, is the award given to a
person or a group of artists that is recognized by the Philippine government for their contributions to the nation’s
cultural heritage.

In April 1992, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National Living Treasures Award was institutionalized
through Republic Act No. 7355. Tasked with the administration and implementation of the Award is the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts, the highest policy-making and coordinating body for culture and the arts of
the State. The NCCA, through the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Executive Council, conducts the search for the
finest traditional artists of the land, adopts a program that will ensure the transfer of their skills to others, and
undertakes measures to promote a genuine appreciation of and instill pride among our people about the genius
of the Manlilikha ng Bayan.

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The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan logo is a stylized representation of the human form used in traditional cloth.
Below the motif is ‘Manlilikha ng Bayan’ written in ancient Filipino script extensively used throughout the
Philippines at the time of Western contact in the sixteenth century.

First awarded in 1993 to three outstanding artists in music and poetry.

The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan has its roots in the 1988 National Folk Artists Award organized by the Rotary
Club of Makati-Ayala. As a group, these folk and traditional artists reflect the diverse heritage and cultural
traditions that transcend their beginnings to become part of our national character. As Filipinos, they bring age-
old customs, crafts and ways of living to the attention and appreciation of Filipino life. They provide us with a
vision of ourselves and of our nation, a vision we might be able to realize someday, once we are given the
opportunity to be true to ourselves as these artists have remained truthful to their art.

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As envisioned under R.A. 7355, “Manlilikha ng Bayan” shall mean a citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely
Filipino whose distinctive skills have reached such a high level of technical and artistic excellence and have been
passed on to and widely practiced by the present generation in his/her community with the same degree of
technical and artistic competence.

HOW DOES ONE BECOME A MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN?

To become a Manlilikha ng Bayan, an individual or group candidate must:

1. Possess a mastery of tools and materials needed for the traditional, folk art and be a maker of works of
extraordinary technical quality;
2. Have consistently produced works of superior quality over a significant period;
3. Have engaged in a traditional and folk art which has been in existence and documented for at least fifty
(50) years;
4. Command respect and inspire admiration of the country with his character and integrity;
5. Must have transferred and/or willing to transfer to other members of the community the skills in the
traditional and folk arts for which the community has become nationally known.
6. However, a candidate who, due to age or infirmity, has left him/her/them incapable of teaching further
his/her/their craft, may still be recognized provided that he/she/they must possess the qualifications as
enumerated above.
CATEGORIES
The Award may cover traditional and folk arts in the areas of performing arts and craft. Consideration shall be
made for adequate representation in geographic distribution and different artistic categories.

The categories are, but not limited to, the following categories of traditional folk arts:
maritime
transport
weaving
carving
performing arts
literature
graphic and plastic arts
ornament
pottery

Other artistic expressions of traditional culture may be added.

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AD HOC PANEL OF EXPERTS

To ensure a fair selection of potential awardees, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Executive Council shall be
assisted by an Ad Hoc
Panel of Expert consisting of experts in the traditional and folk arts categories. The names of those selected to
become members of the Ad Hoc Panel of Expert shall be submitted to the NCCA Board of Commissioners for
proper designation. The term of the members shall expire upon completion of the search and selection process.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS AND PRIVILEGES OF AN AWARDEE?

For the individual awardee:

1. The rank and title of Manlilikha ng Bayan, as proclaimed by the President of the Philippines in accordance
with Executive Order No. 236 or Honors Code of the Philippines;
2. The GAMABA gold-plated medallion minted by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and citation;
3. A lifetime emolument and materials and physical benefits comparable in value to those received by the
highest officers of the land such as:
A minimum cash award of Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (Php 200,000.00), net of taxes.
A minimum lifetime personal monthly stipend of Fifty Thousand Pesos (Php
50,000.00). Medical and hospitalization benefits not exceeding Php 750,000.00
per year.
4. A state funeral, the arrangements for and the expenses of which shall be borne by the Government, upon
the death of the Manlilikha ng Bayan; and
5. A place of honor, in line with protocol precedence, in state functions, national commemoration
ceremonies and all other cultural presentations.
For the group awardee:

1. The rank and title of Manlilikha ng Bayan, as proclaimed by the President of the Philippines in accordance
with Executive Order No. 236 or Honors Code of the Philippines;
2. The GAMABA plaque for the group;
3. A one-time award of Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (Php 200,000.00), net of taxes;
4. The group shall designate its leader who will represent and attend events and functions on behalf of the
group. The said representative will also have a place of honor, in line with protocol precedence, in state
functions, national commemoration ceremonies and all other cultural presentations.

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AWARDEES OF GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN

As defined by UNESCO, the bearers of intangible cultural heritage are to be known internationally as Living
Human Treasures. The Filipino counterparts of this title are the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA)
awardees. There are currently sixteen (16) declared GAMABA awardees, all of which have exemplified the
highest standard in their respective field of expertise. The award is only given to individuals or groups that have
exhibited the highest possible standard in intangible cultural heritage. A master of the heritage does not
automatically qualify an individual or group for the award as the craft of the master should exude a higher
meaning to the highest standard set by the highly critical council of the GAMABA board. Due to this lengthy and
critical process, only sixteen of the thousands of traditional masters have been conferred with the award.

Ginaw Bilog (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Poet, Hanunuo Mangyan
Panaytayan,Oriental Mindoro (1993)
Ambahan is a kind of poem consisting of seven-syllable lines which most of the time contains messages of love
and friendship.

Masino Intaray (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Musician and Storyteller
Pala’wan Brookes Point, Palawan (1993)
A musician and a poet whose Expertise were the Basal, Kulilal, and Bagit.
Basal is a kind of musical ensemble Played during the “tambilaw”, a ritual of rice sharing among the Palawan
People as an offering to the Lord of rice and during the “tinapay”, a rice wine drinking.

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Samaon Sulaiman (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Musician, Mamasapano, Maguindanao (1993)
Master in playing the Kutyapi, a 2-stringed plucked lute. The Kutyapi Is one of the most difficult to master
indigenous Filipino instrument.

Lang Dulay (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Textile weaver, T’boli, Lake Sebu, South Cotabato
Tnalak is a kind of fabric made up of fine abaca fibers weaved with different designs which reflect the
traditions of the T'boli.

Salinta Monon (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Textile Weaver, Tagabawa Bagobo, Bansalan, Davao del Sur
Started weaving at the of 12 through the Guidance of her mother
She used to wear the traditional hand-woven tube skirt of the Bagobo. (Sinukla and Bandura)

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Alonzo Saclag (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Musician and Dancer, Lubuagan, Kalinga
A master of dance and performing arts. He has also mastered the dance patterns and movements
associated with his people’s rituals.
He is the founder of the Kalinga Budong Dance Troupe to ensure that the music and dance of his ancestor
are passed to the younger generations.

Federico Caballero (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Epic Chanter, Sulod-Bukidnon, Calinog, Iloilo
Worked for the documentation of the oral literature, particularly the epics of his People: Labaw Dunggon
and Humadapnon
One epic could take as much as 162 hours to recite and Humadapnon is the longest
epic to recite Two months of daily performances are required for it to be completely
chanted

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Uwang Ahadas (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Musician, Yakan Lamitan, Basailan
Is a Yakan, a people to whom instrumental music is closely connected to the spiritual realm
Kwintangan Kayu – consisting of five wooden logs Hung horizontally, from the shortest to the longest.
Played to serenade the palay , as lover woos his beloved.

Darhata Sawabi (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Textile Weaver, Tausug, Parang, Sulu
Weaving the Pis Syabit, the traditional cloth tapestry worn as a head covering by the Tausug of Jolo.

Eduardo Mutuc (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Metal smith, Kapampangan, Apalit, Pampanga
Creating religious and secular art in silver, bronze, and wood.

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Haja Amina Appi (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Weaver
Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi
Weaving Mat, 2004

Ambalang Ausalin (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Master Weaver
Lamitan, Basilan
Weaving (Yakan Tennun), 2016

Magdalena Gamayo (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Master Weaver
Pinili, Ilocos Norte
Weaving (Inabel), 2012

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Estelita Bantilan (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Master Weaver
Malapatan, Sarangani
Weaving (B'laan Igem), 2016

Yabing Masalon Dulo (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Master Weaver
Polomolok, South Cotabato
Weaving (Ikat), 2016

Teofilo Garcia (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan)

Casque Maker
San Quintin, Abra
Casque Making (Tabungaw), 2012

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CODE 050- ART APPRECIATION

Midterm Week I and II

Midterm Quiz I
Submissions
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Here are your latest answers:

Item 1
Caves became protective havens for the early humans and these caves paved the way for the birth of their
attempts to create art
Response: True
Correct answer: True
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 2
Prehistoric cave art served as a warning to future generations
Response: True
Correct answer: True

Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 3
The contextual plane includes social and historical context of the work of art.
Response: True
Correct answer: True
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 4
Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave in the South of France is the newest cave painting to be discovered
Response: False
Correct answer: False
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 5
The basic semiotic plane covers the elements and the general technical and physical aspects of the work
Response: True
Correct answer: True
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 6
The caves at Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc contains the best known examples of prehistoric painting and drawing
Response: True

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Correct answer: True

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Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 7
The shaman would retreat into the darkness of the caves
Response: True
Correct answer: True
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 8
The iconic plane includes the visual elements, choice of medium and technique, the format of the work and other
properties and marks.
Response: False
Correct answer: False

Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 9
The evaluative plane brings out the full meaning of the work in terms of its human and social implications
Response: False
Correct answer: False
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

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CODE 050- ART APPRECIATION

Midterm Week III and IV

Midterm Quiz II
Submissions
Here are your latest answers:

Item 1
When artistic Renaissance ended, a new art movement called Mannerism emerged.
Response: True
Correct answer: True
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 2
Which art movement does the following painting belong?

Response: Fauvism
Correct answer: Fauvism
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 3
The first architectural structures were built primarily for aesthetic purposes.
Response: False
Correct answer: False
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 4
During the Archaic Greek period, the focus of art was to showcase emotions and to depict reality.
Response: False
Correct answer: False
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

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Item 5
Which art movement does the following painting belong?

Response: Romanticism
Correct answer: Romanticism
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 6
Realism art is a deviation from Romanticism.
Response: True
Correct answer: True
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 7
Which art movement does the following painting belong?

Response: Impressionism
Correct answer: Impressionism
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 8
The Greek artwork is characterized by the fusion of Greek and Roman artworks.
Response: False
Correct answer: False
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

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Item 9
Which art movement does the following painting belong?

Response: Realism
Correct answer: Realism
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 10
Neo-Impressionists rebelled against the limitations of Impressionism.
Response: False
Correct answer: False
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 11
Expansion is evident in the artworks produced by Baroque artists.
Response: True
Correct answer: True
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 12
Romanticism art focused on reason and intellect over imagination and emotion.
Response: False
Correct answer: False
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 13
The Classical Greek art strove for a greater realism in anatomical depictions.
Response: True
Correct answer: True
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 14
Which art movement does the following painting belong?

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Response: Neo-Impressionism
Correct answer: Neo-Impressionism
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes

Item 15
Futurism is an art movement that depicts modern-life subjects.
Response: True
Correct answer: True
Score: 1 out of 1 Yes
2/2

CODE 050- ART APPRECIATION

FINALS Week 1 and 2

Finals Week 1 and 2

LEARNING CONTENT
Introduction:
Let us make it our practice to recite the Louisian prayer in every beginning of our lessons. Include also in your
prayer the well-being of everybody most especially those who are suffering from any kind of illness and are
victims of the recent calamity. Before we start discussing for the Final term, I commend everyone for doing the
best they can to do to comply with all your requirements not only in this subject but in all your subjects this
semester. I appreciate all the efforts and the time you give in your studies. Keep doing a great job! Keep your
faith, all this challenges will surely have an end.
Before we begin with our lesson let us first imagine a certain scenario of a kid. This kid who grew up in far flung area. One day, that kid saw an airplane, the kid was
amazed not knowing what that flying object is, but, with his desire to experience and imitate that thing he saw, he made a kite -a kite that can fly as high as that airplane
could on his eye vision. In the scenario, the kid has the eagerness to have his own flying object. The airplane is the object motivation of the kid that made him able to
conceptualize how a flying object looks like.

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WHAT IS SOULMAKING?
Soul making is a means of connecting to our deepest nature. Soulmaking is communicating deeply with the
inner realm or our own interest, being fully awake and aware by flooding our consciousness with eternal images.
It is also an exploration and application of the imagination in an active way.
Soulmaking can be perceived in previous scenario, you can be inspired by other stories and create your
own. You can conceptualize your own object, depending to your need at a given time. You can express your
artistic point of view from within. You do not need to have the most expensive materials, but you can make use of
what you have.

Lesson Proper:
How do other people perceived soulmaking?
Carl Jung, a psychologist has this to say: “My life is a story of the self-realization of the unconscious. I
can understand myself only in the light of inner happenings. It is there that make up the singularity of my
life.”

According to James Hillman, a writer, soulmaking is what happens when we evoke the emotions and
experiences of crisis and opportunity of love and dying that give life a deeper meaning.

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John Keats also sad that only in this world, with all its opposites provide the necessary stuff of soul-making.
In the Christian way, man is formed in the image of God and men has the innate capacity to reflect that image in
the life men live.
In short, soul making is about drawing out a certain experience of the person and transfer this into an image either in a form of painting or a musical composition
or a production.

To become a soulmaker, one does not need to be conscious as to how far one's masterpiece go. Noy Narciso,
a soulmaker takes a deeper perspective in life by crafting stories and transforming brief moments into magic and
symbols. He calls this process "soulmaking" According to him, through this activity, he is able to connect people,
understand cultures and embody tolerance and peace. He said: "My art making is considered soulmaking
because

it is not too conscious about the exhibit. It is not too conscious about the
piece. It is not too conscious about the
form". Mr. Noy Narciso, by the way, is a professor at the Ateneo de Davao University. He teaches film, theatre
and arts for the Humanities and Letters Department. He was formerly a member of the Commission of the
Committee on Visual Arts of the National Commission for Culture and Arts from 2004 to 2010.
Samples of Noy’s work:

Baoc2x-chimes; made of shells soaked in salt water; imitate sound of water flowing

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Bote-pan pipe style instrument (pentatonic) wrapped with “uway”; in various sizes; pitch and tone are based on the size and form of the bottle; create either eerie,
meditative or experimental sound

Payag (2020) is a representation of home. It is a space within a space. It is built through “oido”, it is progressive, adaptive and improvised. It is a manifestation of living,
surviving and relating.

In a payag spaces overlap, and we negotiate to share the space. This space is not just a shelter or a physical space or structure but a symbolism of power relations and
social space. It is a symbol of maximalism.

We Filipinos love to fill in gaps between spaces, literally, by putting, inserting, leaning, hanging and covering. It is somewhat temporary but final. Spaces in a payag
suggests spaces of narratives and memories. Payag is a narrative, a story.

How to Perform Soulmaking

Soulmaking can be performed by crafting images, stories and interests for performance.

Crafting Images

This let us craft the images inside a Lightroom or what we know as photo or video application editor or
simply our own imagination and mind organization of what we perceived as an outcome of our artwork. Since
soulmaking is a creative technique in artmaking, you can get better results from it - it is not realism but it is
something that is related to once personal imagination or desire in creating his/ her own idea. This also refers to
imaging or representing in any form which may be through painting, sculpting, drawing, storytelling, poetry
dancing, composing or taking notes.

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Start out with an image that has "good bones" or simply a good and attainable foundation. It needs to be pleasingly composed and it needs to have something that
compels you to want to look at it and to spend some time working with it. Good contenders for this process are images with interesting skills and these include heavy
cloud captured at sunset and sunrise.

An artist showing what depression looks like

Crafting Stories
According to Weiland (2017) of the Writer’s Digest, there are seven (7) steps to craft a story for a

promising story ideas. Here are the list: 1 . Craft y our premise

Your story should answer the following questions:

Who is the protagonist?1.
What is the situation?2.
What is the protagonist's objective?3.
Who is the opponent?4.
What will be the disaster? Conflict?5.
Once you answered these questions, combine them into one or two sentences
2 . Rou g hl y sketch scene ideas
Armed with a good and solid premise, you may begin sketching roughly your ideas for the story. Write a
list of everything you already know about your story. You might probably have a handful of scene in mind. But
take a moment to review your list. 3 . Interview y our characters
To be able to craft a cast of characters that can help your plot reach its utmost potential you'll need to
discover crucial details about them, not necessarily at the beginning of their lives but at the beginning of the
story. For your protagonist, work backward from the moment in which he will become engaged in your plot (the
"disaster" in your premise sentence). What events in your protagonist’s life have led him to this moment? Did
something in his past cause the disaster? What events have shaped him to make him respond to the disaster in
the way he does? What unresolved issues from his past can further complicate the plot's spiral of events?
After you have a basic idea of how your character will be invested in the main story, you can start unearthing
the basic and most essential details of his life with a character interview. You may choose to follow a preset list of
questions or you may have better luck with a "freehand interview in which you ask your protagonist a series of
questions and allow him to answer in his own words.
4. Ex plore y our settin g s

Whether your setting is your childhood neighborhood or the seventh moon of Barsoom, you’ll want to enter
your first draft with a firm idea of where your prominent scenes will be taking place.

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Never choose a setting just because it sounds cool or because you're familiar with it. Look for settings that
will be inherent to your plot. Can you change your story's primary locale without any significant alterations to the
plot? If so, dig a little deeper to find a setting better suited to your plot, theme and characters.
On the basis of the scenes, list the settings you think you'll need. Can you reduce this list by combining or
eliminating settings? Nothing wrong with a sprawling story locale, but extraneous settings should be eliminated
just as assiduously as unnecessary characters.
5. Write y our com plete outline

You are now ready to complete your story in full. This is where you will begin plotting in earnest. In Step 2,
you solidified the big picture of your story by identifying the scenes you were already aware of and figuring out
how they might fit together. Now, you will work through your story linearly, scene by scene, numbering each one
as you go. Unlike the "sketches” in Step 2, in which your primary focus was on brainstorming and exploring
possibilities, you will now be concentrating on molding your existing ideas into a solid structure.
If you want to have a comprehensive outline. You may choose to write a single sentence for each scene
("Dana meets Joe at the café to discuss their impending nuptials), or you may choose to flesh out more details
("Joe is sitting by himself in a booth when Dana arrives; Dana orders coffee and a muffin; they fight about the
invitation list"). Either way, focus on identifying and strengthening the key components of each scene's structure.
Who will be your narrating character? What is his goal? What obstacle will arise to obstruct that goal and create
conflict? What will be the outcome, and how will your character react to the resulting dilemma. What decision
will he reach that will fuel the next scene's goal.
Work to create a linear, well-structured plot with no gaps in the story you can get a foundation right in your
outline, you’ll later be free to apply all your focus and imagination to the first draft and bring your story to life.
When you mentally work through each scene, watch for possible lapses of logic or blank areas in how one
event builds to another. Take the time to think through these potential problems so they won't trip you up later.
If you get stuck, try jumping ahead to the next scene you know, and then working backward. For instance, if you
know where you want your characters to end up, but not how they’ll get there, start at the ending point and then
see if you can figure out what has to happen in the preceding events to make it plausible.

6. Condense your outline

After finishing your extended outline, you may want to condense the most pertinent points into an abbreviated version. Doing so
allows you to weed out extraneous thoughts and summarize the entire outline into a scannable list for easier reference. Because your full
outline may contain a fair amount of rambling and thinking out loud on the page, you're likely to end up with a lot of notes to review (l often
have nearly three notebooks of material). Rather than having to wade through the bulk of your notes every time you sit down to work on
your first draft, you can save yourself time in the long run by doing a little organizing now.

7. Put your outline into action

In this last step, you are feeling prepared and eager to get going on your first draft. Each time you sit down to work on your
manuscript, begin by reviewing your outline. Read the notes for your current scene and the scene to follow. Before you start writing work
through any remaining potential problems in your head or on paper. If the time comes (and it will come) when you're struck with a better
idea than what you had planned in your outline, don't hesitate to go off-road. These ventures into unknown territory can result in some of
the most surprising and intriguing parts of your story.
These steps in outlining a story offers you invaluable structure and guidance as you write your first draft, but never be afraid to
explore new ideas as they occur. Remember, your outline is a map showing you the route to your destination, but that doesn't mean it is the
only route.

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WEEK 2 FINALS
ART COMPOSITION RULES

This topic will give you an idea on how you can make your artworks more attractive to your viewers.
Whether you draw as a grade 1 pupil or you sketch like a profession artist, the rules that you will learn today will
make you more acquainted on how you are to present the subject of your artworks. If you can recall the
discussion on the principles of design, then this topic can be an additional way for you to properly present your
subject according to your own preference and on how you want your artwork be perceive by your viewers.
1. Rules of Thirds- divide a canvas or a photo in thirds both horizontally and vertically, and place the focus of the
painting or photo either one third across or one third up or down the picture, or where the lines intersect.

Otherwise known as the rule of thumb, this guideline which applies to the process of composing visual images such as designs, films, paintings, and photographs.
Accordingly, aligning the subject with four intersection points creates more tension, energy and interest in the composition than simply centering the subject. The
Rule of Thirds also works well for creating balance in a design.

of Odds- one of the simplest ways to make a composition more dynamic is to have an odd number in the
2. Rules
composition, say three, five, or seven, rather than an even number, say two, four, or six.

The rule of odds states that images are more visually appealing when there is odd number of subjects.
Having an odd number of things in a composition means your eye and brain can’t pair them up or group them
easily. There’s somehow always one thing left over, which keeps your eyes moving across the composition.
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3. The Rabatment- It is seen as the perfect square found inside any rectangle. Artists use the area outside the rabatment to complete whatever story is being told.

Notice how the two spaces work in concert: the baby fits
entirely within the rabatment while the head of the mother looks down at the infant
from outside the rabatment.

4. The Golden Ratio- the ration of 1 to 1.618 has many names. Most often it is called the Golden Section, Golden
Ration or Golden Mean, but it’s also occasionally referred to as Golden Number, Divine Proportion, Golden
Proportion, Fibonacci number and Phi.

ART MAKING

Art Making is a fun and rewarding way for people to express themselves and to learn a broad range of skills and
concepts. Emphasizing the art-making process over the final product, will enable you to increase in your sense of
mastery, decision making, and feeling of inclusion and independence, and ultimately grow in self-awareness.
When you make art, you have the opportunity to express their feelings, fantasize, tell stories, and give your ideas
concrete form. It is a way also to relieve stress and it is an outlet to divert our emotions.

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Importance of Art Making

It is fascinating and effective way to introduce you to a wide variety of textures and help them develop their
tactile exploration skills.

STAGES OF ART MAKING

As they say Art doesn’t just happen. It has stages like on how you come up with soulmaking.
1. INSPIRATION- it is regarded as the most exciting moment. Where does inspiration come from? Imagine
while you are waiting on the tricycle/jeep, in the middle of rush hour, while in the bath, while looking outside the
window when it’s raining, while listening into a music at a middle of the night, while taking your coffee when you
woke up in the morning, those are some of the moments when you can find inspiration in having an idea about art.
2. PERCOLATION- this vital stage in creating art. This is the time that elapses after you’ve had your idea,
but before you start making art, playing around with ideas visually or processing and refining your idea.
3. PREPARATION- this needs more active and focused time. It’s a matter of figuring out how to make it
happen. Organizing your supplies, creating a blueprint for what your piece will be, like creating a dummy outline
for a book project
4. CREATION- this is the time to make it happen, you are now creating your artwork. But remember, the
process of creation can vary depending on your personal temperament, your artistic style and your chosen medium.
5. REFLECTION- the time when you can now share your work with family and friends, delivering it to a
client or hanging it on the wall, completion that most often leads to a period of reflection.

For some, the process of creation is actually quite short and much of the work has been done in the
previous process. The thought and time developing that idea was the more time-consuming part of that
project.

Art Making Process (from Art Time Studios)

Here is a guided instruction on how to start and finish a typical art project using efficiency and best
practices.

PHASE ONE- begins with sketching, grid-lining, drawing, or filling in under-paintings. This phase includes learning about introductory best practices on techniques and
approaches, and understanding the art concepts.

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PHASE TWO- includes adding multiple layers of tone, color, or paint within an artwork. Here, you are required
to problem solve and are encouraged in their art to explore, manipulate, and master technique based art
applications.

PHASE THREE- ends with you adding final detail and craftsmanship showcasing their finished projects. This
includes demonstrating the understanding of the art elements, habits of mind and effort, communication skills,
habits of work, composition concepts, and execution into a well-crafted project.

HOW TO USE RECYCLED MATERIALS FOR ART WORKS (A SAMPLE)

This is very simple art work that you are willing to recycle by cutting up, along with two pieces of clear contact
paper to make the bookmark sturdy. This is the best example to recycle your less-than-perfect-artwork or
preserve your child's treasured drawings. Bookmarks can be great gilts too. This project is easy to prepare. It can
be done at home, in the classroom or in a group.
What you need are:
old artwork
clear contact
paper
scissors
ruler pencil
optional: glue, construction paper

How to do it:
Project Preparation

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Gather the above needed materials. You can pre-cut the contact paper, if it need be.
Select Artwork

Find a very good colorful artwork that you are willing to cut into pieces. Finger-painted pictures sometimes look
very nice when cut into rectangles but don't use a very thick paint. Pictures in magazine is also useful but we will
need plain-colored construction paper glued to the back being encased in clear contact paper.
Cut Artwork

You measure and mark the backs of artwork pieces into rectangles of bookmark size -1 1/2" by 5" (4 by 12cm) is
a good size. Cut out the bookmark carefully.

Tip: Two rectangles can be glued back-to-back to make a reversible bookmark or cut and glue
construction paper to the back for another look.

Apply contact paper

Then cut two rectangles of clear contact paper for each bookmark. These should be " (lem) wider and longer than
the cut artwork -2" by 5 4 (5 by 13 cm ).

Remove the backing from one piece of contact paper and carefully enter the artwork rectangle on the sticky
side. Press down. Remove the backing from the other piece of contact paper and carefully place it on the other
side of the artwork, making a sandwich.
Finish
Smooth out any trapped air bubbles using the edge of the ruler. If the edges of the contact paper are not even, they can be trimmed slightly. Using the pencil and ruler,
draw a straight line as a cutting guide, then carefully cut along the line.

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The purpose of recycled art

The purpose of recycled art is this to encourage the reuse of a variety of materials in new, different and creative
forms, and to promote recycling and resource conservation. If you can remember the 3R’s before, then recycling
is part of that, which could be a great help not only to ourselves but also to our environment. We can maximize
resources and be imaginative in thinking what could be done into a scrap material.

THE SEVEN (7) LEONARDO DA VINCI PRINCIPLES (PRINCIPLES OF CREATIVITY)

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Da Vinci was a prolific painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor,
anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. He was considered the most diversely talented person
ever had. Many of his concepts would become inventions centuries later. This is the reason why he was called a
"genius" just like Albert Einstein and Jose Rizal perhaps.
However, anyone can become a genius by developing the following seven (7) principles.

Curiosità (Curiosity): An insatiable curious approach to life and an unrelenting quest for continuous learning.

Great minds have one characteristic in common: they continuously ask questions throughout their lives.

Leonardo’s endless quest for truth and beauty clearly demonstrates this. What makes great minds different is the

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quality of their questions. You can increase your ability to solve problems by increasing your ability to ask good

questions. Like da Vinci, you should cultivate an open mind that allows you to broaden your universe and

increase your ability to explore it.

Journaling
Theme observation
Contemplation (to look with continued attention – to meditate on.
Stream of Consciousness exercise
Creative problem solving
Finding the question
Finding illustrative metaphors

Da Vinci’s study of the Child in the Womb

Dimonstrazione (Knowledge): A commitment to test knowledge through experience, persistence, and a

willingness to learn from mistakes. We should learn from experience. Limiting ourselves to one point of view or
position keeps us stuck, Gelb says. “Learn to consider important issues from multiple perspectives. Truly examine
these perspectives before making your mind up on an idea… [and] discipline yourself to really look at different
perspectives.”
Reflection
Feedback

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Check belief and sources

Affirmations
Sensazione (Improvement): Continual refinement of the senses as the means to enliven experience.
Saper Vedere (knowing how to see) was one of Leonardo’s mottoes and it defined the whole of his artistic
contribution to humanity. He believed that experience was delivered through the senses: sight, sound, touch,
taste and smell.

In a sad remark he noted that the average person,

looks without seeing, listens without hearing, touches without feeling, eats without tasting, moves without physical awareness, inhales without
awareness of odor or fragrance, and talks without thinking.

One of Gelb’s suggestion is to practice silence

Experiment with a day of silence. For a whole day, don't talk, just listen. It is best to spend your silent day out in nature, walking in the
woods, hiking in the mountains, or strolling by the sea. Immerse yourself in nature's sounds. This "verbal fasting" strengthens your ability to
listen deeply and is wonderfully refreshing you spirit.

Sfumato (Willingness): The literal translation for this term is going up in smoke. It is about our willingness to
embrace ambiguity, paradox and uncertainty. The ability to adapt and accept new ideas is the “most
distinguishing feature” of genius, Gelb says. It’s an ability that can be cultivated but “first you have to recognise
how important it is.” After that, it is applying practical methods, like meditation, for managing the natural anxiety
many feel when venturing into the unknown.
Thrive on change
“Embracing” ambiguity and trusting your gut. Ambiguity can mean
anxiety for many people Cultivate confusion endurance
Embody Mona’s smile
Incubation and intuition
Poise in the face of paradox

Arte/Scienza (Balance): Developing a balance between logic and imagination. After all, imagination without
logic is day dreaming, and logic without imagination is boring. Other terms tor this are balancing between art and
science as well as whole brain thinking. A growing misconception in folk psychology is the idea of categorizing
people accoring to the hemispheres of the brain (left-brain and right-brain dominant profiles) and often
discriminates against the right-hemisphere driven individuals (the “artistic types”), by favoriting the left-
hemisphere (the “practical, scientific types”).But the truth is that we are whole. We have one full brain, not half a
brain, and we won’t be able to experience the full capacity and power of our super-computer mind unless we
embrace and start using our entire head — and not just the limited half we are more comfortable with or socially
defined by.

Who would you be without your other half?

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So, was Leonardo a scientist who studied art, or an artist who studied science? Clearly, he was both. His scientific studies of rocks,
plants, flight, flowing water, and human anatomy, for example, are expressed in beautiful, evocative, expressive works of art, not dry
technical drawings. At the same time, the plans for his paintings and sculptures are exquisitely detailed, painstakingly analytical, and
mathematically precise. (Gelb)

Corporalita (Grace): The cultivation of grace, ambidexterity, fitness, and poise: This is about maintaining a

healthy body as well as a healthy mind. Have you ever seen a really unhealthy person who
was creative? While there are a few exceptions here and there, they are very rare. One of the core concepts of da
Vinci's approach is keeping our bodies fit being a function of keeping our minds fit. Fit minds lead to more
innovative and creative solutions.

Connessione (System): This is the simple recognition of the interconnectedness of all things and phenomena.
Humans seek connection, Gelb says.

“Physically, we seek health (the word health comes from the Old English root hal,
meaning “whole”), affection, and the
ecstasy of sexual union. Emotionally, we yearn for a sense of belonging, intimacy, and love. Intellectually, we look
for patterns and relationships, seeking to understand systems. And spiritually, we pray for Oneness with the
Divine”. To enhance our sense of connection, he suggests looking at the relationships, patterns and connections
in our lives. “Make a master mind map of your life… check that what you’re doing every day is in line with your
values, vision and goals.
All of these principles can help every individual to properly take into consideration all aspects of their lives,
not only for their personal growth, but, for one to properly think innovatively and certainly extend it to the
community. We are not only talking about arts here, but we integrate the holistic development or growth of a

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human person. Remember that you yourself is an art, you may not be appreciated every time, but, remember
you are here to enhance yourself, to perform your being in a most unique way.

---------End of Module 7 (Week 13 & 14)--------

CODE 050- ART APPRECIATION

WEEK 3 AND 4

LEARNING RESOURCES

INTRODUCTION

Here is a question for you: Have you ever copied an image from a photograph, advertisement,
magazines, journals, or other sources? When is it ok
and when is it not? In this contemporary world, we live in a culture that overflows with images and
objects. From television to the internet, from the mall to the junkshop, we are surrounded by
words, images, objects that are cheap, free or throwaway. You may think that these are already
useless and have no importance.

Surprising or not, artists today incorporate these objects into their creative expressions and this
is what we call appropriation in arts. To appropriate is to borrow. Appropriation in arts therefore
is the practice of creating or even borrowing new work by taking a pre-existing image
from another source such as from art history books, advertisements, media and then transforming
or combining it with new ones. Other sources of
appropriated images are works of art in the past and recent ones, historical documents, film, and
television, products in the market. The source of an image or an object that was appropriated can
be politically charged, symbolic, or ambiguous, or can even push the limits of imagery deemed
acceptable for art.

WHAT DOES THE ARTIST DO WITH THE IMAGE WHICH WAS APPROPRIATED?

Any appropriated image can be photographed or digitally reproduced, copied by mechanical means using an
overhead projector that is attached directly into the artwork or recreated in several ways. The result can be a real
representation of the appropriated object or a genuine transformation.
Sometimes artists recreate an object or repaint it. They may also alter its scale or style to create a new
artwork. They may also juxtapose (placing it side by side) different objects or images, break them into fragments,

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or recontextualize (glossary) them - that is how they redefine images or objects by placing them in a new context
so that it appears as an original work of art.
IS THE USE OF APPROPRIATION SIGNIFICANT?
Yes, the use of appropriation in art has played a significant role in the history of the art such as those in the
literary, visual, musical, and performing arts. In the visual art, for instance, to appropriate means to properly
adopt, borrow, recycle or sample aspects of human - made, visual, cultural. In most
cases the original thing' remains accessible as the original, without changes.

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APPROPRIATION OF ART INTO CONTEMPORARY NARRATIVES

THESE ARE: OBJECT APPROPRIATION, CONTEXT APPROPRIATION, STYLE APPROPRIATION, MOTIF APPROPRIATION, AND SUBJECT
APPROPRIATION. OBJECT
APPROPRIATION IS LATENCY OF OBJECTS FOR APPROPRIATION AS WORKS OF ARTS. A MOTIF MAY BE REPEATED, COPIED, IN A PATTERN OR
DESIGN, OFTEN MANY TIMES FOR APPROPRIATION USE.

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In separating images from the original context of their own media, we allow them to take on new and
varied meanings. The process and nature of appropriation has considered by anthropologists as part of the study
of cultural change and cross-cultural contact. Images and elements of culture that have
been appropriated commonly involve famous and recognizable works of art, well known literature, and easily accessible imag

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TRADITIONAL CRAFTS
A traditional craft should meet the following requirements

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WOODCARVING has been existing long time ago, the most common products are tables, sala sets, cabinets,
doors, cupboard corners, and others. These crafts were greatly simplified and applied mostly to objects in daily
use such as tripods, wooden stands, writing sets, drawers, chests, spoons for decorations, rowing boats, reading
desks, etc. Architectural works in woodcarving include windows, wardrobe covers, beans, ceilings, pulpits, coffins,
etc.
The materials used in woodworking were mostly walnut, ebony, rosewood, narra, acacia, bamboos, etc.
Wooden objects were created by such various techniques such as topping, painting, relief-engraving, caging,
coating and burning. These are still employed today. Woodworking is generally common in the Cordillera region
and Southern Tagalog provinces, especially Paete, Laguna and in Pangasinan. Making musical instruments is a
traditional craft that existed for many long years. The materials used for making musical instruments came from
trees, plants, skin, bones, and animal horn. Musical instruments are classified into string percussion and
woodwind.

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DECORATIVE MOTIFS
Sir John Summerson, an architectural historian called decoration and ornament as a "surface modulation". In prehistoric times,
decoration and ornament are indicated in single markings on a pottery, but such markings have been lost with the passing of time. A wide
variety of decorative styles and motifs have been developed for a long time in architecture and applied arts that include pottery, furniture,
metalwork, textiles, wallpaper, and other objects where decoration is the main justification for their existence. The vast range of motifs
used in ornament were drawn from geometrical shape and patterns, plants, human and animal figures. Traditional ornament from either
parts of the world typically relies more on geometrical and animal motifs.

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CLASSIFICATION OF DECORATIVE MOTIFS

A motif as previously defined, is an element of a particular subject or type of subject that is found in any art
work. It may also form the main subject of an art work. The related motif of confronted animals is often seen
alone, but may also be repeated, for example in Byzantine silk and other ancient textiles. Where the main subject
of an artistic work such as a painting is a specific person, group, or moment in a narrative, that should be referred
to as the "subject" of the work, not a motif, though the same thing may be a 'motif' when part of another subject,
or part of a work of decorative art such as a painting on a vase.
Ornamental or decorative arts can usually be analyzed into a number of various elements, which can be
called motifs. These may often, as in textile art, be repeated many times in a pattern. Important examples in
Western art include acanthus, egg and dart, and various types of scrollwork.
Many designs in Islamic culture are motifs, including those of the sun, moon, animals such as horses and lions,
flowers, and landscapes. Motifs can have emotional effects and be used for propaganda. In kilim flatwoven carpets,
motifs such as the hands-on-hips elibelinde are woven in to the design to express the hopes and concerns of the
weavers: the elibelinde symbolizes the female principle and fertility, including the desire for children.The idea of a
motif is widely used in discussing literature and other narrative as an element in the story that represent a theme.

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TEXTILE ART
These are both arts and crafts that use plant, animal, or synthetic fibers to create practical or decorative
objects. Textiles have been a fundamental necessity of human life since the start of civilization. Methods and
materials used to make them have expanded enormously.
Textile art started as a traditional craft. Textiles have been used to cover the human body and protect it from
the elements of the atmosphere; to send social cues to other people, to store, secure, and protect possessions
and to soften insulate and decorate living spaces and other surfaces.
Clothing made of woven cloth, richly embroidered silk, well-knitted stockings, oriental rug of wool,
embroidered table cloth and curtains, felted fur hat,
linen shirt are some of the basic textile techniques in textile art in the Philippines.

MOTIFS AND SYMBOLS

Motif- A motif is an image, spoken, or written word, sound, act, or another visual or structural device that has symbolic significance. The
concept of a motif is related to a theme, but unlike a theme which is an idea or message, a motif is a detail that is repeated in a pattern
of meaning that can produce a theme.

CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIF:

1. GEOMETRIC MOTIF

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These motifs include lines in various forms, such as vertical, horizontal, diagonal and curved. They form

fabric designs, such as stripes, plaids, checks and circles and their associated designs.

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2. REALISTIC OR NATURAL MOTIF

Natural motifs portray as direct replica of things as they exist in nature, such as flowers on trees, animals in

jungle, human figure and other natural things. They are also called novelty patterns.

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3. STYLIZED MOTIF
These are simplified variations of natural or man- made objects that are no longer recognizable. Stylized
motifs are obtained by rearranging the real objects either by simplifying or exaggerating to achieve the
purpose of the design.

4. ABSTRACT MOTIF
These are combinations of color, size, and shape without relationship to natural or man- made objects.

5.
SYMBOLS
‘Symbol’ comes from the Greek word ‘symbolon’ which means contract, token, insignia and means identification. (Encyclopedia
Britannica, 1197) In symbols ideas and meanings are represented. Symbols are universal, in the sense they transcend history.
Symbols depicted on objects allow us to decode some of the meanings behind them and understand better the cultures that made and
used them.

Types of Symbols

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