WORABE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

INFORMATION COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

DATABASE ADMINISTRATION LEVEL IV

ADVANCED STRUCTURED QUERY

LANGUAGE
Compiled by Aliyan Aman
Sunday, June 9, 2019 Compiled by Aliyan Aman
Sunday, May 26, © 2019 1
 Contents
Write ADVANCED SQL WriteADVANCED SQL Write ADVANCED SQL
statement to retrieve and sort statements that use statements that use
data functions aggregation and filtering

SQL SQL In SQL Over ORDER Identifying Special SQL

Wildcar SQL outer viewing of BY functions
ds Betwee Join SQL Identifying Mathematical
n Functions functions
Identifying String functions
SQL Top SQL SQL Sorting GROUP Identifying Date functions
SQL Like Inner Union commands BY Identifying Aggregate
Join SQL functions
SQL Select SQL Joins proc
Alias Into
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 Structural Query Language
• SQL is Structured Query Language, which is a computer language for storing,
manipulating and retrieving/querying data stored in relational database
management system.
• SQL, is a standardized computer language that was originally developed by IBM
for querying, altering and defining relational databases, using declarative
statements.
• All relational database management systems like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle,
Sybase, Informix, postgres and SQL Server use SQL as standard database
language.
• SQL is pronounced /ˌɛs kjuː ˈɛl/ (letter by letter) or /ˈsiːkw l/ (as a word).
Many standards out there:
• ANSI SQL, SQL92 (a.k.a. SQL2), SQL99 (a.k.a. SQL3), ….
• Vendors support various subsets
Also, they are using different dialects, such as:
• MS SQL Server using T-SQL,
• Oracle using PL/SQL,
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• MS Access version of SQL is called JET SQL (native format) etc.
 Why SQL?
• Allows users to access/retrieve data in relational database
management systems.
• Allows users to describe the data.
• Allows users to define the data in database and manipulate that data.
• Allows to embed within other languages using SQL modules, libraries
& pre-compilers.
• Allows users to create and drop databases and tables.
• Allows users to create view, stored procedure, functions in a database.
• Allows users to set permissions on tables, procedures and views
• SQL can execute queries against a database
• SQL can insert records in a database
• SQL can update records in a database
• SQL can delete records from a database
• SQL can create views in a database
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 SQL(Structural Query Language)
SQL Languages
1. Data Definition Language (DDL):
Allows DBA or user to describe and name entitles, attributes and
relationships required for the application.
Language used to define each data element required by the
organization.
Commands for setting up schema or the intension of database
These commands are used to setup a database, create, delete and
alter table with the facility of handling constraints
are used to define the database structure or schema.
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 Examples
• CREATE - Creates a new table, a view of a table, or other
object in database
• ALTER - modifies the structure an existing object in various
ways—for example, adding a column to an existing table.
• DROP - Deletes an entire table, a view of a table or other object
in the database.
• TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all
spaces allocated for the records are removed
• COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
• RENAME
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- rename an object
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 2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Is a core command used by end-users and programmers to store, retrieve, and access the data in the
database e.g. SQL
• The Data Manipulation Language (DML) is the subset of SQL used to add, update and delete
data.
• Since the required data or Query by the user will be extracted using this type of language, it is also
called "Query Language"
• The acronym CRUD refers to all of the major functions that need to be implemented in a relational
database application to consider it complete.
• Each letter in the acronym can be mapped to a standard SQL statement:
Examples
• SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
• INSERT - insert data into a table
• UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
• DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
• LOCK TABLE
Sunday, - control concurrency
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 3.Data control languages
DCL commands are used to control access to data.
1:- GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
• Allows a DBA to define access control and privileges for
users.
• It is a mechanism for implementing security at a
database object level.
2:- REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the
GRANT command
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 9
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 SQL Data Types
In MS SQL there are three main data types :
1. Text data type
2. Number data type
3. Date/Time data type.

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 Text data type:
Data type Description
char(size) Holds a fixed length string (can contain letters,and special
characters). The fixed size is specified in parenthesis. Can
store up to 255 characters
Varchar(size) Holds a variable length string (can contain letters, numbers,
and special characters). The fixed size is specified in
parenthesis. Can store up to 8000 characters
Tintext Holds a string with a maximum length of 255 characters
Text Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 characters
Mediumtext Holds a string with a maximum length of 16,777,215
characters
Longtext
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characters
 Number types:
Data type Description
TINYINT(size) -128 to 127 normal. 0 to 255 UNSIGNED*. The maximum number of digits
may be specified in parenthesis
SMALLINT(size) -32768 to 32767 normal. 0 to 65535 UNSIGNED*. The maximum number
of digits may be specified in parenthesis
MEDIUMINT(size) -8388608 to 8388607 normal. 0 to 16777215 UNSIGNED*. The maximum
number of digits may be specified in parenthesis
INT(size) -2147483648 to 2147483647 normal. 0 to 4294967295 UNSIGNED*. The
maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis

BIGINT(size)
FLOAT(size,d) A small number with a floating decimal point. The maximum number of
digits may be specified in the size parameter. The maximum number of digits
to the right of the decimal point is specified in the d parameter
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DOUBLE(size,d)
 3. Date types:
Data type Description
DATE() A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD
DATETIME() A date and time combination. Format: YYYY-MM-
DD HH:MM:SS
TIME()
YEAR()

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What is RDBMS?
• RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is the
basis for SQL and for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM
DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.
A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management
system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd.
Creating a database
• We can create databases either by using commands or by wizard in ms sql.
• To create databases use the following syntax:
Create database database_name;
Eg. Create database CIT;
• Now the database is created by the name CIT
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 Working on tables
•Tables are the basic structure where data is stored
in the database.
•The table is a collection of related data entries and
it consists of columns and rows.
•The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects
called tables. Many database tools allow you to
create tables without writing SQL, but given that
tables are the container of all the data, it is
important to include the CREATE
TABLE syntax.
•Remember, a table is the most common and
simplest form of data storage in a relational
database.
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 Table name Attribute names

Tables in SQL
Product
PName Price Category Manufacturer

Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon

MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi

Tuples or rows

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 What is field? What is record or row?
• Every table is broken up into smaller entities
called fields. • A record, also called a row of
• A field is a column in a table that is designed to
maintain specific information about every record data, is each individual entry
in the table. that exists in a table. For
• A field is another name for column of the table.
• The fields in the CUSTOMERS table consist of example, there are 7 records
ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS and SALARY.
• For example, a column in the CUSTOMERS table
in the above CUSTOMERS
is ADDRESS, which represents location table. Following is a single
description and would consist of the following:
ADDRESS
row of data or record in the
Ahmedabad CUSTOMERS table:
Delhi
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.0
Kota
Mumbai
Bhopal
MP

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 Tables Explained
• The schema of a table is the table name and
its attributes:
Product(PName, Price, Category, Manfacturer)

• A key is an attribute whose values are unique;

we underline a key

Product(PName, Price, Category, Manfacturer)

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 What is NULL value?
• A NULL value in a table is a value in a field that appears to
be blank, which means a field with a NULL value is a field
with no value.
• It is very important to understand that a NULL value is
different than a zero value or a field that contains spaces. A
field with a NULL value is one that has been left blank
during record creation.

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 SQL Constraints
• Constraints are the rules enforced on data columns on table. These are used to limit the
type of data that can go into a table. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data
in the database.
• Constraints could be column level or table level. Column level constraints are applied
only to one column, whereas table level constraints are applied to the whole table.
 NOT NULL Constraint: Ensures that a column cannot have NULL value.
 DEFAULT Constraint: Provides a default value for a column when none is specified.
 UNIQUE Constraint: Ensures that all values in a column are different.
 PRIMARY Key: Uniquely identified each rows/records in a database table.
 FOREIGN Key: Uniquely identified a rows/records in any another database table.
 CHECK Constraint: The CHECK constraint ensures that all values in a column satisfy
certain conditions.
 INDEX: Use to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly.
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 NOT NULL Constraint:
• By default, a column can hold NULL values. If you do not
want a column to have a NULL value, then you need to
define such constraint on this column specifying that NULL
is now not allowed for that column.
• A NULL is not the same as no data, rather, it represents
unknown data.
• Example:
• For example, the following SQL creates a new table called
CUSTOMERS and adds five columns, three of which, ID and
NAME and AGE, specify not to accept NULLs:
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 CUSTOMERS table example
• CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
• ID INT NOT NULL,
• NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
• AGE INT NOT NULL,
• ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
• SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
• PRIMARY KEY (ID)
• ); If CUSTOMERS table has already been created, then to add a NOT
NULL constraint to SALARY column in Oracle and MySQL, you
would write a statement similar to the following:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
ALTER SALARY FLOAT NOT NULL;

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 DEFAULT Constraint:
• The DEFAULT constraint provides a default value to a
column when the INSERT INTO statement does not
provide a specific value.
• Example:
• For example, the following SQL creates a new table
called CUSTOMERS and adds five columns. Here,
SALARY column is set to 5000.00 by default, so in
case INSERT INTO statement does not provide a
value for this column. then by default this column
would be set to 5000.00.
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Default constraint -example
• CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
• ID INT NOT NULL, If CUSTOMERS table has already been
• NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, created, then to add a DFAULT constraint to
SALARY column, you would write a statement
• AGE INT NOT NULL, similar to the following using alter statement:
• ADDRESS CHAR (25) , ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
MODIFY SALARY float DEFAULT
• SALARY float DEFAULT 5000.00, 5000.00;
• PRIMARY KEY (ID)
• );
Drop Default Constraint:
To drop a DEFAULT constraint, use the following SQL:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
ALTER COLUMN SALARY DROP DEFAULT;

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UNIQUE Constraint:

• The UNIQUE Constraint prevents two records from having

identical values in a particular column. In the
CUSTOMERS table, for example, you might want to
prevent two or more people from having identical age.
• For example, the following SQL creates a new table called
CUSTOMERS and adds five columns. Here, AGE column
is set to UNIQUE, so that you can not have two records
with same age:
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Unique constraint
If CUSTOMERS table has already been created,
example then to add a UNIQUE constraint to AGE
column, you would write a statement similar to
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( the following:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
ID INT NOT NULL, ALTER AGE INT NOT NULL UNIQUE;
NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, You can also use following syntax, which
supports naming the constraint in multiple
AGE INT NOT NULL UNIQUE, columns as well:
ADDRESS CHAR (25), ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
ADD CONSTRAINT myUniqueConstraint
SALARY float, UNIQUE(AGE, SALARY);
PRIMARY KEY (ID) DROP a UNIQUE Constraint:
); To drop a UNIQUE constraint, use the following
SQL:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
DROP CONSTRAINT myUniqueConstraint;
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 PRIMARY Key:
• A primary key is a field in a table which uniquely identifies each
row/record in a database table.
• Primary keys must contain unique values.
• A primary key column cannot have NULL values.
• A table can have only one primary key, which may consist of
single or multiple fields. When multiple fields are used as a
primary key, they are called a composite key.
• If a table has a primary key defined on any field(s), then you can
not have two records having the same value of that field(s).
• Note: You would use these concepts while creating database
tables.
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 Create Primary Key: To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the "ID" column when
CUSTOMERS table already exists, use the following SQL syntax:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);
Here is the syntax to define ID NOTE: If you use the ALTER TABLE statement to add a primary
attribute as a primary key in a key, the primary key column(s) must already have been declared
to not contain NULL values (when the table was first created).
CUSTOMERS table. For defining a PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( columns, use the following SQL syntax:
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) , ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY float, SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID) PRIMARY KEY (ID, NAME)
);
);
To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the "ID" and
Delete Primary Key: "NAMES" columns when CUSTOMERS table already
You can clear the primary key constraints from the exists, use the following SQL syntax:
table, Use Syntax: ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS DROP PRIMARY KEY; ADD CONSTRAINT PK_CUSTID PRIMARY KEY (ID,
NAME);
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 FOREIGN Key:
• A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together. This is
sometimes called a referencing key.
• Foreign Key is a column or a combination of columns whose
values match a Primary Key in a different table.
• The relationship between 2 tables matches the Primary
Key in one of the tables with a Foreign Key in the second
table.
• If a table has a primary key defined on any field(s), then you
can not have two records having the same value of that
field(s).
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 Example: ORDERS table:
Consider the structure of the CREATE TABLE ORDERS (
two tables as follows: ID INT NOT NULL,
DATE DATETIME,
CUSTOMERS table: CUSTOMER_ID INT foreign key(ID)
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( references CUSTOMERS(ID),
AMOUNT double,
ID INT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (ID));
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT
NULL, If ORDERS table has already been created, and the foreign key has not yet
AGE INT NOT NULL, been set, use the syntax for specifying a foreign key by altering a table.
ALTER TABLE ORDERS
ADDRESS CHAR(25), ADD FOREIGN KEY (Customer_ID) REFERENCES CUSTOMERS (ID);
SALARY float, DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint:
PRIMARY KEY (ID) To drop a FOREIGN KEY constraint, use the following
SQL:
); ALTER TABLE ORDERS
DROP FOREIGN KEY;

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 CHECK Constraint: If CUSTOMERS table has already
The CHECK Constraint enables a condition to been created, then to add a CHECK
check the value being entered into a record. If the constraint to AGE column, you would
condition evaluates to false, the record violates the write a statement similar to the
constraint and isn’t entered into the table.
following:
For example, the following SQL creates a new ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
table called CUSTOMERS and adds five columns. ALTER AGE INT NOT NULL CHECK (AGE
Here, we add a CHECK with AGE column, so that >= 18 );
you can not have any CUSTOMER below 18 You can also use following syntax, which
years: supports naming the constraint in multiple
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS( columns as well:
ID INT NOT NULL, ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL, ADD CONSTRAINT myCheckConstraint
AGE INT NOT NULL CHECK (AGE >= 18), CHECK(AGE >= 18);
ADDRESS CHAR (25) , DROP a CHECK Constraint:
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2), To drop a CHECK constraint, use the following
PRIMARY KEY (ID) SQL. This syntax does not work with MySQL:
); ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
DROP CONSTRAINT myCheckConstraint;
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 Best practice:
• When creating tables you should consider following guidelines:
• Tables: Use upper case and singular form in table names – not plural, e.g.,
“STUDENT” (not students)
• Columns: Use Pascal notation, e.g., “StudentId”
Primary Key:
• If the table name is “COURSE”, name the Primary Key column “CourseId”,
etc.
• “Always” use Integer and Identity(1,1) for Primary Keys. Use UNIQUE
• constraint for other columns that needs to be unique, e.g. RoomNumber
• Specify Required Columns (NOT NULL) – i.e., which columns that need to
have data or not
• Standardize on few/these Data Types: int, float, varchar(x), datetime, bit
• Use English for table and column names
• Avoid abbreviations! (Use RoomNumber – not RoomNo, RoomNr, ...)
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 Data Integrity
The following categories of the data integrity exist with each
RDBMS:
• Entity Integrity : There are no duplicate rows in a table.
• Domain Integrity : Enforces valid entries for a given column
by restricting the type, the format, or the range of values.
• Referential Integrity : Rows cannot be deleted which are
used by other records.
• User-Defined Integrity : Enforces some specific business
rules that do not fall into entity, domain, or referential
integrity.
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Advanced SQL
• SQL TOP Clause
• The TOP clause is used to specify
the number of records to return. Syntax
SELECT TOP number|percent
• The TOP clause can be very column_name(s)
useful on large tables with FROM table_name
thousands of records. Returning a
SELECT *
large number of records can
impact on performance. FROM Persons
• Note: Not all database systems
support the TOP clause/ LIMIT 5
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 SQL TOP Example
The "Persons" table: Now we want to select only 50% of the
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City records in the table above.
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes We use the following SELECT
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes statement:
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM
4 Nilsen Tom Vingvn 23 Stavanger Persons
Now we want to select only the two first The result-set will look like this:
records in the table above.
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Persons 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
The result-set will look like this: 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

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 SQL LIKE Operator
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a
column.
• The SQL LIKE clause is used to compare a value to similar values using
wildcard operators.
• The LIKE operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column.
• There are two wildcards used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:
– The percent sign (%)
– The underscore (_)
• The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple characters. The
underscore represents a single number or character. The symbols can be
used in combinations.

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 Syntax:
• The basic syntax of % and _ is as follows:
SELECT column_name(s FROM table_name General Syntax
WHERE column_name LIKE 'XXXX%' SELECT column_name(s)
• or
SELECT column_name(s FROM table_name FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE '%XXXX%' WHERE column_name LIKE
• or
SELECT column_name(s FROM table_name
pattern
WHERE column_name LIKE 'XXXX_'
• or
SELECT column_name(s FROM table_name You can combine N number of conditions
WHERE column_name LIKE '_XXXX' using AND or OR operators. Here,
• or XXXX could be any numeric or string
SELECT column_name(s FROM table_name value. SQL LIKE Syntax
WHERE column_name LIKE '_XXXX_'
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 Example:
Here are number of examples showing WHERE part having different LIKE clause with '%'
and '_‘
operators: Statement Description
WHERE SALARY LIKE '200%' Finds any values that start with 200
WHERE SALARY LIKE '%200%' Finds any values that have 200 in
any position
WHERE SALARY LIKE '_00%' Finds any values that have 00 in the
second and third positions
WHERE SALARY LIKE '2_%_%' Finds any values that start with 2 and
are at least 3 characters in length
WHERE SALARY LIKE '%2' Finds any values that end with 2
WHERE SALARY LIKE '_2%3' Finds any values that have a 2 in the
second position and end with a 3
WHERE SALARY LIKE '2___3' Finds any values in a five-digit
number that start with 2 and end with 3
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SQL Like Example To select the persons living in a city that does NOT contain the pattern "tav"
from the "Persons" table, by using the NOT keyword.
SELECT * FROM Persons
The "Persons" table: WHERE City NOT LIKE '%tav%'
The result-set will look like this:
ጰ LastName FirstName Address City
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger To select the persons living in a city that ends with an
"s" from the "Persons" table.
To select the persons living in a city that SELECT * FROM Persons
starts with "s" from the table above. WHERE City LIKE '%s'
The result-set will look like this:
SELECT * FROM Persons P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
WHERE City LIKE 's%' 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
The result-set will look like this:
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City To select the persons living in a city that contains the pattern
"tav" from the "Persons" table.
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes SELECT * FROM Persons
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes WHERE City LIKE '%tav%'
The result-set will look like this:
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
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SQL Sub Queries
• A Subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query within another
SQL query and embedded within the WHERE clause.
• A subquery is used to return data that will be used in the main query
as a condition to further restrict the data to be retrieved.
• Subqueries can be used with the SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements along with the operators like =, <, >, >=, <=, IN, BETWEEN
etc.

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There are a few rules that subqueries must
follows:
• Subqueries must be enclosed within parentheses.
• A subquery can have only one column in the SELECT clause, unless multiple
columns are in the main query for the subquery to compare its selected columns.
• An ORDER BY cannot be used in a subquery, although the main query can use an
ORDER BY. The GROUP BY can be used to perform the same function as the
ORDER BY in a subquery.
• Subqueries that return more than one row can only be used with multiple value
operators, such as the IN operator.
• The SELECT list cannot include any references to values that evaluate to a BLOB,
ARRAY, CLOB, or NCLOB.
• A subquery cannot be immediately enclosed in a set function.
• The BETWEEN operator cannot be used with a subquery; however, the BETWEEN
operator can be used within the subquery.
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Subqueries with the SELECT Statement:
• Subqueries are most frequently used with the SELECT statement. The
basic syntax is as follows:
SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
WHERE column_name OPERATOR
(SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE])

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Example:
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT
ID FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 4500) ;
1 Ramesh 35 Ahmedabad 2000.00
2 Khilan 25 Delshi 1500.00 output
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00 ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
4 Chaitai 25 Mumbai 6500
4 Chaitai 25 Mumbai 6500.00 5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00 7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000

6 Komal 22 MP 4500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

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Subqueries with the INSERT Statement:
• Subqueries also can be used with INSERT statements. The INSERT
statement uses the data returned from the subquery to insert into
another table. The selected data in the subquery can be modified
with any of the character, date or number functions.
• The basic syntax is as follows:
INSERT INTO table_name [ (column1 [, column2 ]) ]
SELECT [ *|column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[ WHERE VALUE OPERATOR ]

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Example:
• Consider a table CUSTOMERS_BKP with similar structure as
CUSTOMERS table. Now to copy complete CUSTOMERS table
into CUSTOMERS_BKP, following is the syntax:
• SQL> INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS_BKP
SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID
FROM CUSTOMERS) ;

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Subqueries with the UPDATE Statement:
• The subquery can be used in conjunction with the UPDATE
statement. Either single or multiple columns in a table can be
updated when using a subquery with the UPDATE statement.
• The basic syntax is as follows:
UPDATE table
SET column_name = new_value
[ WHERE OPERATOR [ VALUE ]
(SELECT COLUMN_NAME
FROM TABLE_NAME)
[ WHERE) ]
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Example:
• Following example updates SALARY by This would impact two rows and finally
0.25 times in CUSTOMERS table for all CUSTOMERS table would have the following
records:
the customers whose AGE is greater
than or equal to 27:
OUTPUT
SQL> UPDATE CUSTOMERS
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
SET SALARY = SALARY * 0.25 1 Ramesh 35 Ahmedabad 1.953125
2 Khilan 25 Delshi 1500
WHERE AGE IN (SELECT AGE 3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000
FROM CUSTOMERS 4 Chaitai 25 Mumbai 6500
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 132.8125
WHERE AGE >= 27 ); 6 Komal 22 MP 4500
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000

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Subqueries with the DELETE Statement:
• The subquery can be used in conjunction with the DELETE
statement like with any other statements mentioned above.
• The basic syntax is as follows:
DELETE FROM TABLE_NAME
[ WHERE OPERATOR [ VALUE ]
(SELECT COLUMN_NAME
FROM TABLE_NAME)
[ WHERE) ]

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 Example:
• Assuming, we have CUSTOMERS_BKP
table available which is backup of
CUSTOMERS table.
• Following example deletes records from
CUSTOMERS table for all the customers
whose AGE is greater than or equal to 27: ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
2 Khilan 25 Delshi 1500
• SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS 3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000
WHERE AGE IN (SELECT AGE FROM 4 Chaitai 25 Mumbai 6500
6 Komal 22 MP 4500
CUSTOMERS_BKP 7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000
WHERE AGE > 27 );
• This would impact two rows and finally
CUSTOMERS table would have the
following records:

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 SQL JOIN
• Selects data from two or more tables tied
together by matching table columns.
•Used whenever we have to select data from 2
or more tables.
•SQL JOIN syntax:
• SELECT [COLUMN 1], [COLUMN 2]
FROM [TABLE 1] , [TABLE 2]
WHERE [TABLE 1].[COLUMN NAME 1] JOIN
OPERATOR [TABLE 2].[COLUMN NAME 2]

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 Contd…
• Example: to display who has ordered a product and what did they ordered
from Employees and Orders tables, using emp_id as a joining coulumn.
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.product
FROM Employees INNER JOIN Orders
ON Employees.emp_id=Orders.emp_id

• 2 SQL CROSS JOIN

• will return all records where each row from the first table is combined with
each row from the second table.
• Which also mean CROSS JOIN returns the Cartesian product of the sets
of rows from the joined tables.

• SQL CROSS JOIN syntax:

SELECT * FROM [TABLE 1] CROSS JOIN [TABLE 2]

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SQL INNER JOIN

• For two tables that want to join together need

to have some data in common, like unique id
• SQL INNER JOIN syntax:

SELECT *FROM [TABLE 1] INNER JOIN

[TABLE 2]
ON [TABLE 1].[COLUMN NAME 1] = [TABLE
2].[COLUMN NAME 2]

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 Contd…
4 SQL LEFT JOIN
•will return all records those
satisfy the join condition, while it
keeps attribute of the first (left
hand side) table.
•SQL LEFT JOIN syntax:
SELECT field1, field2, field3,..
FROM [TABLE 1] LEFT JOIN [TABLE
2]
ON TABLE1.keyfield=TABLE2.keyfield
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 Contd…
• 3 SQL RIGHT JOIN
• will return all records those satisfy the
join condition, while it keeps attribute
of the second (right hand side) table.

• SQL RIGHT JOIN syntax:

SELECT field1, field2, field3,..
FROM [TABLE 1] RIGHT JOIN [TABLE 2]
ON TABLE1.keyfield=TABLE2.keyfield

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 Cross Join

SELECT Name,Gender,Salary,DepartmentName
FROM tblEmployee
CROSS JOIN tblDepartment
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This type of join is based on one table. It joins the table with itself.

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 Summary of SQL JOINS

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 Summary of SQL JOINS
INNER JOIN OR JOIN LEFT OUTER JOIN OR LEFT JOIN
Marching rows-non matching rows eliminated Marching rows + non matching rows from left table

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Advanced or intelligent joins
• Advanced or intelligent joins in QL Server
• Retrieve only the non matching rows from the left
table
• Retrieve only the non matching rows from the
right table
• Retrieve only the non matching rows from both
the left and right table
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 SELECT [COLUMN_LIST]
FROM tblEmployee E
LEFT JOIN tblDepartment D
ON E.DeptID=D.Id
WHERE D.Id IS NULL
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 SELECT [COLUMN_LIST]
FROM tblEmployee E
RIGHT JOIN tblDepartment D
ON E.DeptID=D.Id
WHERE E.Id IS NULL
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 SELECT [COLUMN_LIST]
FROM tblEmployee E
RIGHT JOIN tblDepartment D
ON E.DeptID=D.Id
WHERE E.Id IS NULL
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Stored Procedures

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 Stored procedures
• Stored procedure is a group of T-SQL(Transaction SQL)
statements. If you have a situation, where you write the
same query over and over again, you an save that specific
query as a stored procedure and call it just by its name.

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Stored Procedures

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Stored Procedures with parameter cont…

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Stored Procedure with parameter example
To create the stored procedure
write from the second line of
SQL statement and execute
execute it. Then that will create
the stored procedure .
To execute the created stored
procedure select and execute
the first line of SQL statement.

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To Encrypt the text of the SP

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A transaction is the propagation of one or more changes to the
database. For example, if you are creating a record or updating a
record or deleting a record from the table, then you are performing
transaction on the table. It is important to control transactions to
ensure data integrity and to handle
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database errors.
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Transactions cont…

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 Transaction continued..

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Transaction Control
There are following commands used to control transactions:
• COMMIT: to save the changes.
• ROLLBACK: to rollback the changes.
• SAVEPOINT: creates points within groups of transactions in which to
ROLLBACK
• SET TRANSACTION: Places a name on a transaction.

Transactional control commands are only used with the DML

commands INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE only.
They can not be used while creating tables or dropping them because
these operations are automatically committed in the database.

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The COMMIT Command:
• The COMMIT command is the transactional command used to save
changes invoked by a transaction to the database.
• The COMMIT command saves all transactions to the database since
the last COMMIT or ROLLBACK command.
• The syntax for COMMIT command is as follows:
COMMIT;

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 Commit example
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY As a result, two rows from the table would be deleted
1 Ramesh 35 Ahmedabad 2000.0. and SELECT statement would produce the following
result:
2 Khilan 25 Delshi 1500
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000 ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
4 Chaitai 25 Mumbai 6500
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500 1 Ramesh 35 Ahmedabad 2000
6 Komal 22 MP 4500
7 Muffy 24 Indore 3 10000 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000
Following is the example, which would 5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500
delete records from the table having 6 Komal 22 MP 4500
age = 25 and then COMMIT the 7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000
changes in the database.
SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE AGE = 25;
SQL> COMMIT;
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The ROLLBACK Command
• The ROLLBACK command is the transactional command used to undo
transactions that have not already been saved to the database.
• The ROLLBACK command can only be used to undo transactions since the
last COMMIT or ROLLBACK command was issued.
• The syntax for ROLLBACK command is as follows:
ROLLBACK;
• Following is the example, which would delete records from the table
having age = 25 and then ROLLBACK the changes in the database.
• SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
• WHERE AGE = 25; 1 Ramesh 35 Ahmedabad 2000.0.
2 Khilan 25 Delshi 1500
• SQL> ROLLBACK; 3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000
4 Chaitai 25 Mumbai 6500
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500
6 Komal 22 MP 4500
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000
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The SAVEPOINT Command
• A SAVEPOINT is a point in a transaction when you can roll the
transaction back to a certain point without rolling back the entire
transaction.
• The syntax for SAVEPOINT command is as follows:
SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;
• This command serves only in the creation of a SAVEPOINT among
transactional statements. The ROLLBACK command is used to undo a
group of transactions.
• The syntax for rolling back to a SAVEPOINT is as follows:
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT_NAME;

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The SAVEPOINT Command
• A SAVEPOINT is a point in a transaction when you can roll the transaction back
to a certain point without rolling back the entire transaction.
• The syntax for SAVEPOINT command is as follows:
SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;
• This command serves only in the creation of a SAVEPOINT among
transactional statements. The ROLLBACK command is used to undo a group of
transactions.
• The syntax for rolling back to a SAVEPOINT is as follows:
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT_NAME;
• Following is an example where you plan to delete the three different records
from the CUSTOMERS table. You want to create a SAVEPOINT before each
delete, so that you can ROLLBACK to any SAVEPOINT at any time to return the
appropriate data to its original state:
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 Now that the three deletions have taken
Cont… place, say you have changed your mind
• here is the series of operations: and decided to ROLLBACK to the
• SQL> SAVEPOINT SP1; SAVEPOINT that you identified as SP2.
• Savepoint created.
• SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS Because SP2 was created after the first
WHERE ID=1; deletion, the last two deletions are undone:
• 1 row deleted. SQL> ROLLBACK TO SP2;
• SQL> SAVEPOINT SP2; Rollback complete.
• Savepoint created. ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
• SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS 2 Khilan 25 Delshi 1500
WHERE ID=2;
• 1 row deleted. 3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000
• SQL> SAVEPOINT SP3; 4 Chaitai 25 Mumbai 6500
• Savepoint created. 5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500
• SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID=3; 6 Komal 22 MP 4500
• 1 row deleted. 7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000
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 The RELEASE SAVEPOINT Command
• The RELEASE SAVEPOINT command is used to remove a SAVEPOINT that you have
created.
• The syntax for RELEASE SAVEPOINT is as follows:
RELEASE SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;
• Once a SAVEPOINT has been released, you can no longer use the ROLLBACK
command to undo transactions performed since the SAVEPOINT.
• The SET TRANSACTION Command:
• The SET TRANSACTION command can be used to initiate a database transaction.
This command is used to specify characteristics for the transaction that follows.
• For example, you can specify a transaction to be read only or read write.
• The syntax for SET TRANSACTION is as follows:
SET TRANSACTION [ READ WRITE | READ ONLY ];
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 SQL SERVER DEADLOCK

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Syntax for creating a Trigger

• CREATE TRIGGER <TriggerName> on <TableName>

• FOR INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
• AS
• … Create your Code here
• GO

• The Trigger will automatically be executed when data is inserted,

updated or deleted in the table as specified in the Trigger header.

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INSERTED and DELETED
• Inside triggers we can use two special tables: the DELETED table and the INSERTED
tables.
• SQL Server automatically creates and manages these tables. You can use these
temporary, memory-resident tables to test the effects of certain data modifications.
• You cannot modify the data in these tables.
• The DELETED table stores copies of the affected rows during DELETE and UPDATE
statements.
• During the execution of a DELETE or UPDATE statement, rows are deleted from the
trigger table and transferred to the DELETED table.
• The INSERTED table stores copies of the affected rows during INSERT and UPDATE
statements.
• During an insert or update transaction, new rows are added to both the INSERTED table
and the trigger table.
• The rows in the INSERTED table are copies of the new rows in the trigger table.

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Example
• We will create a TRIGGER that will check if the Phone number is valid
when we insert or update data in the CUSTOMER table.
• The validation check will be very simple, i.e., we will check if the
Phone number is less than 8 digits (which is normal length in
Norway).
• If the Phone number is less than 8 digits, the following message
“Phone Number is not valid” be written in place of the wrong number
in the Phone column.

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 Create trigger example
•IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE name = 'CheckPhoneNumber‘ AND type = 'TR')
•DROP TRIGGER CheckPhoneNumber
•GO
•CREATE TRIGGER CheckPhoneNumber ON CUSTOMER
•FOR UPDATE, INSERT
•AS
•DECLARE
•@CustomerId int,
•@Phone varchar(50),
•@Message varchar(50)
•set nocount on
•select @CustomerId = CustomerId from INSERTED
•select @Phone = Phone from INSERTED
•set @Message = 'Phone Number ' + @Phone + ' is not valid‘
•if len(@Phone) < 8 --Check if Phone Number have less than 8 digits
• update CUSTOMER set Phone = @Message where CustomerId = @CustomerId
• set nocount off
• GO
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• Read more about trigger

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How SQL Server Communicat with other
Applications
• A Database is a structured way to store lots of information. The
information is stored in different tables. “Everything” today is stored
in databases.
Examples:
• Bank/Account systems
• Information in Web pages such as Facebook, Wikipedia, YouTubelots
of other systems.
• This means we need to be able to communicate with the database
from other applications and programming languages in order to
insert, update or retrieve data from the database.

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 ODBC
• ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is
a standardized interface (API) for
accessing the database from a client.
• You can use this standard to
communicate with databases from
different vendors, such as Oracle, SQL
Server, etc.
• The designers of ODBC aimed to make
it independent of programming
languages, database systems, and
operating systems.
• We will use the ODBC Data Source
Administrator:
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 Connect SQL Server with Visual Studio
• We can connect Microsoft Visual Studio with SQL Server for
database use.
• Visual studio uses SQL Server to store the database that is used
by window forms.

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 ❹ ❺
❻ ❼

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 Microsoft Excel
• Microsoft Excel has the ability to retrieve data from different data sources, including
different database systems. It is very simple to retrieve data from SQL Server into Excel
since Excel and SQL Server has the same vendor (Microsoft).

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•END!!!!
•THANK
YOUUUUUUUUUUUU

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