Kuchengeta Mombe Dzenyama

neVarimi veNzvimbo Diki

muZimbabwe

OLOGY
CH N DE
TE
Y
V
IT

EL
MMUN

OPMENT
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Science with a human face

For a world without hunger
ZIMBABWE
Kukodza Mombe Dzenyama
neVarimi veNzvimbo Diki
muZimbabwe

First Edition

Kuwedzera ruzivo rwekukodza mombe dzenyama

 @WE EFFECT, 2015

We Effect inokurudzira kushandiswa kweruzivo urwu uye kuzivisa vamwe. Havakurudziri vanhu vanokopa,
vano(downloaded) uye kuprinta kuti vagoita zvino zvavo pachihwande, kudzidzisa nekutsvaga ruzivo kana kuti
bhuku iri rigowanikwa richishandiswa zvisiri pamutemo. Vanokurudzira kuti ani nani anoda kushandisa nhuku
iri atange ataura navo achivazivisa zvaanege achida kuita naro.

ISBN No. 987-0-7974-6845-0

Nzwisisa kuti:
Zvakanyorwa mubhuku rino ipfungwa dzevanyori kwete mifungo nemitemo ye UKAid kana We Effect.

@We Effect Regional Office For Southern Africa 2015

Munyori: Yobe Mtonga,Maxwell Mwale and Martin Sekeleti

Mupepeti: Marjorie Chola Chonya, Martin Sekeleti and Mwimba Mulenga
Mugadziri: Marjorie Chola Chonya
Vakatsikisa: ORT Printing Services
 RUTENDO
Gwaro iri riri pamusoro pekuchengetwa kwemombe dzenyama muZimbabwe
rakagadzirwa neveWe Effect sechidimbu chechirongwa chekusimudzira
zvirimwa uye zvipfuyo zvichiitwa pasi pebazi reLivelihoods and Foods Security
Programme iro rinowana rutsigiro rwemari kubva kuUKAid. Chinyorwa ichi
chinobata zvese zvinechekuita nekurima mombe dzenyama uye rinobata
machengeterwo emombe dzenyama uye matengeserwo adzo. Varimi
vanoshandisa chinyorwa ichi mukudzidza kwavo seboka remushandirapamwe
vari mumapoka evakuru nevechidiki evanhu vanomwe kana gumi nevashanu.
Chinyorwa ichi chakaubwa nepfungwa netsvakurudzo dzevanhu vanotora
rupande mukudzidza umu maringe nezvavanoda paupenyu. Vanhu vanotora
rupandi mukudzidza mumapoka vanoda kudzidza nzira dzavangashandisa
kupedza matambudziko anovawira paupenyu hwavo.

Bazi reLivelihoods Food Security Programme (LFSP) rinoshanda

nebazi reUK Department for International Development (DFID) munyika
yeZimbabwe. Chirongwa ichi chinotarirwa neve Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO) riri pasi pebazi remubatanidzwa wenyika reUnited
Nations.Chinangwa charo ndechekuderedza urombo kuburikidza nekuwanisa
mari, zvekudya zvakakwana zvine utano mumatunhu (districts) anosvika
masere mumaguta (provinces) matatu muZimbabwe. Guta rimwe nerimwe
rinotora mubatanidzwa wemaguta maviri kana matatu anova anobatsira
kufambiswa kweurongwa hwemishandirapamwe iyi.

EXTRA Consortium:
Bazi reExternsion Training for Rural Agriculture (EXTRA) riri kiushanda
nebazi re LFSP mumatunhu matatu kumaguta matatu eMidlands Province
mubatanidzwa webazi mashanu 5 NGOs anoti (WE EFFECT, Welthungerhilfe,
Heifer International, ICRISAT, and CTDO). Chinangwa chebazi reEXTRA
kusimudzira zvekudya zvine utano kuburikidza nenzira dziri nani
dzekurima. Izvi zvinogoneka kuburikidza nekupa varimi rutsigiro rwekuvapa
mukana kuti vawaniswe ruzivo uye unyanzvi hwekurima. Gwaro iri riripo
kuwedzera varimi kuita mapoka kuti vakwanise kusvikira nzira dzekurima
nadzo, ruzivo rwemamiriro epamisika vachitora rupande / ruzivo kubva
munyaya dzese idzi mugwaro iri.

Munyori anopa kutenda, kukuru kubazi reUKAid iro rakapa rutsigiro rwemari
kuti chinyorwa ichi chitsikiswe nekupepetwa.

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 MASHANDISIRWO ECHINYORWA CHINO
Chinyorwa ichi chakagadzirwa kubatsira varimi vanoda kupinda mumapoka anodzidza
zvekusimudzira nyaya dzekurima nyama dzemombe. Bhuku rino rinogona kuverengwa
nevanhu vari boka kana kuverengwa nemunhu ari ega zvichienderana nechinangwa
kana chido chake chaanenge achida kuzadzikisa. Munhu kana achiverenga bhuku iri
anoriverenga kuti awane ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pemastudy circle group asati
apinda muboka iri. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti vose vanoda kupinda muboka iri havafaniri
kutanga vambotanga vaumba mapoka vasati vadzidziswa sezvo vachizokwanisa
kukanganisa kuenderera mberi kwemapokaaya. Mapoka ose anoubwa kana anoitwa
vanhu vasati vawana zvidzididzo zvakakwana anoita dambudziko rekukurumidza
kuparara munguva pfupi. Kuti muwane zvakakwana kubva muchinyorwa ichi, vanhu
vanokurudzirwa kukurukura mumapoka izvo zvinopa mukana wekunzwa pfungwa
dzakasiyana siyana kubva kunhengo dzinenge dzichitora rupandi.

Mapoka (study circle) ose anoitwa anofanira kuitwa pasina kumanikidza uye
zvichienderana nechido uye kuda kudzidza kwemunhu. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti
kusarudzwa muboka rekutanga hazvipi munhu chivimbo uye simba rekuti ava nhengo
izere ichasarudzwa zvekare muboka rinodzidza zvemushandirapamwe.

Zvakakosha kuti boka rimwe nerimwe riubwe nevanhu vanosvika vashanu kana gumi
nevashanu. Boka rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kusarudza mutungamiri waro zvakare
mutungamiri uyu haasi mudzidzisi asi anoshanda semutungamiri kubatsira
muzvidzidzo zvinenge zvichiitwa. Haafaniri kuva anoratidza kuva neruzivo
rwakanyanya kudzama sezvo ruzivo runenge ruripo rwakanyorwa pagwaronyana
(booklet). Nerumwe rutivi zvakanakawo kuti mutungamiri akurudzire nhengo dzinotora
rupandi mumapoka aya. Nhengo dzeboka iri dzinofanira kutendererana
padzingasangana uye nguva nenzvimbo dzekusanganira. Pfungwa huru iripo yakakosha
ndeyekuti gwaro iri rinofanira kuverengwa richitevedzwa manyorerwo arakaitwa uye
vadzidzi vanofanira kuenda pane chimwe chidzidzo kana vachinge vabata nekunzwisisa
zvidzidzo zvekutanga.

Bhuku iri rakaiswa muzvikamu. Chikamu chega chega chine mibvunzo inofanira
kupindurwa kuita kubatsira kunzwisisa kwenhengo zvinenge zvadzidzwa.Nhengo
imwe neimwe inotora rupandi inofanira kuva nechinyoreso uye pekunyorera kuitira
kunyora dzimwe pfungwa dzinenge dzichiburitswa nekupiwa. Izvi zvinobatsira
pakuzovhura mukana wekubvunza.

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 ZVIRI MUBHUKU
CHIKAMU 1 Nhanganyaya Yenzira Yekudzidza Seboka 1

CHIKAMU 2 Mhando dzeMombe dzeNyama

Dzinochengetwa muZimbabwe 6
CHIKAMU 3 Kuchengeta neKusimudzira Mhando
dzeMombe dzeNyama 12
CHIKAMU 4 Kuchengeta neHutariri Mukurera Mhuru 18

CHIKAMU 5 Tingachengete Sei Zvipfuyo Zvedu 23

CHIKAMU 6 Kuchengetwa Kwakanaka kweMatsiru 34

CHIKAMU 7 Kupa Mombe dzeNyama Chikafu 40

CHIKAMU 8 Chikafu Chinoshandiswa Kupiwa Mombe
dzeNyama 46
CHIKAMU 9 Kuchengeta Mafuro eMombe muNzvimbo
Dzinorimwa neDzisingarimwi 53
CHIKAMU 10 Utano hweMombe 62

CHIKAMU 11 Zvirwere Zvakajairika Zvinobata Mombe

muZimbabwe 65
CHIKAMU 12 Zvirwerwe Zvinounzwa neZvikwekwe 75

CHIKAMU 13 Zvirwere Zvinonyanyokonzerwa neZvikwekwe

muZimbabwe 80
CHIKAMU 14 Tumbuyu Tunobata Zvipfuyo (Parasites) 85

CHIKAMU 15 Maronda muMombe 90

REFERENCES 93

v
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CHIKAMU 1

CHIKAMU 1
Nhanganyaya Yenzira Yekudzidza Seboka
Donzvo rechidzidzo

● Chii chinonzi boka revadzidzi (study circle).

● Vakuru vanodzidzirei uye sei.
● Kushandiswa kweongororo nezvinyorwa zvekudzidza seboka
munyaya dzekupfuya mombe dzenyama muzimbabwe.
● Zvakakoshera kusarudza mutungamiri weboka iri .
● Rupandi rungatorwa nevatungamiri veboka iri uye zvavangaita
kana vachitora rupandi munyaya iyi.

Hurukuro
● Kupfuya mombe dzenyama kuri kuitwa here munharaunda mako,
kana zviri kuitwa ndivanaani vari kuzviita?
● Zvii zvakakoshera kupfuya mombe dzenyama?
● Nyama inoshandiswa chii?

1.1 Chii chinonzi kudzidza seboka (Study Circle)?

Mushandirapamwe/ boka revadzidzi (study circle) iboka revanhu vane donzvo rimwe chete
rekudzidza pamwechete vachikowerana uye kupana mazano nepfungwa dzinobatsira
pakusimudzira upenyu hwavo munharaunda mavanogara.Vanoungana kupana pfungwa
nemazano kuti vadzidze zvitsva uye kurodzana pfungwa kuti vave neunyanzvi
pakurima.Boka iri rinosangana nguva dzose uye vanhu vanoita izvi nekuda kwekusundwa
nechido chavo pasina kumanikidzwa. Bokairi rinoita misangano yakawanda vachidzidza
zvavangada uye nekupanana mazano.

Zvinotarisirwa muboka rekudzidza ndezvinotevera:

● Chido chevanhu chekudzidza uye chishuwo chekuda kudzidza zvakawanda
zvinobatsira kusimudzira upenyu hwavo.
● Gutsaruzhinji rine chiremerera kumunhu wese.
● Kufambiswa kwemashoko zvakanaka nekuti vanhu vanotora rupandi mukudzidza
uku vanenge vakagara vakaita dendenderedzwa vakatarisana chiso nechiso.
● Hurukuro dzinoitwa vanhu vachichesana nekuongorora zvakadzama zvinenge
zvichibva kune mumwe nemumwe kuburikidza nezvaakaasangana nazvo paupenyu.
● Magwaro anopa ruzivo rwakadzama rune zvarunobatsira kumumwe nemumwe
anenge ari muboka.
● Kusanganiswa kwenhengo dzese mukuronga pamwe nekuzofambisa basa muboka
rekudzidza iri.

1
CHIKAMU 1

Bishi/Zvokuita
a) Bvunza mumwe nemumwe kuti sei akada kuva nhengo yeboka iri? Ipa
mukana wekuti mumwe nemumwe ape pfungwa dzake
b) Zvakare kurukurai kuti mumwe nemumwe ari muboka iri achabudirira sei
pane zvaanotarisa pakudzidza uku

Mufananidzo unotevera unoratidza boka rakaita denderedzwa magariro anoita vanhu

vachidzidza seboka

1.2 Vakuru vangadzidza sei?

● Vakuru vakasiyana nevadiki pakuti vanoda kudzidza vane chinangwa chekuti vari
kudzidzirei uye donzvo ravo pakudzidza nderei. Muenzaniso ndewekuti pamwe
vanenge vachida kudzidza nzira itsva dzekuti vangasimudzira goho ravo sei
kuburikidza nenzira itsva dzeunyanzvi hwemichina mitsva zvinoita kuti zvekudya
zvivepo. Pane dzimwe nguva vanogona kusangana mukati meboka rekudzidza iri kuti
vaite hurukuro dzemadambudziko avanosangananawo uye kuti angapedzwa sei
munhararunda dzakasiyana siyana dzavanogara.

Pfungwa Huru: Vakuru vanofarira kudzidza zvidzidzo zvine chekuita navo uye zvinobata
chikamu cheupenyu hwavanorarama

Mukudzidza uku vakuru:

● Vanotarisira kuremekedzwa uye kugashirwa sezvavari uye nezvavanoziva.

2
 CHIKAMU 1
● Vanodawo kudzidza zvinoenderana nekubata kwavo, panguva dzakafanira uye
nzvimbo yakakodzera.
● Vanofarira kudzidza zvakanaka kana vakapiwa mukana wekusarudza zvavanoda
kudzidza, pekudzidzira uye kuti vangadakudzidza musi upi.
● Vakuru zvakare havadi kuratidzwa kuti vanoshorwa papfungwa nemaonero avo.
● Vanodzidzawo zvakanaka kana vakapiwa mukana wokupawo ruzivo rwavanenge
vanarwo uye zvavakasangananazvo muupenyu.

Tichitarisa mukudzidza uku tinoona kuti vanhu kana vachidzidza neshamwari dzemazera avo
kana vabiya vavo, kudzidza uku kunotora rupandi rwakanyanya mukusimudzira nharaunda
sezvo vachikwanisa kupanana pfungwa namazano zvinogamuchirika nekukurumidza.

Bishi
a) Kubva mumwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura wakambotsvaka here mazano kubva
kumuvakidzani, shamwari kana hama?
b) Kana wakatsvaka mazano aya akakubatsira here?

1.3 Kusarudzwa kwemutungamiri weboka rekudzidza

(Study Circle Leader)
Mutungamiri weboka iri anosarudzwa nenhengo dzeboka iri. Mutungamiri uyu anofanira
kuva anenge akavimbika nguva dzese uye anofanira kuva nezvimiso zvinotarisirwa
kumutungamiri wechokwadi.Mutungamiri uyu anofanira kuva akadzidziswa nenzira
chaiyo inoshandiswa mukudzidza neboka iri uye anofanira kuwana rutsigiro pakuita basa
iri.

Mutungamiri uyu anotarisirwa kuva nezvinotevera:

● Kuva anogadzira kana kuronga zvinangwa
● Kuita kuti vamwe vave vanokwanisa kubudirira muzvinangwa zvavo
● Kuva neunyanzvi hwekubatanidza vanhu pakuita mabasa
● Kugona kuronga nekuunza vanhu pamwechete kuti vaite basa

Zvokuita
a) Taura zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinotariswa kana muchisarudza mutungamiri weboka iri

Zvinotevera ndizvo zvimwe zvemienzaniso yezviga/zvimiso zvinoonekwa

pamutungamiriwakanaka:
● Kukwanisa kushanda nenhengo dzakasiyana siyana
● Kuvimbika pakubatsira nhengo idzi
● Kusazvirova dundundu kuti une ruzivo rwakadzama kudarika vamwe vaunenge
uchidza navo

3
CHIKAMU 1

● Kukwanisa kuzvidzora
● Kukwanisa kuramba uine ushamwari nenhengo dzese dzeboka chero pachinge paita
mhirizhonga kana kugumburwa nevanhu
● Kukurudzira nhengo dzese uye kupawo mukana wehurukuro kumunhu wese
● Kuvawo munhu anokwanisa kutora pfungwa kubva kunhengo
● Kuvawo neunyanzvi hwekuteerera
● Kukwanisa kugadzirira chidzidzo uye kufanotsvakawo umbowo hwezvechidzidzo
chichakaitwa
● Kukwanisa kupawo nhaurwa muchidimbu nepfungwa huru dzechidzidzo
● Anofanirawo kuvawo munhu anokwanisa kusvikirika nevanhu uye anodawo
kushanda nevanhu
● Haafaniri kuva ane humbimbindoga

1.4 Zvinoitwa nezvinotarisirwa kuti mutungamiri

weboka ange achiita
Zvinotarisirwa kumutungamitri uyu ndezvizvi:
● Kugadzira nekuvaka kudzidza kunomutsa nekukurudzira nhengo kuti dzive nechido
kana havi yekutsvaka ruzivo.
● Kuva muboka rezvekudzidza iri uye kushanda nevese vanenge vari muboka.
Mutungamiri haafaniri kuva nehumbimbindoga.
● Kuisa vadzidzi padonzvo nekubvunza mibvunzo yakakodzera. Anofanira kupa
hwaro hwekutaurirana pakati penhengo uye kuvakurudzira kuti vawane zvinopedza
matambudziko uye kubvunzawo mibvunzo.
● Kuumba mweya wehumwechete pakati penhengo kuti dzinzwewo dzakadziirwa
kana kudzivirirwa.
● Kuita zvinhu zvinoita kuti nhengo dzive nekuzvivimba uye kunzwa dziine rupandi
rwadziri kutora.
● Kutenderawo kuti vese vadzidzi vapewo pfungwa dzavo uye kuti vangazvishandisa\
sei mukurarama kwavo zuva roga roga.
● Kupawo sarudzo zvakajeka uye kumira sechiga chinotungamira.
● Kukurudzirawo kubatana.
● Kuvawo munhu ane zvekushandisa mukuronga zvidzidzo zvisingarevi kuti ndiwe
mazvikokota munyaya inenge ichidzidzwa.
● Kutungamira nhengo mukukurukura mibvunzo uyewo kuti mhinduro dzinopiwa
dzanyorwa pasi.
Zvokuita
a) Mushure menhaurwa yezviga, zvinoitwa nezvinotarisirwa kumutungamiri weboka,
shandisa umbowo kana ruzivo urwu kusarudza mutungamiri weboka rekudzidza renyu.

4
 CHIKAMU 1
1.5 Basa revadzidzi
Zvokuita
Ndezvipi zvaunotarisirwa kuita mukudzidza seboka?

Vanhu vanotora rupandi mukati mekudzidza seboka vanobatsira vamwe vavo kutsvaka
ruzivo uye kugadzirisa matambudziko. Nhengo dzose idzi dzinofanira kunzwisisa uye
kugashira basa ravo rekushandisa ruzivo rwezvavakasangana nazvo kuti vamwe vavo
vabatsirikane. Kana nhengo inotora rupandi mukati mekudzidza seboka ikapa pfungwa yayo
pfungwa iyi inobva yava yeboka rose. Izvi zvinobatsira kusimudzira ruzivo rweboka rose uye
kuti nhengo imwe neimwe itore rupandi. Mapoka ose ekudzidza anofanira kukurudzira
kubatana kwete kuunza makakatanwa kana makwikwi. Nhengo dzinotora rupandi
dzinofanira kubatsirana kutakurirana mutoro mukubudirira kana kusabudirira kweboka.

Basa mukudzidza seboka rinoubwa nezvinotevera.

● Mabhuku ezvinyorwa (study circle materials)
● Unyanzvi hwemutungamiri webooka rekudzidza
● Ruzivo uye zvakasanganiwa nazvo nenhengo dzeboka

1.6 Kuronga zvikamu zvekudzidza

Pasati paitwa chidzidzo kana ongororo, zvinotevera zvinofanira kubvumiranwa nenhengo:
● Musoro wenyaya uye urongwa hwechidzidzo - Tichadzidza nezvei?
● Nzvimbo yekuitira - Kuti tosangana kupi?
● Rupandi runotorwa - Ndiani anoita ichi nechichi?
● Mubatsiri wekunze (External Facilitator) - Ndiani angakubatsirai nekutungamira
kana zvidzidzo zvoita sezvorema?
● Ongororo - Tiri kusvika here padonzvo nechinangwa chedu?
● Mabhuku ekudzidza - Ndekupi kwatingawana ruzivo pamusoro panyaya iri
kudzidzwa?

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 CHIKAMU 2
CHIKAMU 2

Mhando dzeMombe dzeNyama

Dzinochengetwa muZimbabwe

Donzvo rechidzidzo
● Kugashira zvakakoshera kupfuya mhando dzakafanira dzemombe
dzenyama.
● Kunzwisisa kukosha kwekupfuya mombe dzenyama.
● Kukwanisa kuziva mhando dzakajairika dzemombe dzenyama
dzinochengetwa.
● Kugona kuronga kuti ndeipi mhando yemombe dzingachengetwa
nevanhu vakasiyana siyana.

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Ndezvipi zvakakoshera kupfuya mombe dzenyama kwauri uye
kumhuri yako?
● Sei uchiona sekuti kupfuya mombe dzenyama ipfungwa
yekuchengeta upfumi yakanaka?
● Ndezvipi zvaunoona nazvo kana kuti zviri pamhando dzemombe
dzenyama dzaunochengeta?
● Varimi vazhinji vechidiki vanopinda mukupfuya mombe dzenyama
senzira yekuchengetedza mari yavo pane kuchengetera
mumabhanga. Kune vamwewo inzira yakabva kumadzitateguru
avo iyo ichiri kurarama kubva kune rumwe rudzi ichienda kune
rumwe. Kune vamwe zvakare zvekupfuya mombe dzenyama izvi
zvinoita kuti vave nechiremera munharaunda mavanogara.
Kupfuya mombe dzenyama kunobatsira zvakanyanya kusimudzira
upfumi hwenyika yedu yeZimbabwe.Varimi vemombe vanorima
padiki ndivo vazhinji vevamwe vanochengeta mombe dzenyama
vanobata chikamu makumi manomwe neshanu kusvika kumakumi
masere kubva mu zana (75%-80% ) chemombe dzenyama
dzinochengetwa muZimbabwe.

2.1 Zvakakosherei kukodza mombe dzenyama

Pane zvikonzero zvakasiyana siyana zvekuchengeta mombe dzenyama. Zvimwe
zvezvikonzero izvi ndezvinotevera:
● Zvinopawo munhu chiremerera nerukudzo;
● Mombe dzinopa mari uye dzinoita sedura rekuchengeta pfuma naro;
● Dzinoshandiswa zvakare pakurima uye senzira yekufambisa nayo;
● Tinowanawo kudya kunovaka muviri kuburikidza nenyama nemukaka;
● Dzinogonawo kushanda senhaka;
● Mombe dzinogona kushandiswa kubhadhara roora;
● Dzinoshandiswawo zvakare pamitambo yechivanhu yakaita semabira, michato kana
jakwara nebikiro uye kuripawo ngozi.
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 CHIKAMU 2
2.2 Mhando dzemombe dzenyama dzakajairika
dzinochengetwa muZiombabwe
2.2.1. Mashona

Mufananidzo wemhou nehandira yerudzi rwemashona

Nhoroondo yemombe yeMashona

Mhando yemombe iyi inonyanyo zivikanwa nemazita ekuti Makalanga, Kalanga, Makaranga,
Ngombedza Vakaranga, Shona Mashuk, Mashukulumbwe. Mhando yakatanga kuvapo
yemombe dzerudzi rweMakaranga yevaShona muZimabawe yaiva yerudzi rweSanga
yakangofananawo nedzerudzi rwemaTonga emuZimbabwe. Mhando dzese idzi
dzakaparadzwa nechirwere chakauya mugore ra1896-98 uye fivhiri inonzi iyo East Coast
Fever yakauya mugore ra1900-06. Mashoko awa akatorwa muongororo yakaitwa
naVaDagris muna 2005.Nekuda kwaizvozvi, mombe zhinji dzerudzi rwechiAngoni rwakabva
rwauya izvo zvakaunza kusimudzirwa kwemhando dzemombe.Mhando iyi ndiyo
yakazotumidzwa kunzi Mashona. Mhando iyi yakapararira kumabvazuva nepakati penyika
yeZimbabwe zvichidzika nekumadokero zvichibata matunhu eMidlands neMatebeleland
North zvinosanganisira Gokwe, Tsholostho neLupane nekumabvazuva kuno ganhurana
Zimababwe neMozambique.

Chimiro chemombe dzerudzi rweMashona

Mombe iyi idoko, ine mapfupa akanaka, nemuviri wakaenzanirana, dzakasimba, ipfupi,
dzakarurama, mvere dzacho ipfupi dzinotsvedzerera dzakavhengana tsvuku uye tema.
Dzimwe dzine ruvara runosanganisira pfumbu, chena, tema zvakavhengana. Vanhu
vanopfuya mombe idzi vanonyanyoda dzine rudzi rumwe chete kunyanya rutema. Uremu
hwemombe yorudzi urwu inenge yakura hunosvika makg anoita mazana maviri nemakumi
manomwe neshanu kana mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu (275 -350kg).

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Tine mhando dzerudzi rwemombe dzemashona here mumombe dzedu dzatinopfuya?
● Kana tinadzo ndedzipi nzvimbo dzadzinofanira kunge dzichichengetwa maringe
nemanaire anoita mvura munzvimbo dzatiri?

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CHIKAMU 2

Zvimiso/zviga zvinonongedza rudzi rwemombe yeMashona

● Haikanganiswi nekupisa kwakakanyanya kwenzvimbo uye zvikwekwe nemhesvi.

● Inokwanisa kuramba ichibereka kunyange mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina mvura
yakakwana mumatunhu eAfrica.
● Mhou dzacho dzinoburitsa mhuru dzakasimba pamwe nenyama nemukaka
zvakawanda.
● Hainetsi kupfuya zvakare inogona kufamba munzvimbo dzakawanda.
● Dzinogonawo kudya miti pamwe nehuswa.
● Mombe iyi inokurumidza kukura .
● Dzinoda chikafu chishoma kuti dziburitse nyama yakawanda tichienzanisawo
nedzimwe mhando dzakaita seTuli, Afrikander uye Brahamani.

2.2.2 Tuli

Mufananidzo wemhou nehandira yerudzi rweTuli

Nhoroondo yemombe yeTuli

Mombe dzerudzi rweTuli dzakabva kurudzi rweSanga dzakauyiswa kumaodzanyemba

kweAfrica nevanhu vaifamba kumakore akaita saana 2000. Mombe yeTuli yakabva
munharaunda uye kujairira kugara munzvimbo dzisinganyatsonaya mvura kumavirazuva
kweZimbabwe. Zita rekuti Tuli rakabva mushoko rekuti “utuli”zvichireva huruva. Mombe iyi
yakapararira munyika dzemuAfrica kunyanya Botswana neSouth Africa.

Chimiro chemombe yeTuli

Tuli imombe iri pakati nepakati yerudzi rweSanga. Ine mapfupa akasimba nenyanga huru
nemakumbo uye ine muviri wakaurungana. Inobereka mhuru dzakasimba, yakasimba uye
inoburitsa nyama yakanaka. Ruvara rwayo rutsvuku, neruchena uye rupfumbu. Mombe
yerudzi urwu inenge yabva zera iri jongosi inogona kurema makirogiramu anosvika mazana
manomwe nemakumi mashanu kana churu (750 -1000kgs) hadzi inogona kusvika mazana
mana nemakumi mashanu kana mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu (450kg -550kg).
Hurukuro mumapoka
● Tine mhando dzerudzi rwemombe dzemashona here mumombe dzedu dzatinochengeta?
● Kana tinadzo ndedzipi nzvimbo dzadzinofanira kunge dzichichengetwa maringe
8 nemanairo anoita mvura munzvimbo dzatiri?
 CHIKAMU 2
Zvimiso/ zviga zvinonongedza rudzi rwemombe yeTuli

● Inobereka vana vakanaka,

● Haiurayi mhuru uye inogona kurera mhuru zvakanaka,
● Inogona kurarama munzvimbo ine zvirwere,
● Inogona kurarama munzvimbo dzine mvura shoma,
● Inoburitsa nyama yakanaka.

2.2.3. Nkone (Manguni)

Mhando yemombe iyi yakabva kurudzi rweAfrican Sanga iyo inonzi yakabva kuchamhembe
kweAfrica mumakore zvuru zvisere apfuura. Mombe idzi dzinonzi dzakauya nevanhu
vakayambuka rwizi Zambezi kubva mumakore ari pakati pe590-700AD. MuZimbabwe
mombe yerudzi urwu iri kunzi ndiyo yasara yakawanda kumombe dzinodaidzwa kunzi
“Matebele”. Varimi vose vanorima pakuru nepadiki vanochengeta mhando yemombe iyi
kumaodzanyemba kwenyika yeZimbabwe.

Chimiro chemombe yerudzi rweNkone (Manguni)

Mombe iyi iri pakati nepakati ine mavara akasiyana siyana. Kunyange zvazvo ruvara rwacho
ruchisiyana, ruvara runonyanyozivikanwa imvere chena netema, pfumbu uye brown. Mvere
dzine ruvara dzinowanikwa pamaziso munzeve nemavara mavara kumuswe. Mombe idzi
dzine misoro yakati kure dzine nyanga dzakakombama kunyanya kumajongosi acho. Nzeve
dzacho ipfupi uye dzakamira mudenga uye nyundwa yadzo haina kukura. Kana dzichinge
dzakura mombe idzi handira dzacho dzinorema uremu huri pakati pemazana matanhatu
kana mazana masere (600-800kg), mhou dzacho dzinorema uremu huri pakati pemazana
matatu nemakumi mashanu kana mazana mashanu (350-500kgs).

Zvimiso/ zviga zvinonongedza mombe yerudzi rweNkone (Manguni)

● Inobereka uye kuburitsa mukaka nenyama yakawanda chero munzvimbo

dzisinganyatsonaya mvura zvakanaka
● Matsiru acho anokurumidza kubatira zamu uye anokurumidza kukura nekubereka
● Inogona kufamba zvakanaka uye kufura zvakanaka
● Haikurumidzi kubatira zvikwekwe uye kubatwa nezvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe

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CHIKAMU 2

● Inogona kuwirirana uye kurarama munzvimbo dzinopisa zvakanyanya

● Inogona kukudza uye kuraramisa mhuru dzayo zvakanaka
● Yakareba
● Inoburitsa mukaka nenyama zvemhando yepamusoro
● Matehwe anobva mumombe dzerudzi urwu ndeemhando yepamusoro

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Tine mhando dzerudzi rwemombe dzemashona here mumombe dzedu
dzatinochengeta?
● Kana tinadzo ndedzipi nzvimbo dzinofanira kunge dzichichengetwa maringe
nemanairo anoita mvura munzvimbo dzatinogara?

2.2.4 Arikander

Nhoroondo yemombe yeAfrikander

Mifananidzo iri pazasi inoratidza mombe dzerudzi rweAfrikander

Mhando yemombe iyi inonzi yakabva nekuSouth Africa.Mombe dzerudzi rweAfrikander

rwakasvitswa munyika yeZimbabwe munguva yevapambepfumi nevarimi vechichena
vaifamba munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. Mhando yemombe dzeAfrikander
inofungidzirwa kuti yaichengetwa nevanhu verudzi rwemaHottentots ava vaisanganisa/
kuuchika mombe dzerudzi rwechi Portugueese/ Putukezi nerweAlenteja urwo rwakatanga
kudunhu reCape Coast nemaPutukezi (Portugueese) vaifamba nzvimbo nenzvimbo.

Chimiro chemombe yerudzi rweAfrikander

Mombe iyi inoratidzika kuva nenyama yakanaka uye vazhinji vanoitora semombe
yekuchengetera zvenyama. Mhou inenge yakura kana kubva zera inorema uremu
hungangosvika mazana matanhatu nemakumimatatu 630kg uye handira yacho inorema
uremu hunosvika mazana mapfumbamwe 900kgs. Ruvara runonyanyoonekwa
pamombe iyi rutsvuku uye rupfumbu.Nyanga dzacho dzinokura dzakatevedza musoro
dzakaita sedzakatarisa mberi dzozonosimuka dzava mberi dzakaita
sekumonyoroka.Nyundwa yacho yakati kurei kumajongosi erudzi urwu.
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 CHIKAMU 2
Zvimiso zvinonongedza mombe yerudzi rweAfrikander

Zvinotevera ndizvo zvimiso zvinoratidza mombe yerudzi rweAfrikander:

● Mhou dzacho hadziburitsi mukaka wakawanda kunyange zvadzo dzichiburitsa

mukaka unokwana mhuru dzadzo
● Mhou dzacho hadzikurumidzi dzabata mazamu
● Dzine nyama yakawanda

Nzvimbo dzakanaka kupfuya mombe dzerudzi rweAfrikander

Mombe idzi kubva makore ekare dzakawirirana nenzvimbo zhinji dziri kumaodzanyemba
kweAfrica (Southern Africa). MuZimbabwe mhando iyi inochengetwa nevarimi vanorima
pakuru uye panzvimbo huru.

Uremu nezera Jongosi Hadzi

(Averages) (Male) (Female)
Mature Weight 745kg 525kg
Birth Weight 33kg 30kg
Weaning Weight 270kg 255kg
Age at First calving 24- 36 months
Inter-calving period 445 days ( 14½ months)

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Imhando ngani dzemombe dzenyama pane dziri pamusoro idzo dzamunoziva?
● Ndedzipi mhando dzakanyanyo wanda kana kujairika munharaunda maunogara?
● Doma mhando dzaunadzo dzawakamboita mukuru wevatariri kana kuona nezvadzo?
● Mhando dzakapiwa pamusoro apo dzinosiyana papi nedzako dzawadoma?

Mifananidzo iri pazasi inoratidza mombe dzerudzi rwe Herifodhi kuruboshwe neBrahamani
kurudyi

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 CHIKAMU 3
CHIKAMU 3

Kuchengeta neKusimudzira Mhando

dzeMombe dzeNyama

Donzvo rechidzidzo
● Kugashira kukosha kwekusimudzira neutariri mumombe
dzenyama;
● Kunzwisisa matanho kana zvinodiwa pakusarudza handira nemhou
dzekupfuya;
● Kunzwisisa zvinodiwa pakuchengeta mombe dzenyama;
● Kushandisa kana kutambira pfungwa dzakanaka pakuchengeta
mombe dzenyama uye panguva dzakakodzera

Hurukuro
● Kutaurirana pamusoro penzira dzakajairika dzekusimudzira
mhando dzemombe dzenyama:
● Nyora nekudoma nzira dzingashandiswa nevarimi kusimudzira
mhando dzemombe dzenyama.
● Handira dzingasarudzwa sei?
● Ungasarudza mhou dzako sei?
● Ndezvipi zvinotariswa kana munhu achisarudza mhou kana
handira dzekuuraya?
● Enzanisa mhinduro dzako dzawapa nedzevamwe vako vari muboka
ramunodzidza naro.
● Unganidzai mhinduro dzapiwa motora dzakanaka moenzanisa
nezvakurukurwa pazasi apo.

3.1 Nzira dzekuvanduza/kusimudzira nadzo mombe

dzenyama muZimbabwe
Varimi vanoda kuchengeta handira nemhou dzemhando yepamusoro senzira yekupfimbika
kana kuchengetetedza mombe dzenyama dzekuzoshandisa mune ramangwana. Izvi
zvinoratidza kuti vane maitiro avanoita pakusarudza mombe dzemhando yepamusoro iyi
kubva mune rimwe boka rezvipfuyo kana mombe. Zvakanakirawo kuti varimi vavewo nenzira
yavanotevedza pakubvisawo dziya dzisiri kuburitsa goho rakanaka kana dzisiri kupa
pundutso nematuso akanaka kumurimi.

Masarudzirwo ehandira nemhou

Kusarudzwa kwehandira kana mhou kunoitwa nevarimi kuti vakwanise kutora mhou
nehandira dzemhando yepamusoro kubva muchikamu chemombe dzinenge dziripo. Kana
vachiita izvi varimi zvinhu zvinoteera zvinotariswa:
● Mubatanidzwa wemaitiro kana kufanana kunoratidza kusimba kana kusasimba
kwetsiru kana mhou asi zvichisvikawo pane zvinotariswa pamisika inotegeswa
mombe dzenyama;
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 CHIKAMU 3
● Kukura kumoita mhuru yebhuru yazvarwa zvichienderana nehuremu hunotariswa
mhuru isati yarumurwa;
● Kutevedzwa kwerudzi kana ruvara rwakafanana rwemombe rurambe ruripo kubva
kune dzinenge dziripo uye dzichazvarwa;
● Dzinofanira kuva dzinoburitsa nyama inokwanisa kubata chikero pane zvinotarisirwa
pamusika unotengeserwa mombe dzenyama;
● Handira dzacho hadzifaniri kuva dzinoitisa mhou mhuru dzakakurisa dzinozonetsa
pakuzvarwa;
● Zvakare dzinofanira kuva dzine utano dzinokwanisa kuva dzino berekesa nekubereka
mhuru dzakasimba, uye dzine nyama zvakare dzisina nyanga.

Murimi anofanira kuenzanisa pakati pezvinotariswa pakusarudza zvakanyorwa pamusoro

apo kuitira asazopfurikidza mwero mukusarudza uku sezvo zvichigona kuzokanganisa
zvimwe zvezvimiso zvinenge zvichida kuti zvirambe zviripo pamombe dzenyama

Matanho anotorwa pakubvisa mombe dzisina chadziri kuunza kumurimi (culling)

Dambudziko resarudzo dzemombe rinonyanyowira varimi vadoko vanochengeta mombe

dzenyama sezvo vachisangana nedambudziko rekushomeka kwemombe dzinoburitsa
nekubereka mombe dzinoburitsa nyama inotarisirwa pamusika. Varimi ava zvakare
vanoshushikana nekushaya kuti voita sei. Varimi vazhinji vanochengeta mhou dzinobereka
mhuru mushure memakore matatu kana mana uye vanochengetawo handira dzavasina
ruzivo neumboo pamusoro pekuti dzinoita vana vemhando inotarisirwa here nekuda
kwemafuro ari munzvimbo dzavanogara. Kuderedza uwandu hwemombe panzvimbo
(culling)kunoitwa nechinangwa chengetedza mafuro. Zvakare culling inoitwa nekuda
kwekuti vanhu vanenge vachida mari yekushandisa kana kuita mitambo yechivanhu yakaita
semabira, jakwara, mukwerera, pandufu kana kubhadharira vana dzimari dzezvikoro.

Mombe dzinobviswa idzi dzinofanira kunge dzakaita sei?

● Mombe dzose dzine nhoroondo yekutsvodza dzinofanira kubviswa;
● Handira dzose dzisingagoni kuberekesa mhou dzinofanira kubvisa sezvo
dzichizongopedza chikafu dzisina chadzinenge dzichiunza kumurimi zvino zokonzera
kusabudirira uye kuderera kwemari ingawanikwa nemurimi kana atengesa;
● Zvakare kune matsiru anenge azvarwa ari mapatya kana manyambiri nehandira
anogona kukura zvakanaka nechikamau makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana 90%;
● Mhou dzese dzinobereka vana vakanaka asi dzisina mazino mumuromo kunyangwe
dzichibereka gore rimwe nerimwe dzinofanira kubviswa. Chikonzero ndechekuti
dzinogona kuzozvara mhuru dzisina uremu pakuzvarwa dzinozotadza kusvika
panotarisirwa;
● Matsiru kana mhou dzisingagoni kurera vana vadzo kana dzisina kupingudzika
zvakanaka dzinofanira kubviswa sezvo dzichizopa dambudziko kuvafudzi;
● Zvakare mhou dzinenge dzine zvirwere dzinofanira kubviswa kuti dzisaparadzira
zvirwere izvi kune dzimwe.

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CHIKAMU 3

3.2. Zvingaitwa senzira yekusanganisa (breeding)

pakupfuya mombe uye nguva yazvingaitwa
Hurukuro Mumapoka
● Ndedzipi dzimwe dzenzira dzekupfuya nadzo mombe dziri kushandiswa
munharaunda maunogara, doma pachena kunaka nekuipa kwenzira idzi?

Nhanganyaya

Varimi vanokundikana kuti vape sarudzo dzakanaka dzenzira dzingaitwa kuchengeta mombe
dzenyama uye nguva yakakodzera kuchengeta mombe idzi. Varimi vanongoshandisa nzira
yekuti mhou, matsiru nehandira zvinongofura pamwechete kusvika gore rese rapera vasina
kumbotsaura handira kubva kumhou nematsiru.

Kunyangwe zvakadaro hazvo asi murimi wese anofanira kushandisa nzira yaanoona inoita
kuti akwanise kuzadzisa zvido nechinangwa chake uye zvisingamudyiri mari yakawanda.
Donzvo kana kuti chinangwa chemurimi wese wemombe dzenyama chinofanira kuva
chekupfuya mombe dzinogutsa vatengi venyama. Semurimi mudiki wemombe dzenyama,
chinangwa chinofanira kuva chekuburitsa mombe dzine nyama yemhando yepamusoro
zvichienderana nenzvimbo mauri kuitira zvekupfuya mombe idzi. Zvinotevera izvo
ndedzimwe dzenzira dzekusanganisa (breeding) dzekupfuya nadzo mombe:

Kuuchika (Crossbreeding)

Iyi inzira yekusanganisa mombe dzenyama dzerudzi rwakasiyana semuenzaniso kusanganisa

handira yerudzi rwebhuramani nemhou yerudzi rweManguni/ Nkone. Izvi zvinoita
kusimudzira uye kuchengeta mhando yevana vachazvarwa kuburikidza nemubatanidzwa
wemombe dzataurwa idzi.

Kusanganisa mombe dzerudzi rumwerwo (Inbreeding)

Iyi inzira yekusanganisa mombe dzakada kufanana parudzi rwadzo zvakaita sekutora
handira kuti iberekese mwana wayo kana kuti handira netsiru zvakaberekwa namai vamwe
chete zvinogona kusanganiswa kuti zviberekesane mhuru. Nzira iyi haidi kuti murimi atenge
imwe handira sezvo handira inenge iripo iyi ichikwanisa kuberekesa amai vayo izvi zvinoita
kuti rudzi rwemombe dzinenge dziri muboka iri rurambe ruripo runenge ruchidiwa
nemurimi uyu. Nzira yeinbreeding haiwanzokurudzirwa kuvarimi vadiki munyika yedu
yeZimbabwe sezvo zvirizvo zvinokonzera mombe kusakura uye dzisina nyama inotarisirwa
nevatengi. Inbreeding zvakare inoita kuti mombe dzive dzino kurumidza kubatwa nezvirwere
uye dzinoita kuti pabudewo kana kuzvarwa mombe dzinenge dzine zvimiso zvinenge
zvisingadiwi zvakaita semombe dzisingabereki, dzinobereka vana vakaremara kana mhuru
dzisina kunyatsosvika.

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 CHIKAMU 3
Kusangasisa mombe dzisina rudzi rumwero (Outbreeding)

Iyi inzira yekubatanidza mombe dzenyama dzisiri dzerudzi rumwechete zvakaita sekutora
mombe hadzi nejongosi dzisiri dzedzinza rimwechete asi dziri dzerudzi rumwechete. Izvi
zvakakosha sezvo zvichiita kuti unaku hunodiwa hunenge huri mumombe idzi hurambe
huripo. Unaku uhu hunosanganisira ruvara rweganda runenge ruchidiwa kuti rurame ruripo
mumombe idzi.

Mhando dzeunyanzvi hungashandiswa kurera /kupfuya mombe (Natural breeding)

Iyi imhando inosanganisira kutora mhou inenge yoratidza kuti yava kuda kusangana
nehandira kuti dziburitse mhuru. Iyi nzira ndiyo yedzimwe dzenzira dzekare dzaiitwa muno
muZimbabwe. Nzira iyi ndiyo inoshandiswa nevarimi vazhinji vadiki muZimbabwe. Nzira iyi
inoda kuti tsiru kana mhou nehandira zvinenge zvichisangana zvose zvinofanira kuva
zvakasimba pakuberekesana. Izvi zvinogoneka kana kana mombe idzi dzine kudya
kwakakwana uye unyanzvi neungwaru pakusarudza mhou nematsiru papurazi. Handira
zvakare inofanira kuva inogona kuva inopiwa mukana wekusvikira mhou kana matsiru ose
anenge achiratidza kuti ava kuda handira.

Kushandisa mabhuru emugaba (Artificial Insemination)

Mbeu yehandira kana mhou yabve zera inotorwa namazvikokota vakaita zvemombe voenda
nayo mumuzinda wezvesaenzi (laboratory) voichengeta voiisa mumajekiseni yobva yaiswa
muchibereko chemhou inenge yava kuda kusangana nehandira. Nzira iyi inoda kuitwa nana
mazvikokota vane unyanzvi hwekuita izvi vanenge vachiziva mashandiro anoita nhengo
dzemuviri yemombe. Kunyange nzira iyi ine zvakawanda zvayakanakira, yakaomera varimi
vadiki. Asiwo zvinokurudzirwa kuti kana wavawo murimi mukuru unofanira kushandisa
unyanzvi uhu kuitira kuwedzera mombe dzingangozvara. Kuti ushandise unyanzvi uu
zvinodawo kuva neumhare pakuziva kudziya kunodiwa uye tumvura (liquid
nitrogen)tunodiwa kuchengetedza mbeu yehandira mumudziyo/ chigaba mumadhigirizi
angangoita zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nenhanhatu -196C. Panodiwawo zvakare
zvombo zvakakwana zvinozoshandiswa namazvikokota munyaya iyi.

3.3 Mwaka yakakodzera ingaitwa zvekuuchika

(breeding)
Iyi inguva inoiswa parutivi nemurimi gore roga roga kuti mhou / matsiru kana handira kuti
dzisangane kuti dzibereke mhuru. Mhou / tsiru inopfumvudza/ kuda handira mushure
memazuva makumi maviri nerimwe (21 days) inenge yazvigadzira kuti isangane nehandira.
Panguva iyi mhou kana tsiru ine zvainoita kuratidza kutiyava kuda kusangana nehandira.
Murimi kana aona zvese izvi anofanira kuchisarudza kuti mhou / tsiru rake roita zamu
panenge pakakodzera. Izvi zvinogona kuva munguva yechando yekukohwa nechirimo
masutso kana munakamwe chero mwaka wegore.

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CHIKAMU 3

Hurukuro Mumapoka
● Zvisina kunakira uye zvakanakira kuberekesa/kupfuya mombe kwegore rese?

Kuberekesa/ kupfuya mombe kwegore rese (All year breeding)

Izvi zvinoitwa kazhinji nevarimi vose vadiki muZimbabwe sezvo zvichipa mukana wekuti
vaitewo mamwe mabasa ekurima mumapurazi. Zvino wanzoitwa kusiya handira ichifura
nemhou nematsiru kwegore rese.Matsiru anofanira kuzoiswa kuhandira kana ava kuratidza
kuti oda handira. Mhou dzinoregerwa dziine handira kwegore rese dzine mukana mukuru
wekuita mhuru chero mwaka wegore. Nzira iyi ine zvayakaipira zvakawanda kudarika
zvakanaka zviri pairi sezvo mhuru dzichingozvarwa chero mwaka mukati megore. Mhuru
dzinoberekwa munguva yakunenge kusinganayi dzinodawo chikafu chekutenga sezvo
kunenge kusina uswa hunyoro hunovaka muviri.

Zvazvakanakira

● Kana murimi achida mukaka kwegore rese zvakanakira kusanganisa mombe kupfuya
breeding gore rese;
● Handira inoramba iri muboka remombe zvinoita kuti kurwa kana kutungana
kwehandira kuve kushoma. Kurwa kwehandira kunoita kuti fenzi kana waya
idambuke uye kuparadzwa kwemidziyo inodyira nekunwira mombe;
● Nekuda kwekuti mhou shoma dzinenge dzichida kusangana, handira shoma dzinenge
dzichidikamwa kusangana nemhou idzi;
● Mhou dzinowanawo mukanawo wekunatsa chibereko mushure mekubata zamu;
● Kutengeswa kwemombe kunogona kuitwa mukati megore rese;
● Matsiru anosangana nehandira kana achinge asvika zera rekubara.

Zvazvakaipira

● Chikafu chakawanda uye chakakora chinodikanwa zvikuru munguva apo kunenge

kusinganayi;
● Mabasa akawanda ehutariri kana humaneja anodiwa kusanganisira kufirita, kubaya
mombe, uye kupisa nyanga zvinofanira kuitwa kusvika gore rese rapera.

Summer breeding /Kupfuya nguva yechirimo

Hurukuro Mumapoka
● Zvisina kunakira uye zvakanakira kuberekesa/kupfuya nguva yechirimo?

Uyu ndiwo mwaka unokurudzirwa sezvo une mwedzi mina kutanga muna Mbudzi kusvika
muna Kukadzi (November –February):

● Mumwaka umu ndimo munenge makawanda mafuro anodiwa nemombe dzenyama.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti handira nemhou dzinenge dziine simba uye dzakasimba kuti
16 dzikwanise kubereka mhuru dzine hutano;
 CHIKAMU 3
● Mwaka uyu wakanakaira kuti mombe dzinobereka mhuru dzakawanda;
● Nguva iyi inopa mhou nematsiru mukana inogona kuita mazuva anoita makumi
mapfumbamwe kusvika mazuva zana nemakumi maviri (90-120 days) zvichipawo
matsiru nemhou mukana wekuda handira kano kwana kuita kana. Matsiru nemhou
dzinenge dzisina kuwana mukana pakutanga wekusangana nehandira dzinenge dzine
mimwe mikana mitatu yekusangana zvakare nehandira;
● Handira dzabve zera dzinogona kusanganiswa (breeding) nemhou kana matsiru
anokwana kuita makumi maviri neshanu kana makumi matatu (25-30) mumwedzi
mina kana mitatu yemwaka uyu;
● Boka remombe idzi riri nyore kuoongorora uye kuona nguva dzose mumwaka uyu. Izvi
zvinobatsira murimi kuti aone kana handira dziri kuita basa zvinoita kuti kana pane
handira isiri kutora rupandi ibviswe poiswa imwe;
● Mwaka uyu unoita kuti mhurru dzisangozvarwa chero mwaka wegore zvikuru
munguva inenge isina uswa hune utano. Izvi zvinopa murimi mukana wekuti aronge
zvinoitwa kumaneja mombe idzi zvino sanganisira kucheka handira, kubvisa nyanga,
kuisa muchiso kana munembo, kunyora magwaro(records) uye kurumura.

Nguva inotorwa nemhou kana yakazvitakura mazuva mazana maviri nemakumi masere
nenhanhatu kana mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe(286-290 days) izvi zvinoreva
kuti kana mombe ikabata zamu muna Zvita mhuru zhinji dzinenge dzobrekwa muna
Gumiguru kana Gunyana.

Mhuru dzinozvarwa mumwaka uyu dzine zvinotevera zvakanaka (advantages):

● Mamiriro ekunze anenge akanaka zvinoita kuti dzisafa nechirwere chekutonhorwa

zvakanyanaya (pneumonia);
● Tupukanana tunokonzera zvirwerere (parasites) tunenge turi tushoma sezvo
mamiriro ekunze anenge akanaka;
● Mhuru dzinoyamwiswa nemadzimai adzo kwemwedzi mitatu yekutanga kuitira
padzinozotanga kufura dzega uswa hunenge hwakawanda hunopa utano. Pedzisa
chikamu ichi nekukurukura mibvunzo inotevera:

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Wadzidzei muchikamu ichi?
● Kubva pazvinhu zvawadzidza ungazvishandisa sei papurazi pako?

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 CHIKAMU 4
Kuchengeta neHutariri Mukurera Mhuru

Donzo rechidzidzo
Mukupera kwechikamu chino nhengo dzinotarisirwa kuziva
zvinotevera:
● Kunzwisisa nezve kuchengeta mhuru;
● Kunzwisisa kukosha kwekupa mhuru mukaka wekutanga
(colostrum) kumhuru dzichangozvarwa;
● Kuziva matanho akakodzera anotorwa pakurera nechengetwa
kwemhuru kubva padzinozvarwa kusvika dzichizorumurwa.

Hurukuro mumapoka
Usati waenderera mberi kurukurai pfungwa dzinotevera:
● Ndedzipi nzira dzinowanikwa pakuchengeta nekurera mhuru
dzinoitwa papurazi penyu.Doma uchinyora pasi nourongwa
hwemakoshero adzo nzira idzi.

4.1 Nhanganyaya
Kufa kwemhuru ndiko kunokonzera kurasikirwa nemombe dzakawanda mukupfuya mombe
dzenyama. Kurera mhuru kunogona kutorwa kana kudaidzwa sebasa rakafundirwa uye
setsika iri muropa. Kurera mhuru kunosanganisira ruzivo, unyanzvi, kushanda nesimba,
kuisa mari yakawanda uyewo neidi rose kuitawo mhanza diki.Kuziva wekunanga kana
kudaidza kana usina rizivo pane zvinenge zvanetsa ndezvimwe zvakakosha mukurera mhuru.
Kurera mhuru nekudzitarisira, kunobva muutariri hwakakwana nesarudzo dzakanaka
mhuru dzisati dzavepo, sarudzo dzakanaka mukusarudza mhando/ rudzi rwemombe
dzekupfuya kusanganisira mhou nehandira nematsiru.

Hwaro hwemari mukuchengeta mombe dzenyama hunobva mukutengeswa kwemombe.

Nokudaro varimi vanofanira kuva nemombe dzakawanda dzekutengesa pagore rega rega.

Zvikonzero zvinowanikwa mukurasikirwa nemhuru mukupfuya mombe dzenyama

zvingoramba zviri zviri zvimwe chetezvo zvinoti kusagona kugashira nekurera uye utaririr
hwakakwana kumhuru. Sarudzo dzose dzatingaita kusvika tava nemhuru hadzina pundutso
kana matuso kana kugadzirira kwakakwana kusina kuitwa panguva yatinotarisira kuva
nemhuru idzi.

Kutanga kugadzirira nguva ichiripo zvinobatsira kuti murimi asarasikirwa nemhuru uye kuti
dzisabatwa nezvirwere.

Zvirangaridze iwe pachako kuti mwaka wako wekuuchika/kupfuya (breeding) unotanga papi
uye paunotarisira kuva nemhuru uyewo ziva kuti dzimwe mhuru dzinogona kuzvarwa
nekukurumidza nevhiki imwechete. Gadzirira pekudyira uye mafuro akakwana usati wava
nemhuru idzi uye wona kuti pakachena uye pane mvura, zvekudya pekurara pakakwana.

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 CHIKAMU 4
4.2 Tingabatsira sei mombe pakubereka mhuru
Hurukuro mumapoka
● Ndedzipi nzira dzamunoshandisa munharaunda mauri dzekuchengeta nekurera mhuru
nadzo?
● Ndedzipi gadziriro dzaungaita kumhou dzine matambudziko pakubereka mhuru?

Kunzwisisa dano rekuzvarwa kwemhuru chinhu chakakosha zvakanyanya usati waona kuti
mhou kana tsiru zvingada rubatsiro pakubereka mhuru.Kunyange zvazvo pane musiyano
yakawanda pamhou pakuita kwadzo kana dzoda kubereka mhuru uye nguva yadzinotora,
pane zviratidzo zvino zivikanwa zviri pachena kana mombe yava kuda kubereka. Zviratidzo
zvinotevera zvinoonekwa mumasvondo matanhatu mombe yava kuda kubereka:

● Sikarudzi yemombe inorembera,

● Zamu rinowedzera kukura,
● Nzvimbo iri pakati pemuswe paunotangira nemapfupa ari pedyo nemuswe anowira,
mukati kana kuregedza,
● Kusikarudzi kunoonekwa madziwa machena.

Kuberekwa kwemhuru chinhu chinogona kunetsa kana kusanzwisisika. Zvinhu zvakawanda

zvinogona kukanganisa danho iri.Kuberekwa kwemhuru zvakanaka idanho rinoramba
richienderera mberi, asi danho iri rinoiswa muzvikamu zvitatu sezvinotevera.

● Danho rekutanga: Mhou inotsvaka pakavanda uye pakanyarara. Mvura

inowedzera kubuda zvakanyanya kusikarudzi yemhou uye mhou
inotanga kupa zviratidzo zvekurwadziwa.
● Danho rechipiri , kana chibereko chawedzera kukura uye shupa yotanga kubuda
pasikarudzi.Padanho iri mhuru inotanga kufamba zvichikonzera kuti chibereko
chidzvanyike nekuvhurika zvichisunda mhuru kuti ibude nekusikarudzi.
● Danho rechitatu: is completed kana rukuvhute rwabva mushure mamaawa
anoita masere kana gumi nemaviri mhuru yazvarwa chikamu chekuzvarwa kwemhuru
chinenege chapera.

Kana danho rekuzvarwa kwemhuru risiri kuitika zvakanaka mibvunzo inotevera inogona
kuuya kana kubvunzwa:
● Ndingatora rupandi here kubatsira mhou iyi pakubereka?
● Mhuru ingazvarwa here kuburikidza nekuikweva/ kudhonza?
● Ndingadaidza here mazvikokota wemombe weVertinary kana umwewo munhu ane
ruzivo rwekubatsira mombe pakubereka?

Kana ukabatsira mhou pakubereka ona kuti zvinhu zvinotevera zviripo:

● Tambo dzinobatsira pakuberekesa mombe;
● Hanzu dzemumaoko(gloves) nesipo inotsvedzerera;
● Tsono dzakakwana uye majekiseni (zvichida dhokotera kana mazvikokota wemombe
anogona kuda kuzozvishandisa kubaya mombe iyi mushonga).

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CHIKAMU 4

● Mishonga inobatsira pakuberekesa mombe iyo inotenderwa uye yakanyorwa nana

chiremba vemombe;
● Mukaka wakakwana uye wakakodzera unopiwa mhuru kana ichangozvarwa
(colostrum);
● Nhamba dzerunhare dzachiremba wemombe kuti azopa rubatsiro parunenge
rwakakodzera.

Kana ukaona zvinhu zvisina kujairika zvausati wamboona kana mombe ichibereka unofanira
kukasika kudana chiremba wemombe wemombe (Veterinary Assistant /Livestock
Extension Officer). Rangarira kuti mhuru mhenyu uye mhou ine utano ndizvo zvinhu
zvikuru zvinokubatsira kuti mhuru iberekwe zvakanaka.
Hurukuro mumapoka
● Ndeapi matambudziko awakasangana nawo mukutarira uye kurera mhuru kubva
pakuzvarwa kusvika pakurumurwa?
● Ndeapi matambudziko ane chekuita neutano anosanganiwa nawo pakurera mhuru
kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika pakurumurwa?
● Itai hurukuro kuti nemhaka yei mhuru dzichida kupiwa kudya mushure
mekuzvarwa?

4.3 Kurerwa kwemhuru kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika

pakurumurwa
Danho rekutanga : Mhuru yava pedyo nekuzvarwa

Iyi nguva apo tsiru kana mhou inenge yoda kubereka mhuru kazhinji mwedzi miviri tsiru
kana mhou yotarisirwa kubereka.Kumhou iyi inguva apo mhou dzinenge dzisiri kukamwa
kuitira kuti mhou yagadzirira kuva nemukaka.Kupa mombe kudya kwakakwana uye utariri
hwakanaka zvakakosha zvakanyanya muutano nemararamiro emhuru ichangozvarwa. Izvi
zvinoita kuti mukaka uwedzerwe panguva yekuumba mukaka zvichitungamira zvakare
zvoderedza matambudziko angangouya mushure mekuberekwa kwemhuru.

Kudya kunovaka muviri kwemhou isingabudi mukaka kushoma tichienzanisa nekwemhou

inobuda mukaka zvakanyanya.Zvinodiwa nemhou iyi zvinosanganisira kudya kwakakwana
kunovaka muviri.Kana mombe iyi isingachabudi mukaka/isati yabereka muviri wayo
unofanira kuva uyo murimi anozoda painobereka. Mazuva mashoma mombe isati yabereka
mhou isingabudi mukaka inofanirwa kuiswa munharaunda yakachena.Nzvimbo iyi inogona
kuva yakasanangurwa kuti ive yekuberekera mombe kana yemafuro kuitira kuti murimi
akwanise kuona zvinenege zvichitora nzvimbo. Murimi anofanira kucherekedza zvakanyanya
mombe kana nguva yekuti dzibereke ichinge yava kusvika. Rubatsiro pakubereka kwemombe
runodzivirira matambudziko.

Danho rechipiri:Kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika pakurumurwa

Iyi inguva kubva mhuru ichizvarwa kusvika painozorumurwa.Mushure memhou ichinge

yabereka mhuru, mhou inonanzva mhuru kwechinguva chidiki.Izvi zvinobatsira mhuru kuti
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 CHIKAMU 4
pachipfuva kana pahuro nemumhino pavhurike.Kana pahuro nemumhino dzemhuru pasina
kuvhurika murimi anogona kupavhura nemaoko achishandisa zvimunwe zvake.Mombe
dzenyama kazhinji dzinowanzo berekera musango saka vafudzi vanofanira kuona kuti mhou
yapiwa nguva yekuva nehushamwari pakati pemhou nemhuru yayo kuburikidza nekuirega
ichinanzva mhuru yayo.

Mufananidzo wemombe yapedza kunanzva mhuru mushure mekubereka

Kupa mhuru Mukaka wekutanga

Pakuzvarwa kwadzo mhuru dzinenge dzisina mauto emumuviri (antibiotics).Mukaka

wekutanga uyu unonzi colostrum ndiwo wega unogona kudzidzivirira kubva kuzvirwere
kusvikira muviri wadzo wega wava nemasoja anodzivirira nekurwisa zvirwere.
Mauto akawanda emumviri anowanikwa mumukaka wekutanga uyu akakwana kuti mhuru
ikwanise kuzvidzivirira kubva kuzvirwere. Mune zvakajairika mumukaka wekutanga
wemhando yepamusoro, wakati korei zvishoma, wakaita seuchi uye une rudzi rwemondo.

Colostrum inodarika zviri mukaka kana wakaitarisa.Colostrum yakada kufanana neropa

kudarika mukaka pakuti mune masoja akawanda emumuviri awo anodzivirira kubva
kuzvcirwere. Masoja anowanikwa mumukaka wekutanga anogara kwemwedzi mishoma
mumuviri wemhuru, asi akakosha kuti mhuru irarame iine utano painozvarwa.Nguva apo
mhuru inowana mukaka wekutanga uyu yakakosha pakuchengeta mombe dzenyama.
Kutorwa kwemukaka uyu nemhuru ndizvo zvinoitawo kuti mhuru ivevewo nemasoja
emumuviri akakwana.Murimi anofanirwa kuva neidi rekuti mhuru yawana mukaka
wekutanga uyu mushure memaminitsi angangoita gumi nemashanu ekuberekwa.

Izvi zvakakosha nekuda kwekudzikira kwesimba remhuru kuti dzikwanise kutora mukaka
uyu uyo une masoja anodzivirira kuzvirwere anowanikwa mumukaka. Mushure memaawa
gumi nemaviri mhuru yazvarwa simba remhuru kuti ikwanise kutora masoja emumuviri rine
chidimbu pane isati yazvarwa.

Utariri nekuchengetedza utano hwemhuru

Zvinotevera ndizvo zvezvimwe zvakakosha pautano wemhuru mushure mekuzvarwa:

● Kubaya nekudzivirira zvirwere zvinobata mombe munharaunda maunogara
uchiwana rubatsiro kubva kuvana chiremba vemombe;

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CHIKAMU 4

● Kupa mombe mushonga webrucellosis kana mhuru dzine mwedzi mitatu kana mina;
● Kupa mushonga wechirwere chemapandauko (blackleg) mushure memwedzi mitatu
kana mitanhatu.

Manyoka

Mhuru dzine mukana wakakura wekubatwa nemanyoka (scours) kana dzichiri diki.Manyoka
ndiwo anokonzera urwere uye kufa kwemhuru zvakanyanya.Pane zvinhu zvakawanda
zvinokonzera urwerere hwemhuru.Manyoka anogona kukonzerwa nekuda kwekuti mhuru
yamwa mukaka zvakapfurikidza mwero.Manyoka anogona kukonzerwa nekushaikwa
kwemukaka wekutanga colostrum zvozokonzera kusava nemasoja emumuviri anobatsira
kurwisa zvirwere. Kana muchida rumwe ruzivo neumboo hwakakwana munogona kutora
bhuku rakanzi Beef Cattle Health Management for Small Scale Farmers Book 2, Session 3
subsection 3.6.

Marapirwe nekudzivirira chirwere chemanyoka

Tevera matanho anotevera pakudzivirira nekurapa chiwere chemanyoka mumhuru:

● Ona kuti mhuru haisi kumwa mukaka wekutanga zvakapfurikidza mwero. Tanga
kupa mishonga inopa masoja emumuviri mushure mekuona chirwere chemanyoka
kuitira kuchidzivirira chisapararire kune dzimwe mhuru;
● Dzivirira zvese zvinoshungurudza mhuru;
● Chaira runhare kunana mazvikokota vemombe kana usina idi rekuti woita sei.

Utariri hwakakwana hwemhuru zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuitwa nemurimi wemombe dzenyama

kuti ave anoita mhuru dzine utano.

Tevera matanho anotevera kuti uve unowana mhuru dzakanaka dzenyama:

● Ona nekusarudza mhuru pakuzvarwa kwadzo. Unogona kushandisa madhikazi
epanzeve kana umwewo mucherechedzo wekuti ukwanise kuziva mhuru dzaunenge
watsaura;
● Ipa mvura yakachena uye ichangocherwa;
● Ona nekuongorora mhuru zvirwere kubva kuzvinhu zvinokonzera zvirwere uye
kusagadzikana mumhuru;
● Cheka mhuru hono dzisati dzasvika zera remazuva makumi matatu;
● Bvisa nyanga uye mahwanda anenge akaita masakatire dzisati dzasvitsa mwedzi
mitatu;
● Ipa mhuru mushonga kudzivirira zviwere zvinowanikwa munharaunda mako
uchibatsirwa nachiremba wemombe.

Hurukuro mumapoka

Mukupendera chikamu chino kurukurai mibvunzo inotevera:
● Chikonzero ndechei kupa mhuru mukaka wekutanga wakakwana padzinenge
dzichangozvarwa mushure meawa imwechete?
● Chii chinokonzera manyoka kumhuru diki?
● Zvii zvaunofanira kuita kuitira kuti mhuru dzisawirwa nezvirwere zvemanyoka?

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CHIKAMU 5

CHIKAMU 5
Tingachengete Sei Zvipfuyo Zvedu

Donzvo rechidzidzo
● Kunzwisisa utariri hunodiwa pakuchengeta mombe dzenyama;
● Kunzwisisa zvakadzama zvakakoshera kubvisa mombe
dzenyama nyanga;
● Kunzwisisawo zvakakoshera kuendesa mombe kudhibhi uye
kushandiswa kwemishonga yechirungu yemudhibhi pamombe;
● Kuzivawo zvinhu zvinokonzera zvirwrere zvakaita senyongororo
mumombe uye marapirwe nekudzvivirirwa kwazvo;
● Kukowerana pamusoro pehutariri hunoitwa hwemombe
dzenyama.

5.1 Nhanganyaya
Zvekuita mumapoka
● Usati waendereramberi iva nekuzeya kana kukurukura nezvehutariri hwaunoita
mombe dziri papurazi pako.
● Nyora pasi hutariri hunoitwa mukuchengeta mombe dzenyama uchidoma kutanga
nechikuru kusvika kuchidoko.

Hutariri hwezuva nezuva papurazi hwemombe dzenyama zvinoreva zvinhu zvinofanira

kugaroitwa nemurimi kusimudzira mombe dzake dzive dzemhando yepamusoro. Utariri uhu
hunoburitsawo pachena huchisanganisira makore emombe yacho uye mumhu nepazera
rainenge yava tichitarisa zvinodiwa mukuchengeta mombe dzenyama. Zvinogaroitwa
muutarriri uhu zvinosanganisira kuchekwa kwehandira kudziira nzombe, kubvisa nyanga,
kurumura, kudzibaya uye kupa mushonga uye kudzipa chikafu nekubvisa idzo dzisingadiwi
muboka.

Mune zvawadoma pamusoro zvienzanise nezvinotevera zvinoti:

Kuchekwa kwehandira kuiita nzombe, kubvisa nyanga, kurumura, kudzibaya uye
kupa mushonga uye kupa chikafu nekubvisa idzo dzisingadiwi muboka.

5.2 Kucheka handira/ mukono

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Chii chinonzi kucheka handira kuti dziite nzombe?
● Ndepapi pakakodzera kucheka handira kana mhuru dzako hono?
● Ndedzipi nzira dzaunoziva uye dzawakamboita kucheka handira?
● Zvakakosherei kucheka mhuru hono?

Kucheka handira zvinoreva kubvisa mhodzi (testicles) pahandira. Izvi zvinofanira kuitwa
kuhandira dzese dzingashandiswa pabasa rekuberekesa (breeding) mhou. Mhuru dzese
hono dzinofanira kuchekwa kuitira kupedza dambudziko rekuti handira dzisangosangana

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CHIKAMU 5

njee(mating) uye kuberekesana zvenhando. Kuti murimi asatemeseka musoro

nedambudziko iri anofanira kutora danho rekucheka handira iri mhuru uye mhuru idzi
dzisati dzatanga kudzinga.

Nzira dzekucheka handira nadzo

Pane nzira dzakawanda dzinoshandiswa kucheka handira dzichiri doko dzinogona

kushandiswa nemurimi mudoko wemombe dzenyama. Nzira idzi dzinosanganisira kusunga
nendandi (rubber elastration) uye kushandisa muchina webhadhizo (burdizzo)

Mifananidzo inoratidza mashandisirwo endandi pakucheka handira

Kusunga nendandi /Rubber elastration

Izvi zvinosanganisira kusunga zvombo (scrotum testicles) nendandi zvakasimba kusvika

zvadonha. Ndandi iyi inoiswa nechakaita sechigero. Ndandi iyi inofanira kubata
zvakasimba yakaiswa nechepanotangira kurembera kweganda remhodzi dzehandira.
Ndandi iyi inofanira kusunga zvakasimba inenge ichipinda munyama uye inomisa
kufambiswa kweropa kusvika mhodzi idzi dzadonha dzese mushure memasvondo matatu.
Izvi zvinofanira kuitwa kumhuru hono dzine mwedzi mumwe chete dzazvarwa

Kushandisa mushini webhadzhizo/ burdizzo

Buddizzo

Iyi nzira haina ropa rinobuda pakucheka handira doko. Iiyi nzira inonyanyoshandiswa
nevarimi vakawanda vadiki muZimbabwe. Izvi zvinoitwa kana handira yakarara pasi
24
 CHIKAMU 5
yakasungwa makumbo muswe wayo wakasimudzwa uri kumusana kwayo. Mhodzi
dzehandira dzinoremberedzwa dzoiswa kurutivi rumwe. Mhare inenge yakabata mushini
uyu inodzvanya yakasiya masendimita angangoita mashanu 5cm kubva pamhodzi idzi.
Burdizzo iyi rinobva radzvanyiwa kweminute imwe chete kuitira kudimbura tsinga
inofambisa mbeu yehandira nechemukati. Izvi zvinoitwa mativi ese emhodzi dzehandira.
Mushini uyu haufaniri kudzvanya mhodzi yese nepamusoro nekuti izvi hazvishandi uye
hazvibatsiri. Kutsimbirirwa kwetsinga inofambisa mbeu kunoita kuti ropa risafamba zvino
zokonzera kuti mhodzi dzehandira dzitadze kushanda. Kuchenjerera uye kungwarira
kwakanyanya kunodiwa kuitira kuti pasazova nekukanganisa pakucheka handira zvinogona
kukonzera kurasikirwa nemombe. Kana tsinga idzi dzisina kudambuka munogona
kudzokorora zvakare danho iri. Kuti zvinyatsobudirira mushini weburdizzo unofanira kunge
uchishanda zvakanaka. Kana mushini uyu uchiratidza kuti wasakara haugoni kuita basa iri
nemazvo uye zviri nyore.

5.3 Kubvisa nyanga (Dehorning)

Iyi inzira yekubvisa nyanga kana mabukira enyanga pamombe. Kubva pamwedzi muviri
yekuberekwa kwemhuru nyanga dzinenge dzava kutobatira nemusoro saka zvinofanira
kuitwa mhuru iine mwedzi muviri yazvarwa. Danho rekubvisa nyanga iri rinofanira kuitwa
mumwedzi inosanganisira Chivabvu kana Chikumi munguva yekutonhora/ kana panguva
yekurumurwa. Izvi zvakanakira kuti maronda ekubviswa kwenyanga uku haazobatiri
zvirwere uye anokurumidza kupora.

Hurukuro
● Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekubvisa mombe nyanga?
● Ndedzipi nzira dzaunoshandisa kubvisa mombe nyanga?

Zvikonzero zvekubvisa mombe nyanga

Zvinotevera ndizvo zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvekubvisa mombe nyanga:

● Zvinoderedza njodzi yekukuvadza nekupa maronda kune dzimwe mombe
● Zvinodzivirira kurasikirwa nemari pakurapa mombe dzinenge dzatungwa
padzinenge dziri kufambiswa kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana
● Mombe dzisina nyanga dzinotora nzvimbo diki padzinenge dzichipiwa chikafu uye
padzinotakurwa nechifambiso.
● Zvinoderedza njodzi yekukuvadzwa kwevashandi papurazi

Zera rekubvisa mombe nyanga

Zvinokurudzirwa kuti murimi abvise mombe nyanga dziine masvondo masere dzazvarwa
nekuda kwekuti kubvisa nyanga mombe dzichiri diki zvinoderedza njodzi kana
kushungurudzika kumhuru uye kumurimi.

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Nguva yakakodzera kubvisa nyanga

Kubvisa nyanga zvinofanirwa kuitwa muna Chivabvu kana Chikumi munguva yekutonhora
/nguva yekurumura nechikonzero chekuti kunenge kusina zvinokonzera zvirwere uye
kunyenga pamaronda zvinoita mhuru dzikasike kupora marwadzo nemaronda.

Nzira dzekubvisa nyanga nadzo

Njodzi dzinowira mhuru uye nemubvisi wenyanga dzinosiyana zvichienderana nenzira uye
umhizha hwashandiswa.Varimi vazhinji vemombe vanofarira kubvisa mombe nyanga
dzichiri mhuru doko nokuti izvi zviri nyore kune anozviita, hazvishungurudzi pfungwa
nemoyo kwemhuru uye mararamiro emombe. Nzira dzinotevera ndidzo dzakajairika
pakubvisa nyanga dzemombe.

Nzira dzekubvisa nadzo mombe nyanga

Kushandisa mishonga yechirungu (Chemical dehorning)

Mishonga yakaita se Caustic chemicals inodzivirira kukura kwenyanga pamhuru

dzichangoberekwa kubva pakuberekwa kusvika pamasvondo matatu.Mushonga uyu
unouraya zvese zvinoita kuti nyanga dzikure.Mishonga iyi inogona kuwanikwa yakati korere
uye sezvitanda (sticks or pastes). Kuzvidzivirira kuti usawirwe netsaona kana uchishandisa
mishonga iyi unofanira kupfeka zvinodzivirira maoko.

Mucherechedzo/ muedzaniso pakushandisa mushonga wekubvisa nyanga

Kudzivirira mhuru murimi anofanira kungwarira zvakanyanya kuti asaisa mushonga uyu
pedyo nemaziso emombe. Verenga zvinodiwa uye mashandisirwo emushonga uyu usati
waushandisa.

Mufanidzo wemushonga wekubvisa nyanga pamombe

Zvakanakira kushandisa mushonga pakubvisa nyanga

Zvakanakira kushandisa mushonga ndezvekuti unoshandiswa mhuru dzichiri diki

zvinokonzera kushungurudzika kushoma kumhuru tichienzanisa nedzimwewo nzira

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 CHIKAMU 5
dzekubvisa nyanga nadzo. Kushandisa mushonga kwakanakira kuti mushonga hauburitsi
ropa.

Zvakaipira kushandisa mushonga

Zvinotevera ndizvo zvakaipira kushandisa mushonga pakubvisa nyanga:

● Mushonga unogona kukuvadza vanhu kana ukabatwa nekudaro munhu anoushandisa
anofanira kupfeka zvinodzivirira zvanza.
● Unorwadza saka zvinoda zvinopodza uye kudzimura marwadzo
● Nyanga kana mavanga anogona kuzounza kushata kana kukanganisa chimiro
chemombe.

Kushandisa simbi inopisa/Hot iron dehorning

Kushandisa simbi inopisa inzira inoshandiswa nevarimi vadiki vanoita zvekupfuya mombe
dzenyama. Musoro wesimbi iyi une buri kumberi iro rinopinda nyanga. Kushandiswa
kwesimbi iyi zvakanaka kunouraya kukura kwenyanga ichibva paganda. Nzira iyi
inonyanyoshanda zvakanaka kana mhuru dziine masvondo gumi nemaviri ekuberekwa.

Simbi yakagadzirwa zvakanaka inotenderwa ndeinenge ichigona kuti murimi anoishandisa

akwanise kupisa denderedzwa kubva panotangira nyanga.Denderedzwa riri pazasi penzeve
rinoratidza panotangira bukira renyanga mumhuru kana dziri diki.Panotangira bukira
renyanga panoonekwa kana uchinge wabvisa kana kusairira mambava kumashure.

Maitirwo azvo/Technique

Pakubvisa nyanga nesimbi tevedza zvinotevera

● Pisa simbi kusvika yatsvuka nokuti simbi iyi inonyanyoshanda kana ichinge
yakatsvuka.
● Pfeka zvinodzivirira maoko
● Unofanira kubata nzeve yemhuru kuti isatsva wobva waisa simbi panyanga woisa
simba shoma. Kana mambava ari panyanga otanga kutsva achiburitsa utsi tenderedza
simbi iyi zvishoma.

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CHIKAMU 5

● Ramba uchiita izvi kusvika kwekanguva kanoita maseconds gumi kana gumi
nemashanu. Usaramba wakaisa simbi iyi kwenguva yakareba panyanga.Kupisa
kwesimbi iyi kunogona kupinda nemumapfupa matete asati asimba zvogona
kukanganisa kana kuuraya uruzvi/uropi hwemombe.
● Danho iri tinoti rapera kana pane nyanga pava kubuda denderedzwa reruvara
rwecopper. Bukira renyanga rinogona kuzobva kana kusazoonekwa mushure
memasvondo mana kana matanhatu.

Zvakanakira nekuipira kushandisa simbi pakubvisa nyanga

Chakanakira nzira iyi ndechekuti haiburitsi ropa uye inogona kushandiswa chero nguva
yemwaka wegore kumhuru dzine masvondo gumi nemaviri dzazvarwa.Zvakaipira nzira iyi
ndezvekuti haisi nzira yekunyanyovimba nayo kana ikasaitwa nemazvo, uye inokonzera
kumera kwetunyanga tudiki uye nzira iyi inoda nyanzvi pakudzivirira marwadzo.

Zvingaitwa mushure mekupisa mombe nyanga

Mhuru dzinoda kutariswa mushure mekupiswa nyanga. Murimi anofanira kutarisa kana
pasiri kubuda ropa mushure memaminutes anoita makumi matatu kana makumi
matanhatu.Kana mhuru iri kubuda ropa unogona kumisa ropa iri kuburikidza nesimbi
inopisa. Kazhinji kacho maronda anopora kana pasina kushandiswa mishonga saka hapadi
kurapa nemushonga. Mushonga unodzinga nhunzi unonyanyo kurudzirwa
kushandiswa.Mushure memazuva gumi kana gumi nemana nyanga dzapiswa tarisa kana
pasina zvinoratidza kuti zvakanganisika zvakaita sezvirwere worapa kana zvakakodzera
kurapiwa.Unogona kutsvaka rubatsiro kana paine mhuru dzine kurwadziwa kana kukuvara
zvakanyanaya.

Hurukuro
Doma zvakanakira nezvakaipira nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekubvisa nyanga
npamombe dzenyama

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mhuru dzingarumurwa riini uye nenzira ipi tichitarisa
machengeterwo anoitwa mombe dzenyama. Chikonzero chinoitirwa izvi ndizvo zvinoburitsa
uremu hwemhuru painorumurwa uye kuti amai vacho vanoyamwisa vanenge vakaita sei.

5.4 Kurumura (Weaning)

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Ndezvipi zvaunotarisa usati warumura kana kuronga kurumura mhuru uye ndedzipi\
nzira dzaunoshandisa pakutora danho iri?
● Ndedzipi nzira dzekurumura mhuru dzaunoshandisa papurazi pako?

Nguva yekurumura (Timing of weaning)

Chinangwa chikuru mukurima mombe dzenyama kupfuya nekuva nemhuru dzakawanda

kana zvichibvira. Donzo guru rekurumura nderekuti mhou dziite mhuru gore rimwe

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 CHIKAMU 5
nerimwe nekupa mhou idzi nguva yekusimba muviri kana ichinge yarumura. Mhuru
dzinowanza kurumurwa kana dzasvika mwedzi inoita minomwe kana misere 7-8mths. Usati
watora danho rekurumura iri unofanira kutarisa chimiro chemhou kuti haizoshushikani
ikazotadza kuiitazve vana mugore rinenge richiteevera. Munguva yakunenge kuine nzara
kusina kudya kwemombe kwakakwana, mhuru dzinofanirwa kurumurwa nekukasika dziine
mwedzi mitanhatu yekuzvarwa 6 months kupa mukana kuti mhou isimbe mwaka wokuti
ibereke usati wasvika. Zvakakosha kuti mhou isimbe uye nyama dzezamu dzinofanira kuva
dzinenge dzasimba uye kudzokedzana imwe mhuru isati yazvarwa. Munzvimbo zhinji mhuru
dzinozvarwa mumwedzi waGunyana kusvika muna Gumiguru dzinorumurwa muna
Chivabvu dzava nemwedzi minomwe kana misere 7-8 moths. Dzinozvarwa muna Mbudzi
–Zvita dzinogona kuzorumurwa muna Chikumi kana muna Chikunguru June or July. Danho
rekurumura mhuru rinogona kuita mazuva manomwe 7 days.

Nzira dzekurumura mhuru nadzo

Mamiriro ezvinhu papurazi ndiwo anoita mhuru dzirumurwe nemurimi wemombe

dzenyama. Nzira dzinotevera dzinogona kushandiswa:
● Imwe yenzira idzi inosanganisira kuchengeta mhuru mudanga kana mufenzi
yakagadzirwa zvakasimba wotsaura mhou wodziisa muwaya kana muzinda uri
nechekure zvikuru sei uko kwadzisingagoni kunzwikwa nemhuru kukuma;
● Munogona kubvisa mhou kwechinguva chidoko kubva mumuzinda kana dzabva
wovhura mhuru dzoendeswa kune imwe fenzi. Mhou dzinowanzotsvaka mhuru
munzvimbo dzadzinenge dzapedzisira kuonana nemhuru dzadzo iyi nzira inodzivirira
mhou kuti dzisapaza;
● Imwe nzira ndeye kuchinjanisa mhuru nemapoka maviri emombe. Mhuru dzinobva
dzapinda mumhou asi panogona kuita dambudziko kuti mhuru dzinogona kumwa
pamadzimai asiri adzo;
● Murimi anogona kupatsananura mhou nemhuru dzadzo nefenzi kana waya dziri
pedyo napedyo kuitira kuti mhou nemhuru dzisashungurudzika nekurumura kana
kurumurwa;
● Dzimwe mhou dzisingayamwise dzinogona kupiwa kumhuru dzinoyamwa kuitira
kuti mhou idzi dzigone kunyaradza nekupomhodza mhuru dziri kurumurwa idzi;
● Murimi anokwanisa kupa zvekudya zvakakwana, zvinozeyeka, zvinovaka muviri
nemvura yakakwana kumhuru dzinenge dzarumurwa.

Kubaya kana kupa mombe mishonga

Kupa mombe mushonga uye kubaya zvinoitwa kumombe diki nehombe kudzivirira
kuzvirwere nezvinokuvadza mombe. Zvirongwa zvekubaya mombe nekupa mombe
mushonga zvinofanira kuitwa vanhu vakabatana nevanhu vezveutano hwemombe ve
veterinary munharaunda. Zvakakoshera chirongwa ichi uye muripo unodiwa kuita
zvirongwa izvi, nguva yazvingaitwa ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvinofanira kuva zvinotariswa
mukuita danho rekubaya nekupa mombe mishonga.

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CHIKAMU 5

5.5 Kudhibhisa/ kutiva(Dipping)

Kudhibhisa mombe dzenyama ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinoda kuva neunyanzvi mukurima
mombe dzenyama. Chinangwa chekudhibhisa mombe kudzivirira mombe kubva
kuzvikwekwe uye zvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe uye zvinhu zvakaita semhesvi
(tsetsefly), makonye (worms) zvinokonzera zvirwere kumombe.

Nzira dzekudhibhisa mombe/ kana kuisa mushonga wezvikwekwe nadzo

Kufirita (Spraying)

Iyi inzira inoitwa nevarimi vadiki muZimbabwe vane mombe shoma dzinogona kuita gumi.
Zvino sanganisira kushandisa chigubhu (knap sack sprayer) chekufiritisa kupomba
mushonga uchienda paganda remombe. Pombi ine simba kana kuti inomwaya mushonga
zvine simba yakanakira kuti mushonga unokwanisa kupinda wose muganda apo panenge
pakabatira zvikwekwe. Kufirita hakugoni kuti mushonga usvikire kunhengo dzese dzemuviri
wemombe dzakwahwanda saka dzimwe nzira dzakaita sekushandisa mafuta ezvikwekwe
(tick grease) muzasi menzvimbo dzisingasvikirwi nemushonga wekufirita dzakaita
sepazasi pedumbu, muzvidya, muhapwa kana pazasi pemuswe.

Mushonga wekudira pamusana (Pour-ons)

Kushandiswa kwemapour-ons inzira yekushandisa mushonga wechirungu uyu unenge

wakatogadzirwa nana mazvikokota vemishonga. Mishonga iyi inobva yakagadzirwa nana
mazvikokota zvekuti murimi anongoisa pamusana wemombe mushonga wopararira wega
nemuviri wese. Nzira iyi inoda kuti murimi ave anenge achiziva uye ane umhizha
hwekushandisa mushonga uyu kuitira kuti asazoisa mushonga wakawandisa kana kuisa
mushoma.

5.6 Kushandisa madhibhi (Dip-tank)

Iyi nzira ndiyo yakakodzera kana mushonga uchiiswa kumombe dzakawanda uye inzira
inokurumidza. Izvi zvinoita kana varimi vakabatana vobva vavakisa dhibhi munharaunda
yavo. Kushandisa dhibhi inzira yakanaka zvikuru se kudzivirira zvinhu zvakaita sezvikwekwe
nemhesvi sezvo mombe dzichinyura zvakaperera mumvura inenge iine mushonga.
Kunobuda nemombe idzi mushure medhibhi kunogona kuitwa zvinhu zvakaita sekudzipa
mumwe mushonga, kuona dzinenge dzava nemazamhu uye kudziera uremu hwadzo.
Kudhibhisa kunoita mombe dzinyure zvakaperera mushonga uchinyatsopinda mumuviri
wemombe wese.

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 CHIKAMU 5
Zvinofanira kuitwa nekutevedzwa pakudhibhisa mombe

Zvinotevera zvinofanira kutariswa kana murimi achidhibhisa mombe dzake:

● Murimi haafaniri kudhibhisa mombe dzake akasanganisa huru nediki sezvo huru
dzichigona kuzotsikirira diki kuti dzinyure mudhibhi;
● Ona kuti kana kuchipisa mombe dzinemvura yakakwana yekumwa sezvo mombe kana
dziine nyota dzinogona kumwa mvura ine mushonga;
● Haufaniri kudhibhisa mombe kana kuchitonhora kana kuchida kunaya;
● Haufaniri kurega mombe dzichienda mushure mekubuda, mombe hadzifaniri kubuda
mushonga usati waoma sezvo mushonga uyu uchizogona kubatira pabundo kumafuro
zvinokonzera kuti mombe dzife;
● Mombe dzinofanirwa kudhibha dzichiita imwe imwe dzichitevedza mutsetse;
● Mombe dzava padyo nekubereka hadzifaniri kudhibhiswa unofanira kudzifirita;
● Ona zvakare kuti pane danda rekubatsira mombe kana dzava kunyura mudhibhi.

Machengetero nemabatirwo emishonga

Murimi anofanira kungwarira zvakanyanya kana achishandisa mishonga pakudhibhisa

mombe. Anotarisirwa kuverenga uye kutevedza zvakanyorwa nezvinodiwa achitarisa
zvinotevera senzira yekuzvidzivirira.

Usadhibhisa mombe dzinorwara

● Murimi haafaniri kushandisa mushonga wakawandisa kudarika unotenderwa

kushandiswa uye haafaniri kuvhenganisa kana kushandisa mishonga yakasiyana
panguva imwechete
● Nokuda kwekuti imwe mishonga inogona kuchengetwa mumukaka kana mumuviri
wemombe mumafuta, zvakakosha kuti murimi achenjere uye kuzivawo nguva
inotenderwa kutengesa kana kuuraya mombe mushure mekuipa mushonga.
● Usashandisa mishonga nenzira dzaunofungawo iwe kunze kwekuti dzakataurwa kana
kunyorwa pamushonga wacho.
● Usashandisa mushonga usina kutenderwa mudhibhi kunze kokuti zvakatenderwa
kana kunyorwa

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CHIKAMU 5

● Kana uchishandisa mishonga yekuvhenganisa ine mafutaemulsifiable unofanira

kuona kuti zvavhengana zvakanaka nemvura kana pakaita mafuta akanuna pamusoro
pemvura yawaisa haufaniri kushandisa mushonga uyu.
● Kana uchishandisa mushonga kumombe pamatanga adzo haufaniri kusvibisa chikafu
kana mvura yadzinomwa uye haufaniri kuti mushonga uyu uyerere uchienda muhova
dzemvura.

5.7 De-worming(Kubvisa makonye emudumbu)

Iri idanho rekudzivirira makonye anokonzera nyongororo mumombe dzenyama nekuda
kwekuti mombe dzinenge dzichifura kumafuro kunova ndiko kunobva zvese zvinounza
zvirwere. Huwandu hwezvinokonzera nyongoro mumombe hauenzani mumafuro ese.
Mafuro ane huswa hwakawanda ndiwo anogona kuita huhwandu hwezvinhu zvinokonzera
nyongororo. Mombe dzinogara munzvimbo dzisina mvura yakawanda kashoma kuti
dziwirwe nedambudziko renyongororo tichienzanisa nenzvimbo dzinonaya mvura dzine
mafuro akawanda. Nzira dzose dzinoitwa kudzivirira zvinokomzera zvirwere kumombe
dzinofanira kuva dzinenge dzichiendereranawo nemamiriro enzvimbo inenge
ichichengeterwa mombe idzi. Nzira yekubvisa makonye anokonzera nyongororo mumombe
inofanira kutanga nekuziva zvakadzama upenyu nekamuraramiro kegonye rinokonzera
nyongororo. Zvakare zvinodawo kuva neruzivo kuti gonye iri rinorarama sei kana mwaka
ichisanduka uye kuti nzira ingatorwa kumisa makonye awa zvine ungwaru.

Kusiyana kwehuwandu hwezvipembenene zvemombe (Seasonal parasite pressure)

Kuwanda kwezvinokonzera zvirwere mumombe kunosiyana siyana uye nehutariri hunenge

huchishandiswa kuparadza zvinokonzeresa zvirwere. Dambudziko rezvinhu zvinokonzera
zvirwere mumombe rinowanda mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura asi zvinoita zvishoma
munguva yakunenge kusinganayi. Munguva yekusanaya kwemvura muna Nyamavhuvhu
naGumiguru mombe dzinenge dzine makonye anokonzera nyongororo mashoma. Uwandu
hwezvinokonzeresa zvirwere mumombe hunodzikira kana paine matanho eutarriri ari
kutorwa nevarimi. Utariri hwakanaka hwekumangeta mombe hunosanganisira kupa mombe
chikafu chine utano uye zvirongwa zveuhatano hwemombe. Kubviswa kwemakonye
mumhuru kunoda kuitwa nekukasika uye mumombe huru zvinofanirwa kuitwa kaviri kana
katatu pagore kana mwaka wekunaya kwemvura woda kusvika,wava pakati kana kuti woda
kupera( Mbudzi, Ndira, Kukadzi, Kurume/ Bandwe).

Zvingaitwa mafuro kuderedza tumbuyu tunokonzera zvirwere

Utariri hwemafuro hwakakwana uye kubvisa makonye anokonzera nyongororo ndidzo nzira
mbiri dzinoshandiswa kudzivirira tumbuyu utwu internal parasites. Utariri hwakakwana
hunogona kuderedza zvinokonzera zvirwere mumombe. Nzira dzekuchengetedza mafuro
zvakanaka dzinoderedza huwandu hwemalarva dzinosanganisira zvinotevera:

● Murimi anogona kuendesa mombe diki kumafuro akachengeteka zvakanaka. Mafuro

akachengeteka anosanganisira mafuro asina kumbodyiwa nemombe kwegore.
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 CHIKAMU 5
● Nzvimbo dzinofurira mombe dzinogon kubviswa makonye dzisati dzaendeswa
kumafuro akachengeteka sezvo mafuro awa achikwanisa kuzosvibiswa nemakonye
awa.
● Unofanira kuisa mombe dzakura munzvimbo dzine mafuro anenge aswibiswa
nemakonye anokonzera zvirwere mumombe.Mombe hadzifaniri kufura dzichipedza
mafuro ese sezvo kupera kwemafuro awa kuchikonzera kuti dzizofura nemalarva.
● Kusandura nekuchinjanisa mafuro Rotational grazing hazvigoni zvega kudzima
dambudziko rekusvibiswa kwemafuro nemakonye. Neumwe muono, kuchinjanisa
mafuro uye urongwa hwekubvisa makonye kunogona kuti mafuro awande.
● Kana dambudziko ari makonye anokanganisa chiropa flukes, tsvaka nzira yekuti
ungabvisa sei mvura mumafuro ako uye kukomberedza newaya nzvimbo dzinobata
mvura yakakwanda.

Kudziviririra nekupedza tumbuyu tunokonzera zvirwere mumombe

De-wormers ndechimwe chombo chakanaka kudzora nekudzivirira maparasites. Kushandisa

mishonga inobvisa makonye anobvisa zvirwere mumombe de-womers hakufaniri kuva
kuine chinangwa chekurapa mombe dzine zviratidzo zvekuva nemaparasites kana
tumbuyu.Donzvo rekushandisa mishonga iyi rinofanira kuva riri rimwe redanho uye reutariri
munguva dzakakodzera kuderedza urwere hwemaparasites kuti husaitika.Kurapa
kunofanira kuva nechinangwa chekudzimura nekudzivisa upenyu hunotevedzwa
nemaparasites awa kuti mafuro asasvibiswa nezvinokonzera zvirwere.Pane kuti varimi vaise
urongwa hwekubvisa makonye anokonzera nyongororo, varimi vazhinji vanozobvisa
makonye aya kana mombe dzavo kurwara zvakanyanya.

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Ndechipi chakavanzika chiri pakudzora nekurwisa tumbuyu tunokonzera zvirwere
mumombe dzenyama?
● Ndetupi tumbuyu twakakosha tunowanikwa muZimbabwe?

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 CHIKAMU 6
Kuchengetwa Kwakanaka kweMatsiru

Donzvo rechidzidzo
Panopera chikamu chino vadzidzi vanofanira:
● Kunzwisisa kukosha kwekuva neurongwa nenzira dzekutsiva
(replacement) matsiru nemamwe pakupfuya mombe;
● Kunzwisisa zvakakoshera kuva nehurongwa hwekusarudza
matsiru;
● Kunzwisisa zviga zvekuva neuwandu hwemombe hwakanaka;
● Kunzwisisa kuva neongororo yemafambiro nemaberekero emombe
dzako semurimi.

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Usati waenderera mberi ivai nehurukuro pamusoro penzira
dzakajairika dzekutsiva (replacement) matsiru pakuchengeta
mombe dzenyama.
● Doma nekunyora pasi zvimwe zvezvinobata nyaya yeutariri
hwekutsiviwa matsiru.
● Ronga pfungwa dzawapa pamusoro nekukosha kwadzo uchipa
zvikonzero.
● Ndeapi matuso kana njodzi ingavepo pakuchengeta mombe
dzenyama usingashandisi nzira yekutsiva matsiru (replacement)?

6.1 Nhanganyaya
Kuva nematsiru uye kupfuya matsiru emhando yepamusoro nekumatsiviwa ndechimwe
chizvinhu zvakakosha senzira yekudyara nekuvandudza upfumi chinodiwa nekutariswa
pakuchengeta mombe dzenyama. Kutsiva matsiru ndechimwe chechikamu chekuvandudza
mhando dzemhou dzaungada kupfuya mune ramangwana. Murimi ane tariro yekuti tsiru
rinenge ratsiva nekuvandudzwa rinozova mhou inobereka mhuru pagore rimwe nerimwe
kwenguva yakareba. Matanho akawanda eutariri uye sarudzo anofanira kuitwa
mukusarudza nekutsiva matsiru. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kutsiva matsiru kunofanira kugwaza
kuita kuti matsiru awa arambe ari muboka remombe.Kusarudza panguva yekurumura
kusvika pakuvuchika/ kupfuya uye kusvika pakunobereka mhuru ndemamwe matanho
anofanira kuitwa pakutarisa matsiru aya.Matsiru asingagoni kuti murimi abate donzo kana
kugwaza anofanira kubviswa chero padanho raanenge ava mukuchengeta mombe dzenyama.

Donzvo nechinangwa mukuchengeta matsiru aya chinofanira kuva chekuva nematsiru ane
zvinotevera:

● Anofanira kuva abva zera kubva pamwedzi gumi nemisere kana makore matatu;
● Anofanira kuva nechikamu chikuru kubva muzana chekukasika kubereka pamwaka
wega wega wekupfuya mombe;
● Matsiru awa anofanira kuva ane muviri mukuru kuitira pakubereka mhuru pasava
nematambudziko;
● Anofanira kuva anobereka zvakare nenguva yakakodzera;
● Anofanira kuva anokudza mhuru kubva pakuberekwa kusiya yarumurwa.
Kusarudza matsiru akakodzera, nekumakudza zvakanaka uye kuita kuti dzibate mazamu
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 CHIKAMU 6
nekubereka nekukasika mumwaka wekutanga wekupfuya mombe zvine pundutso nemari
kumurimi yakakura

Zvimwe zvezvinotariswa pakurera nekutsiva matsiru zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

● Mamiriro enharaunda yaunogara;
● Zvazvakanakira nezvazvakaipira kupfuya matsiru kana kutenga kune vamwe matsiru
ekutsiva;
● Mamiriro akaita mitengo yematsiru ekutsiva nhasi nemagwana ;
● Kukura kwakaita boka remombe dzemurimi uye nzvimbo yekupfuwira mombe;
● Uvepo hwemafuro neutariri hwezvinodiwa pakuchenegta mombe papurazi;
● Uwandu nehuvepo hwevashandi;
● Upfumi nekuvandudzwa kwaho pakuchengeta mombe idzi;
● Urongwa nekuchengetedza utano mumombe;
● Mamiriro mukubereka kwemhou pamwe nekuuchika;
● Chimiro chemhando yepamusoro kwemombe nhasi.

Kuti varimi vaburitse pachena nzira huru yakakosha papurazi rimwe nerimwe, varimi
veminda vadiki ava vanopfuya mombe dzenyama vanofanira kuva neurongwa
hwekuvandudza mari uye kuronga utariri panzira yavangasarudza yakakodzera.

Kukura kweboka remombe /Herd size

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoda kutariswa mukutenga matsiru kana kutsiva, kukura

kwemombe.Kuti murimi agone kuramba ane boka remombe rakanaka anofanira kuva
nechikamu makumi matatu 30 % kubva muzana chematsiru. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana
murimi ane mombe makumi matatu mombe shanu dzinofanira kuva matsiru mashanu
pagore rimwe nerimwe anofanira kusarudzwa ave muboka remombe. Zvakakoshera
kumurima kuti achenengetedze matsiru mashanu kana kutenga mhou dzekutsiviwa.
Kazhinji, varimi vadiki vemombe dzenyama vanoona kuti kupfuya matsiru ekutsiva zvine
ungwaru pakuderedza kudyirwa mari sezvo zvine zvazvakanakira nepakuru. Nokuda
kwechikonzero ichi kupfuya matsiru pachavo vasingatengi ndezvimwe zvinovandudza
upfumi.

Mafuro, zviwanikwa nekutariswa kwazvo

Matsiru madiki ari kukura anoda utariri hwakakwana kudarika mhou dzabva zera.Simba
neuwandu hwevanhu vanodiwa kurera matsiru aya rakawanda uye zvinofanira kutariswa
pakuita, sarudzo inoda mari. Kuti murimi asvike padanho rinotarisirwa mukuchengeta
matsiru aya, matsiru anofanirwa kutsaurwa muboka redzimwe mombe otariswa pawo ega.
Utariri hwakanyanya hwematsiru hunotanga paanenge arumurwa. Mazuva ekutanga gumi
nemana kusvika pamakumi maviri nerimwe mushure mekurumurwa anoda unyanzvi
pakutarisa nekurera uye zvinoda nguva nekuzvipira nokuda kwenjodzi yezvirwere
zvinowanikwa kana matsiru arumurwa.Matsiru zvakare anodawo kutariswa kuitira kuti
murimi aone kana matsiru abve zera kuti auchike ava nemwedzi gumi nemisere kana mwedzi
makumi maviri nemina.
Nokuda kwekuti kudya kunoda matsiru awa kunosiyana siyana, mafuro anodawo

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CHIKAMU 6

kuwedzerwa kuti danho rekurumura riite zvakanaka pakuchengeta matsiru

ekutsividza.Pekuchengetera matsiru pakakwana panodiwa kuti asafamba famba kure
panguva yaanenge achangorumurwa uye kuti handira dzisasangana nawo nguva/ mwaka
isati yakwana yekuvandudza.Kudimbudzira mukuchengeta matsiru nekurumura zvigona
kukanganisa mhando yematsiru kweupenyu hwawo hwese. Kutenga matsiru ekutsiva
zvinogona kusunungura mafuro/ uswa nechikamu gumi 10% kubva muzana. Murimi
paanenge achiita ongororo iyi anofanira kuvawo nepfungwa yekuzowedzera mari neupfumi.

Chikonzero chekuva nematsiru akawanda

Chimwe chinofanira kutariswa nemurimi ndechekuti anofanira kurera matsiru akawanda

kudarika aanogona kupfuya papurazi. Matsiru anotarisirwa kuchengetwa anobata chikamu
makumi matanhatu nemashanu 65% kubva muzana.Varimi vazhinji vanokwanisa kuzobvisa
makumi maviri kana makumi maviri neshanu kubva muzana 20%-25% nokuda
kwekusabereka kwematsiru aya zvichibva pakusava neuremu uye kusava nechimiro
chakanaka kwawo. Nokuda kwaizvozvi kupfuya matsiru ekutsiva zvinoda kuti murimi
achengete mamwe matsiru nechikamu makumi mana neshanu kana makumi mashanu kubva
muzana 45%-50% kudarika zvinotenderwa. Izvi zvinobata mari kwemwedzi inoita gumi
nemiviri kana gumi nemisere matsiru asati abviswa kana kutengeswa.Murimi paanenge
achitarisa kuti opfuya matsiru here kana kuita ekutenga anofanira kutarisa mari yaangada
kushandisa pakupfuya matsiru aanenge aakachengeta kudarika anotarisirwa.

Kuita sarudzo kuti murimi pfuya kana kutenga matsiru

Sarudzo yekuti murimi atenge matsiru kana kupfuya pachake inosanganisira zvakawanda.
Izvi zvinosanganisira mari inodiwa pakudzichengeta, mari ichabereka, vashandi vanodiwa,
midziyo yekushandisa mitero, mari dzekutsiva, handira dzinodiwa. Mari inodiwa pakupfuya
matsiru aya kubva pakurumura inosiyana siyana zvichienderana nehuvepo hwezvinhu
zvekushandisa. Sekutsanangurwa kwazvamboita kumashure murimi anofanira kuva neidi
kuona makuriro emombe dzake, mafuro, utariri nemari dzinodiwa kupa mombe idzi zvinova
chimwe chikamu chemari dzinodiwa kupfuya matsiru. Murimi wega wega anofanira kuva
neurongwa hwemafambiro emari budget hunoburitsa hurongwa hwega hwega
hwekuchengeta matsiru. Mukugadzira urongwa hwemari uhu murimi anofanira kuisawo
mutengo unoenderana newepamusika wematsiru aya sezvimwe zvezvinhu zvaanenge
asarudza kusiya.Anofanira kuisawo mari ichadiwa kuripa vashandi iyo inova inosiiwa
nevarimi vazhinji mukuongorora mari dzinoshandiswa kupfuya matsiru. Kuti murimi aite
sarudzo dzakangwara unogona kuwedzerawo imwe mari ingangodiwa zvichiendera
nemamiriro ezvinhu papurazi.

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 CHIKAMU 6
Zvinofungidzirwa:

● Mutengo/ muripo wekudzoreredza matsiru unosiyana siyana;

● Mari dzinoshandiswa dzinosiyana zvichienderana nemurimi kuti aite sarudzo dzine
ungwaru.

Ongororo netsvakurudzo zvinoratidza kuti pane zvakanakira murimi kupfuya pachake

matsiru pane kuti atenge kune vamwe varimi zvikuru kuvarimi vadiki vanokwanisa
kuderedza mari dzingadyirwa murimi pakuchengeta nekubhadhara vashandi.

Mucherechedzo wakaiswa pazasi uyo unogona kushandiswa semucherechedzo wekushandisa

pakuronga mari inoshandiswa kuchengeta matsiru
Descrip on Unit Cost Weight Total Cost (K)
(K)/Kg (Kg)
Value of Heifer at weaning 5,800 227 1 , 3 1 6,000
Cost of weight gain 2,610 132 344,520
fromweaning to breeding
Cost of Bull Service (Hired) Lump sum/season 290,000
Interest Lump sum 1 74,000
Management cost Lump sum 290,000
Grazing cost birth to calving Lump sum 870,000
Veterinary costs Lump sum 1 16,000
Cost adjusted for culls and or Lump sum 435,000
death
Total 3,836,120

Utano hwemombe

Chimwe chikonzero chinoita varimi vapfuye matsiru pachawo ekutsiva vasingatengi

kunevamwe varimi ndechekuti vanenge vasingadi kuunza zvirwere mumombe
dzavo.Kutenga mombe kubva kune vamwe varimi zvinogona kuunza zvirwere mumombe
dzavo.Ichi chikonzero chinobatika kuvarimi vemombe nokuti zvirwere zvinogona
kukanganisa uwandu hwemari inowanikwa nemurimi pakutengesa mombe.Mukupfuya
mombe danho rekudzivirira zvirwere mumombe rinogona kuitwa kuburikidza nekuvharira
mombe munzvimbo imwechete.Nokudaro kuunza mombe idzo murimi dzaasingazivi utano
hwadzo zvinogona kuunza njodzi kana dambudziko.

Kuderedza dambudziko rekuunza zvirwere mumombe dzekutenga idzi murimi anogona

kuita zvinotevera:

● Kutenga mombe dzine magwaro anoratidza utano hwemombe uye dzinobva kuvarimi
vanoita zvakanaka. Murimi anogona kubatsirwa pakuona utano hwemombe idzi nachiremba
wemombe hunotariswa kana murimi achitenga matsiru.
● Tsaurai mombe dzinenge dzichangotengwa kubva kuboka ragara riripo kwemazuva
anogona kuita gumi kana makumi maviri nerimwe.
● Varimi vanofanirwa kuramba vachiita urongwa hwekupa mombe mishonga inodzivirira
kubva kuzvirwere.
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CHIKAMU 6

Kuvandudza mhou

Urongwa hwekuchengeta mombe dzenyama muZimbabwe hwakachinja zvakanyanya

mumakore makumi maviri apfuura uye hucharamba huchinjinja kuitira kugutsa vanhu
vazhinji vanotenga nyama yemombe. Kuti zvido zvevanhu zvizadziswe zvekuvapa nyama
yenhando yepamusoro, vanopfuya mombe idzi vari kuda kushandisa nzira dzinosimudzira
mhando yenyama yavanotengesa.Munyaya dzekupfuuya mombe dzenyama varimi
vanofanira kuziva kuti mhando yenyama zvinobva kumhou dzinobereka mombe
idzi.Mukutsvaka mhou kana kusarudza mhou dzekutsiva varimi vanofanira kuzivawo kuti
zviri muropa remhou ndizvo zvinoita kuti murimi awane pundutso kwemakore gumi kana
gumi nemashanu kana kudarika.Mukusarudza mhou dzekutsiva idzi varimi vanofanirwa
kushandisa zviri muropa genetics kusarudza mhou pakuvandudza nekusimudzira mhando
yenyama uye utariri pakudzipfuya.

Murimi anogona kutarisawo zviri muropa, maitiro kana ruvara pakusarudza matsiru.
Chinhu chakanakira kupfuya mhou dzekutsiva idzi ndechekuti mukana wekusarudza
matsiru paano zvarwa mushure memazuva makumi matanhatu pamwaka dzinenge
dzakasimba pakurumurwa. Matsiru aya anenge ane uremu hunodiwa padzinenge dzasvika
zera rekudzingwa.Matsiru aya kazhinji anobva kumhou dzinenge dzazvara kutanga
kwemwaka.

Kupfuya nekurera matsiru ekutsiva awa zvinopa murimi mukana wekubvisa dziya dzisiri
kumupa pundutso pakuchengeta. Izvi hazvirevi kuti kutenga matsiru kubva kune vamwe
haisi sarudzo yakanaka pakutsaura nekusarudza matsiru ekutenga kana mutengesi ane
magwaro akakwana anopa umbowo hweutano hwematsiru acho. Panogona kuvawo
nekumwe kunogona kubva matsiru nemhou zvekutsiva pachinyanyotariswa masarudziro
nematsauriro kuti murimi abude nematsiru emhando yepamusoro.

6.2 Nzira dzekuuchika mukusimudzira mhou

nematsiru
Kana mombe dzikauchikwa matuso anovapo ndeekuzvarwa kwemhuru dzakasimba uye
dzinokurumidza kukura kudarika vabereki vacho.Danho rekuuchika iri rinopiwa zita
rechirungu rekutihybrid vigour. Matuso ekuuchika awa anowedzera uwandu hwekubereka
kwemhou nezvikamu makumi maviri kana makumi maviri neshanu kubva muzana 20%-25%
hwemombe dzinenge dzauchikwa nedze kune dzimwe nzvimbo uyewo nechikamu makumi
mana kana mashanu kubva muzana 40%-50% mukuuchika mombe dzinenge dziri
dzemunzvimbo imwechete hwemombe dzakaita seBafotse neHereford. Varimi vazhinji
vakuru vanochengeta mombe dzenyama vanoshandisa nzira yekuuchika crossbreeding
kutora mukana wehybrid vigour nekuvandudza mombe vachivhenganisa mhando
dzemombe dzakasiyana siyana. Chimwe chinangwa chevarimi ndechekusarudza mombe
dzinogona kurarama zvakanaka munharaunda mavanogara. Asi nerumwe rutivi tinoona kuti
varimi vadiki vekuZambia vakatora mukana wekuuchika uyu sezvo vari pedyo nemapurazi
evamwe varimi vakuru. Murimi anofanira kutora mhou inogona kugara munharaunda

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 CHIKAMU 6
maanenge achigara osarudzawo handira inoenderana nemhou yake kuti pagozvarwa mhuru
inokodzera kutengeswa pamusika unenge uripo.

Varimi vanoshingaira kuti vawane mombe dzinovapa zvinotarisirwa pamusika kana

vachinge votengesa mombe dzavo. MuZimbabwe, varimi vadiki vemombe dzenyama
vanofanira kusarudza mombe dzinokwanisa kurarama munzvimbo dzinopisa nekutonhora
zvichisiyana nzvimbo nenzvimbo. Kuuchika mombe hadzi vachibatanidza Brahman
nedzimwe mombe ndiho hwaro hwevarimi vazhinji munyika sezvo vachida kuvandudza
huwandu hwenyama.

Imwe nzira kuramba muchishandisa kuuchika senzira yekusimudzira nyama uye mhuru
dzakanaka dzinotengeseka nekutsiva idzo dzinenge dzakafanana nemadzimai adzo.

Mukupeta chikamu chino varimi vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti sarudzo dzekutsiva mhou
dzinotora rupandi rwakakura mukusimudzira goho nemari yavanowana munguva inotevera
saka zvinofanira kuitwa neunyanzvi. Varimi vanofanira kutarisawo kuvandudzwa
kweupfumi uye utariri hwakanaka pakusarudza nekutenga mhou dzekutsivia.Murimi
anofanira kuita sarudzo akazambira pamamimriro uye zvinangwa zvepapurazi pake.

Hurukuro mumapoka
Chikonzero ndechei kuva nenzira yekutsiva matsiru nemhou?
● Ndzevipi zvaunotarisa pakurera matsiru ekutsiva? Ipa zvikonzero.
● Ndeipi nzira yaunoona yakanaka yekuvandudza nekuuchika mombe kuvarimi vadiki
munyika yeZimbabwe? Kurukurai muchipa zvikonzero?

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 CHIKAMU 7
CHIKAMU 7

Kupa Mombe dzeNyama Chikafu

Donzvo rechidzidzo
Mukupera kwechikamu chino vadzidzi vanofanirwa kuita zvinotevera:
● kunzwisisa mapirwo anoitwa mombe zvekudya;
● Kunzwisisa kudya kwakakwana kunodiwa nemombe dzenyama;
● Kukoerana ruzivo nezvavanoziva paupenyu pamapirwo anoitwa
mombe kudya nevarimi vadiki;
● Kunzwisisa kukosha kwekuwedzera chikafu kumombe dzenyama;
● Kunzwisisa kudya kunovaka muviri kunogona kubatsira kana
kukanganisa mombe pakukura;
● Goveranai ruzivo pamusoro pechikafu chiripo chekupa mombe
dzenyama.

Zvokuita
Usati waenda mberi kurukura pamusoro penzira dzekupa mombe
nadzo zvekudya uye kuti zvakakosherei kupa mombe idzi kudya kuti
dziburitse goho rakanaka uye kuti mombe dzinoita sei kana dzichipiwa
kudya uku. Doma zvezvimwe zvezvinhu zvinoitwa nemombe idzi.
● Zvii zvinodiwa pakupa mombe dzenyama chikafu
● Zvakakosherei uye ndeupi mutengo uye zvakanakira mombe dzine
utano

7.1 Nhanganyaya
Chimwe chezvimhingamupini pakusimudzira hutariri hwemombe dzenyama nekupfuya
inyaya yekupa chikafu chakakwana zvikuru sei kuvarimi vadiki. Izvi zvinonyanyokonzerwa
nemuripo wakakura uye mari yakawanda inodiwa pakutenga chikafu chemombe diki
nehombe.Mutengo wepasi unopiwa varimi pakutengesa mombe dzavo zvinoisa varimi
vazhinji panyanga dzamushore kuti voenderera mberi here kurima mombe dzenyama kana
kurega.

Nerumwe rutivi, kushaikwa kweruzivo kuti mombe dzinodya sei chikafu uye kuti dzinoita sei
kana dziri mumafuro uye mumatanga nderimwe redambudziko.Muchikamu chino vanhu
vanotora rupandi mukudzidza vachawana mukana kuti vaone matambudziko anosangana
nevarimi mukupfuya mombe dzenyama. Chikamu chino chinobatsira kuti tikwanise
kuongorora nekugadzirisa zvimwe zvekudya kwakakwana kunoshaikwa muuswa kana
mafuro emombe. Mafuro awa anofanirawo kuvawo neuswa hunenge hwakaoma hwakasimba
senzira inowedzera utano kumombe.

7.2 Mapirwo anoitwa mombe chikafu

Mombe dzenyama dzinofura kazhinji. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita mombe zhinji mukufura.Mombe
dzinodya uswa uye mashizha emiti akasiyana siyana munguva yakunenge kusina sora.

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 CHIKAMU 7
Mombe dzikapiwa mukana wekufura munharaunda yakakura dzinofura dzichisarudza uswa
hwakanaka hunopa utano dzichisiya uswa husingadyiki. Mombe dzinoita izvi kubatsira
makonye anobatsira pakuzeya. Mombe dzenyama dzinogona kufura kwenguva ingangoita
maawa masere kana gumi nemaviri pazuva rimwechete dzisati dzazorora/ kuvata dzichizeya.
Uswa hwadzinenge dzafura hwakaita mapundu makuru hunenge huri mudumbu (rumen)
hunodzorwa mumuromo hozeewa huchiwedzerwa mate.

Uswa uhu hunotsengwa kusvika hwava udiki mombe yozomedza kuti makonye emudumbu
azopedzisa kuzeya chikafu ichi. Danho rekuzeya iri rinoda simba rakawanda kumombe
dzenyama uye makonye netumbuyu tunobatsira kuzeya.Mombe dzenyama zvinoda kuti
dzive nesimba mukuzeya sora iri. Izvi ndizvo zvinosunda mombe kuti dzisarudze kudya
kunopa simba kwakaita sechibage, uswa unyoro. Kupawo kana kuwedzera kudya mumombe
kunosanganisira manyuchi kunova kudya kunopa simba zvikuru kana mombe dzichidya
kana kufura munzvimbo dzine uswa ushoma zvikuru munguva yekusanaya kwemvura
munyika yeZimbabwe. Munguva iyi uswa nemafuro anenge akaoma zvapiswa nezuva uye
uswa uhu hunenge husina zvinovaka muviri zvakakwana.

7.3 Kudya kunodiwa nemombe

Kupa mombe chikafu nepadiki ibhizimusi rinodya mari yakawanda. Muripo wekupa mombe
zvekudya mombe imwe chete hunodzikira apo huwandu hwemombe hunenge huchiwedzera.
Nechikonzero chemuripo / mari yakawanda inodiwa kupa mombe zvekudya, zvinoremera
varimi vazhinji vadiki saka varimi ava vanosarudza kuti mombe dzavo dziende kumafuro
ekusango. Neumwe muono zvinodawo kuronga kwakakwana negadziriro kana murimi
achida kubudirira. Varimi vadiki vanofanira kuona kwavangawane mhuru dzemombe
dzenyama, chikafu chinodiwa kudzichengeta kuti dzikwanise kupinda pane zvinotariswa
pamusika uye kuti dzinoda pekugara pakaita sei.
Nzira yekupa mombe idzi chikafu inofanirawo kuva inogona kusanduka. Kuvarimi vadiki
kupa chikafu chemashanga zvinogonawo kuiswa muurongwa hwekupa mombe
zvekudya.kushandisa chikafu chekutenga zvinoenderana nemitengo yechikafu ichi uye
kugaya nekugadzirwa kwechikafu, zvinokurudzirwa kuti murimi ashandise chikafu chakaita
semashanga kuti murimi aderedze mari ingashandiswa kutenga chikafu ichi.

7.4 Mapirwo emombe chikafu

Kuzadzisa kudya zvemombe dzako murimi zvinoreva kunzwisisa upenyu hwadzo padanho
rega rega padzinenge dzichikura, kuti chimiro chadzo chinokanganisa sei maitiro adzo, uye
urongwa hwekupa chikafu zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu papurazi remurimi.

Kuti uzive hurongwa hwakakodzera hwekupa mombe chikafu unofanira kutarisa

zvinotevera:
● Danho rekupfuya mhou
● Chimiro chemhou
● Kukwanisa kuberekesa kwebhuru
● Mhando yeuswa
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CHIKAMU 7

Mushure mekutarisa zviri pamusoro apo kudya kwezuva nezuva kunogona kugadzirwa kuti
ukwanise kusimudzira mhou dzako. Zvakakoshawo kupa mombe chikafu chine kudya
kunovaka muviri kwakakwana.Makambani anogadzira zvekudya zvemombe vakagadzirawo
zvimwe zvezvinovaka muviri yemombe izvo zvinenge zvisingawanikwi muuswa kana muvhu.
Tsvaka ruzivo pamusoro woita sarudzo yekutsvaka chikafu chinovaka muviri wemombe
dzako.
Table 8 : Zvibodzwa zvinoratidzwa pakupa mombe chikafu
Score 6: Mombe yakakoresa nemafuta
Mombe inenge yakakora ine mafuta akawanda, uye kuzvidya kwayo
kunenge kwakaenzana, uye muviri wayo unenge wakaurungana nokuda
kwemafuta akawanda pairi. Mutsipa wayo unenge uri mupfupi uye
wakasimba nekufara.

Score 5: Mombe inemafuta

Mombe inenge iine nyama yakanaka yepachipfuva iine munyepfu.
Panotangira muswe wayo inenge iine mafuta, uye kuzvidya kwayo
nekumusana kwakaurungana nekuda kwemafuta. Mbabvu dzayo
dzinenge dzichitsvedzerera uye dziine utano.

Score 4: Mombe yakanaka

Mhou inenge ine ganda rinoonekera rinotsvedza muviri wese.Inenge
iine mafuta pachipfuwa uye pazasi pemuswe uye mbabvu dzayo
dzinenge dzisingaonekwi. Danho iri rakanakira mombe kuti ibereke
mhuru uye kusanganiswa nehandira. Pane dzimwe nguva mombe iyi
inogona yakati dzikirei muviri nekuda kwekushaya kudya kwakakwana
kunovaka muviri.
Score 3: Mombe iri pakati nepakati pakukora
Mombe inenge ine muviri uri pamuenzaniso wechitatu inenge yakati
wondei zvishoma. Mbabvu mbiri kana nhatu dzinenge dzichionekwa
kubuda. Zvakare mombe iyi inenge ichiratidza kuva nemafuta
mashoma kana kushaya pambabvu uye panotangira muswe. Mombe iyi
inogona kuva nenyama yakawanda pamapfudzi uye pazvidya. Mombe
dzinenge dziri padanho iri hadzibudi mukaka wakawanda uye mhuru
dzacho dzinenge dzisinganyanyorema padzinorumurwa.

Score 2: Mombe yakaonda

Mhou inenge yakawonda mbabvu dzakabuda. Nyama uye mhasuru
dzepamapendekete nepazvidya dzinenga dzakadarikwa nedziri
pamuenziniso wechitatu. Mhou kana ine muviri wepa 3 kana 2 inenge
ine mukaka mushoma wekupa mhuru, uye mombe iyi inenge ine mhuru
diki kusvika pakurumurwa, uye kunonoka kubata zamu kana mwaka
wekubereka wasvika.

Score 1 : Mombe yakaondesa

Mhou inenge yakaonda isina mafuta uye mbabvu dzakabuda. Mhou
inenge isina nyama dzakasimba dzinoonekwa uye muzongoza
nemapfupa ekumusana anenge akabuda.
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 CHIKAMU 7
Muenzaniso wekutanga: Mombe isati yabereka

Kana mhou yako isati yabereka ichiratidza zvibodzwa zviri pamufananidzo wechina 4 Ideal
uchiziva kuti mhou dzako zhinji dzinotanga kubereka mumazuva makumi matanhatu
kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe 60-90 days, mafuro ako akakwana uye asvika pekuti
achidyiwa. Rangarira kuti kudya kwakapamhidzirwa (supplementary) kushoma kunenge
kuchidiwa pamombe yega yega nokuda kwezvinotevera:

● Uwandu hwesimba reuswa kana mafuro

● Kuwedzerwa kwenguva yekufura uye mamiriro akaita mafuro
● Kupamhidzirwa kwekudya kunovaka muviri nekuda kwekutorwa kwesora zvishoma
zvishoma asi richidyiwa rakawanda
● Kuwedzerwa kweuswa unyoro

Muenzaniso wechipiri: Mushure mekubereka

Mushure mekubereka, mhou imwecheteyo nekudya kumwechete nemuviri uri

pamucherechedzo wechina 4. Zvekudya zvemombe iri pamufananidzo wechitatu 3
zvinodiwa zvakawanda kuti ikwanise kuwedzera uremu mushure mekubereka. Dombo
remunyu rekuti dzinanzve rinofanira kugara riripo nguva dzose. Kana mhou dzine
mucherechedzo wechipiri 2 dzakawonda unofanira kudaidza mazvikokota wemomb kuti
akubatsire pamapire aungaita mombe dzako chikafu chinovaka muviri chakakwana.

Danho rekupfuya kana kuva nemhou

Mhou ine zamu inogona kutakura mhuru mudumbu mayo kwemazuva anoita iwo mazana
maviri nemakumi masere kusvika kumazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe 280-
290days. Nguva yakakosha mhou painenge yakazvitakura mazuva anoita makumi
matanhatu kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe 60-90days isati yabereka uye mushure
mekubereka, uye painotanga kuti chikafu chinofamba kubva kumhou chichienda kumhuru
iri mudumbu kuti igone kuumbika nekukura pamwechete. Mumazuva makumi matanhatu
kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe 60-90 days isati yabereka, kudya kunodiwa kunovaka
muviri uye kunopa simba kunotanga kuwedzera kudiwa nemhou kana ichinge yabata zamu.
Kune kukura kwakanyanya kunoita mhuru mudumbu remhou, sezvo chikamu makumi
matanhatu neshanu kusvika makumi manomwe neshanu 65%-75% kubva muzana chiri icho
chinomirira kukura kwemhuru mudumbu mumazuva anoita makumi matanhatu kusvika
makumi mapfumbamwe mombe isati yabereka.

Mushure mekubereka, mhou dzinoda kudya kunovaka muviri kunopa simba nekudzivirira
kuzvirwere kunoramba kuchiwedzera chikonzero zvichidaro ndechekuti mukaka
unowedzera kubuda unoda kudya kunovaka muviri sezvinotevera protein by 70%, energy by
15% and phosphorus by 70%. Kana kudya kunodiwa kuti mukaka uwande kukasapiwa
kumhou zvinoita kuti mhuru dzisakura dzichitora ruvara rwamadzimai adzo uye kushaya
uremu.Nemamwe manzwi uremu hwemhuru painorumurwa hunenge hwakadzikira. Mhou
inobva yatanga kugadzira muviri kuti izokwanisa kubereka zvakare pamazuva makumi mana
kusvika makumi masere nerimwe mushure mekubereka.

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CHIKAMU 7

Mamiriro emuviri/Body condition

Utano nemamiriro emuviri zvine chekuita nemukaka unoburitswa nemombe, makuriro

emhuru uye kuti mhou izoda kusangana nehandira(heat). Mhou ine utano nemuviri
wakanaka inoburitsa mukaka wakawanda neuremu hunoita 1kg pazuva rega rega izvi
zvinoita kuti mhuru iwedzere uremu neo,4kg pazuva rega rega kana kuwedzera uremu
hunoita 37kg panozorumurwa mhuru iyi.

Mhou ine muviri wakasimba une utano inokasika kuda kusangana nehandirane mazuva
anoita gumi nemasere kana makumi maviri nenomwe 18-27 days uye yokasika kubereka
nechikamu gumi kana makumi maviri kubva muzana tichienzanisa nemhou dzine muviri
isina kuita zvakanaka.kuti murimi aone utano nemamiriro emuviri wemhou yake
anoshandisa inonzi body appearance point scoring pachirungu. Iyi inzira iri nyore uye
yakanaka kuti aone kudya kunodiwa nemhou uye kana kuri kupiwa zvakakwana mushure
mekunge yabereka.

Tinotarisa nhengo nhanhatu pamuviri wemhou zvinotevera:

● Imbabvu ngani dziri kuonekwa?
● Pfupa rekumusana riri kuonekwa here?
● Hudyu yakabuda here?
● mhou ine mafuta here panotangira muswe wayo?
● Pane munyepfu here unoratidza kusimba pazvidya nepapandauko?
● Mhou iyi ine mafuta here pachipfuva?

Ongororo yakazara yemhou inobata zvibodzwa zvitanhatu. Muviri wemhou une zvibodzwa
zvina ndiwo unokurudzirwa uye unodikamwa kuvarimi. Chimiro chemuviri chinopawo
mukana kumirimi wekuti azadzise zvinangwa zvake zvekuwana mukaka wakakodzera uye
kuti mhou ikasike kuda handira.

Mhando yemafuro/ kudya kwemombe

Mafuro ndiro dura remurimi mudiki wemombe dzenyama. Mombe dzinogona kurarama
nekudya zvimwe zvisiri uswa. Neimwewo pfungwa kusiyana kwechikafu ichi nekuda
kwekusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze nekunaya kwemvura neivhu zvinokonzera kuti mafuro
awa ashaye kudya kunovaka muviri. Donzvo guru remurimi kusimudzira mafuro aya kuti
awanikwe papurazi pemurimi. Uswa kana mafuro ndiwo anoumba chikamu makumi masere
kubva muzana kana chikamu zana 80-100% chechikafu chinodyiwa nemombe dzemurimi
zvichienderana nemhando uye uwandu hwemafuro aya. Kunzwisisa zvakadzama mafuro
emombe dzako nemakuriro acho zvinobatsira kuti murimi azive kudya kunodiwa nemhou
dzisati dzabereka uye padzinobereka.

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 CHIKAMU 7
Kukura kweuswa nezvinovaka muviri muuswa

Uswa huchiri hudiki

Uswa hudiki hunenge hwakasvibira, hune mvura yakawanda mukati uye mashizha mazhinji.
Uswa hunokura zvakanyanaya mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura uye panguva yaunenge
hwachekwa zvienderana nekunaya kwemvura uye kudziya kwekunze. Uswa hudoko panguva
iyi hunenge hwakazara mashizha, husina hunde uye huine kudya kwakakwana kunovaka
muviri.

Danho rekushanduka kweuswa/Transitional grass

Apo uswa udiki hunoramba huchikura, hunopfuura nepadanho rekusanduka (transitional)
muchirungu. Uswa hunenge hwava padanho iri hunenge hwave nemashizha mashoma asi
hunenge hwave nehunde nemhodzi dzisati dzasimba. Panguva iyi zvinhu zvinovaka muviri
zvinosanganisira, protein, energy, and mineral zvinotanga kudzikira musora.

Uswa hwaibva/Mature grass

Uswa pahunoramba huchikura kusvika pazera rekuibva, hunobva hwava hwemhando yepasi
nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekusvibira mashizha uye kuwanda kwemhodzi. Panguva iyi uswa
hunenge hwawanda hunde mashizha apera uye mhodzi dzawanda uye hunobva hwasvava
pamwe nekuoma.

Mufananidzo wemombe ichidya uswa huri Mufananidzo wemombe iri kufura uswa
padanho nreTransitional hwaibva huri padanho reamature grass

Hurukuro mumapoka
Mukupeta chikamu chino, kurukurai zvinotevera
● Zvinorevei kuti kudiwa kwechikafu mumombe dzenyama
● Unoona zvakakosha here kuwedzera chikafu chine zvinovaka muviri mumombe
dzenyama?
● Nderipi zera remombe rinoda kuwedzerwa kudya uku uye sei zvichidaro?
● Ndeapi matambudziko anowanikwa pakuda kupa mombe idzi chikafu?

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 CHIKAMU 8
CHIKAMU 8

Chikafu Chinoshandiswa Kupiwa Mombe

dzeNyama

Donzvo rechidzidzo
Mukupera kwechikamu chino vadzidzi vanofanirwa kugona kuita
zvinotevera:
● Kunzwisisa ukama huri pakati petumbuyu tunobatsira mombe
kuzeya chikafu mudumbu (rumen organisims) uye chikafu chacho
digestible feed;
● Kuburitsa pachena kudya kwemombe kunopiwa
mombe dzenyama;
● Kutsanangura zvakakoshera kupa mombe chikafu
chakapamhidzirwa (supplementary feeding) kumombe dzenyama;
● Kunzwisisa zvinokonzera kushomeka uye kuderera kwehuwandu
hwemombe dzinozvarwa uye zvinotadzisa kuti dziwande;
● Kuziva mucherechedzo unoonekwa nekuda kwekushaikwa
kwekudya kwakakwana mumombe dzenyama;
● Kuziva makudziro aungaita mombe dzine utano papurazi
kuburikidza nekudzipa kudya kunovaka muviri kunosanganisira
mashizha.

Hurukuro mumapoka

Usati waenda mberi, yekukurukura pamusoro pematambudziko

anounzwa nekusapa mombe kudya kwakakwana kunovaka muviri.
● Ndeapi matambudziko anounzwa nekuchengeta mombe
dzenyama usina kudya kwakakwana kwekupa mombe idzi.
● Enzanisa mhinduro dzako nehurukuro iri pazasi.

8.1 Nhanganyaya
Mombe chipfuyo chakasiyana nezvimwe zvipfuwo pakuti dzinogona kutora uye kushandisa
kudya kunobatsira pakuzeya kwakaita seroughages or fibre uko kunovaka muviri.Mombe
dzine tumbuyu microorganisms tunogara mudumbu remombe rinonzi rumen muchirungu.
Tumbuyu utwu tunobatsira pakuzeya uswa nemashanga kana zvadyiwa nemombe kuti
zvikwanisike kushandiswa nemuviri. Nekudaro donzvo guru kupa mombe chikafu
chinobatsira tumbuyu utwu kugaya chikafu kuti chive chinogadzirwa kuzoti muviri ukwanise
kuchishandisa.Dumbu remombe rerumen netumbuyu utwu ndizvo zvinoita mombe
dzisiyane nezvimwe zvipfuyo zvingachengetwa nemurimi.

Tumbuyu utwu tunopa mombe kudya kunovaka muviri kwemaproteins kunodaidzwa

kutimicrobial crude protein (MCP). Tumbuyu utwu tunogara mudumbu tunogaya kudya
kunenge kwatorwa nemombe twoita kuti pabude kudya kunopa simba nekuvaka muviri
zvoita kuti MCP yakawanda ivemo mumuviri wemombe. Tumbuyu utwu tunoda simba
(energy) rinobva kuchikafu chinodyiwa nemombe. Kugaiwa kwechikafu mudumbu
memombe pakunenge kuchienderera mberi, tumbuyu utwu tunobuda mudumbu rekutanga
remombe rerumen toenda mungadainzwa kunzi lower gastrointestinal system. MuMicrobes
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 CHIKAMU 8
ndimo munobva kudya kunovaka muuviri nechikamu makumi maviri kusvika makumi
matanhatu kubva muzana (20-60%) kumombe uye nekune kumwe kudya kune zvakasiyana
siyana zvingadiwa nemuviri.

Mombe dzenyama dzine mukana wakasiyana nedzimwe kunyange kudya kunovaka muviri
kukasawanikwa muchikafu. Tumbuyu twemudumbu tunogona kugadzira nekupa kudya
kunovaka muviri uku. Nitrogen inoramba ichipiwa nekuendeswa kubva muropa kuenda
kudumbu rekutanga remombe rumen uko inoshandiswa netumbuyu kugadzira kana
kupamhidzira MCP. Mombe dzinozeya dzinokwanisa kudzosa nekutenderedza nitrogen
zvinoita kuti mombe dzirarame dzichidya chikafu chisina kudya kunovaka muviri. Kupa
mombe kudya kwakakwana kunovaka muviri kunobatsira tumbuyu kugaya chikafu
mudumbu zvoita kuti mombe iwane zvakakosha zvinodiwa nemuviri. Tumbuyu utwu
tunoshandisa dietary fibre, protein, and/or nitrogen kugadzira zvekudya zvinopa simba
nekuvaka muviri kuti muviri ushandise. Kugadzira nekutevedza nharaunda yakanaka
mukugaiwa kwechikafu mudumbu zvinobatsira kuti murimi azadzise zvinangwa zvake
mukuchengeta mombe dzenyama.Tichitarisa ukama huripo pakati pemombe dzenyama
netumbuyu utwu, mombe dzinokwanisa kushandisa roughage yemhando yepasi inowanikwa
muvarimi vazhinji vadiki munyika yeZimbabwe kuti vakwanise kupfuya mombe dzinopa
nyama yakanaka. Kudya uku kunogona kuiswa mumipanda inotevera:

Roughages:Uku kudya kunopa samba mumombe dzenyama kunosanganisira zvinotevera.

● Mashanga echibage
● Sora, mashanga enzungu, stargrass, groundnut tops, ground maize cobs, soya bean
hulls kunogona kusanganiswa nemanyuchi.
● Mashanga echibage - izvi ndezvinosara mushure mekukohwa chibage murimi
ozvinonga muminda opa mombe dzake.

Concentrates: Uku kudya kunotengwa nemurimi kana kuvhenganiswa kuti zvive zvinovaka
muviri wemombe. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
●Kudya kwakavhenganiswa nehupfu hwechibage
● Kudya kwakavhenganiswa nesoya beans dzakagaiwa
● Masunflower akagaiwa (sunflower cake)
● Mhodzi dzedonje dzakagaiwa

Masese (Brewer's grains): Uku kudya kunowanikwa mushure mekubika doro uye varimi
vanowana kudya uku ndevane mukana wekuenda kumakambani anobika doro achishandisa
chibage. Zvinenge zvasara pakubikwa doro izvi zvinovhenganiswa nekumwe kudya kunovaka
muviri papurazi.

8.2 Kupamhidzira kudya kumombe

Urongwa hwekuvandudza mafuro emhou dzenyama

Kudya kwakawedzerwa kwakakosha mumombe dzenyama. Neumwe muono kudya uku

kukawandisa hazvina kunaka uye zvinodya mari. Kusakura uye kusaratidzika kweuswa
hunodyiwa nemombe kunopa chiratidzo chezvinodiwa kuti uswa uhu hukure. Uswa
pahunenge hwaibva kudya kunovaka muviri kuno dzikira mahuri.
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CHIKAMU 8

Phosphorus ndechimwe chinodiwa kuiswa muivhu mumafuro emombe dzenyama

chinodiwa pakugadzira urongwa hwekuvandudza mafuro emombe dzenyama. Kudiwa
kwePhosphorus nemhou dzenyama kuno kanganiswa kana kubatwa nemabudiro emukaka
uyemhando yeuswa hunopiwa mombe. Zvakare phosphorus iyi ndechimwe chezvinhu
zvinodhura paurongwa hwekuvandudza nekusimudzira kudya kwemombe. Kuwedzera
kudya uku mumwaka yekupfuya nekuvandudza breeding apo mhou dzinenge dzichifura
uswa munguva yakunenge kusinganayi kunodiwa.

Kusanganisa kudya kwakavandudzwa muchikafu chemombe

Kudya kunovaka muviri hakufaniri kudarikirwa pakupfuya mombe dzenyama. Kudya uku
kwakakosha zvekuti kungango enzaniswa neuswa, mvura uye mhepo izvo zvinodiwa
pakurarama kwemombe. Kudya uku kwakavandudzwa kunoita rupandi rwakakura
mumukura kwemombe uye zvinobatawo mapfupa emombe, kubuda kwemukaka, kugaya
chikafu mumuviri uye mashandiro anoita muviri wemombe. Kudy uku kukashaikwa
kunozopa dambudziko kumurimi munguva inotevera saka murimi anofanira
kungwarira.Wakambosangana nezvinotevera here mumombe dzako:
P Ca Mg K S Fe Cu Co I Zn Mn Se

Lower
concep onate
Decreasing calvingrates

Reduced milk
produc on
Lameness or s ffness

Slow \ weight gains

Reduced
wreaning \ weights
Smaller or \ weaker
calves
Pooroverall herd health

Grass tetany (prolonged

conmac on of muscles)

Retained placenta

Milkfever

Change in hair Coat

More days to first heat

Key: P=Phosphorus, Ca=Calcium, Nacl=Sodium Chloride, Mg= Magnesium,

K=Potassium, S=Sulfur, Fe=lron, Cu= Copper,Co=Cobalt, l=lodine, Zn=Zinc,
Mn=Manganese, Se=Selenium.

Ndechipi chikafu chakanaka kupa mhou nemabhuru

Kusarudza chikafu chinopiwa mombe zvinofanira kuva zvakanangana nekuvepo kwekudya

kwakakwana kunovaka muviri kunosanganisira (energy, protein, minerals). Kumombe dziri
kukura kushaikwa kwekudya kunopa simba kunoita mombe isakura, nekudaro kudya
kunopa simba rakawanda kunodiwa kupiwa mombe. Kudya uku kunosanganisira zvese
zvinobva kuchibage, masunlower, upfu wakagaiwa uye zvinosara pachibage chinoshandiswa
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 CHIKAMU 8
panobikwa hwahwa. Kudya kune fibre kuno sanganisira soyabeans, mashanga
echibage,mishanga enzungu, makanda anosara panosvinwa muto wemaranjisi uye gorosi.
Nyaya zhinji dzinotaurwa pamusoro pemombe dzinodya chikafu chakawanda chazara kudya
kunopa simba nekuvaka muviri zvakanyanaya apo dzinenge dzichifura dzega, izvi
zvinokonzera chirwere chekufufutirwa zvoita kuti dzife. Kuregera mombe dzichidya dzega
pasina ari kuongorora kwadziri kudyira kana kuswera zvinhu zvinofanirwa kungwarirwa
nemurimi.Kudya kunovaka muviri kwemaproteins kuno sanganisira soyabeans dzakagaiwa,
mhodzi dzedonje uye chibage chashandiswa kubika doro chakaomeswa. Kushandiswa
kwekudya kwakavhenganiswa nezvinovavira urea kana pre-mixed protein zvinopawo kudya
kwakakwana kune nitrogen.

Nemamwe manzwi kudya kune roughage kunobatsirawo mukura kwemombe.Mari

dzinoshandiswa pakutengera mombe chikafu dzinoita shoma nekuda kweuswa nekudya
kune kunogaika kuchivaka muviri zvinoita kuti murimi asatenga zvekudya zvine kudya
kunovaka muviri kwakawanda. Murimi anofanira kubata pfungwa yekuti kupa zvipfuyo
zvake kudya kune urea kunoda unyanzvi saka zvinoda kuti abatsirwe nachiremba wemombe.
Pane dambudziko rekuti urea iyi akawandisa inogona kugadzira chepfu ikauraya
mombe.Chikafu chakawanda roughage chinodiwa pakugadzira nekuvhengansisa zvokudya
zvemombe. Kusarudza chikafu chine roughage zvinoenderana nezera,uremu uye makuriro
anoita mombe. Zvinhu zvinopa roughage zvinosanganisra uswa hweBermuda, hweRhodes
uye star. Mashanga anobva kuchibage, mapfunde, uswa ndezvimwe zvinopa roughage
yakawanda kumombe dzenyama. Mafuro emombe ndiyo sarudzo yekutanga mukupa mombe
chikafu.

Miti yechikafu chemombe

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Ndechipi chikonzero chekuwedzera chikafu mumombe nguva yakunenge
kusinganayi?
● Chii chinokonzera kusabereka zvakanyanya kwehandira nemhou?
● Ndezvipi iwe zvaunoti zvakakosha pakugadzira chikafu chekupa mhou, nematsiru ane
mazamau uye handira munguva yakunenge kusiri kunaya?
● Ndezvipi zvinofanirwa kuchenjererwa nemurimi kana achipa mombe dzake kudya
kwakawanda zvibnhu zvinovaka muviri?

Hakuna chikafu chimwechete chingapiwa mombe kusvika yakura. Mombe dzenyama

dzinoda kupiwa kudya kwakakwana kunosanganisira maproteins, vitamins uye maminerals
kuti murimi azadzise donzvo rake pakupfuya mombe dzenyama. Murimi uyu anogona
kushanda akabatana nachiremba wemombe kuitira kana ane mubvunzo pamusoro pekudya
kunodiwa nemombe dzake. Chinhu chikuru chakakosha kuva neurongwa hwakakwana
hwekuchengetedza mafuro nechikafu chekudya chinodyiwa nemombe. Mafuro nezvekudya
zvakakwana uye zvemhando yepamusoro zvinodikamwa pakudya kwemombe. Ongororo
yekudya kunowedzerwa kumombe inofanira kuva yakatsamira pakudya kwakapiwa mombe
uye mutengo wekudya uye kugashirwa kwechirongwa ichi.

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Sei zvakakosha kuva nemiti inodyiwa nemombe yakasiyana siyana papurazi?

Nguva yekupisa mwaka unounza kushushikana kumombe uye zvimwe zvipfuyo

sezvazvinongoitawo kuvanhu. Munguva iyi kudya kwemombe zvikuru sei uswa hunoshaikwa
uyu hunenge huri hwemhando yepasi. Uhwandu hwezvinovaka muviri muuswa hunenge
hwakawanda mumwedzi mishoma yegore. Sora parinokura roibva, rinoshaya zvinovaka
muviri zvinoita rinetse kudzeya pamwe nekugaya mudumbu. Izvi zvinopa dambudziko kuti
mombe dzigare dzisina utano. Vamwe varimi vanogona kuregera mombe dzavo dzichinofura
musango kana kune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi chii chingaitwa kana mafuro aya asisipo? Nzira
imwechete kupedza dambudziko iri kudyara miti papurazi pako iyo inopa zvokudya
zvakakwana zvine utano kumombe dzako munguva yekupisa iyi kusina mvura. Miti iyi
inoramba iine kudya kunovaka muviri uye kunozeeka kwegore rese.

Miti yechikafu chemombe

Ndingawanepi kudya kwemombe kunovaka muviri?

Rimwe redura rekudya kunovaka muviri mashizha emiti zvikuru sei kumiti inobereka
zvine mhodzi. Miti iyi inowanikwa pamiti yechivanhu neyechirungu ikokasika kukura
inosanganisira mipangara, mimvee, michecheni,Pigeon pea, Mulberry, Sesbania sesban,
Acacia angustissima, Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Albizia lebbeck and
Leucaena leucocephala. Muti unonzi muLeucaena leucocephala ndiwo uri pamberi
pakuita kuti mombe dzibude mukaka wakapamidzira nemalitre gumi nemana 14litres
pamhou imwe neimwe. Umwe muti unopa kudya kunovaka muviri muti weMoringa
oleifera, uyo unova wechirungu unokasika kukura. Imwewo miti haingopi kudya kunovaka
muviri chete asi inoberekawo mhodzi dzine kudya kunodiwa nezvipfuyo. Mienzaniso
yemiti iyi inosanganisira masekesa mipangara, mimvee, Piliostigma thorningii, Dicrostachys
cinerea, Amblygonocarpus andogensis, Faidherbia albida neAcacia.miti iyi haingopi zvinodiwa
mumuviri wemombe kuti dzive neutano asi inoberekawo mhodzi pakati pemwaka dzinogona
kudyiwa nezvipfuyo.

Dzimwe nzira dzandingashandisa kuva nemiti kana kudyara papurazi

Pane nzira dzakakwanda idzo murimi anogona kusanganisa miti inodiwa nemombe
papurazi.
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 CHIKAMU 8
Kuchengetedza miti inowanikwa munharaundaProtect local trees
Basa rokuita
● Miti inowanikwa munharaunda mako yakakodzera here kudyiwa nemombe?
● Pane miti inodyiwa nemombe here yasara munharaunda mako? Ndeipi uye mhodzi
dzayo dzinoibva munguva ipi?
● Unogona here kudyara mhodzi dzacho?
● Ungadyara mhodzi idzi pai?

Nzira yekutanga iri nyore kuchengetedza miti iri munharaunda zvikuru sei iyo inobereka
mhodzi inenge iri kukura papurazi remurimi wemombe dzenyama.

Kudyara miti
Kana pasina miti iripo papurazi kana paine mishoma , murimi anogona kutsvaka mhodzi
odyara panzvimbo yekudyarira miti. Kana mhodzi dzichinge dzamera anobva adzidyara
kutanga kwemwaka wekunaya kwemvura. Murimi anogona kudyara miti iyi akasanganisa
nembeu pamakandiwa kana akakomberedza musha kana kuidyara yega mumunda.

Kudyara miti nembeswa pamwechete

Kana miti iyi ikadyarwa nembeswa, zvakajairika kudyara miti iyi mumitsetse yakafara
mamita matatu kana gumi 3-10m. Kuparadzaniswa kwemiti iyi kunofanira kuita
macentimetre makumi maviri nemashanu kana makumi mashanu 25cm-50cm. Unobva
wadyara mbeswa pakati pemiti iyi uchidziparadzanisa zvezvaunogara uchiita.

Kudyara miti wakatevedza gandiwa kana pamusoro paro

Miti inogona kudyarwa wakatevedza makandiwa kana kudyara pamusoro, kuparadzanisa

miti iyi zvakanyanya hakuna basa rakakura sezvo miti iyi isina mbeswa dzainenge ichikura
nayo. Unogona kuiparadzanisa zvaunoda asi ona kuti miti iyi yakaparadzana mametre anoita
matatu.

Kudyara panzvimbo imwe yakabatana

Murimi anogona kudyara miti iyi yakabatana yakaita fodder bank. Fodder bank zvinoreva
nzira yekuchengetedza kudya kwemombe kwenguva yaunoida iwe semurimi. Sekuchengetwa
kunoitwa mari mubhanga kusvika muridzi ava kuida, chikafu chemombe chinogona
kuchengetwa pamiti iyi. Nzvimbo kana munda wakakura mametre anoisanganisa makumi
mashanu kureba nekufara 50m by 50m inokwana mombe ina. Zvakakosha kudyara miti
yakavhengana ingaita mhando nhatu kana ina kuti chive chikafu chemombe dzako. Unodyara
miti iyi mumitsetse yakaparadzana macentimetre anoita makumim mashanu 50cm kunze
mukati memitsetse iyi woiparadzanisa macentimetre anoita 30cm – 40cm. chengetedza miti
iyi yaunenge wadyara.

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CHIKAMU 8

Miti iyi ingakohwiwa sei uye kushandiswa sei?

Pane nzira mbiri dzinogona kushandiswa nemurimi unogona kushandisa imwechete kana
dzese nguva imwechete. Nzira yekutanga iri nyore kurega mombe dzako dzichidya mashizha
nemhodzi pamiti iyi zvikuru sei mhodzi dzinenge dzakawira pasi. Nzira iyi ndiyo yakafanira
kana miti yakaparadzana uye iri pese pese. Kana wakadyara miti iyi nenzira yekuita
mabhanga (fodder banks) unoshandisa nzira yekutema miti iyi mushure memasvondo
,mashoma kuti mombe dzidye mashizha aya achiri manyora kana kuti aoma. Iyi nzira
inodaidzwa kunzi kutema nekusenga (cut and carry). Unofanira kutema miti iyi mushure
mekunge yava negore kana kuti yareba mametre anoita rimwe kana maviri. Kana ukatema
miti iyi isati yakura zvinogona kuzopa dambudziko pakukura kwayo mangwana. Mushure
mekuitema kwekutanga, miti iyi inogona kuzotemwa mushure memasvondo masere kana
gumi nemaviri zvichienderana nemwaka uye makuriro ayo mushure mekutemwa. Murimi
anofanirwa kutema miti iyi yava nemacentimetre makumi mashanu kana makumi manomwe
50cm-70cm. Chikafu chekudyara ichi chinogona kuburitsa matonne matatu kana gumi kana
chaomeswa pahekita roga roga mugore rimwechete. Nguva yakakodzera yekutema kana
kufudzira mombe zvinosiyana siyana nenzvimbo. Nguva yakareba miti isimba kutemwa
inoburitsa chikafu chakawanda asi zvine dambudziko rekuzowanza matanda asingazodyiwi
nemombe. Munzvimbo dzakanaka, murimi anogona kukohwa munguva yakaita masvondo
matanhatu kana masere 6-8 weeks, asi munzvimbo dzisina kunaka anokohwa mushure
memasvondo gumi nemaviri. Mhodzi dzakawanda dzinopa utano kudarika chibage. Kupa
mombe chikafu chine mhodzi dzkakwanda zvinoita kuti dziwedzere kurema kwadzo.
Kushandisa chikafu chakavhenganiswa nemhodzi hazvidhure pane kutenga chikafu
chakadzirwa. Muenzaniso uri pazasi unoratidza kuti unovhenganisa sei kudya kwemombe
kune utano.
Chikafu chemombe chinemhodzi netsanga zvakavhenganiswa
Zvakashandiswa Chikero (Kg)
Mashanga echibage 250
Tsanga dzechibage 200
Tsanga dzemapfunde 200
Masunflower akagaiwa 1oo
Mhodzi dzemu Piliostigma thorningii 200
Mhodzi dzemuAcacia erioloba 50

Zvese zvabatanidzwa (Total) 1000

Hurukuro mumapoka
Ungawana mhodzi dzinopa utano kumombe kubva kumiti ipi?
● Kubva kuruzivo rwaunarwo, ndekupi kudya kwakavhenganiswa kwaungapa mombe
uchishandisa zvaunorima papurazi pako?
● Kunyange zvazvo nzira yekukohwa chikafu chinopiwa mombe yekutema nekusenga
(cut and carry) ichida simba nevashandi vakawanda pane kurega mombe dzichidya
miti iyi dzega, pane zvakanakaira nzira yecut and carry iyi.
● Ndezvipi zvezvimwe zvakanakira nzira iyi?
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CHIKAMU 9
Kuchengeta Mafuro eMombe muNzvimbo
Dzinorimwa neDzisingarimwi
Donzvo rechidzidzo
Mukupera kwechikamu chino vadzidzi vanofanira kuita zvinotevera:
● Kunzwisisa kukosha kwekuchengetedza nzvimbo
dzinochengeterwa mombe. (Understand the importance of
conserving the rangelands);
● Kuva neruzivo rwemafuro nezvirimwa zvinowanikwa
munharaunda yekuchengetera mombe.
● Kunzwisisa ukama huri pazvirimwa, ivhu uye zvipfuyo
zvinogaramo.
● Kunzwisisa nzira dzekuchengetedza mafuro nadzo kwemombe
dzenyama.
● Kuziva kusimudzira nekuvandudza uswa nezvirimwa
zvinowanikwa panochengeterwa mombe.

Hurukuro mumapoka
Usati waenda mberi, kurukurai pamusoro pekuti chii chinonzi
kuchengetedza nekuongorora nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mombe
● Tsanangura kuti chii chinonzi nzvimbo yekupfuira mombe
isingarimwi (rangeland).
● Ndeupi mutsauko uri pakati pemafuro emombe nenzvimbo
inochengeterwa mombe isingarimwi (range land and
pastureland).
● Zvakakosherei kuva nemuzinda wekuchengetera mombe
kumurimi wemombe dzenyama.
● Doma uchinyora pasi mhando yemafuro anowanikwa pamuzinda
wekuchengetera mombe (rangeland).

9.1 Nhanganyaya
Rangeland inzwi rinoreva nzvimbo isingarimwi zvirimwa. Nzvimbo iyi haisanganisiri
panoitwa zvekucherwa zvicherwa, uye pane midhuri nemigwagwa yemotokari. Nzvimbo iyi
inogona kuva sango rakasvibira rine miti neuswa hwakawanda , gwenga kanawo nzvimbo
yakazara matombo. Rangeland inosanganisira nzvimbo dzine uswa hwakawanda, makwenzi
netumiti tudiki uye nzvimbo dzine miti yakaparadzana. Nzizi, tunyanza tudiki, makoronga
nehova dzemvura ndizvo zvinovaka nzvimbo iyi. Nzvimbo dzinorimwa zvirimwa dzine uswa
uye miti nezvimwe zvekugadzira kudya kwemombe dzinodaindzwa kunzi pastureland.
Pastureland nerangeland zvinoda kufanana pane zvakawanda asi zvinosiyana benzi pakuti
pastureland inorimwa uye kutariwa nenzira dzinoshandiswa mukurima. Izvi zvinosiya a
nerangeland hairimwi uye haina anoitarira nekuti zvinongozviita zvega ecological practices
inotarirwa kuburikidza nekuzviita zvoga.

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CHIKAMU 9

9.2 Kukosha kwenzvimbo dzisingarimwi

dzekufudzira mombe
Varimi veminda vadiki vemuZimbabwe vanoshandisa nzvimbo dzisingarimwi kufudzira
mombe dzavo. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo , nzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi mombe dzinogovana
mafuro awa nemhuka dzemusango. Nerumwe rutivi, nzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi
dzakakoshera varimi vadiki ava nekuti ndiko kwega kwavanowana mafuro emombe dzavo.
Kukosha kwenzvimbo idzi mukushandiswa kwadzo senzvimbo dzekutandarira uye
kwekuwana mvura kuri kukura munyika yeZimbabwe. Izvi zvinoratidza kluti mune
ramangwana nzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi dzichatanga kutariswa nekuchengetedzwa
senzvimbo dzekuitira zvakawanda. Basa rakawanda renzvimbo idzi richatariswa
nekuchengetedzwa panguva imwecheteyo nehanya neungwaru kuitira kuti dzisakuvadzwa
kana kuparadzwa. Semuenzaniso nzvimbo dzisingarimwi dzinogona kushandiswa uri
mubatanidzwa wezvinotevera:

● Senzvimbo yekuchengetera mhuka dzemusango;

● Nzvimbo yekupfuira mhuka dzemusango;
● Kumafuro emombe;
● Kuvhima mhuka dzemusango;
● Kuchengetedza kana kudzivirira panobva rwizi kana rukova;
● Senzvimbo inobva mvura yezvipfuyo nemhuka.

Nzvimbo dzinorimwa nedzisingarimwi dzinobata chikamu makumi masere kubva muzana

80% munyika yeZimbabwe. Kuchengeta zvipfuyo munzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi
kwakakosha zvakanyanya mokuti ndiko kunobva nyama zhinji mumadhorobha
emuZimbabwe uye matebwe nezvimwe zvatinowana kubva muzvipfuyo. Nzvimbo
dzisingarimwi idzi dzinoshanda semuzinda unovanda mhuka dzemusango, shiri,
zvinokambaira, hove netupukanana. Kuburitsa zvakare kukosha kwenzvimbo dzisingarimwi
idzi dzinowanikwa muZimbabwe, chikamu makumi masere nena kusvika makumi masere
kubva muzana 84-90% chinobata mhuka dzinoyamwisa, chikamu makumi manomwe kubva
muzana 70% chinobata shiri, chikamu makumi matanhatu kubva muzana 60% chinobata
zvinokambaira uye chikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana 50% chinobata hove izvo
zvinowanikwa munzvimbo idzi zvakabatana mumagariro azvo.

Mombe dzenyama dzinochengetwa nevarimi vadiki uye makonzo nembeva zvine kuzeya
kwakada kufana uko kunozvipa mukana wekuzeya nekugaya kudya kwakaomarara
kunowanikwa munzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi. Mhuka dzakaita semakonzo, nembeva, mbira
netsuro zvine mudumbu munokwanisa kuti dzidye kunopa simba kwakaita sesora uye
zvimwe zvinobva kumiti. Zvinhu zvakaita seshiri nehuku dzechivanhu dzinoda kudya
kwekunonga nemuromo kwakaita setsanga izvo zvinoita kuti dziwanewo uku kubva
mumichero yemusango, nhodzi uye midzi.

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Sei mvura yakakosha mukutarisa nzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi?
● Munharaunda mako mune rombo rakanaka sei pamukana wekuwana mvura
54 pakutarisa nekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi?
 CHIKAMU 9
Munzvimbo dzese dziri kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, Zimbabwe ine mvura yakawanda
kubva munzizi, nyanza, nzvimbo nyoro dzakaungana mvura uye pasi. Nokuda kwekuti
nzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi dzinowanikwa kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica uku, mvura
yakakosha nechikamu makumi masere kubva muzana (80%) kuvagari vemuZambia
vanogara munharaunda iyi. Mvura zhinji iri munzizi nemuhova dzemuZambia inopinda
munzvimbo dzisingarimwi nemasango. Mekudaro utariri hwakakwana uye hwakakodzera
hunodiwa pakutarira huwandu uye mhando yemvura inenge ichiyerera munzvimbo idzi.

9.3 Mhando dzemiti neuswa dzinowanikwa munzvimbo

dzisingarimwi
Pane mhando dzkawanda dzakasiyana siyana dzinowanikwa munzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi,
asi zvinotevera ndizvo zvakanyanyo kukosha:

Uswa:
Uswa hunosanganisira zvese zvine mashizha matete akareba uye hunde dzine tumaburi
tudiki. Uswa hauite mashizha ane maruva uye hunoita mhodzi dzakaita tsanga.

Forbs:
Iyi ndeimwe mhando yeuswa isina matanda kana tsotso uye tumiti tune mashizha makuru
uye tunoita maruva akanaka. Tumiti tuzhinji tune maruva twemusango uye mauswa
emusango tunodaidzwa kunzi maforbs.

Makwenzi:
Iyi miti midiki yakaita makwenzi ine mashizha makuru. Makwenzi aya akasiyana nemiti
pakuti haana hunde huru, asi kuti makwenzi aya ane tuhunde twakawanda wanda.
Zvinogonekawo kuti unoita mubatanidzwa wemuti negwenzi asi kazhinji makwenzi haakuri
kuita miti.

Browse
Izvi zvinosanganisira pamusoro pemakwenzi panodyiwa nemombe uye mhuka dzakasiyana
siyana.

Mast
Izvi zvinobata mhodzi dzichamora uye michero yemusango zvinobva pamakwenzi izvo
zvakakoshera mhuka dzemusango neshiri. (Is the term for the seeds and wild fruits that
shrubs produce and is especially important for wildlife and scavenging village chickens).

9.4 Kudyidzana nekupindirana kwemafuro nemhuka

munzvimbo dzisingarimwi
Hurukuro mumapoka
● Ungasimudzire sei nzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi munharaunda maugere?
● Ndeapi matambudziko anogona kuuya nekuda kwekuchengeta mombe dzenyama
kana kuva nebhizimusi remombe dzenyama usingatarisisi kuchengetedza nzvimbo
dzisingarimwi idzi?
● Chii chinonzi kuchinjanisa mafuro? Kuchinjanisa nzvimbo dzemafuro (rotational
grazing) idzi zvingaitwa sei kusimudzira purazi rako?
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CHIKAMU 9

Kubvisa sora risina kunaka mumafuro:

Masora (weeds) mumafuro uye nzvimbo dzisingarimwi anokanganisa mafuro emombe gore
rega rega uye zvinokonzera kufa kwemombe nekukuvadza mombe zvikuru sei minzwa.
Kubviswa kwesora rinokuvadza mombe iri kunotanga nekuva nemafuro ane utano. Sora
risina kunaka iri idambudziko rinofanirwa kuonekwa zvikuru sei kana uswa huchikura.
Utariri hwakakwana hwemafuro emombe kunosanganisira sarudzo yakanaka yemiti neuswa
yakawanda yakasiyana siyana, ivhu rakasimba, utariri hwekunofurira mombe uye kubvisa
tupukanan tunounza zvirwrere mumombe twakaita sezvikwekwe. Kana utano hwemafuro
hukadzikira sora risina kunaka rinotora mukana wekukura. Pasi kana nzvimbo ine ivhu chete
ndiyo nharaunda inofarirwa nemasora aya. Kana sora risina kunaka rikakura rinofanira
kumiswa nekubviswa nekusakura kana kudzura kana kushandisa mishonga yechirungu.
Kusvika damudziko rinoita kuti uswa hunodyiwa nemombe hudzikire ragadziriswa, uswa
haumere uye sora risina kunaka rinobva razara panzvimbo iyi.

Kutenderera uchitarisa mafuro:

Kufamba uchiongorora mafuro ndihwo hwaro mukubvisa sora risingadiwe munzvimbo
dzinofura mombe asi vazhinji vanotarisira urongwa uhu pasi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kufamba
netsoka kana kushandisa motokari uchitarisa huvepo hwesora risina kunaka kudyiwa
nemombe nezvirimwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti murimi aone uvepo hwedambudziko iri kuti atore
matanho akakodzera kudzima dambudziko iri. Uwandu hwesora iri, miti neuswa zvakasiyana
siyana nzvimbo dzinowanikwa uswa uhu zvakakosha mukudzima dambudziko iri. Nzira
dzekuchengetedza mafuro emombe dzinofanira kunge dzakatsimbirira pauswa nemiti
yakanyanyisa kuwanda munharaunda iyi uye kudzivirira kutekeshera kweuswa hunenge
husina kuzara panzvimbo iyi.

Mamiriro euwandu hwekudya kwakakwana kwesora:

Mhou kana ichinge yafura uswa munzimbo inochengeterwa mombe isingarimwi inoburitsa
mupfudze une Nitrogen inoita chikamu makumi manomwe nepfumbamwe kubva muzana
79%, chikamu makumi matanhatu nenhanhatu kubva muzana 66% chePhosphorus,
Potassium chikamu makumi mapfumbamwe nembiri 92%. Nerumwe rutivi zvose zvataurwa
izvo hazvirevi kuti zviri mumupfudze uyo zvino shandiswa neivhu kuti rite huswa hwakanaka.
Mupfudze unoitwa nemombe idzi panzvimbo yose asi kuti unoungana pamimvuri inozorora
mombe, padzinodira uye padzinomwira mvura. Mombe dzine tsika yekudya mafuro akanaka
dzonoisa mupfudze panzvimbo isingaiti uswa hwakanaka. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti murimi
anofanira kuisa fotoriza (fertilizer) kana mupfudze kubva mumatanga kuti uswa hukure
zvikuru sei kunofurwa nemombe idzi.

Mvura inodiwa nemombe:

Mombe dzenyama dzinoenda kunomwa mvura kaviri pazuva. Murimi anofanira kunzwisisa
mamwiro anoita mombe dzake mvura kuti aderedza dambudziko reku kukurwa kwevhu (soil
erosion) sezvo mombe dzichita nzira dzakawanda padzinenge dzichifamba kuenda kunomwa
mvura. Munyika yeZimbabwe varimi vadiki vazhinji vanotora mukana wekupa mombe dzavo
mvura inowanikwa munzizi, tunyanza, madhamu uye hova. Mombe huru dzinomwa mvura
yakawanda malitres makumi matanhatu kana zana pazuva rega rega zvichienderana
nemwaka. Mvura zhinji inodiwa nemombe munguva yekupisa kubva muna Gunyana kusvika
Mbudzi. Murimi anopa mombe dzake mvura nemapipe uye matangi anofanira kuuona kuti

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 CHIKAMU 9
mvura yadirwa uye matangi ake akazara. Rangarira kuti muvarimi vadiki vemombe, mombe
dzinouya kuzomwa dzakabatana seboka kwete imwe imwe.

Mamiriro euswa hunodyiwa nemombe - kuwanda kwemiti neuswa zvinoita kuti kudya
kwemombe kuvepo tichitarisa uremu kuti zvakawanda sei? Izvi zvakaratidzwa pazasi:
Site has 76%-100% by weight of desirable forage plants for beef cattle 40 40 40
Site has 51%-75% by weight of desirable forage plants for beef cattle. 30 30 30
Site has 26%-50% by weight of desirable forage plants for beef cattle. 20 20 20
Site has 0%-25% by weight of desirable forage plants for beef cattle.

9.5 Mamiriro neutariri hwenzvimbo dzisingarimwi

dzinochengeterwa mombe
Utariri hwenzvimbo dzinochenegeterwa mombe zvinoreva kuva nehanya nezviwanikwa
zvemunzvimbo idzi zvinosanganisira zvirimwa, ivhu, mhuka uye mvura kuitira kuzadzisa
zvido zvenharaunda. Chakosha chisingazivikanwi nevakawanda pautariri uhu kuzadzikisa
kudta kwemunharaunda. Kupfuya mombe kwakosha, asi kuchengetedza mhuka
dzemusango, nenzvimbo dzekutandarira nemvura ndizvo zvava kutariswa zvakanyanaya.
Kushandiswa kwakanaka kwenzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi kunoitwa kuburikidza
nekuongorora uye kutarisa nekusandura zvakawanda.

Mhuka nezvipfuyo zvingagarisana here zvakanaka

Nzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi inzvimbo dzinowanikwa zvakakasiyana siyana zvinogaramo.

Mhuka nezvipfuyo zvinogona kugarisana zvakanaka pasina kurwisana sezvo zvichida nekuda
zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana. Nemamwe manzwi, utariri hwezvipfuyo hwakakwana
ndechimwe chombo chekusimudzira pekugara pemhuka. Muenzaniso, kufura kunoita
mombe musango eKafue zvinokurudzira kukura kwemakwenzi anodyiwa nenyati neKfue
lechwe. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvipfuyo zvinogona kuita mapitse/ makwikwi nemhuka
dzemusango dzakaita selenchwe dzichirwira mafuro kana mvura. Chinhu chakakosha
chinoda kurangarirwa ndechokuti mombe hadzina kuipa kumhuka dzemusango. Dzimwe
mhuka dzemusango dzine utano uye dzine pundutso, asi dzimwe dzinoparadzira zvirwere
dzakaita senyati dzinounza chirwere chemahwanda. Utariri nekungwarira mafambiro
emafuro ndiro danho guru kupedza makakatanwa pakati pezvipfuyo nemhuka.

Nzvimbo dzisingarimwi dzehurumende nedzisiri dzehurumende

MuZibmabwe chikamu makumi manomwe kubva muzana 70% chenzvimbo dzisingarimwi

ndechehurmende. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nzvimbo huru iri pasi pehurumende zvichisanganisira
masabhuku nemadzishe nevanhu. Nzvimbo iri mumaoko ehurumende
hainyanyoshandiswa zvine pundutso kudarika nzvimbo dziri mumavoko vanhu nekuda
kwekuti makareko nzvimbo dzange dzisingaite kugara dzakabva dzaenda mumaoko
ehurumende. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvipfuyo zvinoda simba rakawanda kuti zviwane kudya.
Vanhu vanopfuya mombe munharaunda yehurumende iyi vanofanirawo kushandisa
nzvimbo idzi zvakaita sekuchengeta mhuka uye pekutandarira. Kumwe kushandiswa

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CHIKAMU 9

kwenzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi zvakasiya siyana kunogona kuderedza kuchengetwa

kwezvipfuyo. Munzvimbo dzehurumende idzi, vanochengeta zvipfuyo vanofanira
kusimudzira uye kugadzira panowanikwa mvura, munyu uye kukomberedza newaya
munzvimbo dziri pasi pevanhu (private land) zvese izvi zvinoitwa nemuridzi wenzvimbo iyi.
Munzvimbo dzehurumende vanhu vanofanirawo kuona kuti vachengetedza
zvinowanikwamo. Nzvimbo dziri mumaoko ehurumende nemadzishe nehumwe utongi
vanooita sarudzo dzekuti vangade kuchengeta zvipfuyo zvakawanda sei uye kwenguva
yakareba sei. Sarudzo idzi dzakasununguka kana zvichiitwa munzvimbo dziri mumaoko
evanhuwo zvavo. Utariri hwenzvimbo dziri mumaoko ehurumende hunoita nechinangwa
chekuzadzisa zvido zvevanhu uye gutsaruzhinji. Mumakore zana apfuura, zvizvarwa
zvakawanda vakatora nzvimbo idzi senzvimbo dziri kutambiswa vakaona kuti kuchengeta
mombe ndiko kwakakodzera. Iko zvino vanhu vakawanda vari kufara kushandisa nzvimbo
idzi senzvimbo dzekutandarira. Nekudaro vanhu vari kuramba vachikurudzirwa kuti
vasatora nzvimbo idzi kudziitira mafuro kana kupfuira mombe. Munguva inotevera, vanhu
vanoshandisa nzvimbo dzisingarimwi idzi vanofanira kuenzanisa kukosha kunounzwa
nezvipfuyo kwakaita senyama kusimudzira upfumi hwenharaunda nekukosha kunounzwa
nemhuka.

9.6 Nzira dzekuchengetedza mafuro nadzo

Kuchinjanisa mafuro/Rotational grazing

Kuchinjanisa mafuro kunoreva zvakasiyana kuvanhu vakasiyana siyana. Mukukurukura

nevarimi vakawanda munyika maererano nekutarira kuchengetedza mafuro ndakaona kuti
zvinoreva zvakasiyana kuvarimi. Duramanzwi rinotsananghura nyaya iyi richiti kutevedzwa
kwemafuro achichinjaniswa pachitevedzwa urongwa. Kumurimi wembesa zvinoreva
kudyara mbesa dzakasiyana siyana uchisandura mbesa mwaka wega wega. Kumurimi mudiki
(rotational grazing) zvinoreva kuti mombe dzinofudzwa mumimnda yakasiyana siyana
zvichienderana nehuvepo hweuswa. Chinangwa chikuru chekuchinjanisa mombe ,mafuro
kuti uswa huwane mukana wekukura. Rotaion/ kutenderedza zvinongoreva kufambiswa
kwemombe kubva mumuzinda wadzinenge dzichifura kuenda kune mumwe.

Donzvo guru renzira iyi nderekupa mombe dzenyama mukana kuuswa hwadzinodya uye
kupa nguva yakakwana kuuswa kuti huite zvaakanaka. Izvi zvinogoneka kuburikidza nekupa
mombe dzenyama uswa hwakakwana kwenguva yakatarwa yekufura dzobviswa dzoendeswa
kune mumwe munda. Kukura kwehuswa kunokurumidza kana kuchinjwa uku kukaitwa
nekukasika. Zvidzidzo zvekurima zvinoburitsa pachena kuti uswa hunotora nguva inoita
mazuva mashanu kana masere kuti hukure mushure mekuchekwa, saka mombe
dzinofanirwa kuchengetwa kwemazuva anoita mashanu dzichifura kuitira kuti uswa
husadzurwa nemidzi izvo zvinokanganisa mafuro. Nzira yakanaka yekuchinjanisa mafuro
aya kupa mombe dzenyama mukana wekudya uswa. Nguva yekufura iyi ikadarika mazuva
ataurwa izvi zvinokanganisa mombe pamwe neuswa. Funga nekuona mafuro ako sedura
rekudya kwemombe dzako. Unofunga here kuti ungatarisira kuti mombe dzako dziite
zvakanaka kana dura raiiswa uswa mushure memazuva mana kana mashanu. Uswa unyoro
hunokurudzira kudya kwakanaka zvinorevawo kuita kwemombe zvakanaka.

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 CHIKAMU 9
Uwandu hweminda yemafuro anodiwa

Mukuita urongwa hwerotational grazing murimi anofanira kutarisa uwandu hwemombe

dzake, zviwanikwa zvekushandisa uye zvinangwa zvinoda kuzadziswa nemurimi. Kuboka
rega rega remombe raunoendesa kunofura, panofanira kuva neminda yekufurira paddocks
mishanu kuitira kuti huwane nguva yekukura. Mizinda yekufurira gumi inowedzera mombe
kuti dzive nenguva yekufura. Mizinda makumi maviri inowedzera kuti murimi aone kudiwa
nekukura kwemombe neuswa. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza sezvinorema asi zvinogoneka
murimi akakomberedza mafuro aya neminzwa. Mombe dzakadzidziswa kugara muwaya uye
kufamba dzichichinjaniwa mafuro mushure memazuva maviri kuti dzinofura dzinosangana
nemurimi pasuwo dzakamirira kuita zvadzakadzidziswa.

Zvinotariswa kana uchiita urongwa hwerotational grazing

● Tarisa zvikuru sei mwaka wegore kana uswa hwakura munzvimbo mako. Izvi zvinoita
kuti uone kuti mizinda yako inogona kufurwa nemombe imwe.
● Kusimba kweivhu munharaunda mako zvinokosha sezvo zvichiita kuti uswa hukasike
kukura.
● Tora mukana wenzvimbo nyoro dzine mvura munguva yekupisa kuti uone kuvepo
kwekuenzana kwenzvimbo nyoro pakati kudyara muriwo uye mafuro emombe.
● Tarisa zvakare muripo nemutengo wekupa mombe idzi chikafu uchienzanisa nekuita
urongwa wekushandisa rotational grazing.

Chii chinonzi kufura uswa zvakapfurikidza mwero panzvimbo (overgrazing?)

Vanhu vazhinji vanonyanyotarisa kuti zvipfuyo nemhuka zvinokonzera kuti nzvimbo

dzakawanda dzishaye uswa nekuda kwekufura kwakanyanya uye kuwandisa. Kufura
kwakanaka kunosimudzira utano nemamamriro enzvimbo zhinji dzisingarimwi. Asi, kana
nzvimbo ikabviswa uswa hwakawanda hwakasvibira izvi zvinogona kuti hutadze kuzobuka
zvakare. Nzvimbo yakafurwa uswa zvakanyanya inonetsa kuona asi inogona kuonekwa
kuburikidza nekuwanda kwesora risingadyiwe nemombe, kukurwa kwevhu uye kudzikira
kweuswa hunodyiwa nemombe. Kungwarira kunodiwa munhu asati ataura kuti nzvimbo
yadyiwa zvakanyanya (overgrazed). Hadzisi nzvimbo dzese dzisingarimwi dzine pundutso
saka biomass shoma hazvirevi kuti nzvimbo yava overgrazed. Uswa husingadyiwi nemombe
hunogona kukura kudarika zvinodyiwa nemombe uye mvura zhinji inogona kunaya
yokukura ivhu munzvimbo dzinofurwa zvakanaka.

Zviratidzo zvenzvimbo yadyiwa zvakanyanaya nemombe overgrazed munzvimbo

dzisingarimwi zvinowanza kuitika munzvimbo dzisingatariswi nekuchengetedzwa semafuro.
Nzvimbo zhinji dziri mudunhu rekuChamhembe, nepakati peLupane ane mafuro akanaka
nekuda kwemvura uye mombe shoma munzvimbo iyi. Chimwe chinangwa chekutarisa
mafuro awa kuda kudzima dambudziko reovergrazing. Mutariri mukuru wenzvimbo iyi
akaona dambudziko iri anotora matanho akakodzera kudzima dambudziko iri.

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CHIKAMU 9

Nzvimbo dzine mafuro asingachengtedzwi

Iyi inzvimbo inenge yakatsva nemoto ine miti neuswa hwerudzi rwe hyparrenhia species (tall
and erect grass), Heteropogon contotus and pyramidalis (short but erect grass), urochloa
pullulans(semi-prostrate), cynodon dactylon. Uswa uhu hune nguva yahunoda kukura
mumwedzi waZvita naNdira, hunoita maruva muna Kukadzi naKurume zvichienderana
nenzvimbo. Izvi zvinobva zvateverwa nenguva diki yekukura nekubuka kwesora muuswa
hukuru uye humwe uswa hwakaita secynondon dactylon munguva yekupisa. Uswa uhu ndiho
hune kudya kunodiwa nemuviri hunokura munharaunda iyi, kudya uku kunobata chikamu
chisere kana gumi kubva muzana 8-10% chezvinovaka muviri mumwedzi waZvita naNdira.
Uswa uhu hunozodzikira zvinovaka muviri pahunenge hwakura hwaoma muna Kukadzi
naKurume.

Mombe ichifura uswa hwakaoma

Kuvarimi vadiki kuti vashandise nzvimbo idzi panofanira kuva nenguva dzekufudza
nekuzorodza mafuro awa. Mombe ina kana gumi dzinofanira kufura pahekita imwe yoga
yoga. Mafuro awa anofanirwa kuzorodzwa mazuva makumi matattu kana mashanu muna
Zvita naNdira. Munzvimbo dzinonaya mvura yakawanda neiri pakati nepakati mafuro awa
anogona kuzorodzwa kwemasvondo mana kana matanhatu.

9.7 Kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzisingarimwi

Zvinotevera ndezvimwe zvakakosha mukuchengeta nzvimbo dzisingarimwi.

● Kuderedza uwandu hwemombe uchitarisa kuti mafuro nemiti zvakawanda sei?

● Kuwedzera uwandu hwemombe - uchitarsia huvepo hwemafuro emombe.
● Kuramba uchiita hurongwa hwekuwedzera mombe dzenyama.
● Kuronga madyiro nemafuriro achaita mombe dzako dzenyama.
● Kuramba uchiita utariri pamombe dzako.
● Kugadzira nzvimbo dzinomwirwa nemombe dzako.
● Kudyara uswa hunodyidzana kuti mafuro asimukire.

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 CHIKAMU 9
Kusosa kana kukomberedza mafuro:
Kukomberedza mafuro newaya kana neminzwa kunochengetedza mafuro sezvo zvichipa
uswa nguva yekukura. Uwandu humombe hunogona kuwedzerwa kana kuderedzwa kuti
murimi azadzise zvinangwa zvake mukutarira nekupfuya mombe. Uswa nezvinodyiwa
nemombe zvinofanirwa kusarudzwa neungwaru nokuti mombe dzinoda kudya zvakasiyana
siyana. Muenzaniso ndewekuti, mombe dzinoda kudya uswa asi mbudzi dzinoda makwenzi,
hwai dzinodya zvakavhengana uswa mashizha nezvimwe zvakadaro. Zvinodyiwa nezvipfuyo
izvi zvinosiyana zvichienderana nepazvinokurira kana kudyirwa nezvipfuyo nemamiriro
enzvimbo. Muenzaniso hwai dzinogona kufura pamakomo asi mombe hadzigoni kudaro.

Kupisa uswa:
Moto ndechimwe chezvinhu chinogona kunyuka mumamasango nemagariro emhuka.
Munzvimbo dzinochengetwa moto unogona kushandiswa kupisa uswa nenzira
dzinotenderwa. Mumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba varimi vanoshandisa moto kuderedz
adambudziko retsine uye mafeso zvichiita kuti uswa hugozokura zvakanaka pakunaya
kwemvura. Kuwanda kweuswa husingadyiwe nemombe idambudzikjo munzvimbo dzine
mafuro emombe. Vanochengeta nzvimbo idzi vanoshandisa moto, mishonga kubviswa sora
ravasingadi kuti uswa hwakanaka hukure.

Kupisa nzvimbo diki sedanho rekuti uswa hukure zvakanaka

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Unoda mizinda (paddocks) mingani inofurira mombe dzako dzenyama?
● Ndezvipi zvaunotarisa pakushandisa urongwa hwerotational grazing?
● Ungada here kuita mubatanidzwa wemafuro akakomberedzwa newaya nevavakidzani
vako senzira yekuwedzera mafuro munzvimbo dzisina mafuro akawanda?
● Ndezvipi zvaungatarisa usati waita mubatanidzwa uyu?

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 CHIKAMU 10
CHIKAMU 10

Utano hweMombe

Donzo rechidzidzo
● Kunzwisisa zvakanakira kuva nezvirongwa zvekuchengetedza
hutano hwemombe.
● Kunzwisisa zviga/zvimiso zvechirongwa chakanaka
chokuchengetedza utano hwemombe.

10.1 Nhanganyaya
Zvokuita
● Doma zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakajairika zvekuchengetedza utano hwemombe.
● Itai hurukuro pamusoro pezvakosha zvinounzwa nekuchetedza utano hwemombe.

10.2 Zvimiso zvinoratidza urongwa hwakanaka

hwekuchengedza utano hwemombe
Zvinhu zvinotevera ndizvo zvinoratidza urongwa hwakanaka hwekuchengetedza utano
hwemombe:

● Nharaunda yakachena;
● Kutsaura mombe dzichangouya kubva kune dziri kurwara;
● Chikafu chine utano;
● Kupa mombe mushonga nenguva;
● Kudzoredza(retention)mombe dzakasimba dzisina zvirwere;
● Kukasika kuona kana pane zvinenge zvakanganisika kana urwere pamombe;
● Kuchengeta magwaro anopa huchapupu(records) hweutano hwemombe.

Zvimiso zvadomwa pamusoro apo zvichatsanangurwa chimwe nechimwe pazasi

sezvinotevera:

Nharaunda yakachena (A Clean environment)

Murimi anofanira kushambidza nzvimbo inogara mombe kuti dzigare dziine utano
hwakanaka. Kushambidza nekushandisa mishonga zvinouraya hupenyu hunotevedzwa
nehutachiona hunounza zvirwere. Pekudyira pemombe hapafaniri kugara pakanyorova uye
mombe dzinofanira kupiwa mvura yakafanira kuitira kuderedza kupararira kwezvirwere

Kutsaura mombe dzichangouya kana dzirikurwara(Isolation of sick or new animals)

Mombe itsva dzinenge dzichangouya dziine mazuva ari pakati pegumi kana makumi maviri
nerimwe 10-21days dzinofanira kutsaurwa kubva kuboka ragara riripo. Kana ukaona pane
mombe iri kurwara, itsaure woiongorora kuitira kudzivirira chirwere chisapararira. Mombe
dzinenge dzafa nechirwere dzinofanira kupiswa kana kuchererwa pasi dzofusirwa.

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 CHIKAMU 10
Chikafu chine utano

Urongwa hwekupa mombe chikafu chine utano zvine chekuita neutano uye kamuitire
kemombe. Kupararira kwezvirwere mumombe kunogona kumiswa nekupa mombe chikafu
chine utano pazera roga roga muupenyu hwadzo.

Kupa mushonga nenguva (Timely vaccination)

Ipa mombe dzako uchitevedza matanho ekupa mombe mushonga anoitwa munharaunda
yako, kubaiwa uye kupiwa kwemishonga nemhando yemishonga yacho zvinoenderana
neurwere hunenge hwakamboitika kana hwakajairika munharaunda mako. Varimi
vanokuridzirwa kuti vadaidze vanamazvikokota veutano hwemombe kuti vapiwe ruzivo
pamusoro pezvirwere zvinokanganisa mombe dzavo munharaunda mavo.

Kudzoredza mombe dzakasimba dzisina zvirwere (Retain animals that are physically
sound and free from disease)

Chengeta mombe dzisina zvirwere. Mombe dzisina utano dzinokudyira mari nekuti dzinoda
kurapiwa nemishonga.

Kukasika kuona kana pane zvinenge zvakanganisika (Early diagnosis)

Kana mombe ichinge yafa daidzai vana mazvikokota veutano hwemombe vaiongorore. Ipai
mombe mushonga mushure mekunge ongororo yechirwere yaitwa zvakasimba uye
munofanira kunge maona zvechokwadi chirwere chinenge chaibata. Kupa mombe mushonga
munhu aine fungidziro yechirwere zvinogona kumudyira mari. Varimi vanokurudzirwa kuti
vatange vawana ruzivo rwakakwana kubva kumadhokotera vanova ivo vana mazvikokota
vasati varapa mombe inenge ichirwara.

Kuchengeta magwaro anopa huchapupu hweutano hwemombe (Keep good records)

Kuchengeta magwaro pamusoro pemombe nezvirwere zvakakoshera kudzivirira mombe

kubva pazvirwere. Izvi zvinoita kuti murimi asimudzire utano hwemombe dzake.

10.3 Kukwanisa kuona mombe dzinorwara

Kuti ukwanise kuona kuti mombe dzako dzine neutano unofanira kukwanisa kuona
dzinorwara nedzisingarwari. Panofanira kunge pane zvinoratidza kuti ukwanise kuona kana
mombe yako ichirwara. Kukwanisa kuona mombe kana ichi rwara zvinobatsira murimi kuti
atore matanho akakodzera anosanganisira kupa mushonga,kutsaura kana kupa chikafu
chine utano.

10.4. Zvinoratidza kuti mombe ineutano hwakanaka

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Govana nevamwe zvaunoziva pamusoro pemaratidzikiro emombe ine utano.
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CHIKAMU 10

Munongedzo uripazasi unoratidza kuti mombe ine utano inenge yakaitasei

Mombe yakazvimirira (Individual animal) Boka remombe (Herd/Goup)

● Mvere dzinenge dzichihwinya uye ● Mombe dzese dzinenge dzakamira

kutsvedzerera dzakangwara
● Nzeve dzakasimudzwa dzichitambiswa ● M o m b e d z i n o h v u n d u k a k a n a
zvakanyanya dzikavhundutsirwa dzinomanya
● Musoro wakasimudzwa dzese nguva imwechete
● Maziso anopenya uye kuona kwese ● Mombe dzese dzine miviri ine utano
kwese ● Mhuru dzinenge dziri pamadzimai
● Mhuno yakachena yakatsvinda uye adzo uye dzichiyamwa
ichibuda madonwe etumvura ● Mombe huru dzinoonekwa
● Kuzeya kana mombe yakazorora dzichitamba uye kudzidzisa
● Kufema zvakanaka dzechidiki kutamba nekusvetuka
● Muswe uchitambiswa uchidzinga nhunzi

Zvinoratidza kuti mombe haina utano hwakakwana

Mombe imwe(Individual) Boka remombe (Herd/Goup)

● Kuomarara kweganda ● Mombe dzese dzinenge dzakavata

● Nzeve dzinenge dzakarembera dzisingaratidzi kuchangamuka
dzisingatambiswi ● Kusavhunduka kana dzichinge
● Musoro unenge wakatsikitsira pasi dzavhundutsirwa
● Kusashambidzika kwemhino uye ● Kuva nemuviri usingaratidziki uye
kuoma muromo kumira mambava
● Kusazeya kana mombe ichinge ● Kusayamwa kwemhuru uye
yakazorora kurambiwa kumwiwa kwemhou
● Kusafema zvakanaka ● Kusatamba dzese mombe
● Kusafura kana kudya zvakanaka ● Mombe kusafamba nedzimwe
● Muswe kutadza kudzinga nhunzi

Zviratidzo zvinoratidza kushaikwa kweutano mumombe

Chirwere zvinoreva kusagadzikana mumuviri mechipfuyo. Kunyangwe zvirwere zvine

zvino zvikonzera zvinoonekwa nezvisingaonekwi zvinosanganisira maronda, utachiwana
mabakitiriya, makonye emudumbu zvese zvinokanganisa mafemero, kudziya kwemuviri
uye kupomba ropa kwemoyo.

Inzwi rekuti “vital singns” rinoreva zvinosanganisira kudziya kwemuviri, kufema uye
kupomba kunoita moyo ropa.Kunewo zvakawanda zvinoitwa nenhengo dzemuviri asi izvo
zvitatu zvadomwa ndizvo zvinonyanyokanganiswa nekuda kweurwere muutano
hwemombe dzenyama.Varimi havafaniri kungotarisa chete kusanduka kwechimiro
chemombe dzavo chete asiwo kudzidza kugona kuona kusagadzikana kwemuviri
mumombe kana vachinge vatarisisa utano hwemombe kuti vakwanise kudzima urwere
uhu.
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CHIKAMU 11

CHIKAMU 11
Zvirwere Zvinokonzerwa neZvikwekwe
muZimbabwe

Donzo rechidzidzo
● Kuziva zvirwere zvinowira mombe muZimbabwe;
● Kunzwisisa zvinokonzera zvirwere zvakajairika zvinobata mombe
dzenyama;
● Kuziva kuti ungaona sei zvirwere izvi;
● Kuziva kuti zvirwere izvi zvingadzivirirwa sei;
● Kukwanisa kufananidza kana kubatanidza zvinoonekwa pamombe
yafa neurwere husingazivikanwi nezviri kuonekwa pamombe yafa
neurwere hunozivikanwa;
● Kukwanisa kuona mombe dzinorwara kubva muboka.

11.1. Nhanganyaya
Zvirwere zvinobata mukati memuviri memombe zvinokonzerwa netumbuyu tudiki
tusingagoni kuonekwa nemaziso asi nemichini inokudza (microscope). Tumbuyu utwu
tunosanganisira utachiwana (virus), bhakitiriya(bacteria) uye zvinopfukuta (fungi). Mombe
inenge yabatwa netumbuyu utwu inoonekwa nezviratidzo zvinotevera:

● Kudziya zvakanyanya kwemuviri (fever);

● Kurova zvakanyanya kwehana;
● Kubuda kweropa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana;
● Kufema kwakanyanya;
● Kusada kudya kwemombe;
● Kusafamba zvakanaka uye kuzvitsaura muboka redzimwe mombe;
● Kana mombe inorwara ikavhundutsira haitirimuki zvakanyanya.

Zvirwerere zvinotevera ndizvo zvinowanzokonzerwa netumbuyu utwu mumombe dzevarimi

vadiki munharaunda:

11.2. Chirwere chemahwanda (foot and mouth)

Chirwere ichi chinowanza kubata mombe uye mhuka dzine mahwanda uye chinoonekwa
nezvinhu zvakaita sekuita maronda pamuromo pemombe, patsoka uye pamahwanda.
Chirwere ichi chinowanzoitika kunzvimbo dzakaita seMatabeleland, Manicaland
neMasvingo. Kana chirwere ichi chichinge chapararira mombe dzinofanira kurambidzwa
kufamba kuenda kunzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana nebato rezveutano hwemombe re veterinary
Department. Chirwere ichi chinogona kuparadzirwa nenguruve dzinodya nyama inenge
yasiiwa. Zvakare chirwere ichi chinopararira kuburikidza nekumwa nekufema. Utachiwana
hunokonzera chirwere chemahwanda hunogona kuparadzirwa kunzvimbo dziri kure.
Zviratidzo

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CHIKAMU 11

Zvinokasira kuonekwa zviri pachena kuita maronda ane mvura pamuromo wemombe ayo
anozoputika kuita maronda akashama anorwadza zvakanyanya. Mushure mezvizvi unoona
masiriri kana rute asi zvinoda kungwarira nekuti zvinogona kudaro chiri chirwere cherabies.
Mombe inoburitsa kurira kunoita kunge yadya zvinovava. Kana mombe iyi ichidya
inoonekwa ichitsenga zvine kakuchenjera ichitya kudzimbirwa maronda anenge ari
mumuromo. Nechepamusoro pemahwanda mombe inoita zvakare maronda anova
anoitadzisa kufamba zvakanaka. Maronda awa anogona kuita paminyatso uye zvinokonzera
kuti minyatso iputike zvinogona kukanganisa zamu zvoderedza uwandu
hwemukaka.Zvimwe zvezviratidzo izvi kudziya muviri zvakanyanya uye kusvodza. Unogona
kuona chirwere ichi nekupararira kwechirwere ichi muboka remombe uye uhwandu
hwemombe dzinenge dzabatwa nechirwere ichi. Mhuru ndidzo dzinowanzo kubatwa
nechirwere ichi kudarika mombe huru uye dzinofa dzisina kuratidza zviratidzo zveurwere
uhu. Zvinonyanyoonekwa zvakajeka pamombe dzabatwa nechirwere ichi maronda
pamuromo, pamahwanda uye paminyatso.

Marapirwo nekudzivirira

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Ndedzipi nzira dzaunoshandisa kudzivirira uye kurapa zvirwere zvemombe?

Chirwere chemahwanda chirwere chinoda kudzivirirwa mukati menyika uye nekunze

kwenyika. Semurimi zvakakosha kuti uzivise bato rezveutano hwezvipfuyo rinenge riri pedyo
newe Veterinary Office or Agritex Office. Izvi zvinofanira kuitwa nekukasika sezvo kunonoka
kuchizokonzera kurasikirwa nemombe kwakanyanya. Chirwere ichi chinogona kudyira
hurumende nemurimi mari yakawanda pakuedza kuda kurwisa chirwere.Mafambiro
emombe anofanira kutariswa zvakanyanya.

11.3. a. Tungundu (Anthrax)

Ichi chirwere chinokonzerwa nebakitirira (bacteria). Chirwere ichi chinowanzoonekwa
nekufa kunoita mombe chiripo ripocho. Zvinokonzerawo kufa kwevanhu zvese nemombe.
Chirwere ichi chinobva muvhu kana kuchinge mamiriro ekunze asanduka uye kana mvura
zhinji yanaya kana kuti kwaita nzara. Mamimiriro nemanairo emvura munyika yedu
anokonzera chiwrere ichi. Chirwere ichi chinogona kupararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo
kuburikidza nenyama kana matehwe emombe dzinenge dziinacho. Kufura kwemombe
munzvimbo dzinenge dzine chirwere ichi zvinokonzera kupararira kwacho uye kupinda
mumombe. Kana tumbuyu kana bacteria richinge rapinda mumuviri wemombe rinopinda
munyama rogadzira chepfu inonzi (lethal toxin) muropa inokonzera kufa kwemombe
nekukasika.

Zviratidzo

Pachinotanga chirwere ichi mombe dzinowanikwa dzakangofa pasina kuratidza kurwara. Asi
ukaramba uchiongorora unozoona kudziya kwemuviri kwanyanya kwemombe, kusafema
zvakanaka uye kubuda dzihwa rakasimba rakarembera. Mombe inozotanga kugwinha
66 gwinha yodonha yofa. Mushure mekufa ropa rakasvibira rakakora rinoonekwa richibuda
 CHIKAMU 11
munzeve, mumuromo, kumashure uye mumaziso. Ropa iri haribundiri kana kugwamba.
Mombe dzinenge dzafa makumbo adzo haawomi kana kusindimara anongorembera.
Mushure mezvizvi kana chirwere ichi chapararira mombe dzinoita mazuva maviri kuti dzife
uye zviratidzo zvinotevera:

● Kudziya zvakanyanya kwemuviri;

● Kunetseka pakufema;
● Kuramba kudya;
● Mombe dzinenge dzine mazamu dzinotsvodza dzinoyamwisa dzinoshaya mukaka
kana kuderera kweuandu kwemukaka;
● Kuungana kwemvura dzemumuviri parurimi uye pachipfuva nekunhengo yekubereka
nayo;
● Kuungana kwedzihwa iri rinenge riine tsvina rakatsvuka. Zvese zvataurwa izvo
pamusoro zvinopa munongedzo wekuti uone kuti chirwere chetungundu asi chese
chinokonzera kufa chiripopripo zvinogona kudaro chiri chirwere cheblackleg.

Kana mombe ichinge yafa nechirwere chetungundu, nzeve dzayo, mumuromo, mumaziso
munobuda ropa rakasviba uye risina kugwamba. Zvitunha zvemombe dzinenge dzafa
zvinokasika kuora. Murimi haafaniri kuvhura zvitunha zvemombe yafa netungundu
anofanira kudaidza vana mazvikokota vehutano hwemombe vari munharaunda veVeternary
Department.

Marapirwe nekudzivirira

Chirwere ichi kana chichangotanga munogona kupa mombe dzenyu mushonga unonzi
penicillin/ oxytetracycline. Mukaka kana nyama inobva mumombe dzinenge dzine
chirwere ichi hadzifaniri kudyiwa nevanhu kana imbwa. Mombe dzinenge dzafa dzinogona
kupiswa kana kuchererwa pasi mugomba rakadzika mamita anoita maviri uye gomba racho
rinofanira kuvharwa nelime. Mombe hadzitenderwi kufamba kana chirwere ichi chaitika.
Kuva neutsanana ndizvo zvinoita chiwere ichi chisapararira muvanhu. Kubaiwa kwemombe
uye kudzipa mushonga zvinofanirwa kuitwa gore rimwe nerimwe.

11.3.1 b. Brucellosis
Ichi chirwere chinokonzerwa nebacteria inokanagnisa nhengo dzinoita mombe
dzeberekane. Chiratidzo chikuru chikuru chechirwere ichi kutsvodza, kunonoka kubata zamu
kwemombe kana mombe zhinji kutadza kuita vana. Vanhu vanogona kubatira chirwere ichi
kuburikidza nekumwa mukaka kana kubata mhuru dzinenge dzatsvodzewa kana kubata
zvitunha zvemombe dzinenge dzafa. Varimi vanorasikirwa neupfumi nekuda kwechirwere
ichi kuburikidza ne:

● Kudzikira kwehuwandu hwemukaka nekuda kwekutsvodza

● Kufa kwemhuru kunovhiringa kupfuiwa kwemombe dzakanaka dzenyama
● Kurasikirwa nemhou dzakanaka kuburikidza nekutora danho rekubvisa mombe
dzisina chadziri kupa kumurimi (culling).
67
CHIKAMU 11

Mombe dzemazera ese dzinogona kubatwa nechirwere ichi asi chinowanzobata mombe dzava
kuberekena (breeding). Chirwere ichi chinogona kutapuriranwa kubva kumhou ichipa
mwana asi kumombe huru zvinokonzerwa nekunamatira kwemvura dzinenge dzabva
pamombe inenge yatsvodza. Mombe zvakare dzinogona kubatira chirwere ichi kuburikidza
nekusangana (mating) kana kudya chikafu chinenge chiine chirwere ichi. Chirwere ichi
chinogona kuzobata dzimwe mombe kuburikidza ne:

● Kudya zvinobuda kana mombe ichinge yatsvodza;

● Kuburikidza nekumwaya mvura dzine chirwere nemuswe;
● Kusvibiswa kwezamu nechirwere nemaoko anenge abatira chirwere;
● Kuburikidza nemombe inofura mafuro anenge aine chirwere ichi;
● Kusangana kwehandira nemhou/ tsiru dzine chirwere ichi.

Kupararira kwechirwere kubva mune rimwe boka chichienda kune rimwe boka zvinoitika
kuburikidza nehandira kana dzichisangana nemhou kana kufura sora rinenge raendwa
nemvura kana mhou yatsvodza.

Zviratidzo

Kutsvodza kwemombe mushure memwedzi mishanu ichinge yatora zamu. Guvhu

rinodzokera mukati mushure mekubereka uye mushure mezvizvi chibereko chinobva
chakanganiswa. Mushure mekukanganisika uku kasarapiwa zvinokonzera kuti mombe
isabereka. Kana mhou ikaita pamuviri kechipiri kana kechitatu zvinokonzera kuti itsvodze.
Zvimwe zviratidzo zvinosanganisira ku:

● Kuunyana kwemhodzi(testicles) dzehandira izvi zvinokonzera kuti handira itadze

kuitisa mhou nematsiru mazamu;
● Kuunyana panobatana mabhonzo emombe asi zvinenge zvisingarwadzi.

Ongongororo yekuona kuti chirwere ichi chapinda mumombe inogona kuitwa kuburikidza
kuongorora mukaka uye ropa izvi zvinoitwa nana mazvikokota vezvemombe muimba
yesaenzi (laboratory).

Marapirwo echirwere chacho

Hapana murapirwo unonzi ndiwo unogutsa chirwere ichi asi chirwere ichi chinogona
kupedza nekubaya mombe nemushonga unonzi S19 (Brucellois). Kupa mhuru mushonga uyu
dziine mwedzi mina kana misere 4-8 months dzisati dzasvitsa gore zvinoderedza dambudziko
rekutsvodza.

Handira dzinofanira kutariswa chirwere zvakakosha kuti chidzivirirwe. Handira dzinenge

dziine chirwere ichi dzinofanira kutengeswa kana kuurayiwa dzoitwa nyama.

68
 CHIKAMU 11
11.4. Chimbwa mupengo (Rabies)
Rabies chirwere chinokonzerwa neutachiona chinokonzera kufa kwezvipfuyo. Chirwere ichi
chinounzwa nemhuka inenge yabatira chirwere ichi kuturikidza nekurumwa kana
kutapurirana nemate. Pfungwa huru ndeye kuti mhuka dzinochengetwa mumusha
hadzisiridzo dzinotanga nechirwere ichi asi kuti kuchenjera kunodiwa kana uchibata mhuka
dzinenge dzine chirwere ichi. Mhuka inenge yabatwa nechirwere ichi inopanduka uye ine
hasha dzekuda kuparadza kana kuita seine chirwere chetsviyo.

Zviratidzo

Mombe dzinogona kubata chirwere ichi mushure memasvondo matatu yarumwa kana
dzamarwa nembwa,nebere,gava kana imwe mhuka inechirwere ichi. Mucherechedzo
yechirwere ichi ndeinotevera:

Zvainoita kana iri muchimiro chekubatwa netsviyo:

● Kupingana kwemakumbo eshure kana ichifamba,makumbo emberi anoshaya simba

uye kurembera kwemuswe usina simba;
● Kutambura kuita tsvina;
● Kusiririka mate;
● Kutadza kugwauta kana kukuma;
● Kuwira pasi kwemhuka ichitadza kumuka;
● Kufa mushure memazuva maviri mombe yatadza kumuka.

Chimiro chayo kana ine hasha

● Mhuka inenge yakangwara isingadi kunzwa ruzha kana kuona zvinofamba inenge
ichida kuparadza;
● Kusagadzikana;
● Kuhukura kana kukuma zvisina kujairika;
● Handira dzinonyanyisa kuda hadzi zvisina kujairika kana irimombe inokwanisa
kutasva dhongi.

Chirwere ichi chinofungidzirwa kuti chinowanikwa munzvimbo dzinofamba imbwa

zvakanyanya
Hurukuro mumapoka
● Chirwere ichi chakajairika here munzvimbo yaunogara uye chingapedzwa sei?
Marapirwe nemapedzerwe acho

Kubaisa imbwa dzese nekatsi nekuti ndidzo dzinounza chirwere ichi. Kuongorora uye
kudzivisa kufamba kwembwa.
69
CHIKAMU 11

Chirwere chemapapu (Pneumonia)

Ichi chirwere chemapapu chinokonzerwa nemakonye, bacteria uye utachiona. Kazhinji kacho
bacteria ndiyo inotora rupande rukuru kukonzera chirwere ichi, ndicho chikonzero
vachikurudzira kushandisa mushonga wetetracycline.

Zviratidzo

Sezvo pneumonia chiri chirwere chemapapu,zviratidzo zviripachena ndezvinoti:

● Kubuda madziwa akanyanya akaita mvura mumhino anozochinja iota ruvara
rwemondo ozokora;
● Kutambudzika kufema zvakanaka;
● Kupisa kwemuviri kunopfuvura 40C;
● Mombe inorwara inofambira kumashure kwedzimwe kana yakamira inotsikitsira
pasi;
● Kana mhuka ichinge yafa mapupu ayo anoomarara uye anenge akanamirana
nechipfuva.

Marapirwe

Kukasika kurapa nemushonga we tetracycline long acting

11.5. (Blackleg)/chirwere chemapandauko

Chirwere chinobata mombe, mbudzi nehwayi chinokonzera kuunyana kana kusviba
makumbo uye chinokonzerwa nebacteria rinonzi clostridia. Chirwere ichi chinoonekwa
nekukonzera maronda mumombe dzechidiki dzine zera rinobva pamwedzi gumi kusvika
makore maviri. Chirwere ichi chinowanzopinda neparurimi,pamahwanda nemakumbo.
Bacteria rinokonzera chirwere ichi rinogona kurarama muvhu uye muZimbabwe chirwere
ichi chinowanzo onekwa mumwaka wekurima muna Ndira, Kukadzi kana munguva yekupisa
muna Gunyana na Gumiguru.

Zviratidzo

Mushure memazuva maviri mombe yabatwa nechirwere ichi inodziya muviri uye inoramba
kufamba. Kusanduka kweruvara rweganda uye kubuda ropa mumhino. Mombe inozofa
mushure mekuramba kudya kurukutika kupera simba uye kuneta .

Marapirwe

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Blackleg chirwere chakajairika muZimbabwe,ungaitasei kudzivirira mombe dzako
kubva kuchirwewere ichi?

70
 CHIKAMU 11
Sezvo blackleg ichikonzerwa neClostridia inowanikwa panzvimbo imwechete,nzira iri nyore
kupedza dambudziko iri kupa mombe mushonga. Kupa mombe mushonga kunofanira kuva
pakuronga zveutano hwemombe. Varimi vanofanira kupa mushonga mombe dzisati dzakura
dziri pazera rinobva pamwedzi mitanhatu nemakore matatu. Mazvikokota wezveutano
hwemombe anofanira kudaidzwa pakubaya mombe uye vagadziri vemishonga vanofanira
kunge varipo.

11.6. Chirwere chetsanga muziso (Eye infection)

Mombe dzinoita dambudziko retsanga muziso kana dzabaiwa neuswa dzichifura. Varimi
vanoona uswa kana mhodzi dzeuswa mumaziso emombe zvinovhiringidza kusvinura
zvokonzera tsanga muziso. Kugurira uswa hwakareba nderimwe redanho rinogona kutorwa
kuderedza dambudziko retsanga mumaziso.

Zviratidzo

Mhuka ine tsanga muziso inoonekwa nekubuda misodzi mumaziso. Maziso anenge aine utera
pakusvinura saka anogara akavharwa uye akatsvuka mukati. Ziso rinogona kucheneruka
pamusoro zvinoratidza udzamu hwedambudziko.

Marapiro

Chirwere chetsanga chinogona kurapiwa nekushandisa mushonga we tetracycline long

acting mushure mezviratidzo zvekutanga. Mastitis inogona kushandiswa kurapa tsanga
kana kukuya kuya hozhwa

11.7. Kuora kwemazondo (Foot rot)

Ichi chirwere chinokanganisa mahwanda embudzi,hwai kana mombe. Zvipfuyo
zvinotambura nekufamba sezvo zvinenge zvichirwadziwa.

Zviratidzo

● Zvipfuyo zvinoramba kufamba nekuda kwekurwadziwa

● Pazvinofamba zvinorwadziwa pakutsika

Marapirwo

● Kana zvipfuyo kana zvine maronda pamahwanda dzinofanirwa kubaiwa ne

tetracycline izvi zvinofanirwa kudzokorodzwa kwemazuva maviri kana matatu
zvichienderana nekuti zvipfuyo zvirikupora here.
● Dambudziko remakangazha rinogona kupedzwa nekufambisa mombe pamvura ine

71
CHIKAMU 11

mushonga panzira padzinopinda napo mudanga kana mudhibhi.

● Kudzivirira dambudziko iri zvipfuyo zvinofanira kugara pakachena uye pakaoma.

11.8. Kuzvimba dumbu (Bloat)

Chirwere chinoita kuti mombe izvimbe dumbu zvakapfurikidza mwero nekuda kwekuzara
mhepo mudumbu. Mudumbu memombe mune makonye anobatsira kuti dzizeye chikafu
kana bundo. Panenge pachizeewa chikafu ichi makonye anobudisa mweya wakawanda
mudumbu mweya uyu ukasabuda unokonzeresa chirwere chekuzvimba dumbu. Kupa
mombe chikafu chakaita sechibage,nyemba zvinokonzera chirwere chekuzvimba dumbu.

Zviratidzo

Kuzvimba dumbu kuritivi rwekuruboshwe kana kurembera dumbu zvinoita kuti mombe
itadze kufema zvakanaka. Mombe inenge ichifema nemumukanwa asi kupisa kwemuviri
kunenge kuri panotenderwa.

Marapirwo

Mweya uyu unogona kubudiswa nekupinzwa tsono muganda kuruboshwe rwedumbu mweya
worengwa uchibuda zvishoma nezvishoma. Kana izvi zvichiitwa mombe inofanira kunge
yakavata zvakanaka asi kana mombe ikaramba yakadaro munofanira kudaidza chiremba
wemombe kana umwewo mazvikokota wenyaya idzi. Kudzivirira dambudziko iri hamufaniri
kupa mombe zvikafu zvine mhodzi.

11.9. Chirwere chemanyoka (Calf scours)

Ichi chirwere chinobata mhuru dzichangozvarwa. Chirwere ichi chinokonzera kurasika
kwemvura mumuviri zvichikonzera kufa kwemombe mushure mema awa gumi namaviri.
Zvinhu zvinotevera zvinotungamira kuti mhuru dziite manyoka:

● Kusapa mhuru mukaka wekutanga mushure mema awa matanhatu.

● Mamiriro ekunze anosanganisira kupisa,kutonhora zvakanyanya uye nzvimbo
dzakanyanyisa kunyorova.
● Kusashambidzika kwenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mhuru.
● Kupa mhuru mukaka wakawandisa.

Zviratidzo

Izvi zvinosanganisira:
● Mhuru dzinoita manyoka anenge akazara mvura asi asina ropa mushure mekunge
dziine mazuva mashanu ekuzvarwa nawo izvi zvinoitika kana manyoka awa achinge
akonzerwa nebacteria.
72
 CHIKAMU 11
● Kurasikirwa nemvura zvakanyanya kwemhuru mumuviri kunoonekwa kuburikidza
nekuwira kwemaziso uye kusahwinya kweganda nekuomarara.
● Kupisa kwemuviri kunogona kusashanduka asi mhuru inogona kushaya simba yozofa
● Utachiwana (virus) hunogona kukonzera chirwere chemanyoka ichi mushure
mekunge mhuru dzine mazuva mashanu kana gumi nemashanu dzaberekwa. Mhuru
dzinobatwa nemanyoka awa chinyararire uye zvishoma nezvishoma dzoita manyoka
akawanda ane mvura zhinji asi dzinoramba dzichiyamwa mukaka.
● Manyoka anozoonekwa mushure memazuva gumi nemana (14 days) anogona kunetsa
kurapa. Tsvina inoitwa nemhuru idzi inenge ichinhuwa uye inenge iine mabara
musana uye ropa. Zvakare mhuru dzinenge dzichidziya muviri uye kurasikirwa
neuremu (weight) nekukasika. Mombe dzinogona kuita dambudiko rekusabvuma
kurapika zvikuru sei kana chirwere ichi chakonzerwa nebacteria
● Manyoka anokonzerwa nekuda kwekupa mombe chikafu (dietry feeding)
anowanikwa mumhuru dzinenge dzine masvondo ari pasi pematatatu mushure
mekuzvarwa. Izvi zvinogona kukonzerwa nekuda kwekupa mhuru mukaka
wakawandisa. Mhuru dzinenge dzakasimba uye dzichipenya pakutanga asi
dzozongotanga kushaya simba uye kuwonda.
● Zvekudya zvisina utano uye kusadya kunogona kukonzera kusanzwisisika kwerudzi
rwemanyoka aya.

Marapirwo echirwere

Mushure mekuona manyoka aya zvakakosha kugadzira uye kupa zvipfuyo mvura ine shuga
nemunyu(salt and sugar solution). Uye kupawo mvura imwe yakachena munodyira mhuru.
Zvakare unogona kuvhenganisa upfu kana furawu wogadzira bota izvi zvinobatsira nyoka
dzemudumbu dzinobatsira pakuzeya. Nzira mbiri dzataurwa idzo dzinogona kumisa
dambudziko remanyoka iri. Mimwe mishonga yechirungu yakaita se sulphanoids uye
tetracycline inogona kupiwa kumhuru dzine mazera aripasi pemwedzi miviri. Kana
kudziya kwemuviri kwakanyanyisa unogona kushandisa majekiseni akaita seoxy-
tetracyline.

Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo

● Kuchengeta mhuru zvine utsanana mukati;

● Onai kuti mhuru dzawana mukaka wadzo wekutanga mushure memaawa anokwana
kuita matanhatu padzinenge dzazvarwa (6hrs);
● Kutsaura zvipfuyo zvinenge zvichirwara kubva kune zvisingarwari.

11.10. Chirwere Chemapundu Paganda (Lumpskin)

Ichi chirwere chinoonekwa kuburikidza nekuita mapundu akakura paganda rezvipfuyo.
Kazhinji chirwere ichi hachiurayi mombe asi kuti chinoderedza uwandu hwezviwanikwa

73
CHIKAMU 11

zvinobva mumombe zvakaita mukaka, matehwe uye nyama. Mazera ese emombe anobatwa
nechirwere ichi. Chirwere ichi chinoonekwa mushure memakore akawanda pachinenge
chapararira kana kutanga semuenzaniso chinogona kutanga mushure memakore mashanu
kana varimi vasina kubaisa mombe dzavo.

Zviratidzo

Mapundu anoonekwa paganda rezvipfuyo uye kumira mambava akafara macentimetre

anosvika rimwe kana mana 1-4cm. Mapundu awa anowanikwa paganda chete asi anogonawo
kuita mumhino ayo anonozogona kuita maronda. Zvakare panogona kuita kuungana
kwemvura dzemumuviri (oedema) munhengo dzinenge dzine chirwere ichi zvikuru
mumakumbo pahuro uye padumbu. Muviri unogona kupisa zvakapfurikidza zvinokonzera
kubuda madzihwa mumhino. Kuwirwa nedambudziko rinounzwa nemabacteria kunogona
kukonzerwa nekusabaya mombe mishonga inodzivirira uye inoba masoja emuviri simba.
Izvezvi zvinogona kuunza kusagadzikana mumuviri zvokonzera kuti zvipfuyo zvife.

Marapirwo

Kushandisa mushonga usingadhure kubaya mombe gore negore kudzivirira kubva

kuchirwere ichi. Tinogona kurapa nemushonga unonzi sulphonamides kana kuti
oxy-tetetracycline.

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CHIKAMU 12

CHIKAMU 12
Zvirwerwe Zvinounzwa neZvikwekwe

Donzvo rechidzidzo
● Doma mhando dzezvikwekwe;
● Kuva neruzivo rwezvikwekwe zvakajairika muzimbabwe;
● Kunzwisisa zvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe;
● Kunzwisisa zvirwere zvakajairika zvinounzwa nekuda
kwezvikwekwe muZimbabwe.

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Doma mhando dzezvikwekwe zvawakasangana nazvo
munharaunda maunogara. Ndeapi matambudziko anounzwa
nezvikwekwe kumombe dzako?

12.1 Nhanganyaya
Zvikwekwe zvinogara pamombe zvichisveta ropa pamwe nekukuvadza ganda rezvipfuyo.
Zvine muromo wakapinza uye muviri wakazvimba kana kuomarara. Pamusoro zvine ganda
rakaomarara rinonzi shield zvikuru sei zvikono zvacho males. Zvikwekwe ndizvo
zvinokonzera kupararaira kwezvirwere muzvipfuyo. Zvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe
tick-borne diseases zvinounza kurasikirwa kwakanyanya kwevarimi nekuda kwekufirwa
nezvipfuyo. Pazvinhu zvese zvinoparadzira zvirwere muzvipfuyo zvakaonekwa kuti
zvikwekwe ndizvo zvinopa dambudziko rakakura kuvarimi rekurasikirwa nemari uye
nezvipfuyo zvakanyanya uye zvinokonzera kurasikirwa kana kushomeka kwehuwandu
hwezvipfuyo takatarisa upfumi hwenyika yedu yeZimbabwe.

12.2. Tingaona sei zvikwekwe

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Zvii zvaungaona nazvo, kugona kudoma zvikwekwe zvemhando dzakasiyana siyana?
● Ungagona sei kupatsanura zvikwekwe izvi zvakasiyana siyana?

Enzanisa zvawashandisa kudoma nezvakapiwa pazasi:

Shield/ scutum

Izvi zvinoshandiswa kuti murimi agone kuona kana chikwekwe chiri chechikadzi kana
chirume. Scutum iyi inogona kuva ine ruvara kana kusava narwo, ruvara urwu ndirwo
runoshandiswa kuona mhando yechikwekwe.

Maziso

Maziso echikwekwe anowanikwa pedyo nescutum pamashure pemakumbo ekutanga.

Anogona zvakare kuvapo kana kusavapo zvichienderana nemhando yechikwekwe.

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CHIKAMU 12

Festoons

Iyi migero (grides) inowanikwa kwakapesana nekunoperera mutumbi tichienzanisa

nekumusoro wechikwekwe. Zvakare mafestoons aya anogona kuvapo kana kusavapo
zvichienderana nemhando yechikwekwe.

Ruvara rwemakumbo

Makumbo echikwekwe anogona kuva neruvara rumwechete kana kuita mavara mavara
nemitsetse.

Muromo

Muromo unogona kuva wakareba uye wakapinza kana kuva mupfupi.

Nzvimbo dzazvinofarira nezvikwekwe pamutumbi (Predilection site)

Zvikwekwe zvine nzvimbo dzazvinofarira kugara uye kuruma zvichikweva ropa. Zvinogona
kuwanikwa munzeve, pazasi pemuswe, muhapwa kana paminyatso yemombe. Zvikwekwe
zvakajairika zvinowanikwa muZimbabwe ndezvinoti:
● Brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus)
● Blue tick (Boophilus)
● Bont legged tick (Hyalomma)
● Bont tick (Amblyoma)

Maberekerwo echikwekwe
Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoburitsa matanho nemararamiro echikwekwe kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika chakura

Mazai (1) anokandirwa namai otsotsonywa pobuda zvikwekwe zvidoko (2) zvokura (3)
kuenda padanho rekutanga (4)mushure mekunwa ropa rezvipfuyo. Danho rechikwekwe
chikuru rekutanga (4) chokura zvakare (5) chiri pachipfuyo kuenda padanho rechipiri
rekukura (6) apa chinenge chichimwa ropa rechipfuyo (7) apa chinobva chaguta nekukura
dumbu neropa engorged(8). Chinozokura kuita chikwekwe chikuru (9). Mai vakuru
vechikwekwe vanosangana nababa (mate) zvakare zvosveta ropa kekupedzisira (11) zvisati
zvazadzwa vazadzwa neropa engorged (12) chikwekwe chinobva chabva kunotsvaka
pekugara, panzvimbo inodziya pekukandirira mazai.
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 CHIKAMU 12
12.3 Zvikwekwe zvakajairika zvinowanikwa
muZimbabwe
1.) Brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus)

Iyi mhando yechikwekwe ndiyo inofambisa chirwere cheCorridor disease uye East
Coast Fever mumombe. Zvakarewo chikwekwe ichi chinogona kufambisa chirwere cheRed
Water (Babesiosis). Chikwekwe ichi chinowanikwa munzeve dzemombe uye pamuswe pedyo
nepanobuda nendove. Zvikwekwe izvi zvikawanda zvinogona kupararira nemutsipa nehuro
yemombe.

Brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus) fed and unfed

Zvatingaona nazvo chikwekwe ichi

Chikwekwe ichi chine ruvara rutsvuku kusanganisira makumbo acho. Muromo wacho
mupfupi uye wakapamhamha. Ukanyatsocherekedza zvakanyanya chinoonekwa kuti chine
mativi matanhatu uye chakada kuita seimba yemakona. Maziso echikwekwe ichi aripo uye
chine mafestoons. Chikwekwe ichi chinogona kugara pazvipfuyo zvitatu 3 hosts
zvakasiyana chisati chabva kuenda pachinofarira kuti chikandire mazai.

3.) Blue tick (Boophilus)

Chikwekwe ichi ndicho chinofambisa chirwere chinonzi Red Water (Babesiosis uye Gall
sickness (Anaplasmosis) muzvipfuyo. Chikwekwe ichi chinowanikwa pamutsipa
mumakumbo uye muzasi medumbu.

Boophilus tick infection on the neck, head and shoulders

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CHIKAMU 12

Zvatingaona nazvo chikwekwe ichi

Chikwekwe ichi chine ruvara rupfumbu uye ruvara rwedenga (blue). Zvikwekwe zvikono
zverudzi urwu zvidoko uye zvinomera kamuswe kadiki. Chikwekwe ichi chine maziso asi
hachina mafestoons.

3.) Bont legged tick (Hyalomma)

Ichi chikwekwe chinonyanyozivikanwa nekufambisa chirwere cheTick paralysis (Sweating

sickness)neRed Water (Babesiosis) muzvipfuyo. Chikwekwe ichi chinowanikwa pasi
pemuswe uye patsoka kana pakati pemahwanda emombe.

Hyalomma tick Amblyomma

Zvatingaona nazvo chikwekwe ichi

Chikwekwe ichi chine makumbo ane ruvara rwakasiyana siyana uye muromo wacho
wakareba. Mafestoons anogona kuvapo kana kusavapo uye meso aripo zvakare. Chikwekwe
ichi zvakare chinogona kusveta zvipfuyo zvitatu zvakasiyana chisati chaguta ropa kuti
chinokandira mazai acho.

4.) Bont tick (Amblyoma)

Ichi chikwekwe chikuru chine ruvara runoonekera uye chinozivikanwa nekukonzera

chirwere cheHeart Water (Cowdriosis) muzvipfuyo uye uye chinokuvadza ganda
kuburikidza nekuruma. Chikwekwe ichi chinowanikwa pasi pemuswe uye pazasi pedumbu.

Zvatingaona nazvo chikwekwe ichi

Scutum yacho ine ruvara ruonyanyoonekera uye muromo wacho wakareba uye wakarurama.
Mafestoons acho anoonekera zvakare chine maziso.

12.4. Zvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe

Zvokuita
● Nonga zvikwekwe ugoedza kudoma zvikwekwe izvi zvinenge zviri pamombe
dzinowanikwa munharaunda maunogara.
● Zviise mumupanda zvikwekwe izvi kuti ndezvemhando ipi?
● Ndezvipi zvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe izvi?
● Ndeapi matambudziko aunosangana nawo mukuda kupedza kana kuderedza
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 CHIKAMU 12
Zvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe idambudziko rinobva pakusava neutariri hwakakwana.
Kana matanho akakodzera akatorwa zvirwere izvi zvezvikwekwe hazvingaparariri uye dai
zvisipo. Matambudziko ekushaikwa kwehutariri hwakakwana muvarimi vanhasi
nevanezuro anobva pazvinhu zvinotevera:
● Kusava neruzivo rwakakwana pane zvinokonzera zvirwere uye kuderedza zvirwere,
● Kushaikwa kwemari, midziyo uye michina nepekushandira pakakwana,
● Kushandiswa kwenzvimbo,
● Kukoshesa kwechivanhu chedu uye zvatinotenda.

Kusava neruzivo rwakakwana pane zvinokonzera zvirwere uye kuderedza zvirwere

Varimi vazhinji vadiki havana ruzivo rwakakwana rwekupfuya mombe dzenyama uye vacho
vane ruzivo urwu havadi kudzidzisa varimi ava. Rimwe dambudziko nderekuti varimi vekare
havadi kutambira ruzivo urwu kubva kune vakafundira zvekupfuya mombe sezvo vachitenda
munzira dzavo dzekurima nadzo dzekare.

Kushaikwa kwemari, midziyo uye michina nepekushandira pakakwana

Dambudziko iri rinowira varimi vadiki avo vasina mari nemichina yekuti vazvivakire
madhamu, madhibhi, kufenza nzvimbo dzemafuro uye matanga akakwana panga gara
mombe dzavo. Nekuda kwaizvozvi, mombe dzavo dzinofamba mitunhu yakareba kunotsvaka
mvura, uye mukufamba uku ndipo madzino batira zvikwekwe izvo zvavasingazogoni kurwisa.
Varimi vadiki ava havadi kushandisa mari yavanenge vawana mushure mekutengesa
zvipfuyo zvavo kuti vadzime dambaudziko rezvikwekwe iri.

Kushandisa kwenzvimbo diki

Varimi vadiki vanoshandisa nzvimbo diki dzekurima sezvo vasina magwaro anoita kuti
vawane nzvimbo huru pavangachengetera mombe. Nzvimbo dzanochengetera zvipfuyo
zvake dzinenge dzisina kupoteredzwa newaya uye havakwanisi kuita utariri hwepamusoro
saka zvipfuyo zvavo zvinovhengana nezvevamwe varimi vakasiyana siyana. Izvo zvinopa
mukana wemombe kubatira zvikwekwe.

Kukoshesa kwechivanhu chedu uye zvatinotenda

Mombe dzinoita rupandi rwakakura muupenyu hwevanhu munyika yeZimbabwe. Dzinogona
kuva dura remari zvikurusa munguva yenzara, mbiri yemunhu munharaunda inogona
kuunzwa nekuda kwemombe. Mombe dzinoshandiswa seusavi pamitambo yakaita
semabira, jakwara, kuroora uye pandufu. Nekuda kwetsika dzechivanhu idzo murimi
anogona kusarudza kuva nemombe zana panzvimbo isina kunaka kuchengetera mombe.
Zvinhu zveutariri hwakakwana hwekuchengeta mombe hwakaita sekudhibhisa, kufirita,
kupa mushonga wekumwa, kupa chichafu chekutenga uye kusarudza handira nemhou
dzakanaka zvinogona kusaitwa nevarimi nekuda kwetsika dzechivanhu. Varimi vechidiki
vane pfungwa yekuti hurumende ibasa rayo rekurapa uye kudzivirira zvirwere kumombe
dzavo saka vanotadza kubatana kuti vapanane mazano uye kutenga mishonga kuti varwise
dambudziko rinowira zvipfuyo zvavo.

Zvokuita
● Peta chikamu chino nekudoma zvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe munharaunda
maunogara.
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 CHIKAMU 13
Zvirwere Zvinonyanyokonzerwa neZvikwekwe
muZimbabwe

Donzvo rechidzidzo
● Kunzwisisa zvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nezvikwekwe.
● Kukwanisa kuona zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvinounzwa
nezvikwekwe.

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Zeya pamusoro pezvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe
munharaunda maunogara.
● Doma zviratidzo zvezvirwere izvi.
● Zvipfuyo zvingani zvakabatwa nezvirwere izvi munharaunda
mako?
● Ndeapi matanho awakatora kurwisa zvirwere izvi?
● Ndezvipi zvawakaita uye zvawakashandisa kurapa zvirwere izvi?
● Kunzwisisa zviratidzo zvekusava neutano kana chipfuyo
chichirwara.

13.1 Nhanganyaya
Zvirwere zvinounzwa nezvikwekwe muZimbabwe ndezvinoti:
● East Coast Fever (Corridor disease);
● Gall Sickness;
● Heart water (Cowdriosis);
● Red water (Babesiosis);
● Sweating Sickness (Tick toxicosis/paralysis.

31.2 East Coast Fever (Corridor disease)

Chirwere ichi chinounzwa nechikwekwe chinonzi brown ear tick. Chikwekwe ichi
chinowanikwa munzeve dzemombe uye pamuswe dzinova idzo nzvimbo dzisingasvikirwi
nemushonga kana mombe dzichifiritwa. Zvipfuyo zvinotanga kuratidza chirwere ichi
mushure memasvondo matatu dzichinge dzabata nechirwere ichi. Chirwere ichi chinoita
chete kunowanikwa chikwekwe chemhando yebrown tick ear.

Zviratidzo zvechirwere ichi

● Kupisa kwemuviri;
● Kupera simba;
● Kudzikira muviri;
● Kuita manyoka ane ropa;
● Kana mombe yava kutandadza inoburitsa mafuro akachena mumhino, mumuromo
uye kukosora;
● Kufa kwakanyanya kwemombe zvisinganzwisisiki.
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 CHIKAMU 13
Kuti varimi vaone huvepo hwechirwere ichi cheCorriddor mazvikokota kana chiremba
wemombe anofanira kutora ropa shoma rekunoongora kumuzinda wezveutano
hwemombe.Varimi vanofanira kutarisa zviratidzo zvapiwa pamusoro apo kuti vaone huvepo
hwechirwere ichi muzvipfuyo zvavo. Zvakare varimi vanofanira kutarisirawo kuvapo
kwevimwe zvirwere zvakaita sered water, anaemia uye jaundice.

Marapirwo

Zvikwekwe zvinofanirwa kubviswa pazvipfuyo nenzira dzinosanganisira kufirita, kudhibhisa,

hutariri hwakakwana hwemafuro, kushandisa mafuta ezvikwekwe tick grease. Kufambiswa
kwemombe zvisiri pamurau kunofanira kurambidzwa. Mombe dzinogona kubaiwa mishonga
yakaita seButalex/ Parvexon (Clexon), Oxytetracyline.

13.3 Gall Sickness/ Chirwere chenduru/ Nyon'o

Ichi chirwere chinobata mombe mbudzi nehwai asi chinonyanyobata mombe. Mumombe
chirwere ichi chinokonzera kudzikira kwemuviri, kukanganisa ropa zvinokonzera anaemia
nejaundice. Chirwere ichi chinogona kupararira kuburikidza nemhesvi (tsetseflies), uye
zvikwekwe zvemhando dzose nekusashandisa majekiseni ane tsvina. MuZimbabwe
chikwekwe chemhando yeblue tick ndicho chinoparadzira chirwere ichi.

Zviratidzo zvechirwere ichi

● Kupisa muviri;
● Kudzikira kwemuviri;
● Kufema nekukurumidza;
● Mhino dzakaoma;
● Kutambura pakuita tsvina;
● Kuburitsa dzihwa rakacheneruka;
● Mombe dzine mazamu dzinogona kutsvodza;
● Chirwere ichi chinowanzo kupesaniswa nechimwe chirwere chakada kufanana nacho
cheRed Water Babesiosis kana Heartwater Cowdriosis.

Kana mombe ikafa nechirwere ichi zvinotevera zvinoonekwa:

● Ropa rakavhengana nemvura ;
● Kudzikira muviri;
● Kubuda kweropa panzvimbo dzakaita semoyo neitsvo;
● Chiropa chinokura uye nduru inokura yozvimba;
● Mudumbu remombe munenge makaoma musina nduru;
● Kuti chiremba aone chirwere ichi anofanira kutora ropa rese remombe oenda naro
kunoongororwa.

Marapirwo nekudzivirira

Mombe dzinoda kubatwa zvakanaka kana dzichirapiwa kutira kusakuvadza. Hamufaniri

kushandisa tsono yamunenge mambo shandisa kubaya dzimwe mombe. Kana muchinge

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CHIKAMU 13

maona zveidi kuti pane chirwere chenduru ichi chapinda muzvipfuyo munokurudzirwa
kutsaura zvipfuyo zvinorwara kubva kune dzisingarwari. Mushonga weoxytracycline
unogona kushandiswa mushure memazuva makumi maviri nemasere ega ega kana pachinge
pabviswa zvikwekwe. Chirwere ichi chinogona kudzivirirwa kuburikidza nekufirita mombe
zvikwekwe uye kuendesa mombe kudhibhi

Heart water (Cowdriosis)

Ichi chirwere chinobata mombe nehwai nembudzi chichi konzerwa nezvichikwekwe chinonzi
bont tick. Chirwere ichi chinoonekwa kuburikidza nekukwira kwekupisa kwemuviri,
kuvhunduka, kuita manyoka uye kuungana kwemvura muchipfuva nemudumbu memombe.

Zviratidzo

● Kupisa muviri;
● Kuvhunduka kwezvipfuyo kunosanganisira kusagadzikana pakufamba, kutsenga
mazino nekuruma,kubwaira bwaira kwemaziso achipindurudzwa, kuruma
nekudzirira vanhu nekuparadza zvinhu, kuita sebofu, kuwira pasi uye kuzofa
kwechipfuyo;
● Kuita manyoka zvishoma.

Zviratidzo zvapiwa izvo hazvionekwi panguva imwe chete semuenzaniso chipfuyo chinogona
kupisa muviri chichitadza kumuka uye manyoka. Pamwe pacho unogona kusaona kuti
chipfuyo chiri kurwara chobva chafa chiripo ripocho, unofanira kutarisa pachafira zviratidzo
zvapiwa izvo. Chipfuyo chese chinenge chichiita zviratidzo zvapiwa izvo unofanira
kuchifungidzira huvepo hwechirwere ichi. Kana chichinge chafa neHeart Water chiratidzo
chikuru chinoonekwa imvura yakawanda zvakanyanya inenge yakaungana muchipfuva
nemudumbu.

Izvi zvinosanganisira:
● Mvura mumoyo;
● Mvura inoungana mumuviri ineropa rakabundira.

Marapirwo nekudzivirira

Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha pakurwisa chirwere ichi kubvisa zvikwekwe nekurapa:

● Kubaya majekiseni nemushonga wetetracycline long acting (LA/ 10kg body weight);
● Kudzivirira kana kuderedza zvikwekwe kuburikidza nekudhibhisauye kufirita.
zvipfuyo.

13.4 Red water (Babesiosis)

Chirwere cheRed Water chinofambiswa nezvikwekwe zvabva zera kuendesa kuzvikwekwe
zvidiki kuenda kumhuka kana kuti kubva kuzvikwekwe zvoga kuenda kumhuka. Chirwere

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 CHIKAMU 13
ichi chakajairika kunzvimbo dzakaita seBinga uye Hwange. Red Water zvakare inowira
mombe dzinenge dzakamboita zvikwekwe kana kugara munzvimbo dzine zvikwekwe
zvakawanda. Chipfuyo chinenge chine chirwere ichi chinenge chichipisa muviri
zvakapfurikidza mwero. Chirwere ichi chinokonzerwa nezvikwekwe zvinonwa mombe ropa
zvakaita sebont neblue tick. Ongororo ikaitwa mutsinga dzezvipfuyo zvine chirwere ichi
munoonekwaa kuti munenge musina ropa uye kuita weti yakasangana neropa.

Zviratidzo

Zviratidzo zvechirwere ichi zvinosanganisira

● Kupisa kwemuviri;
● Chipfuyo chinoramba kudya uye kupusa kumeso nekushaya simba;
● Kutadza kuzeya;
● Kuderera kweuwandu hwemukaka uye kusafema zvakanaka;
● Weti inosanduka rudzi kubva pakutsvuka kuenda kubrown;
● Zvipfuyo zvine mazamu zvinogona kutsvodza;
● Kusagadzikana pakufamba.

Kana zvipfuyo zvako zviine chirwere ichi cheRed Water unofanira kutarisirawo huvepo
wezvirwere zvakaita se:

● Gall sickness (Anaplasmosis) nekuda kwekurasika kwakanyanya kweropa uye

jaundice;
● Heart water (Cowdriosis)nekuda kwekukanganisika kwepfungwa.

Kana ukaongorora mombe inenge yafa nechirwere cheRed Water unoona zvinhu izvi:
● Jaundice;
● Itsvo dzakasviba uye dundira rinenge riine weti yakatsvukuruka.

Marapirwo

Munogona kuwana rubatsiro kunana mazvikokota vezvemombe Veterinary Assistant vari

munzvimbo mamunogara. Asiwo munogona kubaya zvipfuyo nemushonga weImidicarb
kana Berenil.

Sweating Sickness (Tick toxicosis/paralysis)

Sweating sickness inokonzera nechikwekwe chinonzi bont-legged ticks (Hyalomma).

Chinowanzobata zvipfuyo zvidoko zvinenge zviine zvikwekwe pamuviri. Mombe inenge
yabatwa nechirwere ichi inenge ichipisa muviri uye kubuda mvura zvakanyanya uye
kudikitira kunoonekwa muganda.

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CHIKAMU 13

Zviratidzo

Zviratidzo zvinotevera zvinoonekwa kana chipfuyo chichidikitira

● Kupisa muviri kwanyanya;
● Kusada kudya, kurukutika uye kupera mvura mumuviri uye kukwasharara kweganda;
● Kubuda kwedzihwa mumhuno nemumaziso;
● Mombe inogona kufamba yakakombama musana;
● Mombe inogona kusvuuka ganda uye kupera mambava;
● Kusafamba zvakanaka kweropa mumuviri zvinozokonzera, kuoora kwedzimwe
nzvimbo uye kuita maronda pamuromo zvinozokonzera kuti;
● Mhuru dziite masiriri akareba anozokonzera kurasikirwa nemvura mumuviri.

Marapirwo nekudzivirira

Hapana nzira chaiyo iri pachena yekurapa chirwere ichi. Kubvisa zvikwekwe ndiyo nzira iri
nyore kudzivirira chirwere ichi.

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CHIKAMU 14

CHIKAMU 14
Tumbuyu Tunobata Zvipfuyo (Parasites)

Donzvo rechidzidzo
● Kuziva zvakakoshera tumbuyu tunogara mudumbu mezvipfuyo;
● Kuziva tumbuyu tunokonzera kurwara muzvipfuyo;
● Kuziva zviratidzo zvezvipfuyo zvinenge zvabatwa netumbuyu utwu;
● Kuziva matanho anotorwa kurwisa nekurapa tumbuyu utwu.

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Ndedzipi mhando dzetumbuyu turi kuunza zvirwere kuzvipfuyo
munharaunda maunogara?
● Zvii zvaunoona muzvipfuyo zvinenge zvabatwa netumbuyu utwu?
● Buritsa pachena zvirongwa zvamunazvo uye nzira dzekupedza
tumbuyu utwu

14.1. Nhanganyaya
Tumbuyu (parasites) tupuka tunogara mukati kana pamuviri wezvipfuyo tunokuvadza
zvipfuyo kuburikidza nekuruma kana kumwa ropa yemhuka yatunenge twakagara pairi.
Tumbuyu tunogara kunze kana pamuviri pechipfuyo tunopiwa zita rekunzi maexternal
parasites uye tunogara mudumbu tunonzi mainternal parasites. Mapoka maviri ataurwa
etumbuyu utwu ese anogona kukonzera kurasikirwa nezvipfuyo kwemurimi. Semurimi
unofanira kuziva mhando dzetumbuyu utwu uye matanho anotorwa pakurwisa dambudziko
ratunogona kuunza. Makonye emudumbu anodaidzwa kunzi roundworms neliver fluke
ndiyo emamwe marudzi etumbuyu twemukati mezvifpuyo anopedza zvipfuyo zvevarimi
muZimbabwe. Medium kana kuti brown stomach worms nderumwe rudzi
rwemaroundworms akajairika kuvanhu. Matapeworms kunyange achibata zvipfuyo
zvakaita semombe haanyanyokuvadza kana kupa dambudziko rakanyanya kumombe,
kudzivira uye kurapa tumbuyu utwu zvinoenderana neruzivo rwemafambiro anoita tumbuyu
utwu zvichisiyana nzvimbo nenzvimbo. Kubvisa tumbuyu utwu tose zvinogona kunetsa asi
zvinogona kuderedza nekushandisa mishonga kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvakanangana
nekurwisa tumbuyu.

14.2. Tumbuyu twakakosha mumuviri yezvipfuyo

Kune mhando nhatu dzetumbuyu dzinoiswa mumapoka matatu dzinoti roundworms, tape
worms nema flukes

14.3. Marapirwo
Mishonga mizhinji inowanikwa muzvitoro zvevarimi. Mishonga iyi inowanikwa iri
pakasiyana siyana dzinoti: Avermectins, Ivermectin, Dormectin, Eprinomectin, and
Moxidectin or Benzimidazoles (Oxfendazole, Albendazole, fendbendazole).

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CHIKAMU 14

1.) Makonye emudumbu (Roundworms)

● Awa makonye anogara mudumbu nemuura hwezvipfuyo

● Makonye awa anokuvadza dumbu, ura kana kusveta ropa rinogara muura
hwechipfuyo
● Kuparadzwa kweura nemakonye awa kunokonzera kurwara nekufa kwezvipfuyo

Makonye aya anokandira mazai mudumbu anozoburitswa nendove yezvipfuyo ayo

anozotsotsonywa mumauswa. Mushure mekutsotsonywa makonye madiki anozopinda
mudumbu apo mombe inobatanidzira ichifura sora. Kune makonye zvakare anogona kugara
muganda anonzi filarial worms. Makonye aya anokandira mazai nekaburi kadiki kanenge
kari paganda ayo anozotakurwa kuendeswa kune dzimwe mombe nenhunzi.

Round worms live in the stomach and intestines

2.) Tapeworms

Awa makonye akareba ane misoro inoita seine zvirauro uye miromo yekusveta yakareba
zvakare anoonekwa mundove yezvipfuyo.

Tape worm (Flatworm) consists Liver affected by tapeworms

of multiple segments

3.) Flukes

Awa makonye anogara muchiropa/chitaka chezvipfuyo achimwa nekusveta ropa uye

kukuvadza chiropa/ chitaka. Mombe dzinenge dziine makonye awa dzinorasikirwa nemuviri

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 CHIKAMU 14
uye kufa. MuZimbabwe dambudziko remakonye emhando iyi anoitika munzvimmbo
dzakasvinga mvura, munzizi uye nzvimbo dzine mafuro akazara mvura isiri kuyerera.

Liver fluke (Flatworm). One-segmented worms with head and tail in one

14.4. Zvakakoshera tumbuyu tunogara mumuviri

memombe/ Nyongororo
Kazhinji tumbuyu parasites tunokanganisa kupfuya mombe asi kune tumwewo tumbuyu
kana makonye anowanikwa mudumbu memombe ayo anobatsira mombe pakuzeya chikafu
chakaita semashanga uye uswa. Makonye aya akashaikwa mudumbu mombe inogona kuita
dambudziko pakuzeya chikafu.

Nyongororo dzinokanganisa mombe dzenyama kuburikidza ne:

● Kukanganisa matumbu;
● Kuuraya mapapu;
● Kuparadza chiropa/chitaka;
● Kukonzera chirwere chekurasikirwa neropa.

Nyongororo kana tumbuyu utwu tunogonawo kutapurirwa kuvanhu mushure mekunge

vadya nyama kana mukaka hwezvipfuyo zvinenge zviine tumbuyu utwu.

Internal worm damage in the abomasum

Zviratidzo

Zvinhu zvinotevera zvinoonekwa kana mombe ichinge yabatwa nemakonye kana

nyongororo:

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CHIKAMU 14

● Kukanganisika chimiro chemombe uye kusakura;

● Kukwasharara kweganda;
● Kusada kudya kupera mvura mumuviri uye kudzikira kwemuuviri;
● Kusakura kwechipfuyo kunyange chikafu chinovaka muviri chiripo;
● Kuwira shaya uye kushaikwa kweropa mumuviri;
● Zvidya zvemombe zvinotaridzika kuzara tsvina nekuda kwemanyoka;
● Mombe dzinogona kuita dumbu guru rinenge rakarembera risina chinhu.

Marapirwo

Tumbuyu tunokonzera zvirwere mumombe tunogona kudzivirirwa nekubvisa makonye

anokonzera zvirwere. Munofanira kugadzira chirongwa chinotanga nekutarisa makonye awa
mundove yemombe mogona kushandisa mishonga inosanganisira Rafoxanide, Nitroxynil,
Triclabendazole, Thiabendazole, Piperazine and Phenthiazine. Murimi anofanira kudaidza
chiremba wemombe kana achishandisa mishonga iyi kana achiita chirongwa chokubvisa
makonye anokonzera zvirwere. Chirongwa ichi chinobata matanho anosanganisira:

● Kubvisa mhuru kubva kumombe huru;

● Kupa chikafu chine utano chinoita kuti mombe dzisabatwa nemakonye aya ;
● Kubatanidzawo nzira dzinosanganisira kufudza mombe uchienda nemazera adzo
uchitanga nemhuru kotevera dzichangorumurwa wopedzisira nehombe;
● Kushandisa nzira dzakaita serotational grazing;
● Mombe dzinogona kupiwa mvura inobva munzvimbo dzakachena dzakaita sematsime
akavharwa pane kuti dzimwe mvura yakasviba yemunzizi kana mudhamu;
● Kuisawo mushonga,mumvura kana pambwe emunyu adzinonanzva.

11.5. Dzimwe nzira dzokurwisa tumbuyu tunokonzera

zvirwere mumombe
Izwi rechirungu rekuti FIGHT ndiro rinoshandiswa kurwisa tumbuyu utwu rinomirira
zvinotevera:

F=Full dose - kumwisa mushonga - Murimi ngaaape mombe mushonga wakakwana kubvisa
makonye awa mudumbu kana mushonga wakakwana wokufirita kubvisa zvikwekwe.

I=Ideal timing - unofanira kuziva kuti mushonga wako unogara zvakadini uine simba kuitira
kuti ugoziva pekuzofirita mombe zvakare. Unofanira kuzivawo muraramire wechikwekwe
kana makonye kuti ugoziva kushandisa mushonga nenguva yakakodzera semuenzaniso
munguva yekupisa mazayi ezvikwekwe nemakonye anoparara saka munofanira kuisa
mushonga kuparadza zvikwekwe pazvinenge zvichikandira kana kutsotsonya kuitira
kuderedza huwandu wezvikwekwe.

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 CHIKAMU 14
G=Give it a break - mushure mekushandisa mushonga kwenguva zvikwekwe zvinogonawo
kurwisawo mushonga uyu zvinokonzera kuti zvisafe. Kana waona izvi zvaitika unogona
kushandisha mumwe mushonga kwenguva diki. Mushure menguva diki iyi unogona
kuzodzokera kumushonga wako wekare.

H= Hold and treat - kana uchangotenga dzimwe mombe, haufaniri kudzibatanidza neboka
ragara riripo. Tanga wadziisa padzo dzega (HOLD) paunokwanisa kudzirapa makonye
(TREAT) izvi zvinodzivirira zvikwekwe nezvirwere.

T=Test - tanga waona kana mushonga wauri kuda kushandisa uri iwo chaiwo unogona
kushanda basa rawakagadzirirwa.

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Tsanangura uchishandisa manzwi ako kuti inzwi rekuti FIGHT rinokurangaridzei
maringe renzira dzekurwisa nyongororo nezvikwekwe.
● Ndedzipi nzira dzakajairika dzaunoziva dzekurwisa nyongororo?
● Munharaunda mauri munobviswa makonye sei?

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 CHIKAMU 15
Maronda muMombe

Donzvo rechidzidzo
Mukupera kwechikamu chino vadzidzi vanofanira kunge vave:
● kuziva kukosha kwemaronda muzvipfuyo;
● kukwanisa kuona mombe dzine maronda;
● kuziva kudzivirira nekurapa maronda.

Hurukuro mumapoka
● Matuso emaronda kumombe dzenyama;
● Zviratidzo zvinoratidza kuti mombe ine maronda;
● Kuti murimi angadzivirire sei kuti mombe dzake dzisaita
nemaronda;
● Ungarape sei mombe dzako maronda.

15.1 Nhanganyaya
Maronda zvinoreva kuchekeka kana kuvhurika kweganda remombe. Kune mhando mbiri
dzemaronda. Maronda anoita paganda ayo anokanganisa chimiro cheganda. Maronda
akadzika (deep wounds) awo anokanganisa mukati meganda anoda vana mazvikokota
vemombeVeterinary Assistant or \ Veterinary O f fi c e r. Mombe inogona kukuvadzwa
netsono,chipikiri,waya pagumbo kana simbi kucheka ganda, kana tambo yakasungwa
zvakasimba inogona kukuvadza ganda remombe. Mombe inopenga kana kutunga inogona
kukuvadza dzimwe. Kuti murimi anzwisise nyaya iyi zvakadzama anogona kushandisa
chinyorwa chakanziRefer to dehorning in Cattle Beef Production for Small Scale Farmers
Book 1.

Kudzivirira nekuderedza kurasika kweropa kana mombe yakuvara

Maronda akadzama, tsinga dzemumuviri memombe dzinogona kukuvadzwa. Tsinga

dzinofambisa ropa kuenda kunhengo dzese dzemuviri dzikadimbuka, ropa rinobuda
zvakanyanya rine simba kunge mvura iri kubuda mumadiridziro. Izvi zvinenge
zvichikonzerwa nekurova kwehana. Zviri nyore kuti murimi aone pari kubuda neropa. Asi
kana tsinga dzinotora ropa kuendesa kumoyo dzikadimburwa, ropa risina simba
rakanyanya rinobundira nekuungana zvova nyore kuti rigone kudzivirirwa risabuda
rakawanda. Izvi zvinopa njodzi diki kuupenyu hwemombe.

15.2 Zvakakoshera kurapa mombe maronda

Mukupfuya neutariri hwemombe dzenyama, zvakakosha kutarisawo hutano hwemombe. Izvi
zvinoitwa nekuti kukosha uye mutengo wemombe unoiswa kana kutariswa maringe
nekunaka kwehutano hwayo, muviri uye uremu. Kusimudzira utano nechimiro chemombe,
varimi vazhinji vadiki munyika yeZambia vanochengetedza mombe dzavo kuburikidza
nekukomberedza newaya, kuvaka matanga, mafuro uye midziyo inoshandiswa pakuchengeta
mombe.
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 CHIKAMU 15
Nemamwe manzwi murimi akasava nehanya yekutora matanho ekudzivirira zvipfuyo zvake,
mombe dzake dzinogona kupinda panjodzi yekukuvadzwa apo dzinenge dzichiedza kubuda
muwaya uye padzinenge dziri kudhibhiswa, kupiwa mishonga kana kuiswa mumota kuti
dzinotengeswa.Maronda anenge aiswa pamombe idzi anokonzera marwadzo uye
kusagadzikana muzvipfuyo. Maronda awa anogona kutungamirira kune zvimwe zvirwere
zvinokonzerwa netumbuyu twakaita sefungus nebacteria. Maronda zvakare ano konzera kuti
mombe dzisafamba zvakanaka, pakushanda mukurima uye kuburitsa mukaka wakakwana
sezvo dzinenge dzichitadza kufura zvakanaka. Kusagashirwa kwemombe kana yaurawa
nekuda kwemaronda munzvimbo dzinourairwa mombe dzatengwa zvinokonzera
kurasikirwa nemari kumurimi.

Zviratidzo zvemombe ine maronda

Mombe yakakuvadzwa inoratidza zvinotevera:

● kubuda ropa zvichikonzerwa nekurwa kana kuchekwa newaya,chipikiri kana simbi
yakapinza;
● Kutadza kufamba zvakanaka;
● Kutadza kufura zvakanaka;
● Marwadzo;
● Ronda rakashama/ kuvhurika rinoonekwa paganda.

15.3 Maronda Matsva

Sedanho rekutanga kurapa ronda, kudzivirira kana kuderedza kubuda kweropa kuburikidza
nekutsimbirira nzvimbo yakuvadzwa. Basa rekutsimbirira iri kuitira kuvhara tsinga dzinenge
dzichiunza ropa. Kana zvabudirira ropa rinobva rabundira panzvimbo iyi kuti risaramba
richirasika zvakanyanya. Kushandisa mucheka wakachena kana donje paronda iri
wakatsimbidzira zvishoma zvinodzivirira kuti ropa risarasike zvikuru kutsinga. Ropa rine
simba rakanyanya rinobva kutsinga rinogona kuita kuti ropa risabundira (clot) saka zvinoda
kuti ropa iri rimiswe kwekanguva. Izvi zviri nyore kana ronda iri riri pagumbo. Unoita izvi
kuburikidza nekuisa tambo yakasimba wakatenderedza kana wakaisa nechepamusoro
panorasika neropa racho. Tsvaka katanda kana puranga wosunga netambo kuitira kumisa
ropa risaramba richibuda.Nzvimbo inenge iri pazasi pepakakuvara inobva yashaya ropa.Izvi
zvinogona kuuraya nyama, saka unofanira kubvisa tambo iyi pamaminutes mashanu kana
gumi 5 to 10 minutes kuti ropa rifambe kusvika chiremba wemombe auya Veterinary
Assistant/ Officer.

A fresh wound on the rear hing-leg of beef cattle 91

CHIKAMU 15

15.3 Maronda agarisa

Nedzimwe nguva maronda matsaru anenge akanganiswa nehonye saka tinofanira
kuasuka/kuageza nekubvisa tsvina inoita kuti asapora. Unogona kuita izvi uchishandisa
mvura ine munyu kana mishonga yakaita se (Dettol, Savlon or Iodine). Unogona
kukwiza ronda iri uchishandisa donje kusvika nyama chena isina tsvina yoonekwa kana ropa
shoma roonekwa kutsvuka. Suka ronda iri nemvura ine munyu woisa mushonga paronda iri.
Vhara ronda iri uye woona kuti raramba rakachena. Unogona kuramba uchisuka ronda iri
kana waona kuti tsvina iri kuramba ichikanganisa kuti ripore.

Marapiro nekudzivirira

Kudzivirira maronda kwakakosha nokuti uvepo hwemaronda hunogona kukanganisa

zvakawanda. Unogona kushandisa zvinotevera kudzivirira maronda:

● Kubvisa nyanga mombe dzako kuti maronda asaita kuburikidza nekutungana;

● Kubvisa zvinhu zvakapinza zvinokuvadza zvakaita semarata panodyira mombe;
● Kuchengetedza mombe kubva kuzvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakaita sezvikwekwe.

Kurapa :

● Suka maronda nemvura ine munyu kana kushandisa mishonga yakaita se Dettol or
Potassium permanganate solution
● Shandisa mishonga antibiotics yekudzivirira kurapa nzvimbo dzinenge dzaenda
mabacteria
● Shandisawo miti yechivanhu inowanikwa munharaunda yakaita segavakava,
muvenga honye kana murunju runju.

Mukupeta chikamu chino kurukurai pamusoro pemufananidzo inotevera nemibvunzo

yakapiwa.

Hurukuro mumapoka
Rimwe zuva uchimuka mangwanani woona kuti imwe yehandira dzako iri kubuda ropa
nekuda kwekukuvadzwa. Mushure mekutarisisa nekuongora handira iyi unoona kuti ine
ronda guru rakadzama.
● Tsanangura kuti unorapa sei ronda iri uchishandisa mishonga yechivanhu kana
yechirungu?
● Semaonero ako iwe chii chakaipira mombe dzine maronda?
● Ndezvipi zvakajairika zvinokonzera maronda kumombe papurazi pako?
● Ungaita sei uye kushandisa nzira dzekudzivirira maronda papurazi pako?

92
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