In the Name of

Allah , the Most

Beneficent and
the Merciful
NUMERICAL SIMULATION
OF DUAL-PACKER
FORMATION TESTER
MEASUREMENTS IN THE
PRESENCE OF
NATURALLY FRACTURED
FORMATIONS
 Prepared By

 Ghulam Muhayy-ud-din 05F-BS(P&G)-004

 Armaghan Javaid 05F-BS(P&G)-006
 Arslan Javaid 05F-BS(P&G)-023
 Ali Farooq 05F-BS(P&G)-026

 Supervised By
 Engr. Muhammad Hashim
 Outline
 Objective
 Assumptions
 Introduction to NFR
 Formation Tester & its Types
 Introduction to Numerical Simulation
 Variations of Rock Formation Properties
 Sensitivity to Variations of Fracture Radial Length

 Conclusion
 Objective

 To quantify the sensitivity of dual-packer

formation tester measurements to petro physical
and geometrical properties of naturally fractured
rock formations sustaining water-base mud-
filtrate invasion.
 The analysis includes variations of rock properties
such as porosity and permeability, and variations
of fracture properties.
 Assumptions
 Single-phase flow and two-phase flow (oil and
water).
 Isotropic rock formations.
 Open fractures with constant aperture.
 Constant invasion and production rates.
 Salt concentration of formation water higher than that
of mud filtrate.
 For two-phase flow, we assume water to be the
wetting phase .
 capillary pressure is governed by imbibition when a
water-base mud invades the oil zone.
Reservoir fracture

 Fracture reservoir are those in which

fractures naturally accruing either have or
predicted to have

 A reservoir fracture is a planar discontinuity in

rock due to deformation or physical digenesis
Why are we studying effect of
natural fracture ?
 It is important to determine the effect of natural fracture
in our reservoir as early as possible so that our
evaluation and planning done correctly from the day one.
 It effect reservoir fluid flow either in form of increasing
reservoir permeability or increase reservoir permeability
anisotropy.
 It has both positive or negative effects on fluid flow in
rock.
 It has variety of effects on primary, secondary and
tertiary recovery,
Fracture Properties affecting
Reservoir Performance:
Formation testers

 These are well tools Measuring temperature

and pressure.
 Numerical simulation

 A computer simulation, a computer model or

a computational model is a computer
program, or network of computers, that
attempts to simulate an abstract model of a
particular system.
Methodology

Considering two models

1.) Dual porosity/Dual permeability

(single phase flow)

2.) Dual porosity/Single permeability

(Two phase flow)
Methodology

First stage:
Variation in only one petrophysical
property i.e. if variation in porosity than
permeability considers as constant.
Second stage:
Study the effect of fracture length. Whose variations
from 5 ft to 999 ft in homogeneous
formation.
Third stage:
Analysis of effects of variations in fracture density
on presseure transient measurements as well as radial
profile of salt concentration and water saturation.
Final stage:
Consider the influence of the tools confugrations on
the pressure transient measurements including
variations in dual packer opening and sensors
locations.
 Dual Packer Formation
Tester
 Vertical Probes
 Horizontal Probes

 2 Packers
Numerical simulation of
fractured formation by
formation tester.
Fracture modeling

 Assumptions

1) Discrete (non homogenous ) or continuous models.

Discrete modeling

 Single phase fluid is

flowing.
 Two formations are
considered
homogenous “a”
and heterogeneous
“b”.
Continuous model

 Highly fractured
reservoir.

 Both vertical and

horizontal fractures
are present.
 Figure “a” represents sugar cube model.
use to simulate highly fractured formations

 Figure “b” represents rectangular

parallelepiped pattern.
use to simulate variations of properties such
as fracture density and radial length.
Simulation of Water-Base
Mud-Filtrate
. of simulating water-base
Reason Invasion.mud

 Invasion of drilling mud influence the

measurements of transient if we ignore the
invaded zone than data will be erroneous.
 Methodology
 Formation is invaded by the brine solution of salt
concentration less than formation water.

 A time-constant injection rate (invasion rate) is applied for

each grid block in simulation.

 Rate of invasion is different for each grid block because the

cell height is not constant.

 For simplicity, this thesis neglects the effects of mudcake

build-up and formation damage. For two-phase flow, capillary
and gravity effects are assumed negligible
 Numerical Simulation of
Single-Phase Fluid Flow
 Synthetic models used for the simulation of
single-phase fluid flow
 Naturally fractured formation with horizontal
infinite fractures and isotropic homogeneous or
isotropic heterogeneous matrix blocks.
petrophysical properties for both matrix
and fracture for single phase Flow
 Numerical Simulation of
Two-Phase Fluid Flow
Numerical simulation is done on the basis
of two parameters:

 Capillary Pressure

 Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability

 relative permeability
curves for the fracture
cover the full
saturation range
 fluid flow system is
assumed strongly
water-wet,
Capillary Pressure

 Imbibition water-oil
capillary pressure
curves
 matrix capillary
pressure is usually
greater than the fracture
capillary pressure
 same end points are
used for both curves.
 VARIATIONS OF ROCK
FORMATION PROPERTIES
 The sensitivity analysis to variations of rock
formation properties considers two separate
cases:

 variations of matrix porosity

 variations of matrix permeability

 Variations of Matrix Porosity
Matrix porosity is considered in two cases:

 Single Phase Flow

 Two Phase Flow

Single Phase Flow

 Greater the porosity

would be lower the
draw down
differential.

 No porosity effect on
Build Up.
 Two-Phase Fluid Flow

On Basis of Two criteria:

 variations of matrix porosity together with
variations of the corresponding values of
irreducible water saturation
 variations of matrix porosity while maintaining
the value of matrix irreducible water
saturation constant
variations of matrix porosity together with variations of
the corresponding values of irreducible water saturation

 Probe 1 and Probe 2 are

sensitive to changes of
matrix porosity and
irreducible water
saturation
 Transient pressure
measurements acquired
at the packer are not
sensitive to variations of
porosity.
 Two phase fluid flow in a multi fractured
formation with homogeneous matrix blocks.
 Probe 1 and Probe 2 are
sensitive to changes of
matrix porosity and
irreducible water
saturation.
 Transient pressure
measurements acquired
at the packer are not
sensitive to variations of
porosity.
 Sensitivity to Variations of Matrix
Permeability

 Single Phase Fluid Flow

 Two Phase Fluid Flow

 Single-Phase Fluid Flow

 Both draw-down and

build-up measurements
simulated at the three
sensors are affected by
variations of
permeability.
 Two-Phase Fluid Flow

Simulations performed at two criteria;

 variations of matrix permeability with variations

of the corresponding values of irreducible water
saturation.
 variations of matrix permeability while
maintaining the value of matrix irreducible water
saturation constant.
Variations of matrix permeability with variations of the
corresponding values of irreducible water saturation

Measurements
simulated at the three
probes are sensitive to
changes of rock-matrix
permeability during
draw-down whereas the
measurements remain
approximately
unchanged for all the
cases during build-up.
Variations of matrix permeability while maintaining the
value of matrix irreducible water saturation constant.

Measurements
simulated at the three
probes are sensitive to
changes of rock matrix
permeability during
draw-down whereas
remain approximately
unchanged for all the
cases during build-up.
Sensitivity to Variations of
Fracture Radial Length
Shorter the radial length , Greater the Pressure
Difference

We will note Fracture Radial Length

Variation effect in ;

 Single Phase Fluid Flow

 Two Phase Fluid Flow
 Single Phase Fluid Flow

Two types of variations are examined:

 A fractured formation with short, medium, and

infinite radial fracture lengths.

 A fractured formation with a constant radial

fracture length.
Model 7 is
associated with
the larger
pressure
differential,
because model 7
has smallest
radial length.
Two-Phase Fluid Flow
 Radial distribution of salt
concentration and water saturation
 Shorter the radial length
of fracture , higher and
earlier would be the salt
concentration.

 Water saturation is not

affected by radial
length.
 Sensitivity to Variations of
Fracture Density
Sensitivity to variation of Fracture Density is
considered in two cases:

 Single Phase Fluid Flow

 Two Phase Fluid Flow

 Single Phase Fluid Flow

 two fractured formations with one infinite or

two horizontal fracture,
 infinite horizontal fractures spaced at one foot
intervals
Two cases considered for
Single Phase Fluid Flow
 Pressure transient measurements are
simulated at the sensor located in the center
of the packer.
 Radial profiles of salt concentration are also
simulated for all the synthetic cases.
Pressure transient measurements are
simulated at the sensor located in the
center of the packer.
 Two fractures are located at
5 ft and 13 ft below the top
of the reservoir
 higher the fracture density
the lower the pressure
differential.
 highly fractured formation
will exhibit the smallest
pressure decrease.
 No steady state time
achieved in Build Up.
Radial profiles of salt concentration
 An additional Fracture
considered 20 ft below
from the top.
 The radial length of
invasion increases with
a decrease in fracture
density
Two-Phase Fluid Flow

 homogeneous matrix blocks.

 two horizontal fractures located 5 ft and 13 ft
below
 vertical fractures regularly spaced at one foot
intervals
Pressure transient
measurements are
simulated at the packer.
 The lower pressure

differential is
associated with the
higher fracture
density.
Simulations of the radial distribution of
salt concentration and water saturation
 radial length of invasion is
longer for multi fractured
formations than for formations
with low fracture density.
 The longer the radial length of
the fracture, the higher the
fracture density of formation.
 two horizontal fractures has an
initial water saturation of 0.7
 for the case of multi fractured
formations, the initial water
saturation is much lower.
modified wireline dual-packer
formation tester
 Fifteen pressure probes, three sink
pressure probes, and two seal
packers

 The spacing of the vertical probes

is 1.29 ft.

 horizontal probes are spaced one

foot apart.

 Packers can be spaced 3 ft, 3.55

ft, 4.025 ft, and 4.34 ft apart and
may operate with production rates
of 21 bbl/day, 24.5 bbl/day, 28.3
bbl/day, and 30.1 bbl/day,
respectively.
Two-dimensional cross-section
of a multifractured rock
formation.
 Fractures are vertically
spaced at regular intervals of
one foot.
 The figure illustrates the
location of the modified
wireline dual-packer
formation tester in the
borehole.
 some of the probes are in
contact with matrix blocks
and others are in contact with
fractures.
 Interpretation of the Simulation Results
(a). Simulated pressure
measurements at for a
packer opening to 3 ft.
(b). simulated pressure
measurements for a packer
opening to 3.55 ft.
(c). simulated pressure
measurements for a packer
opening to 4.025 ft.
 (d). simulated pressure

measurements for a packer

opening to 4.34 ft.
Conclusions
 Dual-packer formation tester measurements are highly
sensitive to changes of matrix porosity during the
pressure draw-down test.

 Variations of matrix permeability strongly influence

pressure measurements acquired during draw-down and
build-up. The lower the matrix porosity or permeability
the larger the pressure differential.

 Pressure differential is directly proportional to the

irreducible water saturation in the matrix.
 At constant irreducible water saturation, value of
permeability is inversely proportional to the radial length
of invasion.

 Transient measurements of pressure are sensitive to

fractures that extend from the wellbore to approximately
500 ft radially away into the formation

 The radial distance of invasion is governed by several

parameters, including, rock-matrix petrophysical
properties, fluid properties, and geometrical parameters
of the fractured formation.
 Presence of vertical fractures bears a greater
impact on the simulated measurements than
presence of only horizontal fractures.

 Transient pressure measurements could be

spatially aliased when the packer and the sensors
are positioned in direct contact with a fracture.
THANKS FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION