ISSN 2347 - 3983

Mairaj Nabi et al., International Journal of Emerging

VolumeTrends in Engineering
9. No. 6, June 2021Research, 9(6), June 2021, 815 – 820
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research
Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJETER/static/pdf/file/ijeter29962021.pdf
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2021/29962021

To Analyze Energy Aware MAC Protocols for Wireless

Sensor Networks
Mairaj Nabi1, Pardeep Kumar2, Rahila Parveen3, Baby Marina 1, Qamar un Nisa1,
Umair Ramzan1, Ghulam Mustafa3
1
Department of Information Technology SBBU-SBA, Pakistan, ([email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected].
2
Quaid-e-awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology Nawabshah, Pakistan
[email protected]
3
Zhengzhou University Henan, China, [email protected]

confirm the QoS criteria. Many schemes of scheduling are not

ABSTRACT working dynamics conditions [2].
To optimize the energy level of the sensors it depends on the
Sensors are used in many fields to collect the information and environmental conditions, in some situations the
send it to the central location; the role of energy conservation optimization is more important than the network life and in
is more important in Media Access Protocol. This paper some situations the optimization is not important because if
presents the limitation and description of MAC protocols with sensors are deployed in the hospitals or emergency situations
different techniques used in BMAC, LMAC, XMAC so the continuity of information is more important like heart
protocols and we implement BMAC, LMAC, XMAC patients etc., but in the forest or in open environment the
protocol in Omnetpp5.5.1 simulator as per default energy is most important issue, we will optimize the energy
configuration and values to run the protocols in omnetpp5.5.1 level so that the network life should be increased (awake and
simulator and compare these three protocols as per energy sleep period of the sensors [3].
parameters and find out the energy efficient MAC protocol.
Our simulation result shows that the XMAC protocol is a The wireless sensor networks introduce the new research
more energy efficient, collision free protocol, the no of activities in the field of energy consumption, data processing,
packets loss is also reduced in the XMAC protocol. singling etc. Presently many researchers are working on the
energy design and their computationally aware algorithms
Key words: SBBU-SBA, MAC Protocols, Datalink Layer, and protocols. And the application must be focused on simple
Internet of Things. monitoring the data and applications [4].
Sensor’s nodes are contained of four subsystems.
. 1. Computing system: microprocessor contain (MCU
1. INTRODUCTION and microcontroller unit), this subsystem is
responsible for implementation of protocols related
Wireless sensor networks can be explained as group of to communication and sensors, MCU operates on
dedicated sensors to monitor the physical or environmental
different types of mode for management of powers
conditions, collecting and recording the data at central device
and these modes operated on power consumptions so
location [1]. WSN dealing with environmental conditions like
temperature, pollution level, sound, vibration, pressure the modes should be energy aware also [5].
motions, humidity, and wind so on and send the information 2. Communication system: in this subsystem nodes are
to the destination location. Sensors are equipped with various communicating with its neighbors by using the radio
energy modules and computational limits [1] [20]. of a sensor to save the energy and increase the life of
In sensor networks the life of the network is more important the network we should turn off the radio completely
than other parameters the life of the network depend on the rather than idle condition to save the energy [5].
energy consumption and to optimize the energy is really a 3. Sensing System: it contain the sensors and actuators
difficult and complicated task because in this situation we will to link the nodes and outside world and energy can
reduce the energy but also increase the network life [1]. be reduced if performance will be optimize [5] .
In sensor networks scheduling is more important to for proper 4. Power system: it contains the battery, if sensors using
flow of the node-to-node information. Many researchers the continuous power the life of the network is
proposed the fair scheduling mechanisms which are
decreased so it is better to turn off the power of the
distributed as well as centralized schemes in direction to

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sensor time to time to save the energy and increase physical layer define in [8] because of no any proper
the life of the network [5]. standardization.
1. TDMA decreases the throughput, traffic at low
Many authors worked on the optimization of energy and because of idle listening slots, and more difficult to
proposed different types of communications protocols, shift within the decentralized environment in
scheduling algorithms, hardware optimization techniques, to TDMA-traditional because all nodes are agreeing on
save the energy these protocols and mechanism should be
same time durations slot or assignments.
energy efficient.
2. In CSMA is used to handle the collision detection and
Media Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor collision avoidance methods to manage the
Networks. collisions.
Wireless sensor networks MAC protocols are mainly 3. In additional FDMA requirement of circuitry involved
categories into fours perspective cross layers, TDMA-based, and it increases sensors node cost that radio channels
contention-based MAC [6] the following MAC protocols are can work on dynamically.
defined the sensors networks briefly [7] 4. In CDMA that consume high energy due the high
 Sensor(S-MAC) [7], SIFT [7], Timeout-MAC, computational requirements and it is major
Dynamic-DSMAC [7], Traffic-Adaptive Protocol drawback in CDMA, and difficult to analyze the
(TRAMA-MAC) [7], Wise W-MAC [7], IEEE modulation schemes, waveforms, models of receiver
802.15.11 [8], Aloha, preamble sampling [8], and other problems of synchronization.
Berkeley(B-MAC) [8], Power Aware Multi Access 5. In S-MAC protocol the sensing duration is fixed that’s
Signaling (PAMAS) [8], Optimization MAC [8], why it consumes the more energy. [10]
Data-Gathering (DMAC) [8], Self-organizing-MAC 6. For solving the fixe duration T-MAC has been
for Wireless Sensor Networks (SMACS) [8], TDMA proposed in T-MAC it consume less energy than
Energy efficient MAC [8] others the nodes go to sleep early this mechanism
increases the throughput and latency [10]
1.1 Issues in MAC-Layer 7. Data-gathering (DMAC) Media Access Control
Many MAC issues of wireless sensor networks are discussed protocol uses the mechanism duty cycle of adaptive
in [9] whereas DMAC out performs [11] in energy,
throughput and latency, it supports the paradigm of
communication and converge-cast. [12]
1. MAC protocol design should be collision free,
over emitting, over hearing packet control idle 2. RELATED WORKS
listening and overhead.
2. Scalability: the sensors nodes are increasing 1. [7] explained contention-based T-MAC protocol to
from two nodes to hundreds of thousands of reduce consumption of energy by active / sleep
networks the design of MAC protocol should be duty-cycle.
adapt the network changes from small to large 2. In this paper [12] author explained the energy aware,
also topology. data-gathering (DMAC) and low latency protocol to
3. Sensor network MAC protocol have minimum improve tree data gathering in WSN, it resolves the
latency rate to meet the high throughput problem of interruption by changing the status of
whenever the it deployed in emergency scheduled active/sleep by using offset that subject to
application as well as critical. trees depth, also propose the prediction mechanism
4. Sensors are deployed randomly in larger area to solve the contention and collision.
and may face the high collision or contention 3. In [3] present hybrid scheme of MAC, called
each other when they are sending the packets so Zebra-MAC for WSN to combine the CSMA and
the loss of the packet is also increased, in this TDMA while off-setting weaknesses. It has both
situation MAC protocol should follow the ability during the high and low contention, during
uniform reporting mechanism. the low contention in network it behaves as CSMA
and in high contention it behaves as TDMA it has
In the sensor networks no one protocol is defined as the
also dynamic topology.
standard to follow in deployment scenario as many
4. [14] this author worked on the scheduling which
researchers proposed various MAC protocols for various
types of application. In general, the mac protocol choice is on based on the pattern of own traffic of neighbor’s
application dependent it means that no anyone standard we nodes rather than having fixed active/sleep wakeup
have to follow the sensor network. various issue are at period.

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5. In [15] the author presents energy efficient (MAC)

protocol for WSN on the shortened preamble
approach, by using shorten preamble approach it
consumes the low listening power called low
communication power, simplicity and rejoin Figure 1: BMAC
receiver sleep and transmitter schedules.
6. [16] Explained and proposed CSMA B-MAC for
WSN that delivers a reliable interface to gain 3.2 XMAC
extreme low power operations and effectively This protocol is extended version of BMAC, the standard
manages the collision-avoidance and great BMAC protocol uses long preamble before data to wake up
utilization of channel. To complete small operation receiver, and this preamble scheme is enhanced version to
of power, B-MAC works an on the scheme that lessen the energy power consumption. In BMAC the complete
supports the adaptive sampling for preamble to little preamble is transmitted weather the node is awoke during the
cycle and optimize idle-listening. preamble from starting to end, in BMAC sensor nodes will
7. In [16] author proposed the CSMA MAC protocol to receive complete packets preamble and data but in XMAC it
provide flexible, and less power operation to sends the shorten preamble these shorten preamble is long
effectively manage the collision avoidance and give enough to reach the destination and receiver receive the
acknowledgement and it stop the preamble and send the data
us room to utilize high channel. It uses the adaptive
packets, this process will save the time and energy
sampling scheme for preamble to lessen the duty
consumption instead of sending the whole preamble at once,
cycle and reduce the idle listening
the preamble contain the address of the node it receive and go
8. This paper [17] proposed TDMA based Protocol by back to sleep.
changing neighbors’ radio in mobile networks. In
MLMAC it works dynamically to start 3.3 LMAC
synchronization because it does not depend on
gateway. This protocol is lightweight MAC the time frame is divided
into the time slots. The time frame configures as per the no of
nodes contain in the wireless sensor network. Each nodes have
3. MAC PROTOCOLS its own time period to transmit their data or communicate.
Actually, the MAC protocol is divided into two categories These features save the power and also no collision or
when the node wants to communicate on the channel. retransmission. A transmission contains the data unit and
control message.
Time-Division-Multiple Access (TDMA): these types of
protocols working on the time mechanism methods, specific 4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
time slot assigned to every node, during that time period they
will wake up and communicate on the cannels to avoid the 4.1 SIMULATION SCENARIO AND PARAMETERS
contentions. LMAC, TRAMA etc are the example of TDMA.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA): these protocols
To compare the MAC protocols BMAC, XMAC and LMAC
working on the carrier sensing mechanism to sense the carrier
we perform simulation in Omnetpp 5.5.1 the simulation
before sending the date or communication on the channel to
contain 04 sensor nodes and gateway and one node is server.
avoid the backoff and collision
The nodes are deployed in warehouse, the size is 60*30
meters. Routers uses the star topology at center with gateway.
3.1 BMAC

Berkeley (BMAC) [18] is wireless MAC protocol used in

wireless sensor networks. This protocol uses the sample
scheme of adaptive preamble sampling scheme. This scheme
contains of sampling medium at static intervals, it works on
low-power listening (LPL) to minimize the consumption of
power. Nodes have fixed intervals period in which sensors
sense preamble medium for clear channel assessment (CCA),
if detects preamble, nodes stay wakeup and wait for the data
packet if none is detected, the node back to sleep state. If nodes
send message, then it will first send preamble during the sleep
period for all nodes to detect it. Note that the preamble does Figure 2: Omnet++ Simulation environment
not contain the address information the address information
contains in the data packet.
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Table 1: General configuration 1. No of Total Packet received at server because all nodes
Parameters Values transmit the 100 packets during the 100-simulation
time thus the total packets received 400 packets at
Frequency (Radio) 2.45GHz the server host.
2. Power consumption of Network all nodes, the sum of
Bandwidth (Radio) 2.8MHz 04 nodes and gateway values in joules.
3. Per Packet Power consumption, the total power
Receiver sensitivity -100dBm consumption of networks divided by total no of pkt
received.
Bitrate (Radio Transmitter) 19200bps
4. Packet loss. In 100 simulation time all nodes send 100
Header Length (Radio Transmitter) 8b packets means total 400 packets server will receive.
The no of packet received divided by total packet
Preamble Duration (Radio Transmitter) 0.0001s sent.

MAC: Header Length 8b

5 RESULT DISCUSSIONS/ RESULT ANALYSIS
Receiver Energy Detection -90dBm
In this Figure 1 we have simulate three MAC protocol and run
Transmitter Power 2.24 mW the simulation with 100s after simulation time we get these
results, every node send 100 packets in sum 400 packets will
Radio: Snir Threshold Receiver -8dB be received at server side but in BMAC protocol only 136
Packets received while in LMAC 394 and XMAX receive 296
Radio: Medium Background Noise -110dBm packets. So, the high no of packets received in XMAC and low
Power packets received at BMAC.

Table 2: BMAC Configuration

Parameters Value
MAC Name "BMac"
Slot Duration 0.025s
Simulation Time 100s

Table 3: XMAC Configuration

Parameters Value
MAC Name "XMac"
Figure 3: No of Packet Received
Slot Duration Gateway 0.1s
Slot Duration Mac 0.25s
In this Figure 02 we simulate the power consumption of whole
Simulation Time 100s network and graph clearly shows that high power consumes at
BMAC protocol and low power consume at XMAC protocol.
Table 4: LMAC Configuration
Parameters Value
MAC Name "LMac"
Slot Duration 50ms
Simulation Time 100s

4.2 COMPARISON AS PER CONSUMPTION OF

POWER

To compare the power consumption, we will find out the

following parameters during the simulation.
Figure 4: Network Power Consumption

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In Figure 3 the simulation result it shows clearly that the no of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

packets loss in BMAC is high and no of packets loss in XMAC The authors would like to thank Participants of Information
is low. Technology Department of Shaheed Benazir Bhutto
University, Shaheed Benazirabad (SBBU-SBA), QUEST
Nawabshah & Zhenghou University Henan China, without
their cooperative response this research couldn’t possible.

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