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Material Balances Involving Reactions
___ Yuni Kurniati ___
Topics
Introduction to Material Balances
Material Balances without Reaction
Material Balances Involving Reactions
Material Balances for Multi-Unit Systems
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Material Balances for Combustion Systems
Some of the special terms associated with combustion:
1. Flue or stack gas: All of the gases resulting from a combustion process
including the water vapor, sometimes known as a wet basis.
2. Orsat analysis, or dry basis: All of the gases resulting from a combustion
process not including the water vapor.
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Material Balances for Combustion Systems
3. Complete combustion: The complete reaction of the fuel producing CO2 and
H2O.
4. Partial combustion: The combustion of the fuel producing at least some CO
from the carbon source. Because CO itself can react with oxygen, the production
of CO in a combustion process does not produce as much energy as would be
the case if only CO2 were produced.
5. Theoretical air (or theoretical oxygen): The amount of air (or oxygen)
required to be brought into the process for complete combustion. Sometimes
this quantity is called the required air (or oxygen).
6. Excess air (or excess oxygen): is the amount of air (or oxygen) in excess of
the theoretical air required for complete combustion.
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Material Balances for Combustion Systems
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Example - Calculation of Excess Air
Fuels for motor vehicles other than gasoline are being evaluated because they
generate lower levels of pollutants than does gasoline. Compressed propane has
been suggested as a source of power for vehicles. Suppose that in a test 20 kg of
C3H8 is burned with 400 kg of air to produce 44 kg of CO2 and 12 kg of CO. What
was the percent excess air?
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Example 2.5
A plant makes CO2 gas by reacting dolomite with sulfuric acid solution. Dolomite
contains 68% CaCO3, 30% MgCO3 and 2% SiO2 while sulfuric acid solution contains
94% H2SO4 and 6% H2O. This process uses 50% excess of H2SO4 solution. Both
MgCO3 and CaCO3 which was converted to MgSO4 and CaSO4 by 80%
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Example 2.6
Ethane is mixed with oxygen to get a gas mixture containing 80% C2H6 and 20% O2,
which is then burned with 200% excess air in the furnace. 80% of the existing C2H6 is
burnt into CO2, 10% becomes CO and the remaining 10% are not burnt. Calculate
the composition of the gas leaving the furnace:
a) Wet base
b) Dry base
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Problem 1
In the Deacon process for producing chlorine gas, chloride acid gas is oxidized with
air. Reactions that occur:
4 HCl + O2 → 2 Cl2 + 2 H2O.
If 30% excess air is used, and if the oxidation reaction is 80%, calculate the
composition of the dry gas leaving the reactor !.
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Problem 2
A gaseous mixture consists of 80 mol% N2 and 20 mol% CO2 are continuously fed
to the absorber column in which CO2 are completely absorbed by sodium hydroxide
solution according to the following reaction:
CO2 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O
M.wt 44 40 106 18
The product liquid stream are left the bottom of the absorber at a rate of 1000 Ib/hr
with composition of 26.5 wt.% Na2CO3, 4 wt.% NaOH and 69.5 wt.% H2O. Pure
nitrogen are out from top of the column. Calculate:
a. The mass flow rate and composition (wt.%) of NaOH solution.
b. The mass flow rates of input and output gaseous streams.
c. % excess and conversion of NaOH.
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Problem 3
In underground coal combustion in the gas phase several reactions take place,
including
CO + 1/2O2 → CO2
H2 + 1/2O2 → H2O
CH4 + 3/2O2 → CO + 2H2O
where the CO, H, and CH4 come from coal pyrolysis.
If a gas phase composed of CO 13.54%, CO2 15.22%, H2 15.01%, CH4 3.20%, and the
balance N2 is burned with 40% excess air,
a. How much air is needed per 100 moles of gas,
b. What will be the analysis of the product gas on a wet basis?
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
Problem 4
Hydrofluoric acid can be manufactured by treating crushed fluorspar ore with an excess
amount of sulfuric acid solution according to the reaction:
CaF2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2HF
M.wt. 78 98 136 20
The fluorspar ore (F) contains 78 wt.% CaF2 and 22 wt.% inert impurities. The acid solution
(S) contains 95 wt.% H2SO4. The reaction goes to completion and all HF and water are
volatilized and sepdarated as vapour (V) from residual sulfate cake (R) which contains 16
wt.% H2SO4. On the basis of 1000 Ib of the fluorspar charged, calculate:
a. The quantities of S,V, R and the composition of (V) and (R).
b. % excess of H2SO4
Yuni Kurniati – Chem. Eng. Dept. UISI
