Wollo University

Kombolcha Institute of Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Machine Design Project 1 (MEng 3131)
For 3rd year Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering Students
Semester 2 2011 E.C
Designing of Vertical Pressure Vessel
Group 12
1 WOUR/0128/09 BIRHANU ASFAW BERHE
2 WOUR/0234/09 YASIN TESFAY ADEM
3 WOUR/0594/09 SAMUEL ASSEFA WENDAYA
4 WOUR/0867/09 BONA WAKGARI CHALI
5 WOUR/0624/09 ENDRIS YIMAM ABDU

Submitted to :- instructor LEMI D.

[Type text]
 Acknowledgement
First and foremost we would like to thank from bottom of our heart to our
God who gives us this chance to success this project from beginning up to end
of this project. Also we would like to thank our beloved advisor Lemi Demisse
that he gave us different direction to do our project.

Thirdly we would like to thank our group members to their contribution in all
preparation of this project and we have great thanks for all Mechanical
Engineering students. Finally we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude
to GOOGLE for helping us to recognize different ideas for our project.

[Type text] Page i

 Abstract
Pressure vessels are widely used in various industries. A vertical pressure
vessel has been designed graphically and analytically in this project. For
designing of vertical leg supported pressure vessel some input parameters
like volume, inside diameter, design pressure (either inside pressure or
external pressure), temperature, material, processing fluid, etc… are included
in this project. By using these parameters we have calculated the thickness of
head, height of head, thickness of shell, thickness of nozzle, manhole, the high
stress at intersections that are caused by discontinuity shear stress and
moments which exist to maintain compatibility at the junction.

[Type text] Page ii

 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
API American Petroleum Institute

ASME American Society Of Mechanical Engineers

BPVC Boiler And Pressure Vessel Code

FEA Finite Element Analysis

HIP Hot Isostatic Pressure

PD Published Document

USA United States Of America

[Type text] Page iii

 Table of Contents
Pages
Acknowledgement iv

Abstract iv

List of abbreviations and acronyms iv

1. Chapter One ……………………………………………………………………………………1

1.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..1
1.2. Background ………………………………………………………………………………3
1.3. Problem of Statement ………………………………………………………………..5
1.4. Objective …………………………………………………………………………………..6
1.5. Significance ………………………………………………………………………………7
1.6. Scope and Limitations …………………………………………………………….…8
2. Chapter Two RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..9
2.2. Type of Pressure vessels ……………………………………………………………10
2.3. Main Components of Vertical Pressure vessel ……………………………..11
3. Chapter Three
3.1. Mechanism and Working Principle ……………………………………………..14
3.2. Force Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………14
3.3. Material Selection ………………………………………………………………………18
3.4. Part design and part drawing ……………………………………………………...20
4. Chapter Four
Assembly Drawing and Bill of Material ………………………………………………38
5. Chapter Five
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………….40
Reference ………………………………………………………………………………………...41

[Type text] Page iv

 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Fig:- Vertical pressure vessel

The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinders or tanks) are used to store fluids under
pressure. The fluid being stored may undergo a change of state inside the
pressure vessel as in case of steam boilers or it may combine with other
reagents as in a chemical plant. The pressure vessels are designed with great
care because rupture of a pressure vessel means an explosion which may
cause loss of life and property. The material of pressure vessels may be brittle
such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel.

[Type text] Page 1

The pressure vessel is rapture by different cause the most cause is the
pressure in external and internal for example one of the pressure is excesses
the other the pressure vessel is occur in this designing to control of pressure
vessel failure by using proper material selection and dimension of the main
components.

Pressure vessels are the container for fluid and gases under high pressure.
Due to high pressure stresses are induced in pressure vessel. If this stress is
more than the permissible stress then the failure of pressure vessel occur, so
it is necessary to manufacture pressure vessels under standard code. In
addition to provide the area of reinforcement adequate welds must be
provided to attach the metal of reinforcement and the induced stress must be
evaluated.

[Type text] Page 2

 1.2 BACKGROUND
The earliest documented design of pressure vessels was described in 1495 in
the book by Leonardo da Vinci, the Codex Madrid I, in which containers of
pressurized air were theorized to lift heavy weights underwater. However,
vessels resembling those used today did not come about until the 1800s, when
steam was generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial revolution.
However, with poor material quality and manufacturing techniques along
with improper knowledge of design, operation and maintenance there was a
large number of damaging and often fatal explosions associated with these
boilers and pressure vessels, with a death occurring on a nearly daily basis in
the United States. Local providences and states in the United States began
enacting rules for constructing these vessels after some particularly
devastating vessel failures occurred killing dozens of people at a time, which
made it difficult for manufacturers to keep up with the varied rules from one
location to another and the first pressure vessel code was developed starting
in 1911 and released in 1914, starting the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code (BPVC). In an early effort to design a tank capable of withstanding
pressures up to 10,000 psi (69 MPa), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was
developed in 1919 that was spirally-wound with two layers of high tensile
strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the end caps
longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods. The need for high
pressure and temperature vessels for petroleum refineries and chemical
plants gave rise to vessels joined with welding instead of rivets (which were
unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required) and in the 1920s and
1930s the BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of construction, and
welding is the main means of joining metal vessels today. There have been
many advancements in the field of pressure vessel engineering such as
advanced non-destructive examination, phased array ultrasonic testing and
radiography, new material grades with increased corrosion resistance and
stronger materials, and new ways to join materials such as explosion welding
(to attach one metal sheet to another, usually a thin corrosion resistant metal
like stainless steel to a stronger metal like carbon steel), friction stir welding
(which attaches the metals together without melting the metal), advanced

[Type text] Page 3

theories and means of more accurately assessing the stresses encountered in
vessels such as with the use of Finite Element Analysis, allowing the vessels to
be built safer and more efficiently. Today vessels in the USA require BPVC
stamping but the BPVC is not just a domestic code, many other countries have
adopted the BPVC as their official code. There are, however, other official
codes in some countries (some of which rely on portions of and reference the
BPVC), Japan, Australia, Canada, Britain, and Europe have their own codes.
Regardless of the country nearly all recognize the inherent potential hazards
of pressure vessels and the need for standards and codes regulating their
design and construction.

[Type text] Page 4

 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The pressure vessels that do not follow any standard codes can be very
dangerous. In fact many fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their
operation and development. Pressure vessel design and maintenance must be
considered carefully as even small imperfection increase risk of pressure
vessel failures, posing a serious safety hazard. There are many standards and
codes that vary from country to country. The common standards and codes
that have been used are ASME Boilers and Pressure Vessel Codes, API
Standards, PD5500, British Standards, European Codes and Standards and
other International Codes. Even though there are computer aided pressure
vessel design available in the market, but due to business benefit, the system
may not be saleable or pricey. In addition the formulas and concepts applied
in the system are always unknown by the users. The pressure differential is
dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of pressure vessel
development and operation. Unfired pressure vessels are not generally
thought of as a safety hazard to personnel. However, it should be noted that,
between 1992 and 1999, more people have died as a result of accidents
involving unfired pressure vessels than those associated with fired pressure
vessels, such as boilers.

[Type text] Page 5

 1.4 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to make the students be familiar with the
general and basic processes and procedures of designing any mechanical
component make the students be familiar with design for manufacturing and
design for assembly Help the students to acquire a general knowledge how to
design, what to do and what procedure to follow while designing a
component, and know the many considerations and limitation while designing
different components.

1.4.1 General Objective

The general objective of this project is to provide the basic and major concepts
of vertical pressure vessel design and understanding of pressure vessel.

1.4.2 Specific Objective

The specific objective of this project is :-

 to conduct FEA of a long vertical pressure vessel

 to redesign vertical pressure vessel and able to calculate analytical
stresses strength in pressure vessel
 to gain knowledge of welding code standards
 to determine the maximum stress induced for a safe design, the
maximum induced stress is less than the maximum allowable stress
 To specification vessel design by following plate column :-
 Determine column wall thickness
 Selection and sizing of vessel heads
 Reinforcements (necessary manholes and openings)
 The nozzle and flan
 Designing and supporting skirt and base ring/flange

[Type text] Page 6

 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
Pressure vessels have a great significance role in many engineering
applications start from small application to large application of to transmit
pressurized fluid.

 Pressure vessels used in garage

 High pressure chemical reactors
 High pressure mixers super critical extraction system
 The special application of pressure vessel is to isolate the load material
in an isolation chamber eliminated potential leakage in to the HIP
system
 We use it in steam boiler
 Used in engine cylinder
 Used in petroleum products (petrol, diesel, etc…)

[Type text] Page 7

 1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The project is only focused on the design of pressure vessels. In order to
design a pressure vessel with our given parameters we have used several
techniques. Our given parameters were the liquid type which is paraffine,
capacity in Mpa which is 8Mpa, minimum litter in m 3 which is 2m3, maximum
litter in m3 which is 4m3, and finally temperature which is 300oc.

The limitation in the design of this pressure vessel is that we were able to only
design the pressure vessel, without manufacturing it.

[Type text] Page 8

 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction

Fig:- Vertical pressure vessel

The pressure vessels such as cylinder, pipeline or tanks are designed and
construct to store gas or fluids under pressure. The gas or fluid that being
stored maybe through change of state inside the pressure vessels, for example
case of steam boilers or it might combine with other reagents such as
chemical plant. The pressure vessel must design with a perfect care because
crack of pressure vessel will cause an explosion which may cause of death and
loss of property. The material that be used to construct vertical pressure
vessel may be ductile such as mild steel or brittle such that cast iron. In

[Type text] Page 9

generally, pressure vessels and others storage tank such as hydraulic
cylinders, gun barrels, pipes, boilers and tanks are important to the chemical,
petroleum, petrochemical, nuclear industries and so on. Reactions,
separations and storage of raw materials always occur in this class of
equipment. Generally, pressurized equipment is required and been used for a
broad arrange of industrial plant for storage and manufacturing process. The
main application of presser vessel is in nuclear reactor. The design of presser
vessel is occurring by different code. ASME is one and the traditional code of
presser vessel. The design of pressure vessel occurs by two ways as follows:

 Design by rule
 Design by analysis

Design by rule :- by using the known rule calculated based shell thickness,
thermos mechanical stress and keeping stress below the allowable stress.

Design by analysis :- by calculating each component of geometry stress etc…

2.2 Types of Pressure Vessel

The size and geometric form of pressure vessels diverge greatly from the large
cylindrical vessels used for high-pressure gas storage to the small size used as
hydraulic units for aircraft. Some of the vessels are buried in the ground or
deep in the ocean, but most are positioned on ground or supported in
platforms. There are mainly two types of pressure vessels usually available in
industry:

2.2.1 Spherical Pressure Vessel

This type of pressure vessels are known as thin walled vessels. This forms the
most typical application of plane stress. Plane of stress is a class of common
engineering problems involving stress in a thin plate. Spherical vessels have
the advantage of requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and diameter
than the equivalent cylinder. Therefore they are used for large gas or liquid
containers, gas-cooled nuclear reactors, containment buildings for nuclear
plant, and so on.

[Type text] Page 10

2.2.2 Cylindrical Pressure Vessel
This type of a vessel designed with a fixed radius and thickness subjected to
an internal gage pressure. This vessel has an axial symmetry. The cylindrical
vessels are generally preferred, since they present simpler manufacturing
problems and make better use of the available space. Boiler drums, heat
exchangers, chemical reactors, and so on, are generally cylindrical.

2.3 Main component of vertical pressure vessel

2.3.1 Shell
The shell is the main component of any vessel that contains the pressure.
Material of shell normally come in plate or rolled steel. Commonly, some
pressure vessel shells has a rotational axis and be welded together to form a
structure. Most pressure vessel shell are cylindrical, spherical, or conical in
shape.

2.3.2 Head
All pressure vessels must be closed as the ends by heads. Heads that usually
used are typically in curved rather than flat. Configurations of curved shape
stronger and let the pressure vessel’s heads to be thinner, lighter and less
expensive rather than flat heads. Inside a vessel heads can also be used.

Heads are usually can be categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal,

hemispherical, toriospherical, conical, toriconical and flat are the common
type of heads.

2.3.3 Nozzles
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates and mounts whether at
the shell or nozzle or head of pressure vessel surface. The nozzle ends are
generally flanged. Flanges function is to allow the necessary connection.
Flanges also use to permit easy disassembly for routines maintenance or easy
access. Nozzles commonly are used for the following application such as for
inlet flow distribution or to permit the entry of thermowells.

[Type text] Page 11

 2.3.4 Support
The type of support that is designed and used depends on the orientation of
the pressure vessel whether horizontally or vertically. In any situation, the
pressure vessel support must be enough to support the applied weight and
either load. Design pressure of the vessel is not being considered in the design
of its support because the support is not pressurized. But, design temperature
should be considered for support design. It should be considered from the
perspective of the material selection and provision for differential thermal
expansion.

Several kinds of supports are as follows:

Skirt :- This type of support generally been used for tall, vertical, cylindrical
pressure vessel. This type of support is a cylindrical shell section which is be
weld either to the bottom head for the cylindrical vessel. Skirt support for
spherical vessel is welded to the vessel near the mid plane of the shell. The
skirt is normally design long enough to provide flexibility so that radial
thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its
junction with the skirt.

Leg :- Small vertical drum are normally supported by legs that are welded to
the bottom of the pressure shell. The number of legs is designed depend on
the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also usually
designed for spherical pressure vessels. The support legs for small vertical
vessels and spherical storage vessels normally made from high carbon
material such as structural steel columns or pipe sections, which provides the
more efficient and perfect design.

[Type text] Page 12

Fig:- vertical pressure vessel

[Type text] Page 13

 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Mechanism and working principle
Pressure vessel can theoretically be almost any shape, but shapes made of
sections of spheres, cylinder, and cone are usually employed. A common
design in a cylinder with end caps called heads. Head shapes are frequently
either spherical or dished (torispherical). More complicated shapes have
historically been much harder to analyze for safe operation and are usually far
more difficult to construct. Vertical pressure vessel has a significance role on
storing different medium such as gas, liquid. Vertical pressure vessel works by
pressurized spherical medium which can be simply used to store mediums
with different properties.

3.2 Force analysis

3.2.1 Principal stresses

The state of stress at a point in a structural member under a complex system

of loading is described by the magnitude and direction of the principal
stresses. The principal stresses are the maximum values of the normal
stresses at the point; which act on planes on which the shear stress is zero. In
a two-dimensional stress system, Figure below, the principal stresses at any
point are related to the normal stresses in the x and y directions σx and σy and
the shear stress τxy at the point by the following equation:
1 1
Principal stresses, σ 1 , σ 2= (σ y +σ x )± [( σ y −σ x ) + 4 τ xy 2 ]
√
2 2

[Type text] Page 14

Figure. Two-dimensional stress system

3.2.1.1 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT

Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression. Computing
the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S1 and S2, K, K3, K5 and K, denote negative
factors and K2, Kq, KG and K8 denote positive factors.
Computing the maximum compression stresses, in formulas for S1 and S2, K1, K2, K3, K4,
K5, KG, K, and K8 denote negative factors.
The maximum tensile stresses S1 and S2, respectively, PIUS the tensile stress due to
internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head material. The
maximum compression stresses S1 and S2, respectively, plus the tensile stress due to
internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable compression stress value of head material.

[Type text] Page 15

[Type text] Page 16
al K7 = 0.018

K2 = 0.035 K5 = 0.0125 K8 = 0.02

K3 = 0.07 K6 = 0.01

Generally our force is calculated as follows.

1. Force caused by the pressure

2. Force caused by the normal stress σ l
Acylinder =π R2 =π ×(0.558 m)2
Acy =0.978 m 2
Arectangle =h × w=3 m ×0.558 m
Arectangle =1.674 m 2

F p=P × Acylinder =8 ×0.978

F p=7.824 N

F σl =σ l × A ℜ=111.6 Mpa ×1.674 m2

F σl =186.8184 N

[Type text] Page 17

 3.3 Material selection
Material selection is the process of preferring the suitable or the most
significant material for the purpose of the project safely. From the
international materials for designing our pressure vessel that can holds
paraffine medium that we prefer is Low alloy steel. We choose this material by
the following criteria:-

 Materials replaceability
 having long life cycle
 It is corrosion resistant
 Low maintenance
 Ease of fabricability
 Cost etc…

Our material selection is based on the following specifications:-

Vessel orientation …………………………. Vertical

Head type ……………………………………... hemispherical
Inner pressure ……………………………… 8Mpa
Medium ………………………………………… paraffine
Minimum volume ………………………….. 2m3
Maximum volume …………………………. 4m3
Working temperature …………………… 300oc

Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy
steels, other alloys, clad plate, and reinforced plastics. Selection of suitable
material must take into account the suitability of the material for fabrication
(particularly welding) as well as the compatibility of the material with the
process environment. As the temperature of material increases strength of
material decreases so the maximum allowable design stress will depend on
the material temperature. The pressure vessel design codes and standards
include lists of acceptable materials in accordance with appropriate material
standards. For suitable material selection of our pressure vessel we use the

[Type text] Page 18

following table as a guide. Typical design stress values for some common
materials are shown in the table below.

Based on the above parameters we select Low alloy steel as our material for
the pressure vessel, because:-

 At our given temperature (300oc) it has the maximum tensile

strength(S) i.e 235N/mm2.
 Low alloy steel is a good corrosion resistant
 High strength with density around 7800 kg/m3
 Good machinability
 Low alloy steel suits with our medium parrafine

[Type text] Page 19

 3.4 Part design and part drawing
3.4.1 Design of shell :- when we design shell we must first design the following
parameters diameters and height of the shell, approximate wall thickness with
corrosion allowance and stress checking.

We can determine the diameter and height of the shell from our given
maximum volume and in order to determine the total volume we have to
consider the two hemispherical head and cylindrical shell. We have height to
internal diameter ratio is equals to 3.
h
i. e =3 , h=3Di
Di

Total volume (Vt) = Vh+Vs,

2 3 2 3
Vt=2( 3 π Ri )+ π Ri 2 h , since Vh= 3 π Ri for one hemisphere

2
Vh= π Ri3 Volume for one hemisphere head
3

4
Vh= π Ri 3 Volume of sphere for both heads
3

Vs=π Ri 2 h=¿ 6 π Ri 3 Volume of shell

4 3
Vt= 3 π Ri +6 π Ri 3 , since h=3Di , Di=2Ri

22
Vt = π Ri3
3

22
4 m 3= π Ri 3 , since Vt =Vmax=4 m3
3

4
Ri= 3
√ 4
π ( +6)
3

Ri=0.558 m=558 mm

[Type text] Page 20

Therefore, Di=2 Ri

Di=1116 mm=1.116 m

Therefore, h=3 Di

h=3348 mm=3.348 m

h≈3m

but, the outer diameter of the shell is : Do=Di+ 2t , where t=thickness of the
shell
Do =1116+ 2× 20

D o =1156 mm

Ro =578 mm

3.4.1.1 Design of shell thickness: the design thickness is the minimum

required thickness plus an allowance for shrinkage.

Now, we can calculate the thickness of the plate by considering the welding
efficiency and allowable stress

We use double butt joint with weld efficiency E=1

From ASME standard formula thickness for cylindrical shell is calculated for
circumferential and longitudinal case and larger is taken as follows
PiRi
t= , for longitudinal
2 ES+ 0.4 Pi

PiRi
t= , for circumferential
SE−0.6 Pi

Where, Pi = internal pressure = 8Mpa

S = allowable stress for less alloy steel = 235Mpa

E = welding efficiency = 1

Ri = radius of the shell = 558mm

[Type text] Page 21

 For longitudinal
PiRi
t=
2 ES+ 0.4 Pi

8× 558
t=
2× 1× 235+0.4 × 8

t=9.433 mm

t ≈ 10 mm

t=1+10 mm=11mm, where corrosion allowance = 1mm

For circumferential
PiRi
t=
SE−0.6 Pi

8 ×558
t=
235× 1−0.6 × 8

t=19.39 mm ≈ 19 mm

t=19 mm+1=20 mm, where corrosion allowance = 1mm

tshell = 20mm

From the thickness diameter ratio we have analyzed based on

[Type text] Page 22

 t 1
If Di > 10 ………………… It is called thick cylinder

t 1
If Di < 10 …………………. It is called thin cylinder

t 20
Therefore, Di = 1116 =0.0179<0.1 , because of this our shell is thin

 From the shell cylinder theory of stress condition

PiDi
Hoop stress σ h=
2t

8× 1116
σ h= =223.2 Mpa
2 ×20

σh
Lateral stress σl=
2

223.2 Mpa
σl= =111.6 Mpa
2

To check it :-

Since both longitudinal and hoop stress are less than the allowable stress S

i.e, σ h , σ l <235 Mpa

so that our shell design is safe for such cases.

3.4.1.2 Design of weight of shell: based on the above criteria we would design
the weight of shell
W s=mass of shell × gravity

W s=ms × g

Mass of shell equals to volume of shell times density of shell

ms =v s × ρ

π
V shell = (Do2−Di 2)×h
4

[Type text] Page 23

 π
V shell = (1156 2−11162 )× 3000
4

V shell =214130955.268 mm3

V shell =0.214 m3

m she ≪¿=V shell × ρ shell ¿

m shell =0.214 m 3 ×7800 kg /m3

m shell =967.2 kg

Therefore, W s=967.2 kg ×10 m/ s2 , where g=10m/s 2

W s=9672 N=9.672 KN

[Type text] Page 24

3.4.2 Design of Head: To do this section we have the following parameters
1. Thickness of the head
2. Stress checking at different points
3. Design pressure determination

PiRo
t head= , for hemispherical head
2 SE+ 0.8 Pi

8 ×578
t head= , where Do=Di+ 2t=1116+2 ×20=1156 mm
2 ×235 ×1+0.8 ×8

Do 1156
Ro= = =578 mm
2 2

t head=9.7061mm ≈ 9.7 mm

Where, Pi= internal pressure

Ro= outer radius

S= allowable stress

E= welding efficiency

Then t head=9.7 mm

Now, we have to determine the maximum pressure that the hemispherical head can carry
and we use their in outer component. The outer pressure must be come equal with the
given internal pressure which is: Pi=Po=8 Mpa

Now, let’s check the pressure based on

 The longitudinal and circumferential stress at different position with the allowance
stress of the material for failure of head due to the internal stress
 As the center of head

2 SEt
Po=
Ro−0.8 t

2 ×1× 235 ×9.7

Po=
578−0.8 ×9.7

Po=7.9948 Mpa ≈ 8 Mpa

Therefore, our design is too safe.

[Type text] Page 25

 PRm Ri+ Ro 558+578
Then, σ l =σ h = , but Rm= = =568 mm
2t 2 2

8 × 568
σ l =σ h = =234.22 Mpa ≈ 234 Mpa
2 ×9.7

Since, it is less than allowable stress our design is safe at the center due to tangential load.

σ l =σ h =234 Mpa<235 Mpa

3.4.2.1 Weight of hemispherical head:

Wh=mass of head∗gravi ty , take g = 10m/s2

4π
Wh=m h × g , m h=V h × ρ= (Ro3−Ri3 )× ρ
3

4π
m h= (0.5783 −0.5583 )×7800
3

mh=632.5225 Kg ≈ 632 Kg

W h =632 kg ×10 m/s 2

W h =6320 N

[Type text] Page 26

[Type text] Page 27
 Fig:- hemispherical head pressure vessel

3.4.3 Design of pipes:

3.4.3.1 Material selection for pipe: The material that we select for designing of pipe is low
alloy steel. The reason that we select this material from other material is

 Has high resistance to shock load which may be created due to pressurized air
 Best material for machinability i.e easily welded, operated, etc…
 Based on its behavior its cost also the most preferable from other grades
 The raw material can easily found
 High resistance to shrinkage

Design of inside diameter of the pipe: the inside diameter of the pipe depend upon the
quantity of fluid to be delivered. Let D = inside diameter of the pipe

V = velocity of fluid flowing per minute

Q = quantity of fluid carried per minute

π 2
Now, Q= Area× velocity= D V
4

4 Q Q
D=
√ × =1.13
π V V√
We know that the quantity of fluid flowing per minute,

ρ parrafine =900 kg / m3 , where t = time taken in minute

m=ρ ×Vt , m = 900*(kg/m3*m3) = 900kg

a=velocity /time = l/t2

ml π D2 2002
F=ma= , but F=Pi × A=8 × =π × ×8
t2 4 4

F=251327.4 N

3.4.3.2 Designing of Wall thickness of the pipe: After deciding upon the inside
diameter of the pipe, the thickness of the wall (t) in order to withstand the
internal fluid pressure (p) may be obtained by using thin cylindrical or thick
cylindrical formula. The thin cylindrical formula may be applied when the
stress across the section of the pipe is uniform,

[Type text] Page 28

 PD PD 8 ×120
σ t= , t= , t= =20 mm
2t 2 σt 2 ×24
Do=Di+ 2t=120+2 ×20=160 mm

3.4.4 Design of Manhole: Manhole is an open area that the person can enters through it
for the purpose of working in the interior part of the vessel. Why because when the vessel
needs operation the man easily enters and he also do his practical work that the vessel
needs. It is the assumption hole that designed by considering the man’s size.
Components of manhole to be designed;

 Thickness
 Hoop stress
 Nominal diameter

[Type text] Page 29

Where Tm = thickness of manhole

Rm = radius of manhole

Dm =diameter of manhole Pd=design pressure

Allowable stress, S

Pd∗Dm
Joint efficiency, E = 1 Tm=
2 SE−1.6 Pd

PD 8× Dm
σ h= , but Tm= =0.01749 Dm
2Tm 2× 235× 1−1.6 ×8
8 × Dm
σ h= =228.7 Mpa
2× 0.01749 Dm
Since σ h(228.7 Mpa)< allowable stress (235 Mpa ) then, our design is safe.
We assume the Manhole diameter to be 712mm.
Tm=0.01749 Dm
Tm=0.01749 ×712
Tm=12.45 mm

3.4.5 Design of bottom discharge:

Pipe loads are the net forces and moments exerted on equipment.
notations;

Design pressure, P=8MPa

nominal diameter of pipe, D=180mm

[Type text] Page 30

joint efficiency, E=1

thickness of bottom discharge, tb=unknown

nominal radius bottom discharge, Rb= 40mm

PR 8 × 90
t b= +c = +c
2 SE−0.8 P 2 ×1 ×235−0.8 ×8

t b=0.69+ c we must be adding some constant ‘c’ used as shrinkage resistance. Let c= 2mm

t b=1.55+2

t b=3.55 mm

Therefore, the outside diameter of bottom discharge pipe is given:

Do=D+2 t b=180+2 ×3.55

Do=187 mm

Then find mass of the bottom discharge by taking the length of bottom discharge pipe (l) is 90mm

m b=v × ρ , where mb= mass of the bottom discharge

mb=( A ×l)× ρ parafine

π D2
m b= ×90 × 900
4

mb=0.407 kg

According to specification, the discharge is attached to the bottom of the vertical pressure vessel.
The pipe attached on the shell of cylinder thickness:

Where, Z – section modulus

1
Z= ×l ×t b2
6

1
Z= × 90× 3.692
6

Z=204.2415 mm3

where, Wb = force exerted on the discharge

Mb = bending moment

[Type text] Page 31

 π 802
Wb=Pi × A=8 × =40212.38 N
4

Wb ×l 40212.38 ×90
Mb= = =904.778 KN
4 4

Let us calculate the extension(δ) of nozzle inside the vessel:

δ =2.5 t b=2.5 ×3.69=9.225 mm

The hoop stress induced in the pipe is then:

PD 8× 80
σ h= = =86.72 Mpa
2t b 2× 3.69

Which is less than σ t = 235Mpa, therefore the result implies the design is safe.

3.4.6 Design of Nozzle: in this section the main design parameters are:-
[Type text] Page 32
  Finding required thickness of nozzle
 Finding the required area

Nozzle design for 80mm nominal diameter(Dn) opening pipe on the head(two longitudinal
pipes) we select 10% for more safety purposes or from the standard design of pressure
vessel, Because our nozzle or pipe may be affected by shrinkage.

Pd=Pi+0.1 Pi=8+0.1 ×8

Pd=8.8 Mpa

Where Dn = nominal diameter of the nozzle

tn = nozzle thickness

Rn = nozzle radius

Pd × Dn 8.8 × 80
σ h= =
2tp 2 ×20

σ h=17.6 Mpa ……………………….. is less than design stress so the design is safe,
therefore the required thickness will be:

PRn 8 × 40
t n= + c= +3
SE−0.8 P 235× 1−0.8 ×8

t n=1.399+3 ≈ 4.4 mm

Required area of the nozzle(Ao): Ao=πDnt n

Ao=π ×80 × 4.4=1105.84 mm 2

Ao=0.00110584 m 2 ≈ 0.001 m 2

3.4.6.1 Design of weight of nozzle:

Wn = weight of nozzle

mn = mass of nozzle

g = gravitational acceleration = 10m/s2

ρ low alloy steel = 7800kg/m3

Wn=mass of nozzle∗gravity

[Type text] Page 33

Wn=m n × g

mn=v∗ρ , v =Al=π R2 l

m n=π R2 lρ , but R2=Rno2 −Rni 2

mn=π (Rno2−Rni 2) lρ , Dno=2 t n+ Dni=2∗4.4+ 80

Dno=88.8 mm , Rno=44.4 mm

mn=π ( ( 0.0444 )2−( 0.040 )2 ) ×0.09 ×7800

mn=0.818 kg

Wn=0.818 kg ×10 m/ s2

Wn=8.18 N

3.4.7 Weight of internal fluid: in this particular case the medium is paraffine with
density 900kg/m3. The volume of the medium (volume of paraffine) is given in
specification, minimum volume 2m3 and maximum volume 4m3.

Mass of the paraffine (mp) = volume of pressure vessel * denity of paraffine

m p=V max∗ρ paraffine

m p=4 m 3 × 900 kg /m3

m p=3600 kg

[Type text] Page 34

℘=m p × g=3600 ×10

℘=36 KN

3.4.7.1 Mass of pipe: the length of pipe is assumed to be 90mm and we can find the mass
of the pipe.

m pipe=V pipe × ρmaterial

m pipe =π (Ro2−Ri 2)l pipe ρ

m pipe=π ( 0.082−0.06 2 ) × 0.09 ×900

m pipe =0.7125 ≈ 0.7 kg

Therefore, the mass of two pipes is 2∗0.7=1.4 kg

W pipe =1.4 ×10=14 N

3.4.7.2 Weight of discharge pipe:

m b=Vb∗ρ

mb=π (Ro2 −Ri 2) lρ

m b=π ( 0.09352−0.092 )∗0.09∗7800

mb=1.416 kg

Wb=m b∗g

Wb=1.416∗10=14.16 N

3.4.8 Total weight of Pressure Vessel:

Wt=Wh+ Ws+℘+Wb+Wpipe+Wn

Wt=6320 N +9672 N +36000 N +14.16 N +14 N +8.18 N

Wt=52028.34 N

Wt=52.028 KN

We have considered the weight of other parameters like weight of welded joints and takes
5% of calculated weld

Wt=52.028 KN +0.05 ×52.028

[Type text] Page 35

Wt=54.6294 KN

3.4.9 Design of lateral support:

Notations;

W = weight of vessel

n = number of leg

Q = W/n , load of on leg

R = radius of head

H = lever arm of load

2A,2B = dimension of wear plate

S = stress

t = wall thickness of head

k = factors of design from chart

C=√ AB = radius of circular wear plate

C R
D= 1.82
R T√
3.4.9.1 Designing Data: in the design of lateral legs some parameters are assumed.
Wt=54618.9 N

n=4

Wt 54618.9
Q= = =13654.725 N
n 4

R = 0.4m

H = 0.15m

2A = 0.5

2B = 0.5

t = 8mm = 0.008m

P = 8Mpa
[Type text] Page 36
Leg material = low alloy steel

S = 235Mpa

Yield point = 550Mpa

E=1

c= √ AB=√ 0.25 ×0.25=0.25 m

C R 0.25 0.4
Now, D=1.82
√
R T
=1.82×
√
0.4 0.008
=8

Fig:- SW Isometric view of the support

[Type text] Page 37

 CHAPTER FOUR
Assembly Drawing and bill of Materials

Fig:- Assembly drawing of the pressure vessel

[Type text] Page 38

 fig:- bill of materials

[Type text] Page 39

 CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion
We conclude from this project the type of pressure vessel we design is vertical
pressure vessel which store about 4m3 of paraffine medium with stress in the
vessel thicknesses are increased with reduction of thickness and bending
stress are within allowable limit for all cases considered.

The vertical pressure vessel are often preferred, especially fot a thin walled
vessel operating under low pressure. The design of vertical pressure vessels
becomes simple because of the additional bending stress due to weight of the
vessel itself and often fluid can be eliminated.

[Type text] Page 40

 REFERENCE
www.academia.edu

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/pressure_vessel

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/pd_550

Coulson & Richardson (2005). Chemical Engineering Design. (4 th ed) vol.6

R.S khurmi and J.K Gubta (2005). A textbook of machine design (1 st ed)

E.J. Hearn (2000). Mechanics of Materials (3rd ed)

[Type text] Page 41