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Aristotle's poetics-six parts of tragedy

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Aristotle only wants to study poetry
and other November 2017 (9)
fine arts when he make sure about its October 2017 (1)
constitutive parts, so that he
can draw general September 2017 (7)
conclusions (sparknote stydy guide). In the poetics
August 2017 (5)
Aristotle mainly speaks about tragedy and epic
poetry. He walks in the path of
his mentor Plato July 2017 (4)

but differently. He follows his mentor’s theory of

mimesis,
but he also criticize his theory at some Bewajah: Stroy of
point of his work. Plato attacked
poetry in Heer
general including tragedy from moral and Hello my dear friends. Here
philosophical point of view.
Aristotle feels like I am going to write one
that he had to defend poetry against his mentor’s story. Yes, without any copy
attack
on the moral and philosophical ground. paste. this is unique and
F.L Lucas very effectively says that:- very strange story with
complex p...

“Poetry, said Plato makes men

cowardly by its
picture of the afterworld. No, replies Aristotle, it
can purge
men’s fear.”
 Aristotle says that poetry is mimetic and in
mimesis, it creates a representation of objects
and events of the world.
Aristotle says that
tragedy is the most unified version of poetry.

Aristotle’s views on history of Tragedy

Aristotle says that tragedy deals

with lofty
matters. He also traces brief history about
tragedy. It evolved from
dithyrambic hymns in
the praise of god. The name of that god is Home
Dionysus. It
was sung by a large number of
people or choir, sometimes only narrator. The Assignment:
famous Greek philosopher Aeschylus invented Dhvani theory
tragedy by bringing a second actor
into dialogue To evaluate my
assignment click
with the narrator. And later on other Greek here Dhvani Theory M.K
philosopher extended
this idea by introducing a Bhavnagar University
third actor, and then tragedy slowly shifted to its Department of English Sem
2 Name – Hema Gos...
dramatic
form.
Assignment: "The
Wasteland" Epic of
modern time with
comparison to
"Mahabharata" the epic of
ancient time
To evaluate my assignment
click here “The Wasteland”
epic of modern time with
comparison to
“Mahabharata” epic of
ancient time M.K B...

My Favorite Love
Aristotle further extended his
definition on Story: All the
Wrong Places
tragedy. He says that tragedy is mimetic, serious
Hello my dear
and it tells
any story in an appropriate length friends. How’s your days of
without breaking it into any parts, means it
tells Lockdown going ? I think
it’s not much difficult. Am I
full story spontaneously. Tragedy contains right? You can spend this
harmony and rhythm and it
occur in different time by ...
combination of different parts of tragedy.
Tragedy is more
performed and less narrated.
When tragedy was being performed into the
stage or
in any other way, it arouses feelings of
pity and fear and then released these
feelings in
form of relief. This situation is better known as
Catharsis in
Greek language.

Catharsis

Catharsis is derived out from Greek

word
‘katharsis’ meaning “purification” (wikipedia the
free encyclopedia). So it means
catharsis is the
purification and purgation of emotions such as
pity and fear,
any change in our emotion which
leads to feel like extreme is known as
catharsis.
Aristotle uses this term to define
tragedy in
more significant way. This is the word from
which Aristotle ending
his definition, he did not
end with other words like ‘delight’. As we know
 that
the famous playwright Dryden ended his
definition of the play by the word
‘delight’. He
puts more emphasis in this word, rather than
catharsis in the
play.

Aristotle’s views on catharsis are

very true, since
in present time also. Whenever we watch any
tragedy, we may
feel certain kind of tension after
some hours. At some point it rise to its
extent
and afterward we feel relaxed just like release of
burden. This type of
relaxation is not purgation,
moderation. But it is kind of satisfaction or
fulfillment. It leads to reasonable conclusion.
this is kind of psychological
change or the truth
of psychology. It helps us to gain something, a
sort of
artistic delight. In the anatomy of that
delight we find the truth of
psychology.

 Literary Examples of Catharsis 

1-
    Romeo and Juliet by
William Shakespeare

 
In Act 5 scene 3, when
Juliet was lying dead,
then Romeo finds Juliet and speaks to Juliet of
 his
intention to spend eternity with her,
describing himself as shaking “the yoke
of
inauspicious stars/From this world-wearied
flesh” he drinks poison, kisses Juliet
twice and
dies. This scene makes us to feel catharsis. We
feel pity and fear in
this scene. We feel pity for
Juliet who is not still dead, who is just enacting
to be look like dead and was faint for several
hours only, but Romeo was
unaware about the
truth and he drinks the poison, this scene
brings fear for
Romeo that he may meet Juliet
if he waits for some minutes but he eagerly
takes
decision to kill himself.

-  -Isabella, or the pot

of Basil by John Keats

This long beautiful love poem is full

of catharsis.
At every point in this poem we feel pity and fear
for these two
star-crossed lovers.

“ A whole long month of May in this

sad plight
 
Made their cheeks paler by the break of June:
 “To-morrow will I ask my lady’s boon”-
“O may I never see another night,…..”

These lines of the poem arouse

feeling of pity for
the lover. The lover was so helpless that he was
not able
to meet his beloved. He knows that his
death was near and therefore he ask
question to
himself that will he able to see another night
anymore or not. This
misery of the lover brings
our feeling on highest peach of sorrowness.

Six parts of Tragedy

 A tragedy has six parts in general.
In the above
smart art the parts are listed in order from most
important to
least important. The first one is
plot which is the soul and most important
part of
tragedy, the second is character, then thought,
diction, melody and
last important part is
spectacle.
For each and every part there is
Greek name
given to them.

English            -      
Greek
1-Plot              -       Mythos
2- Character  -      
Ethos
3- Thought     -      
Dianoia
4- Diction       -      
Lexis
5- Melody      -      
Melos
6- Spectacle  -      
Opsis

In modern times this theory has lost

its
importance, because now a day new words are
emerging like catastrophe,
to  give other
meaning to the parts of
tragedy. The significance
was limited to the Aristotelian idea about
tragedy.

1.                        
 Plot(mythos)
Aristotle says that a well formed
plot must have
beginning, middle or end.

A beginning is not necessary starts

with any
previous action, but a middle follows logically
from the beginning. An
end, which follows
logically from middle and afterwards no further
action takes
place. There must be unity in the
structure of the plot. There should be no
loose
ends.

Episodic plots are not considered as

good plot
because there is not any kind of unity or
sequence of events is also
not logical.
Aristotle further says that the best
kind of plots
contains surprises and these surprises fits
logically into the
events. There are two words
which describes this situation in a better way:-
 a)  Peripeteia- It is called reversal
of fortune.
A good plot progresses until the moment of
peripeteia, at which
point it reaches at a
conclusion.
b) Anagnorisis- It is called discovery,
means
           

to discover certain new thing in the plot

which makes plot much
effective.
Aristotle further defines plot as “the
harmonious
arrangement of the incidents”. There must be
cause and effect chain
of actions.
Magnitude of plot is very important
both
quantitatively and qualitatively.

Aristotle argues that a plot should

not be too
brief. Freytag’s gives Pyramid like symbol to
explain the plot
structure.      
        
              

Exposition indicates the starting of the incident

then it moves upwards,
the action follows is
known as rising action. When it reaches its high
peach,
it is called climax, after the climax in any
plot falling action began and at
last there is end
of the story that is denouement.

2-Character(ethos)

Aristotle gives second

importance to character.
He says that in a perfect tragedy, character will
support
plot. To arouse pity and fear in tragedy,
we must observe a hero. A hero should
be noble
going from happiness to misery.

In a best kind of plot,

one character avoid killing
of his family members. The anagnorisis reveals
the
family connection suddenly. A hero should
be realistic in his approach and a
goodness in
nature. Aristotle further says that in a good plot
there is not
necessary to portray dues ex
machina. Dues ex machine is a machine used in
play
in which an actor plays the role of God.
Fitness of character is also very much
important.
Tragic Hero
489c20ca769e8b1f2f6def4121e985e5--hero-
definition-tragic-hero.jpg
 Aristotle gives definition of Tragic Hero that
what quality should possess a Tragic hero.
Aristotle also differentiated two
types of
character:-
a) Purely virtuous
            

b) Thoroughly bad
           

The character of Job in Bible is

purely virtuous
character and the character of Basola in
‘Duchess of Malfi’ is
thoroughly bad.

Hamartia
A good or bad character shows
hamartia at
certain points in the play which leads to his
tragic fall. There
are certain meaning of the term
hamartia:-
a) Error of judgement
            

b) Tragic-flaw
           

c) Missing the mark

             

d) Small weakness in a strong character

           

e) Mistake or a wrong step

           

f) Ignorance
              

Examples-
oedipus.jpg
Tragic flaw in Oedipus is that he was
over hasty
in taking decisions. And after the revelation of
the whole truth he
blinds himself by preaching
the brooches of her mother and so called wife
Jocasta.
Macbeth small weakness is his
ambitious nature.
othello.jpg
Othello was very much proud and
jealous which
leads to his tragic flaw.
 hmlt.jpg
Hamlet was very much thoughtful by
nature, he
thought too much and act very less, this was his
small weakness
which brings him towards his
tragic doom.
Hamartia is an error which derived
from
ignorance of some material fact or
circumstance. In modern plays, Hamartia
was
removed from the character of hero and he
become a victim og circumstances-
a mere
puppet.

3-Thought( dianoia)
1thought_.png
Thought is the third important
element of
tragedy. Aristotle speaks less about thought and
more about the
speeches of character which are
associated with the thought. Thought also
include the themes of the play.
The plot and characters are not able
to work on
their own account, the central thought was
necessary for going
further in detail, towards
which they point.
The speeches of the characters
express the vision
or the ideas of the playwright.

4-Diction( Lexis )
DICTION +The+Choice+of+Words.jpg
Diction comes in fourth number and in
fourth
essential part of tragedy. Diction is the
expression of meanings into
the words. These
words are proper and appropriate to the plot,
character and
end of the tragedy. The choice of
beautiful words makes work of art more
effective. In diction many, writers, playwrights,
poets uses words to embellish
language with
beautiful ornaments, like metaphors, simile etc.
these all are
stylistic elements. Aristotle says
that
“ it is the mark of genius, for to
make good
metaphors implies an eye for resemblances”
So, simply it was a choice of words.
The various
words fit to the verse form and evokes emotions
which the poet
wants to evoke.
5-Melody (melos)
images.png
Melody is the fifth and the musical
element of
the chorus. Aristotle says that chorus is very
important for
bringing unity of the plot, it
should not be mere interludes, the song, musical
dialogues, odes contribute to form a melodious
Chorus. It is same as diction
because its purpose
was alto to evoke and intensify the emotions of
the
spectators. It was a singular feature of Greek
tragedy and was very much
necessary too in the
Greek technique. In ancient times the Greek
plays were
played  openly in an open air theatre.
They didn’t have other means to maintains the
interest over the spectators but
they only have
this singular feature of melody. From their
effective lyrical
poetry they affect the audience’s
attention. It brings certain illusion of
reality and
when it presents some serious thoughts then the
eyes of the
spectators filled with tears.

6-Spectacle (opsis)
mti_ch920x407_spectacle_0.jpg
Spectacle came in last series of
importance to
tragedy. It is least connected with literature. It
was more
depends upon the art of the stage,
spectacular effects. It was more machinist
than
poetic. In simple words it was a technique of
presentation. It shows the
dramatic action of the
character, not show the narration. Aristotle
recognize
emotional attraction of spectacle with
the audience, which not create a sense,
but only
monstrous. He says that superior poet will never
rely on spectacle to
arouse pity and fear, but rely
on the inner structure of the play.

Conclusion
So in every kind of representational
literature
plots has its own importance, characters are also
tied together with
unity, even if it has variation,
it will have a definite central thought which
was
expressed in appropriate words (diction). It is
important to remember that
Aristotle, and the
Greek world as a whole, viewed art as essentially
representational.

                                  

                                        

Bibliography
sparknote stydy guide. (n.d.). sparknotes.
Retrieved october 21, 2017,
from www.sparknotes.com:
www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/aristotle/citing.html
wikipedia the free
encyclopedia. (n.d.). wikipedia the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved
september 5, 2017, from en.wikipedia.org:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis

at
November 02, 2017

Labels:
six parts of tragedy

1 comment:
 rhv 1 October 2020 at 07:02
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