WIRELESS AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER

CHAPTER one

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND
The project “Wireless automatic water level control with an automatic pump control system” is design
to monitor the level of liquid in the tank.
Wireless water level controller is equipment used to control the water level in a field.The level of the
water is controlled by using a microcontroller. Main components are PIC micro controller, wireless
RF sensor, motor etc... The sensors sense the presence of water and give indication to the
microcontroller. The microcontroller produces the control signals to drive the motor. If there is no
water then microcontroller gives control signal to start the motor and if there in sufficient water in the
field then the microcontroller gives control signal to stop the motor. And also the microcontroller
enables the display and displayed as “THE MOTOR IS ON” when the motor starts and disable the
display when the motor is off. Hence the level of water in a field can be automatically controlled. The
main components used in this equipment are PIC microcontroller, sensor and motor SENSOR. Here
the sensor used is the two conductors placed in the field. If there is water then the conduction occurs
between the two conductors, which closes a circuit to the microcontroller and microcontroller detects
the intensity of water in the field. If there is no conduction microcontroller detects that water is in the
field. If there is no conduction microcontroller detects absence of water. MICROCONTROLLER
(Pic16F877A) microcontroller is employed. The PIC microcontroller detects the indication from
the sensor. The microcontroller produces controls signal to the drive the motor according to the
indication and enables the display. The motor is controlled by a relay mechanism. Motor is controlled
by the Microcontroller, the microcontroller switching the power supply to motor by relay mechanism.
The system has wireless an automatic pumping system attached to it so as to refill the tank once the
liquid gets to the lower threshold, while offing the motor once the liquid gets to the higher threshold.
This problem is quietly related to poor water allocation, inefficient use, and lack of adequate and
integrated water management. Water is commonly used for agriculture, industry, and domestic
consumption.Therefore, efficient use and water monitoring are potential constraint for home or office
water management system. Moreover, the common method of level control for home appliance is
simply to start the feed pump at a low level and allow it to run until a higher water level is reached in
the water tank. This water level control, controls monitor and maintain the water level in the overhead
tank and ensures the continuous flow of water round the clock without the stress of going to switch
the pump ON or OFF Thereby saving time, energy, water, and prevent the pump from overworking
Besides this, liquid level control systems are widely used for monitoring of liquid levels in reservoirs,
silos. When the tank is empty my float switch makes contact and stays in this mode till the tank is full.
What he needs is for the transmitter to activate the receiver and hold it in the on position till the float
switch interrupts the transmitter and releases the receiver. He needs a receiver which is only activated
as long as the transmitter sends a signal. Or He needs a way to make the transmitter send a signal
when the float switch makes contact, then interrupts this signal and sends a second signal when the
float switch interrupts contact. The receiver is with magnetic antenna and only one working mode—
latched mode. It is activated the 12V power. The transmitter is designed with novelty. There are two
wires extending from transmitter. The triggering method is connection and disconnection of two
wires. When two wires are connected, “ON” signal will be sent out. When two wires are connected,
“OFF” signal will be sent out. Wires on the transmitter should be connected to the contacts of float
switch. The normally open contacts B&C of receiver should be connected to the water pump. When
the tank is empty, the contacts of float switch are closed; the transmitter is triggered and then
transmits an RF signal “ON” to activate the receiver. After the receiver receives the signal, contacts
B&C are closed; the pump starts to work. When the tank is full, the contacts of float switch are cut;
the transmitter is triggered and then transmits an RF signal “OFF” to deactivate the receiver. After the
receiver receives the signal, contacts B&C are cut; the pump stops working. Proper monitoring is
needed to ensure water sustainability is actually being reached with disbursement linked to sensing
and automation, such programmatic approach entails microcontroller based automated water level
sensing and controlling. The liquid level control system automatically maintains the desired level of
water in tank/container, i.e., it switches on the pump (motor) when the water level in the
tank/container goes below a predetermined maximum level and switches it off as soon as the water
level reaches the pre-determined maximum level in the tank/container to prevent it from overflowing,
thus maintains the water level at a fixed level always.
A Typical liquid level control system
Generally switch ON the pump when their taps go dry and switch OFF the pump when the overhead
tank starts overflowing. This results in the unnecessary wastage and sometimes non availability of
water in case of emergency. Here a circuit is designed which can make this system automatic, i.e. it
switches ON the pump when the water level in the overhead tank goes low and switches it OFF as
soon as the water level reaches a pre-determined level. Water Level Controller employs a mechanism
to detect and maintain the water level in a tank or any other container by switching it ON/OFF the
motor automatically when needed. The level sensing is done by sensors which are placed at different
levels on the tank wall. Hence this water level controller is one of the simplest devices which prevent
wastage of both electricity and water.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The goal or objectives of which the designed device is expected to accomplish is to build Wireless an
automatic water level control with automatic control system. In this project sensors are place at
different level of the tank and with the aid of this sensors, the micro-controller monitor the level of the
liquid at any particular point in time, some of the objectives are
1. To design Wireless an automatic water monitoring system.

2. To control the water level in the tank by interfacing a RF module with microcontroller to build
a wireless remote control.

3. To solve the problem of water tank system users.

4. To reduce inappropriate loss of water caused by water tank system(To avoid wastage of water).

5. Since the demand of electricity is very high, automatic water level control saves energy.

1.2. Problem statement

Today, most of the water tank users have replaced conventional pump with electrical pumps. But they
find it very inconvenient for the condition of water pump because there is no effective water level
indication system. As a result, if mechanical sensor fails, there are a plenty of water waste as well as
wastage of power consumed by motor pump. Solution of this problem is water tank level controller
using water level sensor.

1.3 Justification
Wireless automatic water level monitor came into existence because of human error and inconsistence
that is associated with manually operated water pumping machine. This is because it takes time for
individual who is manually operating the water pump to turn off the pumping machine and this may
cause water spillage and at times the individual might not know that the water level has drop so low
until the tank is completely empty. This was the problem that leads to the development of the ideal of
an automatic water level control and automatic pump short down.
1.4 Scope of the project
The project was design to Wireless automatically control the pump which ensures constant reserve of
water in the reservoir. The scope of the design was keep concise and simple to in other not to introduce
unnecessary complexities and render it generally uncomfortable. The system does not have attached
complex peripheral device which though impossible for the detail printable information has been
excluded for reasons of affordability material of low range and less accurate performances as opposed
to a well built automatic water pump was use d to achieve this aim, the automatic water level
controller detect and control the water in the tank

BLOCK DIAGRAM OVERVIEW

This project report writing is written is design in such a way that each chapter is related to the next as
shown below.

In this section we discuss about the design of our proposed system “wireless automatic water level
control system. The block diagram describes about two main sections of the system, transmitting
section and Receiving section. Transmitting section has a level sensor, a sensor driver circuit, a
microcontroller, RF transceiver module and an antenna. The receiving section consists of a level
sensor, sensor driver, buzzer, relay logic, microcontroller, motor, pump, RF transceiver and an
antenna.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Back ground and literature review of project
In this paper we discuss about automatic water level sensing and controlling with wireless
communication between controllers placed at the tank and the sump. So the system basically operated
with two controllers and RF transceiver modules.

The paper introduces the notion of water level monitoring and management within the context of
electrical conductivity of the water. More specifically, it explains about the microcontroller based
water level sensing and controlling in a wired environment. Water Level management approach would
help in reducing the home power consumption and as well as water overflow. Finally, they have
proposed a web and cellular based monitoring service protocol that would determine and sense water
level globally. It discusses about the monitoring system to monitor the changes of water level from
time to time. The traditional irrigation area automatic system mostly uses the wire to connect the water
level, rainfall and gate position sensors and the data acquisition to transmit the hydrographic
information. But in the wireless system there is no complex wiring, wire damage, and the cost in
installment and maintenance is less. So it enhances the systems reliability and extension.

A range of level control systems and methods are used in industry. Systems may be based on the use of
floats, probes or sensor. Level control is one of continuous process that can be treated as an integrating
process. The level controller can be applying on temperature control, pressure control, and water
control.

The level controller is used with electrical probes or sensors. The electrical probes are used with power
supply and motor. The probes will put inside the tank and the motor will pump as the water goes
down. the probes will detect the level of the water and on/off the motor.
The level controller which are using water sensor will sense the low and high level of water in water
tank. If the water was low, the motor will pump the water and will stop to pump water after the high
level reached.
Automatic Water level Controller can be used in Hotels, Factories, Homes Apartments, Commercial
Complexes, Drainage, etc. It can be fixed for single phase motor, Single Phase Submersibles, Three
Phase motors. We can control two motor and two sumps and two overhead tanks by single unit.
Automatic water level controller will automatically START the pump set as soon as the water level
falls below the predetermined level (usually 1/2 tank) and shall SWITCH OFF the pump set as soon as
tank is full.
An automatic water level control detects the water level in the tank and also ensures continuous water
flow round the clock because of its automatic, this automatic water control is made up of
microcontroller written in C programming language this program is burn into an IC called 16F877A
With 40 pins. The level measurement consist of determining the distance from the upper surface of a
liquid in a reservoir or vessel or any arbitrarily chosen mark located above or below this surface by
itself the level is not an independent physical quantities describing the state of a substance through
direct and indirect level, some examples of direct level measurement are dipstick, the bubbler,
immersion electrode, capacitor type ,liquid level radiation type liquid level measurement .for instance
the dipstick, it is very simple, the stick being dipped periodically through a hole and the hole and the
immersion mark is being read off with the aid of the calibration on the stick. Then, the direct level
measurement are sight glass ,depending on the manometer principle, the transparent tube is place in a
convenient and its being connected to the lower part of tank and graduated for safety reasons, the top
the bright glass is vented into the tank and the sight has isolation valve top and bottom while the micro
base; water level controller has the ability to switch on the pumping machine when the water in the
tank has gone below gauge level automatically switches the OFF the pumping machine when the water
in the tank has reach its maximum level.
Electronics circuit has undergone tremendous changes since the invention of a triode by LEE DE
FOREST in 1907. In those days the active component likes resistors, inductors and capacitors etc. Of
the circuit were separated and distinct unite connected by soldered lead with the invention of a
transistor in 1984 by W.H Brattain and I.barden, the electronic circuit became considerably reduced in
size. IT was due to the fact that transistors were not only cheaper, more reliable and less power
consumption but was much smaller in size than an electronic tube. To take advantage of small
transistors size, the passive component too were reduce in size there by making the entire circuit very
small development of printed circuit board(PBC) further reduce the size of electronics equipment by
eliminating bulky wiring and tie point. In the early 1960s a new field of micro-electronics was born
primarily to meet the requirement of the military which was to reduce the size of it electronics
equipment to approximately one tenth of it then existing volume. The drive extreme reduction in the
size of electronic circuit has lead to the development of micro-electronics circuit called integrated
circuit (ICS) which are so small than their actual construction is done by technicians Using high
powered microscopes.
An integrated circuit is a complete circuit in which both the active and passive component are
fabricated in on a tiny single chip of silicon, Active component are those which have the ability to
produce gain example are transistors and field effect transistors (FET). An integrated circuit sometimes
called a chip or microchip is a semi-conductor wafer on which thousand of millions of tiny transistors,
capacitors are fabricated, An IC can be either analog digital depending on its intended application.
2.1-components of wireless water level controller

1. Sensor

Level sensor detect he level substance that flow including liquid s slurries, granular materials and
powders. All substance that flow to become essentially level in their containers (or other physical
boundaries) because of gravity The substance to be measure can be inside a container or can be in its
natural form (e.g. river or lake) . The level measurement can be either continuous or point value.
Continuous level sensors measure within a specified range and determine the exact amount of
substance in a certain place. Hill point level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or
below the sensing point generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low there are
many physical and application of variables that affect selection of optimal level monitoring method for
industrial and commercial processes.

2. Microcontroller

Many a time we forget to switch off the motor pushing Water into the overhead tank (OHT) in our
households. As a result, water keeps overflowing until we notice the overflow and switch the pump
off. As the OHT is usually kept on the topmost floor, it is cumbersome to go up frequently to check the
water level in the OHT. Here’s a Microcontroller-based water- level controller-cum-motor protector to
solve this Problem. It controls ‘on’ and ‘off’ conditions of the motor depending upon the level of water
in the tank. The status is displayed on an LCD module.

The circuit also protects the motor from high voltages, low voltages, fluctuations of mains power and
dry running.

When water in the tank is below sensor A, the motor will switch on to fill water in the tank. The LCD
module will show ‘motor on.’ The controller is programmed for a 10- minute time interval to check the
dry-run condition of the motor. If water reaches sensor B within 10 minutes, the microcontroller comes
out of the dry-run condition and allows the motor to keep pushing water in the tank. The motor will
remain ‘on’ until water reaches sensor C.Then it will stop automatically and the microcontroller will
go into the standby mode.The LCD module will show ‘tank full’ followed by ‘standby mode’ after a
few seconds. The standby mode’ message is displayed until water and if the dry-run condition still
persists, the display will show ‘dry sump and the microcontroller will not start the motor
automatically. Now you have to check the line for water and manually reset the microcontroller to start
operation. In the whole procedure, the microcontroller checks for high and low voltages. For example,
when the voltage is high, it will scan for about two seconds to check whether it is a fluctuation. If the
voltage remains high after two seconds, the microcontroller will halt running of the motor. Now it will
wait for the voltage to settle down. After the voltage becomes normal, it will still check for 90 Seconds
whether the voltage is normal or not. After normal condition, it will go in the standby mode and start
the afore mentioned.

The description of the water level control system components are as follows –

Water tank - This is the tank inside which the level of the liquid has to be controlled. Water is
pumped to the tank from a pipe coming down into the tank from above and a rotary potentiometer type
liquid level sensor measures the height of the water inside the tank. The microcontroller controls the
pump so that the liquid is stopped at the desired level. The tank used in this project is a plastic
container with measurements 18cm × 10cm × 18cm.

Water pump- The pump is a small 12V water pump which draws around 3A current when it operates
at the full-scale voltage.

Level sensor - A rotary potentiometer type level sensor is used in this project. The sensor consists of a
floating arm connected to the sliding arm of a rotary potentiometer. The level of the floating arm, and
hence the resistance of the rotary potentiometer changes as the liquid level changes inside the tank. A
voltage is applied across this potentiometer and the change of Pump.

 Transmitter & receiver

The RF transmitter & receiver used in this circuit for connectivity of water level &microcontroller.
Encoder is detecting to Water level of tank and send encoded signal to transmitter and transmitter is
transmit the signal to receiver. Now receiver is receive the RF signal from transmitter and send to
decoder. then decoder is send to microcontroller.

TRANSRECEIVER

The RF Solutions RF600E & RF600D are easy to use encoder and decoder I/C’s. They have been
designed to achieve the maximum possible range from any radio / Infra Red transmitter receiver set.
Unlike other encoder /decoder devices the RF600E/600D provide an unprecedented level of security
which prevents copying or grabbing whist also obtaining optimum range from the transmitter and
receiver. The devices are very easy to use and can be inserted directly into a circuit. The RF600D has
an easy learn feature enabling it to learn up to 7 unique RF600E encoder devices in standalone mode
or up to 48 encoder devices when used in conjunction with an external EEPROM. These devices
enable a simple but secure remote telemetry application whilst obtaining the maximum range from the
radio set.

TRANSMITTER ENCODER

RF600E OPERATIONAL

DESCRIPTION

The RF600E is a simple device to use. As shown in the typical application circuits, it requires only the
addition of input switches and RF circuitry for use as the transmitter in the end application.
Transmission is automatic without user intervention. The RF600E will wake up upon detecting a
switch closure and then delay approximately 6.5 MS for switch debounce. The encrypted or hopping
code portion of the transmission will change every time a button is pressed, even if the same button is
pushed again

Receiver Decoder RF600D

Operational Description

The RF600D is simple to use. As shown in the typical application circuits, in the stand alone operation
the RF600D has the capability to learn up to 7 unique RF600E transmitters. With the addition of an
EEPROM memory device this is increased to 48 RF600E
TRANSMITTER:
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
There are many methods of designing an automatic water level control with switching device but all
these methodologies require human assistance. In this project an automatic water level control for both
over head and underground tank with switching device is designed using electronic control to refill the
water without human intervention. The system design was carefully arranged to refill the water tank
any time water get low to a certain level finally the system automatically shut down the water pump by
putting the electric pump by putting the electric pump off when the tank is full. The approach used in
this work is the modular design approach the overall design was broken into function block diagrams.
Where each block in the diagram represents a section of the circuit that carries out a specific function.
The system was designed using functional blocks as shown in the block diagram bellow in this method
the circuit is designed to display 3 different level using three sensors to monitor the inflow of water in
the tank. However these displays can be increased and decrease depending upon the level resolution
required. This can be done by increasing or decreasing the number of level detector and associated
component. Diodes full-wave rectifier are used to power the system through a volts battery the rectifier
output is filtered using capacitor C through C3 respectively the the final design schematic circuit
diagram of the method is shown below in the figure.

3.1
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
This project design automatic water level controller for both over head and underground tank with
switching device is to ensure a higher rate of water monitoring the major component used in the
project design are fund level detection sensors, micro-controller IC16F877A, the power supply unit,
relays switch and LEDs.
3.2 FLUID LEVEL DETECTOR SENSORS
Sensors are devices that convert physician property or a change in the physician property into a more
easily manipulated form e.g. voltage, displacement, resistance the major forms of energy that sensors
can detect can be classified as motion, temperature and light pressure, electrical, magnetic, chemical
and nuclear. It is important to know that a wide variety of sensors can measure temperature but are
tupe may be more useful to an electronic circuit because it convert temperature to an electrical signal
compatible with electronic circuit. The number of sensors and transducers available for use in modern
industrial system seem almost unlimited. The fluid level detection sensors are input transducers used to
accept input signal to the IC 4066 and for other operation of the tank the performance of the device for
easy maintenance and service the fluid level detection sensor works on the principle that water conduct
electricity. Therefore different level of water should allow flow of current through the fluid level
detection sensor.
3.3 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device consisting of two closely coupled coils called primary and secondary coils.
An AC voltages applied to the primary appears across the secondary with a voltage multiplication
proportional to the to primary appears across the secondary with a voltage multiplication proportion to
the turn ratio of the transformer and a current multiplication inversely proportional to the turn ratio
power is conserved turn ration = VP/VS = NP/Ns and power out = power in or Vs x Is = UP X IP
VP = primary voltage
NP = number of turns in primary coil
IP = primary input current
Vs = Secondary output voltage
NS = number of turns on secondary coil
For the 12 volts step down transformer needed for this project, the turn ratio is 240:12 it is represented
as shown below.
 DIODES
The term diode usually implies a small signal device with current typically in the milliamp range. A
semiconductor diode consist of a PN junction and has two (2) terminals, an anode (+) and cathode (-)
current flows from anode to cathode within the diode. Diodes are semiconductor device that might be
described as passing current in one direction only. The latter part of that statement applies equally
vacuum tube diodes.
Diodes however are far more extremely versatile in fact. Diode can be used as voltage regulators,
turning devices in radio frequency tuned circuit, frequency multiplying device in radio frequency
circuit, mixing devices application or can be used to make logic decision in digital circuit. There are
also diodes which emit “light” known as light emitting diodes or LED.
3.4 TYPES OF DIODES
The first diode in figure is a semiconductor diode which could be a small signal diode of the IN914
type commonly used in switching application, a rectifying diode of the IN4001 (400v 1A) type or
even one of the high power, high current stud mounting types. You will notice the straight bar end has
the letter “K” this denote the ‘cathode” while “a” denotes anode current can only flow from anode to
cathode and not in the reverse direction, hence the “arrow” appearance. This is one very important
property of diodes. The next diode is the simplest form of vacuum tube or valve it simply has the old
cathode and anode these term were passed on to modern solid state devices vacuum tube diode are
mainly only of interest to restores and tude enthusiasts. The third diode is a zener diode which is fairly
popular for the voltage regulation of low current power supplies whist it is possible to obtain high
current zener diodes most regulation today is done electronically with the use of dedicated integrated
circuits and pass resistors the last diode is the light emitting diode or LED, A led actually doesn’t emit
as much a plastic lens installed over it and this concentrates the amount of light.
3.5 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES OR (LED)
Light emitting diodes commonly called LED they do dozens of different jobs and are found in all
kinds of devices. Among other things they form the numbers on digital close, transmit information
from remote controls, light up watches and tell you when your appliance are turned on collected
together they can form images on a jumbo television screen or illuminate a traffic light. Basically,
LED are just ting light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit but unlike ordinary incandescent
bulbs, they don’t have a filament that will burn out and they don’t have get hot. They are illuminated
by the movement of electron in a semiconductor material. Many circuits use a LED as a usual
indicator of some sort even if only as an indicator of power supply being turned on. A sample
calculation of the dropping resistor is included below.
Most LED operate at 1.7v although this is not always the case and it is wise to check. The dropping
resistor is simply the net supply voltage minus the 1.7v led voltage then divided by the led brightness
current express as “amps” (ohms law) note the orientation of both cathode and anode with respect to
the ground end and the supply end usually with led the longer lead is the anode. LED has several
advantages over conventional in can descent lamps for thing, they don’t have a filament that will burn
out, so they last much longer. Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot more durable.
They also fit more easily into modern electronic circuits but the main advantage is efficiency, in
conventional in can descent bulb the light production process involve generating a lot of heat the
filament must be warm this completely waste energy.
3.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages
containing the four diodes required. It is called full-wave rectifier because it uses the entire AC waves
(both positive and negative section) 1.4v is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses
0.7v when diodes conducting as shown in the figure below. The maximum current they can pass rates
bridge rectifiers and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand this must be of least three times
the supply RMs voltages so the rectifier can withstands the peak voltage.
Alternate pairs of diode conduct changing over the connections so the alternating directions of AC are
converted to the direction of DC.
3.7 VOLTAGE REGULATORS
A voltage regulator also called a “regulator” has only three legs and appears to be a comparatively
simple device but it is actually a very complex in integrated circuit. A regulator converts varying
input voltages and produces a constant “regulated” output voltage. Voltage regulators are available in
a variety of output
3.8 RESISTORS
Resistance is the property of a component which restricts the flow of electric current. Energy is
used up as the voltage across the component devices the current through it and this energy
appears as heat in the component. Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an
omega in is quite small for electronics so resistance is often given in Kn and Mn, kn = 1000n
IMn = 100000n. Resistors used in electronic can resistance as low as 0.1n or as high as 10mn
resistor are connected in series and parallel

When resistors are connected in series their combined resistance is equal to the individual
resistance added together for example if resistor R1 and R2 are connected in series their
combined resistance R is given by:
Combined resistance in series R = R1 + R2 and can be further extended depending on the
number of resistor. The combined resistance in series will always be greater than any of the
individual resistance.
When resistors are connected in parallel their combined resistance is less than any of the
individual resistance. There is a special equation for the combined resistance of two resistors R1
and R2 combined resistance in parallel R = R1 + R2
R1 X R2
For more than two resistors connected in parallel a more difficult equation must be used. This
adds up the reciprocal (“one over”) of each resistance to give the reciprocal of the combined
resistance R: R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3.
3.9 HOW TO READ RESISTORS VALUES

Must resistor have four bands

1. The first band gives the first digit

2. The second band gives the second digit

3. The third indicate the

4. The fourth band is use to show the tolerance of the resistor

3.10 TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically control
switch. The transistor is the fundamental building block of the circuitry in computers, cellular
phones, and all other modern electronics because of its fast response and accuracy, the transistor
is used in a wide variety of digital and analog functions, including amplification, switching,
voltage regulation, signal modulation and oscillators. Transistors may be packaged individually
or as part of an integrated circuit, some with over a billion transistors in a very small area. They
are contain to electronics and there are two main types, NPN and PNP
The letter refers to the layer of semiconductor material used to make the transistor, must
transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make from silicon. This page is
mostly about NPN transistors the lead are labeled based (B) collector (C) and emitter (E) these
terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much in understanding how a
transistor is used.
3.11 TRANSISTOR CURRENTS
The diagram below shows the two current palls through a transistor. The small base current
controls the larger collector current. When the switch is closed, small current flows into the base
(B) of the transistor. It is just enough to make LED B glow dimly. The transistor amplifiers this
small current to allow a larger current to flow through from its collector (C) to its emitter (E).
This collector current is larger enough to make LED C light brightly.
When the switch is open no base current flows, so the transistor switches off the collector
current. Both LED are off. A transistor amplifiers current and can be used as a switch. This
arrangement where the emitter (E) is in the controlling circuit (base current) and in the controlled
circuit (collector current) is called common emitter mode. It is the most widely use arrangement
for transistors.
3.12 CAPACITOR
Capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field.
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated
by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example consist of metal
soils separated by a layer of insulating film. A capacitor is passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator) when there is a potential
difference (voltage) across the detected on one plate and negative charge on the other plate.
Energy is stored in the electrostatic field and is measured in farads.
3.13 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a
magnetic field, which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on
or off so relay have two switch position and they are double throw (change over) switches.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit, which can be completely separated from the
first. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is
magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current. Typically 30mn for a 12v relay but it can be
as much as 100mn lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor
is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The
maximum output current for the popular 555 timer FC is 200mn so these devices can supply
relay coil directly without amplification.

3.15 HARDWARE SUBSYSTEM

This project is made up of five modules namely

1. Sensor unit
2. Display unit

3. Control unit

4. Power supply unit

5. Pump control unit

3.16 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
There are main types of power supply some are designed to convert high voltage AC mains
electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for Electronic circuits and other devices. A power
supply can be broken down into a series of blocks, each of them perform a particular function

Power Supply For This circuit

A classic 12V regulated DC supply based on 7812 is shown. This circuit works on

12 V DC supply, we need a step down transformer of 12 V 300mA.It converts input 230 AC

Voltage to 12V AC as an output. Then this AC voltage is rectified using a rectification circuit
with 4 diodes connected in a bridge form. The output after the diode is 12V DC which is

rectified using rectifier 7812. This rectified output of 12V DC is used in the circuit.

Power Supply section provides required supply for Receiver and Controlling modules. Receiver
module requires +5V power supply. Controller module requires +5v and +12v supply.

A constant 5v power supply is given to the microcontroller and rest of the circuit from a battery.

Transformer: Steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC

Rectifier: Converts AC to DC but the DC output is varying diode are the main rectifier use.
Smoothing: Smoothers the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple regulator: eliminates ripple
by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.
3.17 DISPLAY UNIT
The display unit consists of four seven segment displays, attached to the port or the micro
controller. These seven-segment display arrangements show the level of the liquid at any
particular point in time.
The seven-segment used in the design is common mode which is a type of seven-segment in
which the anodes of all the individual segment are linked together. Therefore for any of the
segment to be lighted. OV is supplied to the cathode the choice of common anode seven-segment
display in my design because the micro controller sinks TT2 logic better then sourcing it the
segment of the display are connected to port 0 of the micro controller and the display is made to
display any figure or characters by sending the corresponding hexadecimal valve to port 0.
3.18 COMMON ANODE SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY
All the anodes of the seven segments LED are internally connected together and brought out to
VCC, which is connected to the emitter of the switching transistor (NPN C945) and its collector
to the VCC, and its base is then connected to our terminal of 10kn resistor which in turn is
connected from the micro controller.
3.19 LED SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY
This type of display comes in a variety of colours, sizes and packaging stiles. While red is still
the most favored colour, green, yellow and orange LED readouts are also available. The readout
come packaged in standard Dip configuration with clear or modified diffused lens the latter for
“full flood” visibility, Its mode of fabrication is based in either a common cathode or common
anode arrangement But common-anode arrangement was used in this project for easier
configuration. The seven-segment display gets its name from the fact that seven illuminated
segment are used to configure the digit 0-9 and a few lower and upper case letters. Its
arrangement is in the figure of number eight Its read out and list of segment required for it to
illuminates is given below in common cathode all the cathode are internally tied together and
brought out to circuit ground through an external current limiting, or pull-down resistor. Turns
the LED segment “ON” also in common anode arrangement all anodes are internally connected
and brought out to VCC through an external current limiting, or pull-up resistor. A low voltage
to any LED cathode turns it on it allows for maximum flexibility due to their sizes and shapes the
diagram of the seven-segment display is shown below.

3.20 THE INPUT INTERFACE DESIGN

The input unit consists of sensors that monitor the liquid level and effect of “I” to “0” transition
on the port of the micro controller. The sensors consist of seven pairs of NPN transistors
connected in Darlington pair form. The container is calibrated into different level with each level
having sensor attached to it. The sensor consists of a base of a NPN transistor (C945) while
connecting the emitter to the transistor to a t5v. The collector of the NPN transistor is attached to
the based of another NPN transistor (C945) via a 100n resistor while growing the emitter of the
NPN transistor.
3.21 SENSOR PROCEDURE
A grounding probe is connected at the base of the container so as to ground the liquid content of
the container. The ports of microcontroller where the individual sensors would be attached is
pulled up to VCC (+5v) putting the port to logic 1. As the liquid level rises, it first touches the
first probe placed out level 1, the probe becomes a rounded and since the probe was connected to
the base of a NPN transistor (C945) which is active low, the transistor is activated and thus
switches. The +5v supply on its emitter to its collector which in turn activates the NPN transistor
connected to it. This NPN transistor switches the ground attached to its emitter to its collector
and thus the ports of the microcontroller where the collector is connected is now grounded.
Therefore logic 1 to 0 transitions is seen by the microcontroller whenever a particular level is
attained by the liquid.
3.22 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT
The at 89552 is a low power high performance Cmos 8-bit microcomputer with 4 k bytes of flash
programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using
Atmel high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard
MC5-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89552 is a powerful
microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded
control application.
The AT89552 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and support two
software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counter serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power down mode
saves the Ram contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.
FIG 3.14 PIN CONFIGURATION
3.23 FEATURES

1) Programmable serial channel

2) Compatible with MCS-5ITM product

3) Fully static operation: OHz to 24MHz

4) Three-level program memory lock

5) 128 x 8 –bit internal RAM

6) 32 programmable 1/0 lines

7) Two 16-bit timer/counters

8) Six interrupt sources

9) Low-power idle and power-down modes

3.24 PIN DESCRIPTION

Port 0
Port 0 is an 8 –bit open- drain b1 – directional 10 ports. As an output port, each pin can sink
eight TT2 inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins. The pins can be used as high impedances
input. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order. Address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory in thus mode PO has internal pull-ups and
receives the code bytes PORT 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit-b1-directional 1/0 port with internal pull-ups. The port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TT2 inputs when 1s are written to port1 pins they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (112) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low order address
bytes during flash programming and verification.
PORT 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit b1-directional 1/0 port with internal pull-ups. The port 2 output buffers ca
sink/source four TT2 inputs. When 1s are written to port 2 pins they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.
As inputs, port 2 pins that are externally being pulled can be used as outputs. As inputs, port 2
pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the internal pull-ups. Port
2 emits the high- order address bate during fetches from external program memory and during
accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses
PORT 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit b1-directional 1/0 port with internal pull-ups. The port 3 output buffers can
sink/source four TT2 inputs. When 1s are written to port 3 pins then are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as outputs. As inputs port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (112) because of the pull-ups port 3 also serves the function of various
speech features of the AT89552 is an listed below.

RESET
Reset input: A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is turning resets the
device.
ALE/PROG
Address latch enable output pulse for latching the low byte of address during accesses to external
memory. This is also the program pulse input (PROG) during flash programming. In normal
operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 oscillator frequency, and may be used for
external timing or clocking purposes. Note however that one ALE pulse is skipped during each
access to external data memory.
PSEN
Program store enable is the read strobe to external program memory when the AT89552 is
executing code from external program memory. PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/UPP
External access enables. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code
from external program memory locations starting out 0000H up to FH. Note however that if
clock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC
for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage
(UPP) during flash programming for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL 1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
3.26 PUMP CONTROL SEGMENT
The pump control segment consists of a 10k resistor diode, an NPN transistor and 1 12v relay.
The 240vac is attached to the common of the relay while the pump is attached to the normally
open pin of the relay. A diode is connected across the energizing coil of the relay to bias the
relay while the microcontroller controls the biasing of the relay by sending logic 1 or logic 0 to
the base of the NPN transistor, which in turn biases the relay.

FIG 3.15 pump control segment

CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
4.0 Overview of the project
As seen in chapter one, the project consist of six blocks. Which depicts the functional parts of the
system. In this section, I will like to make conceptual design of the design of the system to have
in the detail design of the hardware. The design gives an overview on the function of the major
block, how they are integrated and the data flow arrangement.
A sensitive automatic detector of water level controller will switching device can the design
process characterized by the following
1. Definition of task

2. Requirement

3. Factor that influence choice

In defining a task, every design comes from an idea or a problem that require a solution.
Questions may be generated on what exactly that is required to be achieved and the feasibility of
the ideas as regards to the implementation. If these questions are analyzed critically with tangible
solutions to the problem, a development of this idea into a reality is the next step. Requirement
for design process have to be considered once an idea has been establish. The need to determine
whether or not the idea require a pc or not depends on complexity of the circuitry, or whether the
circuit to be designed needs to make a complex data. The compare these factors with topic with
ICS(AND GATE) which two input when high logic changes output preferably, a micro-
controller will be the option base on the circuit to be design with less hardware connection and
flexibility. In writing a program that performs a desire function accesses the ability of the micro-
controller. However it came my though that among all the component used here the one that
consumes the higher power is the light emitter diodes (LED) which need as much as 12-voit to
glow and draws as maximum as 500m amp of current. As a result of this I decided to use 12-voit
1 amps rated transformer for this design after the voltage is step to 12-voit using a transformer, a
full wave rectifier circuit was design using four diodes (IN4001). This value of diode is used
here because from the specification of voltage/diodes rectifying data books this value is adequate
for lower voltage say 0.24 volt current =1 amps therefore 1.27 amps is the maximum load current
that can be drawn in the whole system. Also it is known that after rectification, the same voltage
(12 volt) continues to flow into the filter. As a result the load voltage 12-volt thus vdc=load
voltage =12 volt.