1 

CHAPTER 19 SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

2  19.1 GENERAL

ite rm T
19.1.1 Scope.

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3 

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4  Determination of the design earthquake forces and the corresponding displacements of the

or e R
5  structure is permitted to consider the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI), in accordance

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6  with this section. If soil-structure interaction effects are considered, the analytical model of the
7  structure shall directly incorporate horizontal, vertical, and rotational foundation and soil

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8  flexibility. For the purpose of this section, both upper and lower bound estimates for the
9  foundation and soil stiffnesses per Section 12.13.3 shall be considered. The case that results in
ot nd E
10  the lesser reduction, or greater amplification, in response parameters shall be used for design.

n
N U M
11  SSI may be used in conjunction with the equivalent lateral force procedure of Section 19.2.1,
se li
12  linear dynamic analysis procedures of Section 19.2.2, or the nonlinear response history
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13  procedure of Section 19.2.3 when the structure is located on Site Class C, D, E, or F. SSI base
D ut O

14  slab averaging and embedment effects may not be used in conjunction with the equivalent lateral
procedure of Section 19.3.1 nor the linear dynamic procedure of Section 19.3.2.When soil–
C

15 
16  structure interaction effects are considered, the analytical model of the structure shall directly
e C
/

17  incorporate horizontal, vertical, and rotational foundation and soil flexibility. For the purpose of
this section, both upper and lower bound estimates for the foundation and soil stiffnesses per
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18 
19  Section 12.13.3 shall be considered. The case that results in the lesser reduction or greater
o
St B

20  amplification in response parameters shall be used for design.

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21  If the provisions of this chapter are used, then Sections 12.8.1.3 and 12.13.4 shall not apply.

22  19.1.2 Definitions.

23  The following definitions apply to the provisions of Chapter 19 and are in addition to the
24  definitions presented in Chapter 11:

25  BASE SLAB AVERAGING: Kinematic SSI of a shallow (nonembedded) foundation caused by
26  wave incongruence over the base area.

1
 1  FOUNDATION INPUT MOTION: Motion that effectively excites the structure and its
2  foundation.

3  FREE-FIELD MOTION: Motion at ground surface in absence of structure and its foundation.

ite rm T
4  INERTIAL SSI: The dynamic interaction between the structure, its foundation, and the

C Fo AF
5  surrounding soil caused by the foundation input motion.

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6  KINEMATIC SSI: The modification of free-field ground motion caused by nonvertical incident

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7  seismic waves and spatial incoherence; the modification yields the foundation input motion.

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8  RADIATION DAMPING: The damping in the soil–structure system caused by the generation

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9  and propagation of waves away from the foundation, which are caused by dynamic
10  displacements of the foundation relative to the free-field displacements.
ot nd E
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11  SOIL DAMPING: The hysteretic (material) damping of the soil.
N U M

12 
se li
19.1.3 Symbols
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13  The following symbols apply only to the provisions of Chapter 19 as indicated and are in
D ut O

14  addition to the symbols presented in Chapter 11:

C

15  ao = Ddimensionless frequency [Equationss. (19.3-11) and (19.3-21)]

e C
/

16  B = Hhalf the smaller dimension of the base of the structure

rik LI

= Fthe factor to adjust the design response spectrum and M C E R response spectrum in
o

17 
St B

B SS I

18  accordance with Sections 11.4.6 and 11.4.7 or a site-specific response spectrum for damping ratios
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19  other than 0.05 [Eq.uation (19.2-4)]

20  be = Eeffective foundation size [Equationss. (19.4-4) and (19.4-4si)]

21  Cs = Sthe seismic response coefficient determined in accordance with Section 12.8.1.1, assuming
22  a flexible structural base at the foundation–soil interface in accordance with Section 19.1

23  Ds = Dthe depth of a soft layer overlaying a stiff layer [Equation. (19.3-4)]

2
 1  e = Ffoundation embedment depth

2  G = effective shear modulus derived or approximated based on G0 and Table 19.3-2

3  G0 = the average shear modulus for the soils beneath the foundation at small strain levels

ite rm T
C Fo AF
4  𝐺 = Eeffective shear modulus used in determining radiation damping effects derived or

at
5  approximated based on 𝐺 , and Table 19.3-2

or e R
6  𝐺 , = Athe average shear modulus for the soils used in determining radiation damping effects

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7  computed using Equation. 20.4-1, over a depth of B or r f below the base of the structure at small

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8  strain levels

9  h * = Eeffective structure height

ot nd E
n
10  , K r r = Rrotational foundation stiffness [Eqs.uations (19.3-9) and (19.3-19)]
N U M
K
se li
xx
M

11  Ky , Kr = Ttranslational foundational stiffness [Eqs.uations (19.3-8) and (19.3-18)]

D ut O

12  L = Hhalf the larger dimension of the base of the structure

C

*
13  M = Eeffective modal mass for the fundamental mode of vibration in the direction under
e C

consideration
/

14 
rik LI

15  R R S b sa = Ssite-specific response spectral modification factor for base-slab averaging

o
St B

16  [Eq.uation (19.4-1)]

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17  RRSe = Ssite-specific response spectral modification factor for foundation embedment
o

18  [Eq.uation (19.4-5)]

19  r f = Rradius of the circular foundation

20  Sa = Rresponse spectral acceleration including the effects of SSI [Equationss. (19.2-5) through
21  (19.2-8)]

3
 1  T = Ffundamental period of the structure determined in accordance with Section 12.8.2, based
2  on a mathematical model with a fixed base condition. The upper bound limitation of Cu Ta on the

3  fundamental period from Section 12.8.2 shall not apply, and the approximate structural period, T a

4  , shall not be used

ite rm T
C Fo AF
5  T = Ffundamental period of the structure using a model with a flexible base in accordance with

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6  Section 19.1.1. The upper bound limitation of Cu Ta on the fundamental period from Section 12.8.2

or e R
7  shall not apply, and the approximate structural period, T a , shall not be used

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8  (T / T )eff = Eeffective period lengthening that depends on expected ductility demand, μ

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9  [Eq.uation (19.3-2)]

10  T xx , T rr = Ffundamental translational period of SSI system [Eqs.uations (19.3-7) and (19.3-17)]
ot nd E
n
N U M
11  Ty ,se liTr = Ffundamental translational period of SSI system [Eqs.uations (19.3-6) and (19.3-16)]
M

12  V = Bbase shear adjusted for soil–structure interaction [Equation. (19.2-1)]

D ut O

13  Vt = Bbase shear adjusted for soil–structure interaction determined through modal response
C

14  spectrum analysis

e C
/

15  vs = the average effective shear wave velocity over a depth specified in Section 19.3 and 19.4
rik LI

16  specific to the SSI effect being computed determined using v so and Table 19.3-1 or a site-specific
o
St B

17  geotechnical study

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18  = the average shear wave velocity for the soils beneath the foundation at small strain levels (
o

v so

19  103 % or less) over a depth specified in Sections 19.3 and 19.4 specific to the SSI effect being
20  computed

21  𝑣 , = Athe average effective shear wave velocity used in determining radiation damping effects

22  over a depth of B or r f below the base of the structure, determined using 𝑣 , and Table 19.3-

23  1 or a site-specific study

4
 1  𝑣 , = Athe average low strain shear wave velocity used in determining radiation damping effects

2  computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over a depth of B or r f below the base of the structure

3 

ite rm T
𝑣 = Athe average effective shear wave velocity for site soil conditions used in determining

C Fo AF
4  ,

at
5  embedment effects, taken as average value of velocity over the embedment depth of the foundation
6  determined using 𝑣 and Table 19.3-1 or a site-specific study and shall not be taken as less than

or e R
,

7  650 ft/s (200 m/s)

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8  𝑣 , = Athe average low strain shear wave velocity used in determining embedment effects

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9  computed using Equationq. 20.4-1 over the embedment depth of the foundation

10  W = Wweight caused by the modal mass in the fundamental mode, or alternatively, the effective
ot nd E
n
11  seismic weight in accordance with Section 12.7.2
N U M

12  α
se li
= Ccoefficient that accounts for the reduction in base shear caused by foundation damping SSI
M

13  α xx , α rr = Ddimensionless factor, function of dimensionless frequency, a 0 [Eqs.uations (19.3-14)

D ut O

14  and (19.3-24)]

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15  β = Eeffective viscous damping ratio of the structure, taken as 5% unless otherwise justified by
e C
/

16  analysis
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17  β0 = Ethe effective viscous damping ratio of the soil–structure system, based on Section 19.3.2
o
St B

18  [Eq.uation (19.3-1)]

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19  β f = Eeffective viscous damping ratio relating to foundation–soil interaction [Eq.uation (19.3-3)]

20  β rd = Rradiation damping ratio determined in accordance with Section 19.3.3 or 19.3.4

21  [Eqs.uations (19.3-5) and (19.3-15)]


22  βs , β s = Ssoil hysteretic damping ratio determined in accordance with Section 19.3.5

23  β xx , β rr = Rrotational foundation damping coefficient [Eqs.uations (19.3-12) and (19.3-22)]

5
 1  βy , βr = Ttranslational foundation damping coefficient [Eqs.uations (19.3-10) and (19.3-20)]

2  γ = Athe average unit weight of the soils over a depth of B below the base of the structure

μ = Eexpected ductility demand

ite rm T
3 

C Fo AF
4  ν = Poisson’s ratio; it is permitted to use 0.3 for sand and 0.45 for clay soils

at
Ψ = Ddimensionless factor, function of Poisson’s ratio [Eqs.uations (19.3-13) and (19.3-23)]

or e R
5 

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6  19.2 SSI ADJUSTED STRUCTURAL DEMANDS

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7  19.2.1 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure.

8  The inclusion of kinematic interaction effects, in accordance with Section 19.4 or other methods,
ot nd E
n
9  is not permitted with the equivalent lateral force procedure. To account for the effects of SSI
N U M
10 
se li
using a linear static procedure, the base shear, V , determined from Eq.uation (12.8-1) is
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11  permitted to be modified as follows:

D ut O

12  𝑉 𝑉 𝛥𝑉 V  V  Δ V  α V (19.2-1)
C

 C 
ΔV   C s  s W
e C
/

13  𝛥𝑉 𝐶 𝑊 0.3𝑉  BSSI  (19.2-2)

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0.7 for R  3
o
St B


α  0.5  R /15 for 3  R  6
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0.9 for R  6

o

14  (19.2-3)

1.4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅 3
15  𝐵SSI 4/ 5.6 𝑙𝑛 100𝛽 1.7 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 𝑅 6
1.1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅 6
B S S I  4 / [5 .6  ln (1 0 0β 0 )]
16  (19.2-43)

17  where

6
 1  V = Bbase shear adjusted for SSI;

2  V = Fthe fixed-base structure base shear computed in accordance with Section 12.8.1;

3  R = Rthe response modification factor in Table 12.2-1;

ite rm T
= Sthe seismic response coefficient determined in accordance with Section 12.8.1.1, assuming

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4  Cs

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5  a fixed structural base at the foundation–soil interface;

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6  Cs = Sthe seismic response coefficient determined in accordance with Section 12.8.1.1, assuming

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7  flexibility of the structural base at the foundation–soil interface in accordance with Section 19.1.1,
using T as the fundamental period of the structure in lieu of the fundamental period of the structure,

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8 
9  T, as determined by Section 12.8.2;
ot nd E
W = Wweight caused by the effective modal mass in the fundamental mode, alternatively taken

n
10 
N U M
11  as the effective seismic weight in accordance with Section 12.7.2; and
se li
M

12  α = coefficient that accounts for the reduction in base shear caused by foundation damping SSI;
13  and
D ut O

= Ethe effective viscous damping ratio of the soil–structure system, in accordance with
C

14  β0

15  Section 19.3.2.

e C
/

16  The inclusion of kinematic interaction effects in accordance with Section 19.4 or other methods
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17  is not permitted with the equivalent lateral force procedure.

o
St B

18  19.2.2 Linear Dynamic Analysis.

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19  The inclusion of kinematic interaction effects, in accordance with Section 19.4 or other methods,
20  is not permitted with the linear dynamic procedure. To account for the effects of SSI, a linear
21  dynamic analysis is permitted to be performed in accordance with Section 12.9, using either the
22  SSI modified design response spectrum and M C E R response spectrum in accordance with

23  Sections 11.4.6 and 11.4.7 or SSI modified site-specific response spectrum, per Section 19.2.2.1
24  or an SSI modified site-specific response spectrum in accordance with Section 19.2.2.2 for

7
 1  spectral response acceleration, Sa , versus structural period, T. The resulting response spectral

2  acceleration shall be divided by R / I e , where I e is prescribed in Section 11.5.1. The

3  mathematical model used for the linear dynamic analysis shall include flexibility of the
foundation and underlying soil in accordance with Section 19.1.1.

ite rm T
4 

C Fo AF
5  The inclusion of kinematic interaction effects in accordance with Section 19.4 or other methods

at
6  is not permitted with a linear dynamic analysis procedure.

or e R
7  Scaling of the lateral forces from the modal response analysis shall be in accordance with

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8  Section 12.9.1.4 with calculated base shear, V , replaced with SSI adjusted base shear, V ,
9  determined in accordance with Equation. (19.2-1) and the modal base shear, V t , replaced by the

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10  modal base shear calculated with the effects of SSI, Vt .
ot nd E
n
11  The modal base shear calculated with the effects of SSI, Vt , shall not be less than 0.7𝑉 α V t ,
N U M

12 
se li
where α is defined in Eq. (19.2-3).
M

13  19.2.2.1 SSI Modified General Design Response Spectrum.

D ut O C

14  The general design response spectrum, which includes the effects of SSI to be used with the
15  modal analysis procedure in Section 19.2.2, shall be developed as follows:
e C
/

 5  T 
rik LI

Sa    2    0.4  SDS

 BSSI  TS  (19.2-5)
o

16 
St B
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17  For 0  T  T 0 , and

o

18 
Sa  SDS / BSSI for T0  T  TS , and (19.2-6)

19 
Sa  SD1 / ( BSSI T ), for TS  T  TL , and (19.2-7)

20 
Sa  SD1TL / (BSSI T 2 ), for T  TL (19.2-8)

8
 1  where S D S and S D 1 are defined in Section 11.4.5; T S , T 0 , and T L are as defined in

2  Section 11.4.6; T is the period at the response spectrum ordinate; and B SS I is defined in

3  Eq.uation (19.2-4).

ite rm T
4  19.2.2.2 SSI Site-Specific Response Spectrum.

C Fo AF
at
5  A site-specific response spectrum that incorporates modifications caused by SSI is permitted to
be developed in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 21. The spectrum is permitted to be

or e R
6 
7  adjusted for the effective viscous damping ratio of β 0 , of the soil–structure system, as defined in

D
8  Section 19.3.2, in the development of the site-specific spectrum.

U er NT
9  19.2.3 Nonlinear Response History Procedure.
ot nd E
It is permitted to account for the effects of SSI using a nonlinear response history analysis

n
10 
N U M
11  performed in accordance with Chapter 16 using acceleration histories scaled to a site-specific
se li
12  response spectrum modified for kinematic interaction, in accordance with Section 19.4 or other
M

13  approved methods. The mathematical model used for the analysis shall include foundation and
D ut O

14  soil flexibility, as per Section 19.1.1, and shall explicitly incorporate the effects of foundation
damping, as per Section 19.3 or by other approved methods. Kinematic interaction effects, as
C

15 
16  per Section 19.4, are permitted to be included in the determination of the site-specific response
e C
/

17  spectrum.
rik LI

18  The site-specific response spectrum shall be developed, as per the requirements of Chapter 21,
o
St B

19  with the following additional requirements:

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20  1. The spectrum is permitted to be adjusted for kinematic SSI effects by multiplying the
o

21  spectral acceleration ordinate at each period by the corresponding response spectrum
22  ratios for either base slab averaging or embedment, or both base slab averaging and
23  embedment ( R R S b s a  R R S e ) per Section 19.4, or by directly incorporating one or both of

24  these effects into the development of the spectrum.

25  2. For structures embedded in the ground, the site-specific response spectrum is permitted to
26  be developed at the depth of the embedded base level in lieu of at grade. For this case, the
27  response spectrum ratio for embedment effects ( R R S e ) shall be taken as 1.0.

9
 1  3. The site-specific response spectrum modified for kinematic interaction shall not be taken
2  as less than 80% of S a as determined from a site-specific response spectrum in

3  accordance with Section 21.3.

4  4. The site-specific response spectrum modified for kinematic interaction shall not be taken

ite rm T
5  as less than 70% of S a , as determined from the design response spectrum and M C E R

C Fo AF
6  response spectrum in accordance with Sections 11.4.6 and 11.4.7.

at
7 

or e R
8  If the acceleration histories are scaled to a site-specific spectrum modified for kinematic soil-

D
9  structure interaction it is permitted to include kinematic soil-structure interaction in the
10  equivalent lateral force procedure or the linear dynamic procedure conducted per Section 16.1.2

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11  using the site-specific response spectrum modified for kinematic soil-structure interaction,
12  subject to the limitations herein. Where foundation damping is included in the nonlinear model,
ot nd E
the equivalent lateral force procedure or the linear dynamic procedure, in conjunction with

n
13 
N U M
14  se li
Section 16.1.2, shall be based on the provisions of 19.2.1 or 19.2.2, respectively.  
M

15  19.3 FOUNDATION DAMPING EFFECTS

D ut O

16  19.3.1 Foundation Damping Requirements.

C

17  Foundation damping effects are permitted to be considered through direct incorporation of soil
e C
/

18  hysteretic damping and radiation damping in the mathematical model of the structure. The use of
rik LI

19  the procedures in this section are permitted in conjunction with the equivalent lateral procedure
20  modifications of Section 19.2.1 or the linear dynamic procedure modifications of Section 19.2.2,
o
St B

21  unless any of the following conditions occur:

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22  The procedures of this section shall not be used for the following cases:

23  1. A foundation system consisting of discrete footings that are not interconnected and that
24  are spaced less than the larger dimension of the supported lateral force-resisting element
25  in the direction under consideration.
26  2. A foundation system consisting of, or including, deep foundations such as piles or piers.

10
 1  3. A foundation system consisting of structural mats interconnected by concrete slabs that
2  are characterized as flexible in accordance with Section 12.3.1.3 or that are not
3  continuously connected to grade beams or other foundation elements.

ite rm T
4  19.3.2 Effective Damping Ratio.

C Fo AF
5  The effects of foundation damping shall be represented by the effective damping ratio of the

at
6  soil–structure system, β 0 , determined in accordance with Equation. (19.3-1):

or e R D
β
β0  β f   0.20
7 
(T / T )eff
2
(19.3-1)

8 

U er NT
where
ot nd E
n
9  β f = Eeffective viscous damping ratio relating to foundation–soil interaction;
N U M

10 
se li
β = Eeffective viscous damping ratio of the structure, taken as 5%, unless otherwise justified by
M

11  analysis; and

D ut O

(T / T )eff = Eeffective period lengthening ratio defined in Equation. (19.3-2).

C

12 

13  The effective period lengthening ratio shall be determined in accordance with Eq.uation (19.3-2):
e C
/
rik LI

0.5
 T   1  T 2  
   1     1 
o
St B

 T eff  μ  T   
14  (19.3-2)
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15  where

16  μ = expected ductility demand. For equivalent lateral force or modal response spectrum analysis
17  procedures, μ is the maximum base shear divided by the elastic base shear capacity; alternately,

18  μ is permitted to be taken as R / Ω0 , where R and Ω 0 are per Table 12.2-1. For the response

19  history analysis procedures, μ is the maximum displacement divided by the yield displacement
20  of the structure measured at the highest point above grade.

11
 𝒗 𝒗𝒔,𝒆
1  Table 19.3-1. Effective Shear Wave Velocity Ratio ( v s / v s o )( 𝒔,𝒓𝒅 𝒐𝒓 ).
𝒗 𝒔𝒐,𝒓𝒅 𝒗𝒔𝒐,𝒆

Effective Peak Acceleration, S D S / 2 .5 a,c

Site S D S / 2 .5  0 S D S / 2 .5  0 .1 S D S / 2 .5  0 .4 S D S / 2 .5  0 .8

ite rm T
Class

C Fo AF
A 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

at
B 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.95

or e R
BC 1.00 0.98 0.92 0.86

D
C 1.00 0.97 0.87 0.77
CD 1.00 0.96 0.79 0.50

U er NT
D 1.00 0.95 0.71 0.32
DE 1.00 0.86 0.40 0.18
ot nd E
E 1.00 0.77 0.22

n
b
N U M

2  a
se li
F b b

Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of S D S / 2 .5 .

b b
M
D ut O

3  b
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analyses shall be performed.
C

4  It is permitted to apply this table to the 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectrum, determined according to
c

5  Section 11.4.7, the 𝑆 /2.5 headers shall be replaced by 𝑆 /2.5; to apply the table to the site-
e C
/

6  specific 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectrum, determined according to Chapter 21, the 𝑆 /2.5 headers
rik LI

7  shall be replaced by the 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectral acceleration at 0.01-sec natural period.
o
St B

8  The foundation damping ratio caused by soil hysteretic damping and radiation damping, β f , is
PU

permitted to be determined in accordance with Equation. (19.3-3) or by other approved methods.

o

9 

 (T / T ) 2  1 
βf    β s  β rd
 2
10   (T / T )  (19.3-3)

11  wWhere

12  βs is the= sSsoil hysteretic damping ratio, determined in accordance with Section 19.3.5, and

12
 1  β rd is the= rRradiation damping ratio, determined in accordance with Section 19.3.3 or 19.3.4.

2  If a site more than a depth B or R below the base of the building consists of a relatively
3  uniform layer of depth, D s , overlaying a very stiff layer with a shear wave velocity more than

ite rm T
4  twice that of the surface layer andb 4Ds / vsT  1 , then the damping values, β r , in

C Fo AF

Eq.uation (19.3-3) shall be replaced by β s , per Eq.uation (19.3-4):

at
5 

or e R
4
 4D 

β   s  βs

D
s 
6   vsT  (19.3-4)

U er NT
7  19.3.3 Radiation Damping for Rectangular Foundations.
ot nd E
8  The effects of radiation damping for structures with a rectangular foundation plan shall be

n
N U M
9  represented by the effective damping ratio of the soil–structure system, 𝛽 β r , determined in
se li
10  accordance with Equation. (19.3-15):
M

𝑎
D ut O

11              (19.3‐
,
C

12  5) 
e C
/

13  𝜓 2.5          (19.3‐

rik LI

14  6) 
o
St B

 
 2 
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(0.55  0.01 ( L / B )  1) a0 
α xx  1.0  
o

  0.4  
  2.4  3 
 a02 
  ( L / B)  
15      (19.3‐
16  7) 

17  𝐺 , 𝛾𝜈 , /𝑔          (19.3‐

18  8) 

13
 .
1  𝐾 6.8 0.8 1.6    

2    (19.3‐9) 

3  𝐾 3.2 0.8       (19.3‐10) 

ite rm T
C Fo AF
/
4  𝛽        (19.3‐11) 

at
/

or e R
/ /
5  𝛽    (19.3‐12) 

D
.
.
/

U er NT
1 1
βrd  β  β xx

(T / Ty ) 2 y 
(T / Txx )2
6      (19.3‐5) 
ot nd E
n
M*
N U M

7 
se li Ty  2π
Ky
(19.3-613)
M
D ut O

M * ( h* ) 2
Txx  2π
α xx K xx
(19.3-714)
C

8 

1 1
e C
/

βrd  βy  β xx
(T / Ty ) 2
(T / Txx )2
9      (19.3‐15) 
rik LI
o
St B

10   
PU

GB   L  
0.65
L
Ky  6.8    0.8    1.6 
2  ν   B  B 
11  (19.3-8)

GB3   L  
K xx   3.2    0.8
12 
1 ν   B   (19.3-9) 

14
  4(L / B)   a0 
βy    
1   (Ky / GB)   2  (19.3-10) 

2πB
a0 

ite rm T

Tv
2  s (19.3-11) 

C Fo AF
at
 
 

or e R
  a0 
2
 (4ψ / 3)( L / B)a0
β xx   
  K   0.4  2    2α xx 

D
 xx
3  
2.2   a0  
  GB   ( L / B)3   
3  (19.3-12) 

U er NT ψ
2(1  ν)
(1  2ν)
 2.5
ot nd E
(19.3-13) 

n
4 
N U M
se li 


2 
M

(0.55  0.01 ( L / B )  1) a0 
α xx  1.0  
  0.4  
D ut O

  2.4  3 
 a02 
  ( L / B)  
5      (19.3‐14) 
C

6  where
e C
/

*
7  M = Eeffective modal mass for the fundamental mode of vibration in the direction under
rik LI

8  consideration;
o
St B

9  h * = Eeffective structure height taken as the vertical distance from the foundation to the centroid
PU

10  of the first mode shape for multistory structures. Alternatively, h * is permitted to be approximated
11  as 70% of the total structure height for multistory structures or as the full height of the structure
12  for one-story structures;

13  L = Hhalf the larger dimension of the base of the structure;

14  B = Hhalf the smaller dimension of the base of the structure;

15
 1  𝑣 , vs = Athe average effective shear wave velocity over a depth of B below the base of the

2  structure determined using 𝑣 , v so and Table 19.3-1 or a site-specific study;

3  𝑣 , v so = Athe average low strain shear wave velocity computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over a

ite rm T
4  depth of B below the base of the structure;

C Fo AF
at
5  𝐺 G = Eeffective shear modulus derived or approximated based on 𝐺 , G0 and Table 19.3-2;

or e R
2
6  𝐺 , G0 = γvso / g , Athe average shear modulus for the soils beneath computed using Eq.uation

D
7  20.4-1 over a depth B below the base of the structurethe foundation at small strain levels;

U er NT
8  γ = Athe average unit weight of the soils over a depth of B below the base of the structure; and

= Poisson’s ratio; it is permitted to use 0.3 for sandy and 0.45 for clayey soils.
ot nd E
9  ν

n
N U M
10  se li
Table 19.3-2. Effective Shear Modulus Ratio (𝑮𝒓𝒅 /𝑮𝟎,𝒓𝒅 G / G 0 ).
M

Effective Peak Acceleration, S D S / 2 .5 a,c

D ut O

Site S D S / 2 .5  0 S D S / 2 .5  0 .1 S D S / 2 .5  0 .4 S D S / 2 .5  0 .8
C

Class
A 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
e C
/

B 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.90

rik LI

BC 1.00 0.97 0.84 0.73

C 1.00 0.95 0.75 0.60
o
St B

CD 1.00 0.92 0.62 0.25

PU

D 1.00 0.90 0.50 0.10

DE 1.00 0.73 0.16 0.03
E 1.00 0.60 0.05 b

F b b b b

11  a
Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of S D S / 2 .5 .

12  b
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analyses shall be performed.

16
 1  It is permitted to apply this table to the 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectrum, determined according to
c

2  Section 11.4.7, the 𝑆 /2.5 headers shall be replaced by 𝑆 /2.5; to apply the table to the site-
3  specific 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectrum determined according to Chapter 21, the 𝑆 /2.5 headers shall
4  be replaced by the 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectral acceleration at 0.01-sec natural period.

ite rm T
C Fo AF
5 

at
6  19.3.4 Radiation Damping for Circular Foundations.

or e R
The effects of radiation damping for structures with a circular foundation plan shall be

D
7 
8  represented by the effective damping ratio of the soil–structure system, β rd , determined in

U er NT
9  accordance with (Eq.uation (19.3-15):

10  𝑎           (19.3‐16) 
ot nd E
n
,
N U M
se li ψ
2(1  ν)
(1  2ν)
 2.5
M

11          (19.3‐17) 
D ut O

 0.35a02 
αrr  1.0   2
C

12  1.0  a0          (19.3‐18) 

e C
/

13  𝐾           (19.3‐19) 
rik LI
o

𝐾
St B

14           (19.3‐20) 
PU

15  𝛽        (19.3‐21) 
/

πψ/
16  𝛽       (19.3‐
/

17  22)

1 1
βrd  βr  βrr
18    (T / Tr ) 2
(T / Trr )2   (19.3‐15) 

17
 M*
Tr  2π
Kr
1  (19.3-1623)

M * (h* ) 2
Trr  2π

ite rm T
α rr K rr
2  (19.3-1724)

C Fo AF
at
1 1
βrd  βr  βrr
(T / Tr ) 2
(T / Trr )2  

or e R
3    (19.3‐25) 

D
8Grf
Kr 
2 ν

U er NT
4  (19.3-18) 

8Grf 3
ot nd E
Krr 

n
5  3(1  ν) (19.3-19) 
N U M
se li    a0 
M

π
βr    
 ( Kr / Grf )   2  (19.3-20) 
D ut O

6 
C

 2π r f 
a0  
 
7   Tv s  (19.3-21) 
e C
/
rik LI

 (πψ / 4)a02   a0 
βrr     
 ( Krr / Grf )[2  a0 ]   2αrr 
o

3 2
St B

8  (19.3-22) 
PU

2(1  ν)
ψ  2.5
9  (1  2ν) (19.3-23) 

 0.35a02 
αrr  1.0   2
10    1.0  a0    (19.3‐24) 

11  where

18
 1  r f = Rradius of the circular foundation;

2  𝑣 , vs = The average effective shear wave velocity used in determining radiation damping effects

3  over a depth of r f below the base of the structure determined using 𝑣 , v so and Table 19.3-1 or

ite rm T
4  a site-specific study;

C Fo AF
at
5  𝑣 , v so = The average low strain shear wave velocity used in determining radiation damping

or e R
6  effects computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over a depth of r f below the base of the structure; and

D
7  γ = The average unit weight of the soils over a depth of r f below the base of the structure.;

U er NT
8  𝐺 = Feffective shear modulus used in determining radiation damping effects derived or
9  approximated based on 𝐺 and Table 19.3-2; and
ot nd E
,

n
N U M
10  𝐺 se li
, = 𝛾𝑣 , /𝑔 , the average shear modulus for the soils used in determining radiation damping
M

11  effects computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over a depth of r f below the base of the structure at small

strain levels.
D ut O

12 
C

13 
e C

19.3.5 Soil Damping.

/

14 
rik LI

15  The effects of soil hysteretic damping shall be represented by the effective soil hysteretic
o
St B

16  damping ratio, β s , determined based on a site-specific study. Alternatively, it is permitted to

PU

17  determine β s in accordance with Table 19.3-3.

o

18  Table 19.3-3. Soil Hysteretic Damping Ratio,  s .

Effective Peak Acceleration, S D S / 2 .5 a

Site S D S / 2 .5  0 S D S / 2 .5  0 .1 S D S / 2 .5  0 .4 S D S / 2 .5  0 .8

Class
C 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05

19
 CD 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.09
D 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.15
DE 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.20
E 0.01 0.05 0.20 b

ite rm T
F b b b b

C Fo AF
1  a
Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of S D S / 2 .5 .

at
or e R
2  b
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analyses shall be performed.

D
3  19.4 BASE SLAB AVERAGING AND EMBEDMENT (KINEMATIC) SSI EFFECTS

U er NT
4  Kinematic SSI effects are permitted to be represented by response spectral modification factors
5  R R S b sa for base slab averaging and R R S e for embedment, which are multiplied by the spectral
ot nd E
acceleration ordinates of the response spectrum at each period. The modification factors are

n
6 
N U M
7 
8 
se li
calculated in accordance with Sections 19.4.1 and 19.4.2. Modifications of the response
spectrum for kinematic SSI effects are permitted only for use with the nonlinear response history
M

9  analysis provisions of Chapter 16, using the site-specific response spectrum developed in
D ut O

10  accordance with Chapter 21 and subject to the limitations in Sections 19.2.3, 19.4.1, and 19.4.2.
C

11  The product of R R S b s a  R R S e shall not be less than 0.7.

e C
/

12  19.4.1 Base Slab Averaging.

rik LI

13  Consideration of the effects of base slab averaging through the development of site-specific
o
St B

14  transfer functions that represent the kinematic SSI effects expected at the site for a given
PU

15  foundation configuration is permitted.

o

16  Alternatively, modifications for base slab averaging using the procedures of this section are
17  permitted for the following cases:

18  1. All structures located on Site Class C, CD, D, DE, or E; and

19  2. Structures that have structural mats or foundation elements interconnected with concrete
20  slabs or that are continuously connected with grade beams or other foundation elements

20
 1  of sufficient lateral stiffness, so as not to be characterized as flexible under the
2  requirements of Section 12.3.1.3.
3  The modification factor for base slab averaging, R R S b sa , shall be determined using

4  Eq.uation (19.4−1) for each period required for analysis.

ite rm T
C Fo AF
1/2
1 
  
RRSbsa  0.25  0.75  2 1 exp 2b02  Bbsa 

at
5   b0  
(19.4-1)

or e R D
6  where

U er NT
 b06 b08 b010
 1  b0  b0    b0  1
2 4

 2 4 12
7  Bbsa  (19.4-2)
 
[exp(2b2 )]   1 1  1  b  1
ot nd E
n
 0 2
 πb0  16b0 
0

N U M
se li
M

b 
b0  0.00071  e 
8  T  (19.4-3)
D ut O C

9  where
e C

is the= effective foundation size (ft),

/

10  be
rik LI

be  Abase  260 ft
(19.4-4)
o

11 
St B
PU

12  6 5 0  v s  1, 6 5 0
o

13  where v s is in ft / s .

14  In SI units,

b 
15  b0  0.0023  e  (19.4-3.SIsi)
T 

21
 1  where

2  be is the= effective foundation size (m),

ite rm T
be  Abase  80 m
3  (19.4-4.SIsi)

C Fo AF
at
4  200  vs  500

or e R
5  where v s is in m / s ;

D
6  T is the= rRresponse spectra ordinate period, which shall not be taken as less than 0.20 s when

U er NT
7  used in Eq.uations (19.4-3) or (19.4-3.SI19.4-3.si); and

8  Abase is the= aAarea of the base of the structure [ ft 2 ( m2 )].

ot nd E
n
N U M
9  se li
19.4.2 Embedment.
M

10  The response spectrum shall be developed based on a site-specific study at the depth of the base
D ut O

11  of the structure. Alternatively, modifications for embedment are permitted using the procedures
12  of this section.
C

13  The modification factor for embedment, R R S e , shall be determined using (Eq.uation (19.4-5) for
e C
/

14  each period required for analysis.

rik LI

 2πe 
o
St B

RRS e  0.25  0.75  cos  

15  𝑅𝑅𝑆 0.25 0.75 𝑐𝑜𝑠  Tvs  (19.4-5)
PU

,
o

16  where

17  e = Ffoundation embedment depth [ft (m)], not greater than 20 ft (6.1 m) and not greater than the
18  bottom of the base slab diaphragm. A minimum of 75% of the foundation footprint shall be
19  present at the embedment depth. The foundation embedment for structures located on sloping
20  sites shall be the shallowest embedment;

22
 1  𝑣 , vs = The average effective shear wave velocity for site soil conditions used in determining

2  embedment effects, taken as average value of velocity over the embedment depth of the foundation
3  determined using 𝑣 , v so and Table 19.3-1 or a site-specific study and shall not be taken as less

4  than 650 ft/s ( 200 m / s );

ite rm T
C Fo AF
5  𝑣 , v so = The average low strain shear wave velocity used in determining embedment effects

at
6  computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over the embedment depth of the foundation; and

or e R
7  T = Rresponse spectra ordinate period, which shall not be taken as less than 0.20 s when used in

D
8  Equation. (19.4-5).

U er NT
9  19.5 CONSENSUS STANDARDS AND OTHER REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
ot nd E
10  See Chapter 23 for the list of consensus standards and other documents that shall be considered

n
11  part of this standard to the extent referenced in this chapter.
N U M
se li
M

12 
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

23