Introduction
Vuong Ba Thinh
Department of Computer Science - CSE Faculty - HCMUT
[email protected] January 9, 2017
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1 Outline
2 What is AI?
3 Introductory Problems
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References
Tri tue nhan tao = Thong minh + Giai thuat (2008) - Cao Hoang Tru
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2009) - Stuart Russell
and Peter Norvig
Machine Learning (1997) - Tom Mitchell
Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic (1995) - George J. Klir and Bo Yuan
Slides (Sakai)
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Outline
1 Introduction
What is AI?
History
Introductory Problems
PROLOG
2 Solving Problems as Searching
State space
Search strategies
Problem Characteristics
3 Heuristic Search
Generate and Test
Hill Climbing
Simulated annealing
Best-first search
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Outline
4 Game Playing
Minimax procedure
Alpha-beta cutoffs
Additional refinements
5 Planning
Linear Planning
Non-linear Planning
6 Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
What is knowledge representation?
Using propositional logic
Using predicate logic
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Outline
7 Structured knowledge
Semantic networks
Frames
Conceptual graphs
8 Uncertainty and Imprecision
Review of probability theory
Bayesian networks
Fuzzy sets and fuzzy relations
Fuzzy rules and fuzzy control
9 Machine Learning
Learning problem
Concept learning
Candidate-elimination algorithms
Decision trees
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Assessment
20% Assignments
80% Final Exam
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What is AI?
Intelligence: ability to learn, understand and think (Oxford dictionary)
Artificial: made or produced to copy sth natural; not real (Oxford
dictionary)
Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally
Acting Humanly Acting Rationally
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Acting Humanly: Turing Test
The computer would need to possess
the following capabilities...
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Acting Humanly: Turing Test
The computer would need to possess
the following capabilities:
natural language processing
knowledge representation
automated reasoning
machine learning
???
???
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Thinking humanly: The cognitive modeling approach
We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds
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Thinking rationally: The “laws of thought” approach
Example
“Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal”
Logic
Two main obstacles: ???
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Acting rationally: The rational agent approach
An agent is just something that acts
A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome
or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome
Advantages???
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The Foundations and History of AI
Reading in “Introduction” in Chapter 1 AIMA Russel & Norvig.
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Problem 1: Tic - Tac - Toe
X X
O
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Problem 2: Question Answering
Facts
“Mary went shopping for a new coat. She found a red one she really liked.
When she got it home, she discovered that it went perfectly with her
favorite dress”.
Questions
Q1: What did Mary go shopping for?
Q2: What did Mary find that she liked?
Q3: Did Mary buy anything?
Answers
A1: ..................................
A2: ..................................
A3: ..................................
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What is AI?
Not about what human beings can do!
About how to instruct a computer to do what human beings can do!
AI = Algorithm + Intelligence
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The state of the art
Robotic vehicles
Speech recognition
Game playing
Spam fighting
Logistics planning
Robotics
Machine Translation
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More Problems
Missionaries & Cannibals
8-queens
8-puzzle
2048
UnBlock Me
The Tower of Hanoi
Pacman
Battle City (AKA Tank 1990)
Chicken Invaders
Tower Defense
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