TCW CRAM REVIEWER BC IM A PIECE OF SHIT AND I PRIORIZTIZED SLEEP

Currents of world events, is “the continuous evolution and unstable global order”

Globalization

• Social process of reshaping and remaking the world order.

• A phenomenon gave rise to the interconnectedness of human society that replaced the sovereign
state system with a multilateral system of global governance (Justine Rosenberg)
• Refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify
worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a
growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant.” (Held & Mcgrew)

Characteristics of Globalization

1. Creation and multiplication - breaking the norm

2. Expansion and stretching - financial markets and trading operate at global scale; birth of global
orgs
3. Intensification and Acceleration of Human Activities - process of world + individual connection;
consumerism & digital age
4. Consciousness and Awareness - people, as the primary actors of globalization are the frontlines
as reflected in their experiences.

Theoretical Explanations

➢ REALISM
- the core idea of dominating the world is through the employment power. (economic,
political, and technology)
• countries that have the power to dominate and control the world are those whose
economies have the “powers” to affect and influence the operation worldwide
• 2 reasons why countries open their economies:
1. Financial returns of expanding markets offer new economic opportunities to the
capitalist or origin country. (McDonalds, Chevron, Ford, Coca-Cola, Citibank, Microsoft
and H&M)
2. The continued centrality of political power and military strength are obvious forces of
interdependence and realistic behavior of the more and most powerful countries.

➢ LIBERALISM
• actors and institutions emphasize relationships and negotiations.
• importance of interaction and communication and focus on solving problems and conflicts
affecting them.
• Democratic government like the Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, and Indonesia
• institutions play major roles in maintaining national cohesiveness in managing domestic and
international affairs.
 • Factors:
• Spread of Democracy and Institutions
• realism is a barrier
• democracy is mean of not using threat to intimidate and harm other nations
• rule of law and transparency
• A country with weak political institution is more likely to experience social and
civil unrest.
• Democracy as a frontline of liberalism has been utilized as a sociopolitical
apparatus in challenging political actors who act beyond their power and
control.
• people are the main engine of reforming political institutions.
• Global Economic Ties
• market integration and economic alliances as fitting fixtures of globalization
• World Trade Organization and European Union (Eurozone), two of the world’s
largest economic bodies; Association of Southeast Asian Nations Economic
Community (AEC)
• economic alliance and integrating the domestic economy into a regional or
economic bloc will deliver prosperity and security.
• International organizations
• states are expected to adhere and show allegiance in its willingness and
commitment to follow international norms set by the international bodies.
• global commerce and governance are main instruments in the maintenance of
peace and solidarity.
• OPEC & NATO

➢ IDEALISM
• values and norms play pivotal roles in sustaining and reforming the process and works of
individuals, group and nations.
• emphasizes on the functions of ideologies, frameworks, systems, and identities in
understanding globalization and international order.
• Its core beliefs centers on the centrality of ideas, beliefs, emotions, and collective values that
shape the political and economic landscapes of the world.
• importance of appropriateness and transparency

SUMMARY OF THEORIES FOR MY PEA-SIZED BRAIN

REALISM – power for financial expansion & political power

LIBERALISM – “libre” free, focuses on people and institutions.

• Spread of democracy (sociopolitical apparatus) and Institutions (people are main engine)
• Global economic ties – integration and alliance = prosperity and solidarity
• International organizations – states adhere to global governance for peace.
IDEALISM – values and norms

Institutions: • The increased attention to

humanitarian works and
• consist norms, set of activities, regulative
development aid.
structures that provide meaning and
• The introduction of global icons and
stability to the social behavior of a group.
American consumerism.
• symbolic manifestation on the needs of the
III. Globalization 3.0 (1950-200)
society.
• Information age is the major driving
• institutions will not be recognized as
force in this phase
institution if it does not shape the behavior
• first communication satellite
of individuals.
• World Bank (WB) and International
Monetary Fund (IMF)
Phases of Globalization • US expansion
• end of cold war
I. Globalization 1.0 (1492-1800)
• social movements and transnational
• mercantilism and the immediate
NGO
rise of the British economy
• WWW & telecommunications
• inventions of steam engine, printing
• migration
press, railway system
• global warming
• 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention.
• London World Fair of 1851. 3 Dimensions of Globalization
• International Committee of the Red
Anthony Giddens described globalization as an
Cross in 1863 (ICRC).
intensification of worldwide social relations.
• The increasing formalization of
international relations through ✓ world capitalist economy as the
agreements and treaties of some primary force of globalization.
countries in Europe and the birth ✓ nation-state system the concept of
and formation of new states. sovereignty in a globalized world is
• The significant increase in understood as the best form of
communication and transportation asserting the existence and operation of
such as telegraph, telephone, radio, a state in order to be recognized.
and airplane. ✓ world military order most states in the
• Olympic Games world have shifted its focus in
II. Globalization 2.0 (1800-1950) strengthening the military capability.
• conclusion of WWII
• age of Pax Brittanica
3 Worlds and World Order (constructed by the
• formation of market integrations
Cold War)
and the institutionalizations of
major economic activities I. First World - powerful economies
• The establishment of the League of having stable governments, robust
Nations. financial markets, advanced and
 modern infrastructures, low poverty III. Third World - the neutral and non-
rates, and high standard of living. (US, aligned countries during the Cold War
Canada, Australia, Japan, Singapore) era; have experienced colonialism in the
II. Second World - communist countries hands of Western powers resulting to
are found to be trapped between challenges in the political spectrum of
poverty and prosperity. (Soviet Union, institutional building.
China, Vietnam, N.K, Cuba)

Market Economy Mixed Economy Command Economy

• Driven by self-interest • Government has large role
• Characterized by the presence in military, international
of freedom among individuals • Economic system in which the
trade, and transportation.
to own and control market means of production are
• People are also given the
transactions basing solely in publicly owned and economic
chance to participate in the activity is controlled by a central
the supply and demand.
• There is an inverse economy. authority.
relationship between supply • free markets that coincide • Production is undertaken by the
and demand. The lower the with government government.
supply, the higher the regulation. It can be • Command economy is driven by
demand; and vice versa characterized as private a social welfare program.
• Advantage: The people are property protectorate, • Advantage: There is less
the ones that would driven by the motivation inequality because distribution
determine what goods are to and self-interest of is equal among those who are
be produced; There is a equally situated.
individuals and it also
competition. • Disadvantage: there is little
allows the free market and
• Disadvantage: It would drive among workers because
the laws of supply and
marginalize those who could compensation is the same.
not afford the products and demand to determine
services. prices.

Economics – a branch or field that deals with • individual as best economic agent
the study of production, distribution, and • governmental interference should be
consumption minimized in the economic affairs of
Economic Systems – the means by which individuals and society
countries and governments distribute resources • Laissez-faire or leave alone.
and trade goods and services. Prescriptive theory
International Trade – is the process and system • this prescribes whether government, an
when goods, commodities, services cross important economic institution, should
national economy and boundaries in exchange interfere and restrict with the
for money or goods of another country. movement of goods and services.
Trade Theories
Descriptive theory
3 Perspectives on International Trade lower down the value of Peso so that
1. Economic Liberals – explain the investors would stay in the Philippines.
importance of free trade and the role of • Trade policies – economic managers
individual’s preference in choosing are keen on potential impacts of
economic activity. (Market economy > balance of payments, quota, custom tax
descriptive theory > economic liberals) and tariffs.
2. Mercantilists – not characterized by the • Foreign capital investment policies – a
blind adherence to a single, precisely good way to attract investors to is to
defined economic theorem. (go with have a competitive economy.
the flow ang mga bakla depende sa • Migration policies – usually, we trade
kung anong mood nilang sundun in that with other countries that are friendly in
time, na ol) terms of migration.
3. Structuralists - by Immanuel
Wallerstein, explains the contact of
Free Trade Area – reduction of internal tariffs
economies between core, semi-
to zero of member economies while retaining
peripheral and peripheral— which are
its different external tariffs (ex. Duty Free)
the structures, countries in the world.
Why countries engage in trade? Unfair Trade – the conduct of trade by a
business firm or government that violates and
• Use of excess capacity in demand breaks the international trade agreement.
• Cost reduction and increase of profit
• Addition to product line World Trade Organization – It is an
intergovernmental organization that is
• Reduction of risk (shortage)
concerned with the regulation of international
• Foreign policy tool
trade between nations. (GATT)
Types of Policies
The World Bank – officially called the
Macroeconomics – large-scale economic International Bank for Reconstruction and
activities. Development (IBRD)

• Monetary policy – the control is in the International Monetary Fund – responsible in

central bank; printing of money supervising exchange rate system, providing
• Fiscal policy – the control is in the loan programs to economies experiencing
government on taxes, revenue, balance of payments adjustments and review
expenditures domestic monetary policies.

Microeconomics - behavior of individuals, European Union – is a political economic

households and firms. regional organization of 28-member economies
in Europe.
• Governance policies – domestic policies
of a country have an effect in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
international market. (ASEAN) – (August 1967) Indonesia, Malaysia,
• Exchange rate policies – currency rule Philippines, Singapore and Thailand as its
and policies; Sometimes, we need to founding fathers.
Political Globalization - intensification and increasing level of interrelations among nations in the world.

Global governance - domestic institutions and governments on how large-scale problems and public-
policy issues are being solved at a global level.

Problems in Global Governance

1. Jurisdiction gap – absence of authority.

2. Incentive gap - uneven distribution of authority and control over decisions and policies; Countries
that do not provide higher material contribution usually receive lesser number of incentives.
3. Participation gap - member-states sometimes disagree on issues that are harmful to their interest.

Political system means the system or the form of practice employed by the state.

2 Dimensions of Political systems (Udayansakar)

1. Individualism & Collectivism

INDIVIDUALISM COLLECTIVISM
• political system that values the significance of • philosophy that stresses the importance of
individuals over collective goals. collective goals over individual freedom and
• individual freedom and self-expression interests.
• the pursuit of economic interest among • where the interest of the many is the top priority.
individuals. (ex. Socialist nationalism)

2. Democracy & Totalitarianism

DEMOCRACY (god said let the people speak and TOTALITARIANISM (totally walang kang say, govt lang
have freedom mfs) bida bida)
• focus on the role of individuals in political • society and citizens have no right and freedom of
decision-making. expression.
• direct participation involves representation • Decision making of the state is exclusive only on a
(like sa PH, we vote those party groups na single political party if not a single ruler who has
tingin natin will help us emerlalu) the full control in the political, economic, and
social affairs of its government.

4 Forms of Totalitarianism
1. Communist Totalitarianism – deny basic rights and civil liberties of its citizens (China, Cuba and
North Korea)
2. Theocratic Totalitarianism – governed based on the religious principles of Islam (Iran and Saudi
Arabia)
3. Tribal Totalitarianism – one tribal or party monopolizes the political power of the country
(Africa)
4. Right-wing Totalitarianism – permits individuals to have economic freedom but are restricted
on their political rights; the central government acts as the State manager (South Korea, Taiwan)
Power – the ability of a person, group or Characteristics of NGOs
institution to affect the behavior of others even
• must be entirely independent from the
against their will.
control of any government.
Authority – is the right to exercise power
• not considered as political parties.
*There can be power without authority (kapag
• perform their tasks not for the purpose of
hinold-up ka)
generating income or profit.
*There can also be authority without power
(when one fails to have others follow him) Roles of NGOs (WASECIRCSD)
Legitimacy – state of being right and proper in
exercising power. ✓ Watchdog - monitor the behavior of
*Power + Authority = Legitimacy institutions in the promotion of
Influence – ability of one person to affect on transparency and accountability.
others without compulsion. ✓ Advocate - initiate programs that could
Geopolitics – focus and concentration of a raise public awareness of issues and
country’s location, environment and geography challenges and advocating for change.
as the basis of its national interests. ✓ Service provider - active in delivering
Unilateralism - authority to act in affecting services to meet societal needs
other nations through executing set of rules and ✓ Expert - bring unique knowledge and
regulations that will compel other countries to experience to evaluate policy and
follow suit. strategy and identify solutions.
Multilateralism – organizing relations between ✓ Capacity builder - provides services
groups (Bipolar, Tripolar, Multipolar) providing relevant training, education
Isolationists - major powers and states exclude and capacity building to communities.
the use of force and military in the international ✓ Incubator - an armory in developing
system; war is unethical. solutions that requires long payback
*ako’y nagdadasal na sana wala yung mga period.
global institutions, amen. ✓ Representative - emphasizing rights of
the marginalized and voices of
underrepresented.
✓ Citizenship champion - encouraging
Civil society and NGOs
citizen engagement and championing the
• are the third sector of the society aside
rights of the majority.
from government and business
✓ Solidarity supporter - promote the
• activity for groups and individuals that is
ethical, just, and humane practices as
relatively independent and not within the
part of promoting universal values geared
scope of governmental interference.
towards sustainability and balanced life
Global Civil Society (GCS) is a global of the many.
international network of NGOs with the ✓ Definer of standards - create and frame
purpose of influencing governments and norms that will shape and make the
organizations in various issues and concerns. activities of the people and societies.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is often *watch this vid, researchers say na papasa ka
been perceived as a company’s strategy to kapag pinanood daw before exams:
deceive the public and evade binding https://youtu.be/cDTG6o1vC2I
regulations.

Transnational nongovernmental organizations

are international not-for-profit organizations
that are independent and not controlled by
governments.

• TNGOs operate as an extension of the

private life of the state transcending from
domestic to international affairs

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and

Transnational Corporations are the modern
versions of global commercial enterprises.

Environmental NGOs are considered as

vanguard against the abuses of capitalists and
organizations that negatively affect the
environment.

4 critical challenges and driving forces on the

future of civil society:

• Mad Max - is an era characterized by

national and international conflicts.
• Transparency Blurred - dealing global
issues where governments and private
sectors will actively be partnered
combating these problems.
• Turbulence and Trust Deficits - Significant
tensions might occur, but no serious
physical conflicts will happen among
partners and allies
• Privatized World - Neoliberalism norm and
the merging power of corporation is seen
to be more influential