DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Technical Seminar

Report

ON

DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
IN
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By
GUNDEBOINA SRAVYA
172U1A0421

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade
A Unit of USHODAYA EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY
Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India- 524137
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & permanently Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur)
Website: www.gist.edu.in
2017-2021

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP I
 GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade
A Unit of USHODAYA EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY
Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India- 524137

VISION OF THE INSTITUTION

To emerge as a leading engineering institution imparting quality education.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION

IM1 Implement effective teaching-learning strategies for quality education
IM2 Build congenial academic ambience for progressive learning
IM3 Facilitate skill development through Industry-Institute initiatives
IM4 Groom environmentally conscious and socially responsible technocrats

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

To become a reputed learning centre producing competent professionals.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

DM1 Provide quality education through interactive teaching-learning practices.

DM2 Establish technology-enabled environment for building core competencies including
robotics.
DM3 Arrange Industry-Interaction to hone professional skills.
DM4 Organize activities to foster social skills and ethical values.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP II
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421
A

Technical Seminar

Report

ON

DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
IN
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By
GUNDEBOINA SRAVYA
172U1A0421

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade
A Unit of USHODAYA EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY
Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India- 524137
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & permanently Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur)
Website: www.gist.edu.in
2017-2021

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP III
 DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) was
established in the year 2008 and offers an under graduate program in Electronics and
Communication Engineering, with an initial intake of 60, and progressively increased to 180
by the year 2012. To accomplish the mission and vision of the Department, it has adequate
infrastructural support with well-equipped laboratories and Licensed software’s comprises
Xilinx, Code Composer Studio, SCILAB, LABTEK, MASM etc., .
The Department aims at imparting the students with the latest technologies through
NPTEL online resources, Webinars by Texas Instruments, Spoken tutorials, SWAYAM and
FOSSEE by IIT Bombay, Lab VIEW in association with National Instruments (NI),
Workshops and internships in association with Andhra Pradesh State Skill Development
Corporation (APSSDC) etc.,
The Department also employs training programmes such as ‘College to Corporate'
(C2C) Program by IIT Bombay and supports to build skills of entrepreneurship through
International Institute of Entrepreneurship (i2E) .The Department of ECE has membership in
professional societies like IEEE and IETE.
Adequate encouragement and technical scaffolding are extended to the students to
participate and excel in the national Level challenges organized by National Instruments,
Texas Instruments, TerrasicInc, DST, Intel, AICTE, IIT Bombay and the like. The department
organizes industrial visits to the apparent organizations as NARL (National Atmospheric
Research Laboratory), Satish Dawn Space Centre (SDSC SHAR), to make students aware with
Industry Practices and acquaint with Newer Technologies.
The department of ECE bagged gold medal from JNTU Anantapur, Anantapuramu for
securing highest percentage of marks in the University examinations for the batch 2013-17.
Endowed with a cluster of well qualified, proficient and highly stimulating faculty
adopting some of the best academic practices like Smart Classrooms and ICT methods. The
regular Faculty Development programmes (FDP) through NMEICT, Workshops and
Conferences help them to update their skill set and to publish their work in conferences and
reputed national and international journals.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP III
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
 GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade
Gangavaram (V), Kovur (M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India- 524137
Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur
Website: www.gist.edu.in

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that A Technical Seminar report entitled on DYNAMIC

SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE that is being submitted by GUNDEBOINA
SRAVYA, (172U1A0421) in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Anantapur is a record of bonafide work carried out under my guidance
and supervision.

Seminar Incharge Head of the Department

2017-2021

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP V

DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

 Abstract

Over the last few years, the demand for network-transfer capacity has increased at an
exponential rate. The impact of the Internet; the introduction of network services such as video
and multimedia that require real-time support and multicast; and the globalization of network
traffic enhance the need for cost-efficient networking solutions with support for real-time traffic
and for the transmission of integrated data, both audio and video. Against this background, the
DTM protocol was developed. DTM is designed to increase the use of fiber's transmission
capacity and to provide support for real-time broadband traffic and multicasting. It is also
designed to change the distribution of resources to the network nodes dynamically, based on
changes in transfer-capacity demand.

DTM is designed to be used in integrated service networks for both distribution and one-
to-one communication. It can be used directly for application-to-application communication or as
a carrier for higher-layer protocols such as Internet protocol (IP).

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP VI
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

INDEX

CH.NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 Introduction to DTM 1-5

2 Literature Survey 6-8
3 DTM Services 9-12
4 Functions and Protocols 13-18
5 Applications of DTM 19-27
6 Advantages of DTM 28
7 Conclusion 29-30
8 References 31

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP VII
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

List of Figures

Fig.No FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 DTM system overview 2
DTM Multiplexing Medium with Multiple
1.2 Access 3
1.3 DTM Multiplexing Format 4
2.1 Classification of Networking Technologies 8
3.1 External network interfaces 9
4.1 Layered transport protocol mode 13
4.2 DTM Protocol Layers 14
Communication between peer layers across
4.3 the DTM network 14
5.1 Interconnection of PBXs 20
Corporate Data Network using the DTM
5.2 LAN Emulation (DLE) Service 21
Corporate Data Network Combined with an
5.3 Internet Connection 22
DSLAM Aggregation Network for Internet
5.4 Connections 23
DTM Network for Integrated-Access– 2
5.5 Device Aggregation 4
Service Marketplace for High-Speed
5.6 Content Servers 25
5.7 Distributed Video-Production Network 26

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP VIII
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO DTM

Dynamic synchronous transfer mode (DTM) is an optical networking technology standardized

by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in 2001 beginning with
specification ETSI ES 201 803-1. DTM is a time division multiplexing and a circuit-
switching network technology that combines switching and transport.[1] It is designed to provide a
guaranteed quality of service (QoS) for streaming video services, but can be used for packet-based
services as well. It is marketed for professional media networks, mobile TV networks, digital
terrestrial television (DTT) networks, in content delivery networks and in consumer oriented
networks, such as "triple play" networks.

The DTM architecture was conceived in 1985 and developed at the Royal Institute of
Technology (KTH) in Sweden.[2] It was published in February 1996. [3]The research team was split
into two spin-off companies, reflecting two different approaches to use the technology. One of these
companies remains active in the field and delivers commercial products based on the DTM
technology. Its name is Net Insight. The present document describes the general properties of DTM
and the DTM service over a unidirectional data channel. The overall system architecture is described
and fundamental functions are identified.

Dynamic synchronous transfer mode (DTM) is an exciting networking technology. The idea
behind it is to provide high-speed networking with top-quality transmissions and the ability to adapt
the bandwidth to traffic variations quickly. DTM is designed to be used in integrated service
networks for both distribution and one-to-one communication. It can be used directly for application-
to-application communication or as a carrier for higher-layer protocols such as Internet protocol (IP).

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 1

DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

1.1 System Overview

This clause defines the concept of a DTM system (see figure 1)as a set of nodes
interconnected by physical links. Communication between nodes takes place over channels, which
are abstractions of communication resources between sending node and receiving node (or nodes). A
node can be connected to nodes in external networks using technologies such as SDH, Ethernet, IP
and Video, as well as other nodes in the DTM system.

Figure 1.1. DTM system overview

Physical Link:

A physical link is a unidirectional communication medium connecting a pair of nodes. A

signal can be transmitted on a physical link from a sending node to a receiving node. The physical
protocols will define the properties of various forms of physical links.
 GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 2

DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Data Link:

A data link is a set of physical links and nodes, which are connected such that all involved
nodes can communicate bidirectionally with all other nodes over bypass-switched paths only. The
following fundamental data link topologies are supported: dual ring, dual bus and single ring (and its
special case of a point-to-point connection). Combinations of these may be connected to form hybrid
topologies, which may still be considered as one data link. The data link is monitored by a data link
maintenance protocol, which among other things detects changes in the topology.

Frames and Slots:

DTM is designed for a unidirectional medium with multiple access—for example, a medium
with capacity shared by all connected nodes. It can be built on several different local topologies such
as ring, double ring, point to point, or dual bus.

Figure 1.2. DTM Multiplexing Medium with Multiple Access

A frame is a time-ordered set of bits. The frame is sent repeatedly at 8 000 times per second.
The frame starts with a start-of-frame marker and then continues with a time slot structure. Each time
slot transports 64 bits of data (thus giving a transfer rate of 512 kbit/s) and can also convey non-data
codes. The non-data codes are idle, End-of-Packet (EOP) and Error slot. The idle codeword is an end-
to-end code that conveys the lack of data to send at the transmitter side. The EOP code is used for
delimiting packets of channel adaptation protocols for asynchronous traffic. The Error slot is a special
code that the network can generate whenever an unrecoverable error has occurred in the transmission.
The Error slot can then help the receiver to distinguish intended traffic (data, idle or EOP) from
broken traffic.
 At any point in time, a slot is either a data slot or a control slot. However, if needed, data slots
may be converted into control slots and vice versa. The right to write data slots and control slots is
distributed among the nodes attached to the link.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 3

DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Figure 1.3. DTM Multiplexing Format.

Consequently, each node attached to the link will typically have write-access to a set of data
and control slots, and these time slots will occupy the same time-slot position within each frame of
the link. Each node has write-access to at least one control slot that the node uses for sending control
messages to the other nodes. Control messages can be sent upon request from a user served by the
node, in response to control messages from other nodes, or spontaneously for network-management
purposes.The control slots constitute only a small fraction of the total capacity, while the majority of
the time slots are data slots carrying payload. The signaling overhead in DTM varies with the number
of control slots but is typically low. For a ring with 20 attached nodes and a bit rate of 2 Gbps, the
signaling overhead is typically less than one percent.

As stated, data slots are used for carrying payload data. Each node typically has write-access
to a pool of free data slots, which will occupy the same time-slot positions within each frame of the
link. When establishing communication channels, a node will allocate a portion of the data slots
available in the node's pool of free data slots to the channel, as will be discussed further in the next
section.

Channel:

A channel is a unidirectional virtual transmission path formed by a set of slots over one or
more data link(s). Channels spanning over several data links can use different number of slots as long
as the number of slots downstream is at least the number of slots on the transmitter end, and the
ordinal of the slots constituting the channel may vary between the different data links. Channels can
be of unicast, multicast or broadcast types.
 GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 4

DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Network:

A DTM network consists of one or more data links connected together in such a way that
channels may be established between the interconnected nodes. The data link topologies may vary
freely. The physical layer protocol may also vary between the connected data links.

Management:

At least one Management station is connected to the network. The functions of the station are
configuration and control of the network. The Management station will be SNMP based and MIBs
will be standardized. Since there is a standardized interface for Management stations, a Management
station can be connected to any DTM system node that supports the interface. Management
information can be sent using inband SNMP over IP. This facilitates remote management within the
network scope and does not require a separate management network.

Synchronization:

The synchronization function should determine which interface (DTM or Clock function
interface) to retrieve the sync signal from, that is, from which node the sync reference should be
retrieved. The function may interact with synchronization functions in other nodes in order to make
the decision. An Access node needs only to forward the incoming sync signal to downstream nodes
on the data link
GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 5
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Over the last few years, the demand for network-transfer capacity has increased at an
exponential rate. The impact of the Internet; the introduction of network services such as video and
multimedia that require real-time support and multicast; and the globalization of network traffic
enhance the need for cost-efficient networking solutions with support for real-time traffic and for the
transmission of integrated data, both audio and video. At the same time, the transmission capacity of
optical fibers is today growing significantly faster than the processing capacity of computers.
Traditionally, the transmission capacity of the network links has been the main bottleneck in
communication systems. Most existing network techniques are therefore designed to use available
link capacity as efficiently as possible with the support of large network buffers and elaborate data
processing at switch points and interfaces.

However, with the large amount of data-transfer capacity offered today by fiber networks, a
new bottleneck problem is caused by processing and buffering at switch and access points on the
network. This problem has created a need for networking protocols that are not based on computer
and storage capacity at the nodes but that instead limit complex operations to minimize processing on
the nodes and maximize transmission capacity.

Against this background, the DTM protocol was developed. DTM is designed to increase the
use of fiber's transmission capacity and to provide support for real-time broadband traffic and
multicasting. It is also designed to change the distribution of resources to the network nodes
dynamically, based on changes in transfer-capacity demand.

2.1 Modes of Switching in DTM

In view of the above, DTM was developed in an effort to combine the simple, nonblocking,
real-time traffic-supporting properties of circuit-switching technology with the dynamic resource-
handling properties of packet-switching technology. Combining the advantages of synchronous and
asynchronous media-access schemes, DTM forms a transport-network architecture that enables high
transfer capacity with dynamic allocation of resources.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 6
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

There are mainly 2 types of switching technologies. They are:

1) Circuit Switching 2)Packet Switching

Circuit Switching:

Network resources are reserved all the way from sender before start of the transfer, there by
creating a circuit.An advantage of circuit-switched networks is that they allow for large amounts of
data to be transferred with guaranteed transmission capacity, thus providing support for real-time
traffic. A disadvantage of circuit switching, however, is that if connections are short-lived—when
transferring short messages, for example—the setup delay may represent a large part of the total
connection time, thus reducing the network's capacity. Moreover, reserved resources cannot be used
by any other users even if the circuit is inactive, which may further reduce link utilization.

Ex: Traditional telephone services.

Packet Switching:

Data is divided into packets. Each contains address, size, sequence. Packet switching is based
either on connectionless or connection oriented technology. Packet switching was developed to cope
more effectively with the data-transmission limitations of the circuit-switched networks during bursts
of random traffic. In packet switching, a data stream is divided into standardized packets. Each
contains address, size, sequence, and error-checking information, in addition to the payload data. The
packets are then sent through the network, where specific packet switches or routers sort and direct
each single packet. Packet-switched networks are based either on connection less or connection-
oriented technology. In connection less technology, such as IP, packets are treated independently of
each other inside the network, because complete information concerning the packet destination is
contained in each packet. This means that packet order is not always preserved, because packets
destined for the same receiver may take different paths through the network. In connection-oriented
technology such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), a path through the network—often referred
to as a logical channel or virtual circuit is established when data transfer begins. Each packet header
then contains a channel identifier that is used at the nodes to guide each packet to the correct
destination.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 7
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Figure 2.1. Classification of Networking Technologies

In many aspects, a packet-switched network is a network of queues. Each network node

contains queues where incoming packets are queued before they are sent out on an outgoing link. If
the rate at which packets arrive at a switch point exceeds the rate at which packets can be transmitted,
the queues grow. This happens, for example, if packets from several incoming links have the same
destination link. The queuing causes delay, and if the queues overflow, packets are lost, which is
called congestion. Loss of data generally causes re-transmissions that may either add to the
congestion or result in less-effective utilization of the network. The ability to support real-time traffic
in packet-switched networks thus calls for advanced control mechanisms for buffer handling and
direction. As a result, the complexity and necessary ability to process information, and therefore the
need for computer power, increases sharply when striving for high transmission capacity.

2.1.1 Principle

In principle, two basic technologies are used for building high-capacity networks: circuit
switching and packet switching. In circuit-switched networks, network resources are reserved all the
way from sender to receiver before the start of the transfer, thereby creating a circuit. The resources
are dedicated to the circuit during the whole transfer. Control signaling and payload data transfers are
separated in circuit-switched networks. Processing of control information and control signaling such
as routing is performed mainly at circuit setup and termination. Consequently, the transfer of payload
data within the circuit does not contain any overhead in the form of headers or the like. Traditional
voice telephone service is an example of circuit switching. 

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 8
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

CHAPTER-3
DTM SERVICES

3.1 Service Description

The DTM service provided to external user networks is illustrated in figure 2. These include
PDH, SDH/SONET, Ethernet, Frame Relay, ATM, IP, MPLS and video. Each external protocol uses
the relevant DTM interworking function in the DTM interworking layer.

Figure 3.1.External network interfaces

A channel is either a data channel or a control. The DTM service is defined for both types of
channels. A data channel is a data transportation capability that is created and connected between
nodes at the request of the user or the network operator. A control channel is a signalling channel that
is connected between nodes using the same medium and physical protocols as the data channels.

3.1.1 Creation and removal

At channel creation time, the destination and source address, the bandwidth requirement, the
channel adaptation and interworking function are required.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 9
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

During the data transmission phase of packet-oriented traffic, a protocol field in the
encapsulation may be used to determine the disposition of the data.The channel may be removed
from either the source or destination end in normal operation. During abnormal situations (e.g. the
channel is broken due to a failed link) the channel may be removed by the network management.

3.1.2 Bandwidth

The bandwidth is measured as the number of 64-bit slots at the frame rate of 8 000 Hz, which
equals a bandwidth granularity of 512 kbit/s. The user must specify the bandwidth of the channel (in
slots per second), using two parameters:

1) minimum bandwidth 2) maximum bandwidth.

The network either returns an acknowledgement of the approved bandwidth - which can be
any value between and including minimum and maximum - or rejects the request.If the network
chooses a value between and including minimum and maximum, the network has fulfilled the
request and the channel is immediately acknowledged. When the user has received an
acknowledgement from the network that the channel has been created, then the user will know:

• the amount of approved bandwidth; and approved bandwidth is available all the way to the
destination node(s);

• that it is guaranteed bandwidth such that other channels’ traffic will not interfere with it in the
transport part of the network.

A user of a channel may use a fraction or all of the bandwidth acknowledged but never
more. A user may request to have the bandwidth changed during the channel lifetime. A request for
reduction of bandwidth is always accepted. A request for increase of bandwidth may be rejected.
The channel will not to lose data during the process of bandwidth change. A channel may consist
of zero or more slots, limited by the bandwidth of the underlying physical link capacity manifested
in the Physical protocol. A channel can be reduced in terms of bandwidth down to zero slots. A
zero slot channel is always prepared for activation, which saves the time required for setup, once
data is ready for transmission.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page10
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

3.1.3 Addresses

A channel can be set up to one or more destination nodes. The channel may address the
destination nodes by either unicast or multicast node addresses. A unicast (point-to-point) channel
has one destination address. A multicast (pointto-multipoint) channel has either one multicast
destination address or zero or more unicast destination addresses. Unicast destination addresses
may additionally be appended after the original channel creation.

3.1.4 Multicast

A multicast channel provides a point-to-multipoint channel:

• The source node can always change or terminate the channel;

• A destination node can detach itself from the multicast channel, terminating its leaf section, with
no side effects on other destination nodes. If the destination is the only remaining destination node
of a multicast channel, it can terminate a full channel just as it would in the unicast case;

• Destination nodes may be added during the channel lifetime.

3.1.5 Delay and jitter

When a channel is acknowledged, the DTM service incurs a constant delay with a small
jitter traceable to the sync distribution of the network. The delay is caused by transmission delay in
the fibre as well as switching delay. The delay is unchanged during the session if the route is not
changed due to protection-based rerouting. If the channel is changed due to necessary rerouting in
the network the delay may change.

3.2 DTM Services

The DTM solution is designed to transport common communication protocols over optical
fibers. DTM provides several simple and commonly used services in one integrated network. It
results in better utilization of the fiber and of the node equipment and simple management and
operation of the network. Data communications—particularly IP traffic—are becoming the main
traffic source in the networks. DTM has been specifically developed for efficient transport of this
type of traffic. However, a large part of the network traffic is still PDH–based, and, therefore, DTM
products also transport PDH traffic.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 11
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

There are a number of traffic types that can be integrated advantageously in a DTM network.
Among such alternatives, the following traffic types will be implemented in the first stage:

 IP over DTM

 DTM local area network (LAN) emulation (DLE)

 PDH transport

 SDH/SONET tunneling

 Transport of 270–Mbps studio video

DTM today offers two different techniques for transmitting IP traffic: IP over DTM and DLE.
IP over DTM is a technique that fully utilizes the DTM networks in transmitting IP traffic on a hop-
by-hop basis via shortcuts. DLE is used to establish virtual LANs across the DTM network and
makes it possible to attach IP nodes to the DTM network efficiently, for example. DLE makes the
attached nodes believe they are part of a widespread LAN (802.3 Ethernet). DLE is used to connect
geographically distributed LANs by transferring Ethernet packets over DTM channels. Virtual private
networks (VPNs) are effectively supported using DLE.

E1/T1 is supported and the E3/T3 interface will be supported in the future. The E1/T1
transport can be used for interconnecting telephone switches such as AXEs or for leased-line
services. DTM networks also support transparent PDH transport equivalent with PDH support in
SDH/SONET networks. A DTM network differs from SDH/SONET in that the former has a
distributed approach to the add-drop multiplexer functions. This feature provides flexible utilization
of the fiber resources and a dynamic approach to protection switching.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 12
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

CHAPTER-4
FUNCTIONS AND PROTOCOLS

In a circuit-switched system a channel must be set up prior to any flow of data traffic. This
represents the establishment phase of that channel. After the establishment phase the channel enters
the data transport phase. To terminate the channel after the transport phase the channel teardown
phase is entered. The establishment and teardown of the channel requires control signalling, while
the transport of data is a separate phase, which uses only the transport protocols and functions.

4.1 Control and Transmission model

In DTM the signalling is common channel with associated mode: it uses separate control
channels but shares the same transport infrastructure as the data channels. This means that the
physical protocols, channel adaptation functions and switching functions are common to the
signalling and interworking layer (see figure 3). While the transport of data over an established
channel is done only over a small stack of protocols, the setup and maintenance of that channel
depends on the service provided by the signalling stack.

Figure 4.1. Layered transport protocol mode

The signalling protocols is defined using a layered model where the protocol for some
function such as channel setup either uses channel adaptation over the physical layer transportation
directly or the service provided by another protocols within the stack.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 13
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

4.2 Protocol layers

These layers operate on a peer basis; this may be indicated as shown in figure 5, where peer
layers in two nodes communicate with each other. This communication is carried out by passing
messages from the layer that generated them down to the physical layer, and on the receiving side
up to the peer of the originating layer. The net result is that the communication is as shown in the
dotted lines, between peer layers

Figure 4.2. DTM protocol layers

Figure 4.3.Communication between peer layers across the DTM network

4.2.1 DTM Physical Layer (DPL)

The DTM Physical Layer handles the transport of slots between nodes as well as bit
encoding/decoding, slot synchronization and framing. The physical layer provides two or more
physical links. The functions and aspects are:

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 14
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

• bit clock recovery;

• demultiplexing of incoming and bypassed slots;
• framing;
• Idle encoding/decoding of the slot stream;
• line coding;
• link state information retrieval;
• multiplexing/demultiplexing of incoming and outgoing bit streams;
• multiplexing of outgoing and bypassed slots;
• physical connector;
• electrical/optical properties and associated signal conditioning.
The DTM Physical Protocol may offer several optional physical interfaces, depending on server (e.g.
SDH/SONET) or port characteristics. Currently there are two interfaces proposed:
• 8B10B code based physical protocol;
• SDH/SONET VC-4 container based physical protocol

4.2.2 DTM data Link Layer (DLL)

The data link layer contains functions and protocols required to build, maintain and transport
data over a data link.

4.2.2.1 Channel adaptation

The Channel adaptation function encapsulates the data transported on the channels. The
channel adaptation function may also perform error detection on the transported data.

4.2.2.2 Add/drop function

The Add/Drop function provides the means to transmit and receive slots on a port.

4.2.2.3 Bypass function

The Bypass function provides the means for forwarding a received slot onto the transmitter of
the same port in the case where the node does not use its add function on that slot. The slot number is
maintained during the bypass switching (see port definition in clause 3.1).

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 15
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

4.2.2.4 Data link maintenance

The link maintenance function handles:

• discovery of the topology of data links;

• providing information concerning the interfaces and nodes connected to the data link;
• monitoring and surveillance of the data link, i.e., detection of physical link and node failures and
reporting of them to the Management system, Routing function and Channel management function.

4.2.2.5 Data link resource management

The data link resource management function provides the Channel Management function with
resources (slots) for channels. The data link resource management entity in one node can allocate
slots from other nodes connected to the same data link. It also supervises the slots on the data link and
resolves inconsistent slot allocations. The data link resource management function should have access
to the topology information in order to route the channel over the data link.

4.2.3 DTM Network Layer (DNL)

This layer supervises the set-up, modification and removal of channels operating across
multiple data links, invoking data link-layer functions to do so at each data link. The switching
function operates at the DTM network layer, as configured by the channel management function. This
layer also performs the necessary distribution of synchronization information in the network. The
network path determination function provides input to the channel management function.

NOTE: A complex set of DTM data links may be referred to as a DTM network without the
implication that it necessarily resides at Layer 3 of the Reference Model.

4.2.3.1 Channel management

The Channel management function handles the set up, modification of capacity, and removal
of channels throughout the network. This function includes signalling to other nodes along the path of
the channel, indicating the slots associated with the channel and setting up the switching function of
the node. Also, the Channel management function facilitates restoration of channels in case of data
link failure.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 16
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

4.2.3.2 Network Path determination

The path determination function provides information to the channel management function.
An instance in one node may interact with instances in other nodes to acquire information in order to
determine the best path through the network, spanning several links and switches. Alternatively,
DTM switches may operate at the OSI network layer as well as at the lower layers. In this case
network-layer mechanisms such as IP routing may be invoked to assist in finding a route across
multiple interconnected links.

4.2.3.3 Switching

The switching function moves contents of slots from incoming frames to outgoing frames on
different ports. The switching function must switch a set of slots of the incoming channel into another
set of slots of the outgoing channel without data loss, data reordering or data corruption. Further, the
switch function must be able to perform lossless bandwidth changes on a channel carrying traffic.
The switch function must also support multicast and the addition or removal of a multicast branch
must be performed without impacting traffic destined for the other branches.

4.2.3.4 Synchronization

The synchronization function should determine which interface (DTM or Clock function
interface) to retrieve the sync signal from, that is, from which node the sync reference should be
retrieved. The function may interact with synchronization functions in other nodes in order to make
the decision. An Access node needs only to forward the incoming sync signal to downstream nodes
on the data link.

4.2.4 DTM Interworking layer

The DTM Interworking Layer handles the association between channel control and data.
Furthermore, this layer provides an interface to higher layer protocols.

Several functions are defined for this layer:

• connection between signalling and data transfers;

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 17
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

• mapping of service requirements on DTM.

i.e. how many channels, how large channels, and for how long they should last;

• address resolution (where applicable).

Each interworking function accepts user data formatted for a particular external network
technology and adapts it to DTM format. It performs segmentation and re-assembly operations if
necessary, signalling specific for the supported external network technology, as well as delivery of
data across the relevant external network interfaces.

There is an interworking function for each supported external network technology.

E.g : An Ethernet service function and a PDH service function.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 18
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

CHAPTER-5

APPLICATIONS OF DTM

5.1 The DTM Solution for Enterprise Access

 How is an Enterprise connected?

With DTM, service providers are able to provide large enterprises with all their
communication needs via one network-access point. DTM allows services to be integrated on a
transport level and thus optimizes the utilization of network access. The solution for the large
enterprise is a DTM access device that provides service access via several Ethernet ports and some
E1/T1 ports on the same device. The upper link runs DTM directly on fiber from the access device
toward the network. That gives the network provider a simple network structure with DTM as the
only protocol needed in the aggregation loops for all services offered.

 Bandwidth between 512 Kbps and Full Link Bandwidth

With the integration of services on the transport level, QoS is kept clean and simple without
the use of any complex priority schemes. The high granularity (steps of 512 kbps) and bandwidth
scalability (from 512 kbps to 850 Mbps) of DTM channels also allows for flexible price
differentiation. When using the DTM access device, it is even possible to provide company control of
its bandwidth resources and then bill upon resource (bandwidth) utilization. Typical services for
enterprises that can be offered through the access device are voice VPN via private branch exchange
(PBX) interconnection, corporate data network solutions, Internet access, and firewall solutions.

5.1.1 Voice Interconnect

The voice VPN is simply built by interconnecting PBXs via the PDH transport service. By
interconnecting PBXs via a transparent PDH architecture on an E1/T1 basis, voice quality is
preserved and all types of signaling protocols used for different voice solutions are supported
transparently.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 19
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Figure 5.1. Interconnection of PBXs

5.1.2 Private Data Networking

Corporate data networks can simply be built by interconnecting office LANs with DLE
service. The DLE service provides a flexible high-speed LAN–to–LAN network which is Level-3
independent and, hence, could be used for many kinds of protocols and applications supporting
Ethernet.

Supporting DTM short-cut establishment with channel isolation ensures high-quality

communication with short delays that preserves communication security. The DLE service is
therefore ideal for demanding applications such as videoconferences.

Because the DLE service supports Ethernet transparently, most office LAN architectures can
be preserved, and interoperability, with all kinds of standard Ethernet equipment, is ensured. When
using an access device at the customer premises, no additional equipment with gateway functions
(such as a router) is actually needed for LAN interconnection, and thus much of the network
management can be reduced.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 20

DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

 For larger data networks it may, for manageability reasons, be desirable to build hierarchical
networks using routers. The DLE service and any standard router with Ethernet support may be used
for that purpose.

Figure 5.2. Corporate Data Network using the DTM LAN Emulation (DLE) Service

By combining the DLE service with an IP–routing solution, the same Ethernet access may be
used for both the corporate-data network and the company's Internet access. The IP–routing solution
has a built-in firewall that permits the same access to be used. Because the DLE service isolates DTM
channels for flows between different Ethernet segments, all Internet communication will be separated
from corporate data, even though these are defined on the same DLE segment. It is thereby possible
to separate the Internet from corporate-data traffic completely.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 21
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Figure 5.3 : : Corporate Data Network Combined with an Internet Connection

Benefits of the access device as a service integration device include the following:

 One network layer exists between the user and the service access points.
 Synchronous circuit switching enables a guarantee for QoS to customers.
 High granularity and scalability in bandwidth allow for pricing differentiation.
 Customers can be guaranteed control of bandwidth and can be billed for it.
 Transparent support of PDH ensures voice quality and interoperability.
 Layer-3–independent data link escape (DLE) service ensures interoperability
 and preserves existing LAN architectures.
 DTM short-cut establishment ensures high-quality communication for special needs such as
video conferences.
 Internet traffic can be controlled so as not to interfere with the corporate-data network.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 22
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

5.2 The DTM Solution for Residential and Small-Office Access

The DTM network solution has several features that make it suitable to handle aggregate
traffic from emerging residential communications. The possibility for residents of modern society to
use information technology (IT) in their daily life has increased during the last decade, mainly
through the widespread use of the personal computer (PC), the expansion of the Internet, and the
growth of services for the home market. With the fast development and deployment of new access
technologies such as digital subscriber line (DSL), a high-speed communication infrastructure
becomes a reality. The availability of high-speed access to the home will establish new requirements
for the network that aggregate traffic up to the service-access points. The future aggregation network
must have the following qualities:

 capable of handling large amounts of traffic

 capable of handling different types of traffic streams such as synchronous video, bursty data,
and synchronous voice
 adaptable to traffic variations & easy to manage
 scalable in connections as well as capacity

Digital subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAMs) are often used to aggregate traffic from
subscribers connected with DSL modems. Many of the DSLAMs are built with an ATM user
network interface (UNI) on the uplink or an Ethernet interface. DTM can efficiently be used to
transport heavy traffic introduced by DSL users from the DSLAMs to the service-access point, which
is normally the Internet point of presence (PoP).

Figure 5.4. DSLAM Aggregation Network for Internet Connections

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 23
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Integrated access devices are used to offer homes and small offices voice services as well as
data services over the same physical line. The physical medium may be copper, radio link, or other
media, but the concept is likely to be the same. A subscriber modem combines the telephone and data
services over the media and connects to an integrated access multiplexer that separates voice traffic to
E1s and data traffic to Ethernet. The DTM transports the divided traffic up to the service-access
points—the voice switch and the Internet PoP—by supporting both Ethernet and E1s efficiently.

Figure 5.5. DTM Network for Integrated-Access–Device Aggregation

The benefits of using a DTM network for DSLAM and integrated-access–device aggregation
include the following:

 DTM may dynamically adapt to traffic generated by the DSLAMs and thus eliminate the need
for over-dimensioning.
 DTM may dynamically distribute bandwidth resources (time slots) between the DSLAMs,
which allows for better over-time utilization.
 By using 10/100 Base-T interfaces and the DLE service, only one network layer is required
between the DSLAMs or integrated-access devices and the Internet PoP.
 The transparent support of E1 ensures interoperability.
New DSLAMs, integrated-access devices, and service-access points can be added easily to
the DTM architecture.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page
24
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

5.3 The DTM Solution for Content Providers

The high-capacity protocol control information (PCI) adapter card for DTM can be used to
build highly efficient service networks for content server providers. Network and service providers
searching for new business opportunities can use DTM to build high-capacity marketplaces for
content providers with high-capacity and reliability requirements such as Web hotels, MPEG2
providers, and public databases.

Figure 5.6. Service Marketplace for High-Speed Content Servers

Benefits of using DTM as a content-server network include the following:

 DTM allows scalability in capacity from 512 kbps to transmission speeds close to the
utilization of the fiber.
 DTM can use the fibers as shared medium, which allows for redundant topologies that are
easy to expand.
 DTM provides isolated synchronous channels, which ensures service quality.
 DTM channels are unidirectional and resource usage is optimized for the traffic characteristics
of content servers (asymmetric traffic load).
 Billing per usage of resources is possible.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 25
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

5.4 DTM Solution for Video-Production Networks

For video-producing companies such as TV producers, film producers, and commercial movie
producers, a DTM network can provide a distributed real-time video network. By transporting real-
time video streams in the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)–R BT 601 format, different
production units can be connected in a video-production network. The possibility of establishing an
ITU–R BT 601 connection on demand provides an opportunity for new services. For example, TV
producers may accomplish the following:

 set up film banks and sell raw film material to other TV producers
 do real-time editing from different locations

Figure 5.7. Distributed Video-Production Network

Benefits of the use of DTM as a video-production network include the following:

 DTM enables 270 Mbps ITU–R BT 601 channels to be switched on demand.

 A real-time video-production network enables film production companies to edit films
remotely and, hence, reduce production costs.
A public real-time video-production network gives a new perspective on film production,
leading to new services and markets.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 26
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Application Server (AS) and Services

Finally, without services, next-generation switches would not be able to generate the voice
revenue that currently provides 80 percent of overall service provider revenue. The following Class-4
and Class-5 services need to be supported by these switches. As stated before, several of these
services may be implemented in the softswitch (call control platform) without the need for an
external AS. The more complex services such three-way conferencing may require the need for an
AS with multimedia support. Until ASs become more capable in terms of supporting more complex
services and providing robust easy-to-use service creation environments (SCEs), the need to deploy
these services outside of the softswitch environment is less compelling.

 Dial tone* & Basic dialing*

 Basic 7/10 routing
 Announcements
 Billing record creation
 Call blocking/allow
 Call transfer & Call forward
 CF busy & CF no answer
 3-way calling & Toll restriction
 Outbound restriction
 Calling name & number delivery
 Int. Dial: 011 & Premium rate: 900/976
 Toll free: 8xx & E–911 & LNP
 Primary interexchange carrier (PIC)
 CALEA
 Selective call reject and accept
 Remote call forwarding
 Speed dialing 30 & Anonymous call reject
 Caller ID block & Automatic callback
 Calling identity delivery on call waiting
 Customer-originated trace
 Distinctive ringing/call waiting
 Selective call acceptance, forwarding and rejection

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 27
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

CHAPTER-6
ADVANTAGES OF DTM

 Transmission of data such as audio and video both in real time.

 High speed communication.
 Increases the use of fiber transmission capacity.
 Provides support to real time broadband.
 DTM combines the simple, nonblocking, real-time traffic capabilities using packet-switching
technology. This covers a gap in available techniques on the market and meets the demands of
strict QOS requirements for high-bandwidth communications.

COMBINING SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS MEDIA ACCESS SCHEMES

In view of the above, DTM was developed in an effort to combine the simple, nonblocking,
real-time traffic-supporting properties of circuit-switching technology with the dynamic resource-
handling properties of packet-switching technology. Combining the advantages of synchronous and
asynchronous media-access schemes, DTM forms a transport-network architecture that enables high
transfer capacity with dynamic allocation of resources.

As will be shown in the following sections, DTM is fundamentally a circuit-switched, time

division multiplexing (TDM) scheme, and, like other such schemes, it guarantees each host a certain
bandwidth and uses a large fraction of available bandwidth for effective payload data transfer. In
common with asynchronous schemes such as ATM, DTM supports dynamic reallocation of
bandwidth between hosts. This means that the network can adapt to variations in the traffic and
divide its bandwidth between nodes according to demand.

DTM, like existing transport networks, uses a similar kind of framing structure SDH/ SONET
and is extended with dynamic reallocation of resources. DTM operates at layers one to three in the
OSI model and includes switching, control signal for setup, routing, and support functions for easy
management. In contrast to SDH/SONET, multirate channels or circuits can be established on
demand in DTM, and the capacity of a channel can be changed according to traffic characteristics
during operation. Also, an important aspect of DTM is that it provides a multichannel interface
similar to the one provided by ATM

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 28
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION

 The globalization of network traffic and the transmission of integrated data, audio, and video are
increasing the demand for network transfer capacity.

 The transmission capacity of optical fibers is today growing significantly faster than processing
power, which moves the traffic bottleneck towards processing and buffering in switches and
access nodes in the network.

 DTM is a technique designed for full control of network resources. It is built to increase the
utilization of optical fibers and minimize the load of the nodes. DTM is also designed to support
real-time broadband traffic, multicasting, and the ability to adopt to traffic variations in the
network dynamically.

 DTM combines the simple, nonblocking, real-time traffic capabilities of circuit switching with the
dynamic resource-handling of packet-switching technology. This covers a gap in available
techniques on the market and meets the demands of strict quality of service (QoS) requirements
for high-bandwidth communications.

 DTM offers at least three types of reservation schemes: guaranteed bandwidth, on-demand
bandwidth, and on-demand bandwidth with best effort.

 The DTM link capacity is divided into frames of 125 microseconds. Each frame is then divided
into 64-bit slots. Using a bit rate of 2 Gbps, the number of slots is around 3,900.

 In DTM, data is transported in channels. A channel consists of a number of 64-bit slots.

Technologies like these will lure us more towards it. In future Network bandwidth is expected
to increase by a factor of 10 each year over the next several years. Dense wavelength division
multiplexing (DWDM) is becoming the dominant choice of transport for all fiber.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 29
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

Even though DWDM equipment today carries only a few wavelengths, 40 to 100 wavelengths carried
on one single fiber will be possible in the near future.

An integrating technology like DTM, having been developed for exactly this situation, is then
needed for operators to be able to supply real-time video to the end user in an efficient way. As the
bottlenecks of networks move from the transfer capacity of the network links to the processing
capacity of the network nodes, DTM aims to reduce network complexity to provide full access to
available bandwidth.

A community generates a great amount of information, but the information does not become true
information until it is copied and provided to a receiver. The most efficient and easiest way to gain
knowledge is through images. As we all know, children manage to attain a tremendous amount of
knowledge by watching and listening. The use of real-time video and audio for transferring knowledge is
almost always more efficient than the use of textbooks. In schools and at home, children are already
starting to use interactive video over computer networks as a key tool for learning.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 30
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES
1)ITU-T Recommendation G.704: "Synchronous frame structures used at 1 544, 6 312, 2 048, 8 488
and 44 736 kbit/s HIERARCHCIAL LEVELS".
2)ITU-T Recommendation G.707: "Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy".
3)IEEE 802.3 (2000): "Information technology--Local and metropolitan area networks--Part 3:
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer
specifications".
4)ETSI ES 201 803-1 V1.1.1 Dynamic synchronous Transfer Mode (DTM); Part 1: System
description. March 2001.
5)^ Matthew N.O.Sadiku (2003). "6: Dynamic synchronous transfer mode". In Mohammad Ilyas;
Hussein T. Mouftah (eds.). The handbook of optical communication networks. CRC Press. pp. 99–
106. ISBN 978-0-8493-1333-2.
6)^ C. Bohm; M. Hidell; P. Lindgren; L. Ramfelt.; Peter Sjödin (February 1996). "Fast circuit
switching for the next generation of high performance networks". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications. 14 (2): 298305. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.41.7011. doi:10.1109/49.481937.
7)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_synchronous_transfer_mode
8)https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_es/201800_201899/20180301/01.01.01_50/es_20180301v010101
m.pdf
9) https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Dynamic+synchronous+Transfer+Mode
10)https://www.linktionary.com/d/dtm.html
11)https://www.slideshare.net/ShamamaKamal/dynamic-synchronous-transfer-mode
12)https://www.net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de/teaching/computer_networking/documents/atm_iec.pdf
13)https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?
identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781315220147-9&type=chapterpdf

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP Page 31
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP
DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE 172U1A0421

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs):

 Analyze and apply Engineering concepts to solve the problems of social relevance in
Electronics and Communications.
 Design and develop Electronic devices and Systems for engagement in Engineering
profession or pursuing higher education and research.
 Demonstrate competencies through sustained learning and adapt to changing Industry
needs
 Practice professional ethics and contribute to the societal needs.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS):

 Apply principles of Analog and Digital Electronics, Communication Systems, Signal
processing, VLSI & Embedded Systems and other allied subjects to solve diverse
Engineering problems of Electronics & Communication Engineering.
 Design and develop solutions for complex and real-time problems in Electronics and
Communications by employing hardware and software tools.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and
an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems in Electronics and
Communication Engineering.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of
the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

GEETHANJALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Gangavaram (V), Kovur(M), SPSR Nellore (Dt), AP