STEEL BUILDINGS IN EUROPE

Multi-Storey Steel Buildings

Part 8: Design software – Section
Capacity
Multi-Storey Steel Buildings
Part 1: Design software – Section
Capacity
8 - ii
Part 8: Design Software – Section Capacity

FOREWORD
This publication is part eight of the design guide, Multi-Storey Steel Buildings.

The 10 parts in the Multi-Storey Steel Buildings guide are:

Part 1: Architect’s guide
Part 2: Concept design
Part 3: Actions
Part 4: Detailed design
Part 5: Joint design
Part 6: Fire Engineering
Part 7: Model construction specification
Part 8: Design software – section capacity
Part 9: Design software – simple connections
Part 10: Software specification for composite beams.

Multi-Storey Steel Buildings is one of two design guides. The second design guide is
Single-Storey Steel Buildings.

The two design guides have been produced in the framework of the European project
“Facilitating the market development for sections in industrial halls and low rise
buildings (SECHALO) RFS2-CT-2008-0030”.

The design guides have been prepared under the direction of Arcelor Mittal, Peiner
Träger and Corus. The technical content has been prepared by CTICM and SCI,
collaborating as the Steel Alliance.

8 - iii
Part 8: Design Software – Section Capacity

Figure 3.3 Bending worksheet

Figure 3.4 N-M worksheet

8 - 11
Part 8: Design Software – Section Capacity

Figure 3.5 Tension worksheet

Figure 3.6 Compression worksheet

8 - 12
Part 8: Design Software – Section Capacity

Figure 3.7 Web resistance worksheet

Figure 3.8 Compare worksheet

8 - 13
Part 8: Design Software – Section Capacity

8 - 14
Part 8: Design Software – Section Capacity

APPENDIX A Worked Examples

The worked examples show the design procedure used by the member
resistance calculator for members in multi-storey building according to the
Eurocodes.

The worked examples cover different type of designs:

1. Bending moment resistance
2. Combined axial force and bending moment (N-M interaction)
3. Tension resistance
4. Compression resistance
5. Web resistance

8 - 15
 Worked Example 1:
1 of 2
Bending moment resistance
Made by CZT Date 02/2010
Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 02/2010

1. Bending moment resistance References are to

EN 1993-1-1
This example presents the method used in the member resistance calculator for unless otherwise
calculating the bending moment resistance, adopting the recommended values stated
of EN 1993-1-1.
Section: IPE 500
Steel grade: S355
L = 3,8 m

1.1. Cross-section classification

1.1.1. The web
c 426 Table 5.2
= = 41,8 (Sheet 1)
tw 10 , 2
The limit for Class 1 is : 72ε = 72  0,81 = 58,3
c
Then : = 41,8 < 58,3
tw
 The web is class 1.

1.1.2. The flange

c 73 , 9 Table 5.2
= = 4,6 (Sheet 2)
tf 16
The limit for Class 1 is : 9ε = 9 0,81 = 7,3
c
Then : = 4,6 < 8,3
tf
 The flange is Class 1
Therefore the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based
on the plastic resistance of the cross-section.

1.2. Lateral-torsional buckling resistance, Mb,Rd

444 kNm

3800

0 Appendix C of
  0  C 1  1, 77 Single-Storey
444
Steel Building,
Part 4

8 - 16
 Title Worked Example: Bending moment resistance 2 of 2

 2 EI z I w L2 GI t
Mcr = C1 
L2 I z  2 EI z

 2  210000  2142  10 4 Appendix C of

= 1, 77  Single-Storey
3800 2 Steel Building,
Part 4
1249  10 9 3800 2  81000  89 , 3  10 4
 
2142  10 4  2  210000  2142  10 4
Mcr = 1556  106 Nmm
Wy f y §6.3.2.2
2194  10 3  355
 LT  = = 0,708
M cr 1556  10 6
For hot rolled sections §6.3.2.3

 
LT = 0 , 5 1   LT  LT   LT,0    LT 2  
 LT,0  0,4 and   0,75
h Table 6.3
 2,5 Table 6.5
b
 Curve c for hot rolled I sections
 LT  0,49

LT = 0 , 5 1  0 , 49  0 , 708  0 , 4   0 , 75  0 , 708 2  = 0,763

1 §6.3.2.3
LT =
 LT   LT 2    LT 2
1
LT = = 0,822
0 , 763  0 , 763 2  0 , 75  0 , 708 2
1 1
2
= = 1,99
 LT 0 , 708 2
Therefore LT = 0,822
f = 1 – 0,5 (1 - kc) [1 – 2,0 (  LT  0,8) 2 ]
1 1
kc = = = 0,75
1,33  0,33  1,33  0,33  0
f = 1 – 0,5 (1 – 0,75) [1 – 2,0 (0,708 – 0,8)2] = 0,877
 LT 0 , 822
χLT mod =   0 , 937
f 0 , 877
 LT W pl,y f y 0,937  2194  10 3  355
Mb,Rd = =  10 6 = 730 kNm
 M1 1,0

8 - 17
 Worked Example 2: Combined axial force and
1 of 5
bending moment (N-M Interaction)
Made by CZT Date 02/2010
Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 02/2010

1. Combined axial force and bending moment References are to

EN 1993-1-1
This example presents the method used in the member resistance calculator unless otherwise
for calculating the out-of-plane buckling resistance and in-plane buckling stated
resistance, adopting the recommended values of EN 1993-1-1.
Section: IPE 450
Steel grade: S355
NEd  127 kN
My,Ed  356 kNm (bending moment constant along the beam)
Mz,Ed  0 kNm
Ly = Lz = LLT = Lcr = 1,7 m

1.1. Cross-section classification

1.1.1. The web
c = 378,8 = 40,3 Table 5.2
9,4 (Sheet 1)
tw
N Ed 127000
dN = = = 38
tw fy 9 , 4  355

dw dN 378 , 8  38
= = = 0,55 > 0,50
2d w 2  378 , 8
396 396  0 , 81
The limit between Class 1 and Class 2 is : = = 52,1
13  1 13  0 , 55  1
c
Then : = 40,3 < 52,1
tw
 The web is class 1.

1.1.2. The flange

c 69 , 3 Table 5.2
= = 4,7 (Sheet 2)
tf 14 , 6
The limit between Class 1 and Class 2 is : 9 ε = 9  0,81 = 7,3
c
Then : = 4,7 < 7,3
tf
 The flange is Class 1
Therefore, the section is Class 1. The verification of the member will be based
on the plastic resistance of the cross-section.

8 - 18
 Worked Example: Axial compression and bending interaction (N-M
Title 2 of 5
Interaction)

1.2. Buckling verification

The buckling checks due to the interaction of axial compression and bending Expressions
moment are carried out using expressions 6.61 and 6.62 from EN 1993-1-1. (6.61) and (6.62)

N Ed M y,Ed  M y,Ed M z,Ed  M z,Ed

 k yy  k yz  1, 0
 y N Rk M y,Rk M z,Rk
 LT
 M1  M1  M1
N Ed M y,Ed  M y,Ed M z,Ed  M z,Ed
 k zy  k zz  1, 0
 z N Rk M y,Rk M z,Rk
 LT
 M1  M1  M1
These expressions can be simplified as follows:
M y,Ed = 0 and M z,Ed = 0 for Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 sections.
Mz,Ed = 0
Therefore expressions (6.61) and (6.62) can be written as:
N Ed M y,Ed N Ed M y,Ed
 k yy  1,0 and  k zy  1,0
N b,y,Rd M b,Rd N b,z,Rd M b,Rd

1.3. Equation 6.61 (EN 1993-1-1)

1.3.1. Flexural buckling resistance about the major axis, Nb,y,Rd
h 450
  2,37
b 190
tf  14,6 mm
buckling about y-y axis: Table 6.1
Table 6.2
 Curve a for hot rolled I sections
 y  0,21
E 210000 §6.3.1.3
1 =  = = 76,4
fy 355

L cr 1 1700 1
y = =  = 0,12
i y 1 185 76,4

 
y = 0 , 5 1   y  y  0 , 2   y 2  §6.3.1.2

y = 0 , 5 1  0 , 21 0 ,12  0 , 2   0 ,12 2  = 0,50

1 1
y = = = 1,0
y  y2  y2 0,50  0,50 2  0,12 2

8 - 19
 Worked Example: Axial compression and bending interaction (N-M
Title 3 of 5
Interaction)

 y Af y 1,0  9880  355

Nb,y,Rd = =  10 3 = 3507 kN
 M1 1,0
NEd = 127 kN < 3507 kN OK

1.3.2. Lateral-torsional buckling resistance for bending, Mb,Rd

In order to determine the critical moment of the rafter, the C1 factor takes
account of the shape of the bending moment diagram.
In this case the bending moment diagram is constant along the segment in
consideration, so  = 1,0. Therefore: Appendix C of
Single-Storey
 C 1 = 1,0 Steel Building,
Part 4
 2 EI z I w L2 GI t
Mcr = C 1  Appendix C of
L2 I z  2 EI z Single-Storey
Steel Building,
 2  210000  1676  10 4 Part 4
= 1, 0 
1700 2

791  10 9 1700 2  81000  66 , 9  10 4

  2
1676  10 4   210000  1676  10 4
Mcr = 2733  106 Nmm
W pl, y f y §6.3.2.2
1702  10 3  355
 LT  = = 0,470
M cr 2733  10 6

 
 LT  0 , 5 1   LT  LT   LT,0    LT 2   §6.3.2.3

 LT,0  0,4 and   0,75

h
 2,37
b
 Curve c for hot rolled I sections
Table 6.3
 LT  0,49
Table 6.5
 LT  0 , 5 1  0 , 49  0 , 470  0 , 4   0 , 75  0 , 470 2  = 0,60
1 §6.3.2.3
LT =
 LT   LT 2    LT 2
1
LT = = 0,961
0 , 60  0 , 60 2  0 , 75  0 , 470 2
1 1
= = 4,53
0 , 470 2
2
 LT

Therefore LT = 0,961

8 - 20
 Worked Example: Axial compression and bending interaction (N-M
Title 4 of 5
Interaction)

 LT W pl, y f y 0 , 961  1702  10 3  355

Mb,Rd = =  10 6 = 581 kNm
 M1 1, 0
MEd = 356 kNm < 581 kNm OK

1.3.3. Interaction of axial force and bending moment

The interaction factor, kyy, is calculated as follows:
    

kyy = min  C my  1   y  0 , 2 
N Ed
N b, y, Rd
 ; C my

 1  0,8

N Ed
N b, y, Rd


     
The expression for Cmy depends on the values of h and . Annex B Table
B.3
 = 1,0.
Therefore Cmy is calculated as:
Cmy = 0,6 + 0,4 ψ = 0,4 + 0,4  1,0 = 1,0
  127   127  Annex B
kyy = min 1,01  0,12  0,2 ; 11,0  0,8 
3507 
Table B.2
  3507  
= min [0,997; 1,029] = 0,997
N Ed M y, Ed 127 356
 k yy =  0,997 = 0,647 < 1,0 OK
N b, y, Rd M b, Rd 3507 581
The member satisfies the in-plane buckling check.

1.4. Expression 6.62 (EN 1993-1-1)

1.4.1. Flexural buckling resistance about minor axis bending,
Nb,z,Rd
h 450
  2,37
b 190
tf  14,6 mm
buckling about z-z axis Table 6.1
Table 6.2
 Curve b for hot rolled I sections
 z  0,34
E 210000 §6.3.1.3
1 =  = = 76,4
fy 355

L cr 1 1700 1
z = =  = 0,540
i z 1 41, 2 76 , 4

  
z = 0 , 5 1   z  z  0 , 2   z 2  §6.3.1.2

z = 0 , 5 1  0 , 34  0 , 540  0 , 2   0 , 540 2  = 0,704

8 - 21
 Worked Example: Axial compression and bending interaction (N-M
Title 5 of 5
Interaction)

1 1
z = = = 0,865
z  z   z2 2
0 , 704  0 , 704  0 , 540
2 2

 z Af y 0 , 865  9880  355

Nb,z,Rd = = 10 3 = 3034 kN
 M1 1, 0
NEd = 127 kN < 3034 kN OK

1.4.2. Interaction of axial force and bending moment §6.3.3(4)

The interaction factor, kzy is calculated as follows:
For  z  0,4 :
 0 ,1  z N Ed   0 ,1 N Ed 
kzy = max   1  ; 1 
   C mLT  0 , 25  N b,z,Rd 


  C mLT  0 , 25  N b,z,Rd 
 
The bending moment is linear and constant. Therefore CmLT is 1,0. Annex B Table
B.3
 0 ,1  0 , 540 127   0 ,1 127   Annex B Table
kzy = max   1  ;  1  
1  0 , 25  3034  
B.2
 1  0 , 25  3034  
= max (0,997, 0,994) = 0,997
N Ed M y,Ed 127 356
 k zy =  0 , 997 = 0,653 < 1,0 OK
N b,z,Rd M b,Rd 3034 581

8 - 22
 Worked Example 3: Tension Resistance 1 of 1

Made by CZT Date 02/2010

Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 02/2010

1. Tension Resistance References are to

EN 1993-1-8
This example presents the method used in the member resistance calculator unless otherwise
for calculating the tension resistance, adopting the recommended values of the stated
EN 1993-1-8.
p p
1 1

Section: L 120 × 80 × 12
Steel grade: S235
Area: A = 2270 mm2
Bolts: M20, grade 8.8
Spacing between bolts p1 = 70 mm
Total number of bolts n =3
Diameter of the holes d0 = 22 mm

Partial safety factors

M0 = 1,0
M2 = 1,25 (for shear resistance of bolts)

1.2. Angle in tension

 3 Anet f u §3.10.3
N Rd 
 M2
2,5 d0 = 2,5  22 = 55 mm
5 d0 = 5  22 = 110 mm
2,5 d0 < p1 < 5 d0
Table 3.8
 3 can be determined by linear interpolation:
Therefore  3  0,59

Anet  A  t ac d 0  2270  12  22  2006 mm 2

0,59  2006  360
N Rd   10 3 = 341 kN
1,25

8 - 23
 Worked Example 4: Compression Resistance 1 of 3

Made by CZT Date 02/2010

Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 02/2010

1. Compression Resistance References are to

EN 1993-1-1
This example presents the method used in the member resistance calculator unless otherwise
for calculating the flexural and the torsional buckling resistance of members stated
subject to pure compression, adopting the recommended values of
EN 1993-1-1.
Section: IPE 500
Steel grade: S235
Ly = 3,8 m
Lz = 3,8 m

1.1. Cross-section classification

1.1.1. The web
c 426 Table 5.2
= = 41,8 (Sheet 1)
tw 10 , 2
The limit between Class 3 and Class 4 is : 42ε = 42  1,0 = 42
c
Then : = 41,8 < 42
tw
 The web is class 3.

1.1.2. The flange

c 73 , 9 Table 5.2
= = 4,6 (Sheet 2)
tf 16
The limit between Class 1 and Class 2 is : 9ε = 9  1,0 = 9
c
Then : = 4,6 < 9
tf
 The flange is Class 1.
Therefore the section is Class 3.

1.2. Flexural buckling resistance about the major axis,

Nb,y,Rd
Ly = 3,8 m
h 500
  2,5
b 200
tf = 16 mm
Buckling about y-y axis:

8 - 24
 Title Worked Example: Compression Resistance 2 of 3

 Curve a for hot rolled I sections Table 6.2

 y  0,21 Table 6.1

E 210000 §6.3.1.3
1 =  = = 93,9
fy 235

Lcr 1 3800 1
y = =  = 0,198
iz 1 204 93,9

 
y = 0 , 5 1   y  y  0 , 2   y 2   §6.3.1.2

y = 0 , 5 1  0 , 21 0 ,198  0 , 2   0 ,198 2  = 0,519

1 1
y = = = 1,0
y  y 2   y 2 0,519  0,519 2  0,198 2

χ y Af y 1,0  11600  235

Nb,y,Rd = =  10 3 = 2726 kN
 M1 1,0

1.3. Flexural buckling resistance about the minor

axis, Nb,z,Rd
Lz = 3,8 m
h 500
  2,5
b 200
tf = 16 mm
Buckling about z-z axis:
 Curve b for hot rolled I sections Table 6.1
Table 6.2
 z  0,21
E 210000 §6.3.1.3
1 =  = = 93,9
fy 235

Lcr 1 3800 1
 y = =  = 0,94
iz 1 43,1 93,9

 
z = 0,5 1   z  z  0,2   z 2   §6.3.1.2
z = 0,51  0,340,94  0,2  0,94  = 1,07 2

1 1
z = = = 0,632
z  z 2   z 2 1,07  1,07 2  0,942

 z Af y 0,632  11600  235

Nb,z,Rd = =  10 3 = 1723 kN
 M1 1,0

8 - 25
 Title Worked Example: Compression Resistance 3 of 3

1.4. Torsional buckling Nb,T,Rd

LT = 3,8 m
1   2 EI w 
NcrT = z  2
 GI T


i0  LT 
i02 = iy2 + iz2 = 2042 + 43,12 = 43474
1   2  210000 1249  109 
NcrT =  2
 81000 89,3  104   10-3 = 5787 kN
43474  3800 
A fy 11600  235
 T = = = 0,686
N crT 5787  103
2
T = 0,5 [1 + αT ( T – 0,2) +  T ]
The buckling curve for torsional buckling is the same as for minor axis
buckling, therefore choose buckling curve b
αz = 0,34
T = 0,5 (1 + 0,34 (0,686 - 0,2) + 0,6862] = 0,818
1 1
χT = = = 0,791
   2  2T 0,818  0,8182  0,6862

 T Af y 0,791  11600  235

Nb,T,Rd = =  10-3 = 2156 kN
 M1 1,0

8 - 26
 Worked Example 5: Web Resistance 1 of 2

Made by CZT Date 02/2010

Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 02/2010

1. Web Resistance
This example presents the method used in the member resistance calculator
for calculating the web resistance and the shear resistance, adopting the
recommended values of the EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-1.
Section: IPE 500
Steel grade: S355
c = 10 mm
ss = 100 mm

1.1. Shear resistance

In the absence of torsion, the shear plastic resistance depends on the shear
area, which is given by:
Av = A – 2 b tf + (tw + 2 r) tf EN 1993-1-1
Av = 11600 – 2 × 200 × 16 + (10,2 + 2 × 21) × 16 = 6035 mm 2 § 6.2.6 (3)

Av f y 6035  355  10 3 EN 1993-1-1

Vpl,Rd = = = 1237 kN § 6.2.6 (2)
3 M0 3  1,0
Vpl,Rd = 1237 kN

1.2. Design resistance to local buckling

c = 10 mm
ss = 100 mm
bf 200
m1 =   19,6
tw 10,2
2
h 
m2 = 0,02  w  if  F  0,5
 tf 
m2 =0 if  F  0,5

First assume that  F  0,5

2
 468 
m2 = 0,02   = 17,11
 16 
2
s c
kF = 2 + 6  s  but kF ≤ 6
h
 w 
 100  10 
kF =2+6  
 468 

8 - 27
Title Worked Example: Web Resistance and Shear Resistance 2 of 2

kF = 3,41 < 6
kF E tw
2 EN 1993-1-5
ℓe = but ≤ ss + c Eq (6.13)
2 f y hw

3,41 210000  10,2 2

ℓe = = 224 ≤ 100 + 10 = 110
2  355  468
therefore ℓe = 110
ℓy1    
= ss + 2 tf 1  m1  m2 = 100 + 2  16 1  19,6  17,11 = 325 mm EN 1993-1-5
Eq (6.10)
2 2 EN 1993-1-5
m1   e  19,6  110  Eq (6.11)
ℓy2 = ℓe + tf     m2 = 110 + 16    17,11
2  tf  2  16 
= 248 mm
ℓy3 = ℓe + tf m1  m 2 = 110 + 16 19,6  17,22 = 207 mm EN 1993-1-5
Eq (6.12)
ℓy = min (ℓy1; ℓy2; ℓy3) = min (325; 248; 207) = 207 mm
3
tw 10,23
Fcr = 0,9 kF E = 0.9  3,41  210000  = 1461406 N
hw 468

 ytw f y 207  10,2  355

F = = = 0,72
Fcr 1461406

F = 0 , 72 > 0,5
Therefore the initial assumption was correct and the web resistance can be
calculated based on this value of  F. Should the calculated value of  F be less
than 0,5 then the calculation would need to be carried out again, using the
appropriate expression for M2
0,5 0,5
χF =  = 0,69
 F 0,72
χF = 0,69
Leff = χF ℓy
Leff = 0,69  207 = 143 mm
f y Leff tw 355  143  10,2 EN 1993-1-5
FRd = = = 518 kN § 6.2 (1)
 M1 1,0

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